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Del Fante E, Piovesan F, Sarasso P, Barbieri P, Villa MC, Sacco K, Ronga I. Virtual Social Interaction in a Multiplayer-Online Video Game Increases Implicit Learning: An EEG Study. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2024; 27:599-605. [PMID: 38905139 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2023.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
It is well known that social interaction enhances learning processes, improving abilities such as attention and memorization. However, it is not clear whether similar advantages may be obtained even in virtual environments. Here, we investigate whether virtual interactions in a video game, similarly to real-life social interactions, may improve individuals' performance in a subsequent implicit learning task. Twenty-one healthy participants were asked to play a cooperative video game for 20 minutes in three different gaming modalities: alone (Single-Player); together with someone without verbal interactions (Multi-Player -); and with someone with verbal interactions (Multi-Player +). After each gaming session, participants were presented with an EEG paradigm directed to measure mismatch negativity (MMN) responses, a well-validated index of implicit learning. MMN responses were significantly larger following Multi-Player +, as compared with Single-Player, and Multi-Player - conditions. No significant difference was found between Single-Player, and Multi-Player - conditions. These results indicate that implicit learning processes are enhanced following communicative virtual interactions. Verbal interaction in a virtual environment seems necessary to elicit social copresence and its positive effects on learning performances. This finding may have important implications for the design of virtual rehabilitation protocols and distance learning programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Del Fante
- BIP (BraIn Plasticity and behavior changes) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
- "Play Better" Association, Ome, Italy
| | - Francesca Piovesan
- BIP (BraIn Plasticity and behavior changes) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Pietro Sarasso
- BIP (BraIn Plasticity and behavior changes) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Barbieri
- BIP (BraIn Plasticity and behavior changes) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria-Chiara Villa
- BIP (BraIn Plasticity and behavior changes) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Katiuscia Sacco
- BIP (BraIn Plasticity and behavior changes) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Irene Ronga
- BIP (BraIn Plasticity and behavior changes) Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
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Bruno A, Lothmann K, Bludau S, Mohlberg H, Amunts K. New organizational principles and 3D cytoarchitectonic maps of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the human brain. FRONTIERS IN NEUROIMAGING 2024; 3:1339244. [PMID: 38455685 PMCID: PMC10917992 DOI: 10.3389/fnimg.2024.1339244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Areas of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) are part of the frontoparietal control, default mode, salience, and ventral attention networks. The DLPFC is involved in executive functions, like working memory, value encoding, attention, decision-making, and behavioral control. This functional heterogeneity is not reflected in existing neuroanatomical maps. For example, previous cytoarchitectonic studies have divided the DLPFC into two or four areas. Macroanatomical parcellations of this region rely on gyri and sulci, which are not congruent with cytoarchitectonic parcellations. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a microstructural analysis of the human DLPFC and 3D maps of cytoarchitectonic areas to help address the observed functional variability in studies of the DLPFC. We analyzed ten human post-mortem brains in serial cell-body stained brain sections and mapped areal boundaries using a statistical image analysis approach. Five new areas (i.e., SFG2, SFG3, SFG4, MFG4, and MFG5) were identified on the superior and middle frontal gyrus, i.e., regions corresponding to parts of Brodmann areas 9 and 46. Gray level index profiles were used to determine interregional cytoarchitectural differences. The five new areas were reconstructed in 3D, and probability maps were generated in commonly used reference spaces, considering the variability of areas in stereotaxic space. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed a high degree of similarity within the identified DLPFC areas while neighboring areas (frontal pole, Broca's region, area 8, and motoric areas) were separable. Comparisons with functional imaging studies revealed specific functional profiles of the DLPFC areas. Our results indicate that the new areas do not follow a simple organizational gradient assumption in the DLPFC. Instead, they are more similar to those of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (Broca's areas 44, 45) and frontopolar areas (Fp1, Fp2) than to the more posterior areas. Within the DLPFC, the cytoarchitectonic similarities between areas do not seem to follow a simple anterior-to-posterior gradient either, but cluster along other principles. The new maps are part of the publicly available Julich Brain Atlas and provide a microstructural reference for existing and future imaging studies. Thus, our study represents a further step toward deciphering the structural-functional organization of the human prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Bruno
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kimberley Lothmann
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bludau
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mohlberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Khalid I, Rodrigues B, Dreyfus H, Frileux S, Meissner K, Fossati P, Hare TA, Schmidt L. Mapping expectancy-based appetitive placebo effects onto the brain in women. Nat Commun 2024; 15:248. [PMID: 38172100 PMCID: PMC10764825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Suggestions about hunger can generate placebo effects on hunger experiences. But, the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms are unknown. Here, we show in 255 women that hunger expectancies, induced by suggestion-based placebo interventions, determine hunger sensations and economic food choices. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in a subgroup (n = 57/255) provides evidence that the strength of expecting the placebo to decrease hunger moderates medial prefrontal cortex activation at the time of food choice and attenuates ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) responses to food value. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation linked to interference resolution formally mediates the suggestion-based placebo effects on hunger. A drift-diffusion model characterizes this effect by showing that the hunger suggestions bias participants' food choices and how much they weigh tastiness against the healthiness of food, which further moderates vmPFC-dlPFC psychophysiological interactions when participants expect decreased hunger. Thus, suggestion-induced beliefs about hunger shape hunger addressing economic choices through cognitive regulation of value computation within the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Khalid
- Sorbonne University, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Belina Rodrigues
- Sorbonne University, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Hippolyte Dreyfus
- Sorbonne University, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Solène Frileux
- Sorbonne University, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Karin Meissner
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Division of Health Promotion, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences and Health, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Fossati
- Sorbonne University, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Adult Psychiatry Department, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Todd Anthony Hare
- Zürich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Liane Schmidt
- Sorbonne University, Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, APHP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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Kruse J, Korb FM, Surrey C, Wolfensteller U, Goschke T, Scherbaum S. Focusing on Future Consequences Enhances Self-Controlled Dietary Choices. Nutrients 2023; 16:89. [PMID: 38201919 PMCID: PMC10780933 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-controlled dietary decisions, i.e., choosing a healthier food over a tastier one, are a major challenge for many people. Despite the potential profound consequences of frequent poor choices, maintaining a healthy diet proves challenging. This raises the question of how to facilitate self-controlled food decisions to promote healthier choices. The present study compared the influence of implicit and explicit information on food choices and their underlying decision processes. Participants watched two video clips as an implicit manipulation to induce different mindsets. Instructions to focus on either the short-term or long-term consequences of choices served as an explicit manipulation. Participants performed a binary food choice task, including foods with different health and taste values. The choice was made using a computer mouse, whose trajectories we used to calculate the influence of the food properties. Instruction to focus on long-term consequences compared to short-term consequences increased the number of healthy choices, reduced response times for healthy decisions, and increased the influence of health aspects during the decision-making process. The effect of video manipulation showed greater variability. While focusing on long-term consequences facilitated healthy food choices and reduced the underlying decision conflict, the current mindset appeared to have a minor influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kruse
- Department of Psychology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (F.M.K.); (C.S.); (U.W.); (T.G.); (S.S.)
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Goschke T, Job V. The Willpower Paradox: Possible and Impossible Conceptions of Self-Control. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:1339-1367. [PMID: 36791675 PMCID: PMC10623621 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221146158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Self-control denotes the ability to override current desires to render behavior consistent with long-term goals. A key assumption is that self-control is required when short-term desires are transiently stronger (more preferred) than long-term goals and people would yield to temptation without exerting self-control. We argue that this widely shared conception of self-control raises a fundamental yet rarely discussed conceptual paradox: How is it possible that a person most strongly desires to perform a behavior (e.g., eat chocolate) and at the same time desires to recruit self-control to prevent themselves from doing it? A detailed analysis reveals that three common assumptions about self-control cannot be true simultaneously. To avoid the paradox, any coherent theory of self-control must abandon either the assumption (a) that recruitment of self-control is an intentional process, or (b) that humans are unitary agents, or (c) that self-control consists in overriding the currently strongest desire. We propose a taxonomy of different kinds of self-control processes that helps organize current theories according to which of these assumptions they abandon. We conclude by outlining unresolved questions and future research perspectives raised by different conceptions of self-control and discuss implications for the question of whether self-control can be considered rational.
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Chatterjee A, Mazumder S, Das K. Reversing food preference through multisensory exposure. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288695. [PMID: 37471412 PMCID: PMC10359010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiencing food craving is nearly ubiquitous and has several negative pathological impacts prompting an increase in recent craving-related research. Food cue-reactivity tasks are often used to study craving, but most paradigms ignore the individual food preferences of participants, which could confound the findings. We explored the neuropsychological correlates of food craving preference using psychophysical tasks on human participants considering their individual food preferences in a multisensory food exposure set-up. Participants were grouped into Liked Food Exposure (LFE), Disliked Food Exposure (DFE), and Neutral Control (NEC) based on their preference for sweet and savory items. Participants reported their momentary craving for the displayed food stimuli through the desire scale and bidding scale (willingness to pay) pre and post multisensory exposure. Participants were exposed to food items they either liked or disliked. Our results asserted the effect of the multisensory food exposure showing a statistically significant increase in food craving for DFE participants postexposure to disliked food items. Using computational models and statistical methods, we also show that the desire for food does not necessarily translate to a willingness to pay every time, and instantaneous subjective valuation of food craving is an important parameter for subsequent action. Our results further demonstrate the role of parietal N200 and centro-parietal P300 in reversing food preference and possibly point to the decrease of inhibitory control in up-regulating craving for disliked food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Chatterjee
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, West Bengal, India
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Satyaki Mazumder
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Koel Das
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, West Bengal, India
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Zyuzin J, Combs D, Melrose J, Kodaverdian N, Leather C, Carrillo JD, Monterosso JR, Brocas I. The neural correlates of value representation: From single items to bundles. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:1476-1495. [PMID: 36440955 PMCID: PMC9921239 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the core questions in Neuro-economics is to determine where value is represented. To date, most studies have focused on simple options and identified the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) as the common value region. We report the findings of an fMRI study in which we asked participants to make pairwise comparisons involving options of varying complexity: single items (Control condition), bundles made of the same two single items (Scaling condition) and bundles made of two different single items (Bundling condition). We construct a measure of choice consistency to capture how coherent the choices of a participant are with one another. We also record brain activity while participants make these choices. We find that a common core of regions involving the left VMPFC, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), regions associated with complex visual processing and the left cerebellum track value across all conditions. Also, regions in the DLPFC, the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and the cerebellum are differentially recruited across conditions. Last, variations in activity in VMPFC and DLPFC value-tracking regions are associated with variations in choice consistency. This suggests that value based decision-making recruits a core set of regions as well as specific regions based on task demands. Further, correlations between consistency and the magnitude of signal change with lateral portions of the PFC suggest the possibility that activity in these regions may play a causal role in decision quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalton Combs
- University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - James Melrose
- Department of EconomicsUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Niree Kodaverdian
- Argyros School of Business and EconomicsChapman UniversityOrangeCAUSA
| | - Calvin Leather
- Department of EconomicsUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Juan D. Carrillo
- Department of EconomicsUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - John R. Monterosso
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Isabelle Brocas
- Department of EconomicsUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Ye S, So JJM, Ng TK, Ma MZ. The day-of-week (DOW) effect on liberalism-conservatism: Evidence from a large-scale online survey in China. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1074334. [PMID: 36865674 PMCID: PMC9971015 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1074334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Past research has shown that psychological states tend to fluctuate across the days of a week, which is referred to as the day-of-week (DOW) effect. This study investigated the DOW effect on liberalism-conservatism among Chinese people by testing two competing hypotheses. According to the cognitive states hypothesis, it was predicted that liberalism would be high on Mondays but gradually decrease to Fridays due to the depletion of cognitive resources over the weekdays. In contrast, the affective states hypothesis predicted the opposite, considering the more positive affect brought by the approaching weekends. Both hypotheses predicted the level of liberalism would peak at weekends. Methods Data (n = 171,830) were collected via an online questionnaire, the Chinese Political Compass (CPC) survey, which includes 50 items to measure people' liberalism-conservatism in three domains (i.e., political, economic, and social). Results The results showed the level of liberalism decreased gradually from Mondays until Wednesdays, rebounded from Wednesdays to Fridays, and peaked at weekends. Discussion The V-shaped pattern suggested that the DOW fluctuation in liberalism-conservatism could derive from the synergy of both cognitive and affective processes, instead of either one alone. The findings have important implications for practice and policy-making, including the recent pilot scheme of 4-day workweek.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengquan Ye
- Department of Social and Behavioural Science, Colleague of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China,*Correspondence: Shengquan Ye, ✉
| | - Justin Juk Man So
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ting Kin Ng
- Department of Psychology, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mac Zewei Ma
- Department of Social and Behavioural Science, Colleague of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Wilson DJ, HajiHosseini A, Hutcherson CA. Recruitment of dlPFC during dietary self-regulation predicts the transience of regulatory effects. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023; 18:6321970. [PMID: 34265063 PMCID: PMC10074768 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work on the cognitive regulation of dietary decision-making suggests that regulation can alter both the choices that people make in the moment and longer-lasting preferences. However, it is unclear what mechanisms lead to temporary or lingering changes. To address this question, we used fMRI during a task employing the cognitive regulation of food choice and assessed changes in food preference from baseline to post-regulation. We found evidence that regulation may result in a temporary reconfiguration of the neural drivers of choice, de-emphasizing goal-inconsistent value-related computations in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and resulting in more goal-consistent changes in value-related computations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Moreover, we find that the extent to which the dlPFC was recruited to represent different regulatory goals during the moment of choice negatively predicted the extent to which those regulatory goals produced lingering changes in preference. Our results suggest that the recruitment of the dlPFC in the service of regulation may have a downside: it is effective at changing behavior in the moment, but its effects on preferences are transient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | | | - Cendri A Hutcherson
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada.,Department of Marketing, Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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Ainslie G. Behavioral construction of the future. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2023; 37:13-24. [PMID: 35758981 PMCID: PMC9792619 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine Howard Rachlin's hypothetical model of molar choice as a tactic for resisting addictions and to explore how some of its then-radical components can be developed to account for nonphysical and far future rewards. METHOD The history of Rachlin's long dialog with the present author about molar choice is reviewed. The possible implications are described of both authors' proposal that behavior can depend entirely on reward. RESULTS Molar choice entails bringing wider-and thus further future-contingencies to bear on current choices. The two authors proposed mechanisms with different foci, which they respectively called teleological behaviorism and intertemporal bargaining. Laboratory results have been modest, but supplementary demonstrations by thought experiments and brain imaging are described. Both proposals have left open how the value of distant outcomes, such as sobriety, savings, and healthy aging, survives temporal discounting enough to compete with present motivational pressures. In contradiction to Rachlin, but following his suggestion that reward is behavior, it is deduced that some reward must be endogenous rather than secondary to external primary rewards. Endogenous reward is proposed as a fiat currency that can function only to the extent that it is protected from inflation by some kind of uniqueness (singularity). Such uniqueness can be provided by personal disciplines for testing reality, but also by extraneous factors such as needs, coincidences, and biases. CONCLUSIONS Rachlin's teleological behaviorism is a valuable hypothesis, but limited by its ruling out of nonexternal rewards and of intrapersonal self-prediction, both of them useful for understanding nonsubstance addictions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Yeum D, Jimenez CA, Emond JA, Meyer ML, Lansigan RK, Carlson DD, Ballarino GA, Gilbert-Diamond D, Masterson TD. Differential neural reward reactivity in response to food advertising medium in children. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1052384. [PMID: 36816130 PMCID: PMC9933514 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1052384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Food cues including food advertisements (ads) activate brain regions related to motivation and reward. These responses are known to correlate with eating behaviors and future weight gain. The objective of this study was to compare brain responses to food ads by different types of ad mediums, dynamic (video) and static (images), to better understand how medium type impacts food cue response. Methods Children aged 9-12 years old were recruited to complete a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm that included both food and non-food dynamic and static ads. Anatomical and functional images were preprocessed using the fMRIPrep pipeline. A whole-brain analysis and a targeted region-of-interest (ROI) analysis for reward regions (nucleus accumbens, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, insula, hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra) were conducted. Individual neural responses to dynamic and static conditions were compared using a paired t-test. Linear mixed-effects models were then constructed to test the differential response by ad condition after controlling for age, sex, BMI-z, physical activity, and % of kcal consumed of a participant's estimated energy expenditure in the pre-load prior to the MRI scan. Results A total of 115 children (mean=10.9 years) completed the fMRI paradigm. From the ROI analyses, the right and left hemispheres of the amygdala and insula, and the right hemisphere of the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra showed significantly higher responses for the dynamic food ad medium after controlling for covariates and a false discovery rate correction. From the whole-brain analysis, 21 clusters showed significant differential responses between food ad medium including the precuneus, middle temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus, and all regions remained significant after controlling for covariates. Discussion Advertising medium has unique effects on neural response to food cues. Further research is needed to understand how this differential activation by ad medium ultimately affects eating behaviors and weight outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabin Yeum
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Courtney A. Jimenez
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Emond
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Meghan L. Meyer
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Reina K. Lansigan
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Delaina D. Carlson
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Grace A. Ballarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Diane Gilbert-Diamond
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Travis D. Masterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Ye Y, Wang Y. Multivariate analysis differentiates intertemporal choices in both value and cognitive control network. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1037294. [PMID: 36925738 PMCID: PMC10011120 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1037294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Choices between immediate smaller reward and long-term larger reward are referred to as intertemporal choice. Numerous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have investigated the neural substrates of intertemporal choice via conventional univariate analytical approaches, revealing dissociable activations of decisions involving immediately available rewards and decisions involving delayed rewards in value network. With the help of multivariate analyses, which is more sensitive for evaluating information encoded in spatially distributed patterns, we showed that fMRI activity patterns represent viable signatures of intertemporal choice, as well as individual differences while controlling for age. Notably, in addition to value network, regions from cognitive control network play prominent roles in differentiating between different intertemporal choices as well as individuals with distinct discount rates. These findings provide clear evidence that substantiates the important role of value and cognitive control networks in the neural representation of one's intertemporal decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ye
- Institute of Psychology, School of Public Affairs, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Pei Y, Yu J, Zhao L. The effects of materialism and ego depletion on intertemporal choice: An event-related potential study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1051405. [PMID: 36562050 PMCID: PMC9765891 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1051405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The study aims to promote human beings to make scientific and reasonable decisions for the long-term and beautiful future. Methods We designed two experiments to explore the influence of materialism and ego depletion from the perspective of behavioral decision-making and neural mechanism. Results In Experiment 1, there was asymmetry in intertemporal choice between gain and loss situations. In the gain situation, high materialism were more likely to choose the later and larger option (LL). However, in a loss situation, we found a reverse sign effect, and the proportion of subjects choosing sooner and smaller options (SS) increased. In Experiment 2, in the gain situation, after adding the low ego depletion task, there was a marginal significant difference between high and low materialism in the percentage of choosing LL options, F(1, 40) = 3.37, P = 0.07, η2 = 0.08; After adding the high ego depletion task, the percentage of choosing LL options was no difference, F(1, 40) = 1.42, P > 0.05. In the loss situation, whether in the high ego depletion task [F(1, 40) = 2.25, P > 0.05) or in the low ego depletion task [F(1, 40) = 1.44, P > 0.05), there was no difference between high and low materialism in the percentage of choosing LL options, and they both tended to choose SS options. The EEG study showed that in high materialism, there was a significant difference between the high and low ego depletion conditions, and the N1 amplitude induced under the low ego depletion condition was larger than that under the high ego depletion condition. However, there was no significant difference in N1 amplitude between the high and low ego depletion conditions in the low materialism. The amplitude of P2 evoked in the loss situation was larger than that in the gain situation. Conclusion In conclusion, Materialism dominated people's intertemporal choices, and ego depletion affected the intertemporal choice to a certain extent by influencing the subjects' thinking activities. The COVID-19 epidemic maybe affected intertemporal choice indirectly by acting on materialistic values and subjects' emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Pei
- Department of Psychology, School of Education Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Junjian Yu
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Department of Psychology, School of Education Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China,*Correspondence: Lijun Zhao,
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14
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Pearce AL, Fuchs BA, Keller KL. The role of reinforcement learning and value-based decision-making frameworks in understanding food choice and eating behaviors. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1021868. [PMID: 36483928 PMCID: PMC9722736 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1021868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The obesogenic food environment includes easy access to highly-palatable, energy-dense, "ultra-processed" foods that are heavily marketed to consumers; therefore, it is critical to understand the neurocognitive processes the underlie overeating in response to environmental food-cues (e.g., food images, food branding/advertisements). Eating habits are learned through reinforcement, which is the process through which environmental food cues become valued and influence behavior. This process is supported by multiple behavioral control systems (e.g., Pavlovian, Habitual, Goal-Directed). Therefore, using neurocognitive frameworks for reinforcement learning and value-based decision-making can improve our understanding of food-choice and eating behaviors. Specifically, the role of reinforcement learning in eating behaviors was considered using the frameworks of (1) Sign-versus Goal-Tracking Phenotypes; (2) Model-Free versus Model-Based; and (3) the Utility or Value-Based Model. The sign-and goal-tracking phenotypes may contribute a mechanistic insight on the role of food-cue incentive salience in two prevailing models of overconsumption-the Extended Behavioral Susceptibility Theory and the Reactivity to Embedded Food Cues in Advertising Model. Similarly, the model-free versus model-based framework may contribute insight to the Extended Behavioral Susceptibility Theory and the Healthy Food Promotion Model. Finally, the value-based model provides a framework for understanding how all three learning systems are integrated to influence food choice. Together, these frameworks can provide mechanistic insight to existing models of food choice and overconsumption and may contribute to the development of future prevention and treatment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina L. Pearce
- Social Science Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Bari A. Fuchs
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Kathleen L. Keller
- Social Science Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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15
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Harris A, Hutcherson CA. Temporal dynamics of decision making: A synthesis of computational and neurophysiological approaches. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2022; 13:e1586. [PMID: 34854573 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As interest in the temporal dynamics of decision-making has grown, researchers have increasingly turned to computational approaches such as the drift diffusion model (DDM) to identify how cognitive processes unfold during choice. At the same time, technological advances in noninvasive neurophysiological methods such as electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography now allow researchers to map the neural time course of decision making with millisecond precision. Combining these approaches can potentially yield important new insights into how choices emerge over time. Here we review recent research on the computational and neurophysiological correlates of perceptual and value-based decision making, from DDM parameters to scalp potentials and oscillatory neural activity. Starting with motor response preparation, the most well-understood aspect of the decision process, we discuss evidence that urgency signals and shifts in baseline activation, rather than shifts in the physiological value of the choice-triggering response threshold, are responsible for adjusting response times under speeded choice scenarios. Research on the neural correlates of starting point bias suggests that prestimulus activity can predict biases in motor choice behavior. Finally, studies examining the time dynamics of evidence construction and evidence accumulation have identified signals at frontocentral and centroparietal electrodes associated respectively with these processes, emerging 300-500 ms after stimulus onset. These findings can inform psychological theories of decision-making, providing empirical support for attribute weighting in value-based choice while suggesting theoretical alternatives to dual-process accounts. Further research combining computational and neurophysiological approaches holds promise for providing greater insight into the moment-by-moment evolution of the decision process. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making Neuroscience > Cognition Economics > Individual Decision-Making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Harris
- Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, California, USA
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16
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Zsoldos I, Sinding C, Chambaron S. Using event-related potentials to study food-related cognition: An overview of methods and perspectives for future research. Brain Cogn 2022; 159:105864. [PMID: 35397314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2022.105864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG), and the measure of event-related potentials (ERPs) in particular, are useful methods to study the cognitive and cerebral mechanisms underlying the perception and processing of food cues. Further research on these aspects is necessary to better understand how cognitive functioning may influence food choices in different populations (e.g. obese individuals, individuals with eating disorders). To help researchers in designing future studies, this article provides an overview of the methods used in the current literature on ERPs and food-related cognition. Several methodological aspects are explored to outline interesting perspectives for future research, including discussions on the main experimental tasks used, the cognitive functions assessed (e.g. inhibitory control, attentional processing), the characteristics of the participants recruited (e.g. weight status, eating behaviors), and the stimuli selected (e.g. food pictures, odors). The issues generated by some of these methodological choices are discussed, and a few guidelines are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Zsoldos
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
| | - Charlotte Sinding
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphanie Chambaron
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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17
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Greening SG, Lee TH, Burleigh L, Grégoire L, Robinson T, Jiang X, Mather M, Kaplan J. Mental imagery can generate and regulate acquired differential fear conditioned reactivity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:997. [PMID: 35046506 PMCID: PMC8770773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental imagery is an important tool in the cognitive control of emotion. The present study tests the prediction that visual imagery can generate and regulate differential fear conditioning via the activation and prioritization of stimulus representations in early visual cortices. We combined differential fear conditioning with manipulations of viewing and imagining basic visual stimuli in humans. We discovered that mental imagery of a fear-conditioned stimulus compared to imagery of a safe conditioned stimulus generated a significantly greater conditioned response as measured by self-reported fear, the skin conductance response, and right anterior insula activity (experiment 1). Moreover, mental imagery effectively down- and up-regulated the fear conditioned responses (experiment 2). Multivariate classification using the functional magnetic resonance imaging data from retinotopically defined early visual regions revealed significant decoding of the imagined stimuli in V2 and V3 (experiment 1) but significantly reduced decoding in these regions during imagery-based regulation (experiment 2). Together, the present findings indicate that mental imagery can generate and regulate a differential fear conditioned response via mechanisms of the depictive theory of imagery and the biased-competition theory of attention. These findings also highlight the potential importance of mental imagery in the manifestation and treatment of psychological illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Greening
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada.
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA.
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Tae-Ho Lee
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Lauryn Burleigh
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
| | - Laurent Grégoire
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
- Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Tyler Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
| | - Xinrui Jiang
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
| | - Mara Mather
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jonas Kaplan
- Brain and Creativity Institute, Dornsife College of Letters Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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18
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Li Q, Xiang G, Song S, Chen H. How people reach their goals: Neural basis responsible for trait self-control association with hope. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Preferred music listening is associated with perceptual learning enhancement at the expense of self-focused attention. Psychon Bull Rev 2022; 29:2108-2121. [PMID: 35668293 PMCID: PMC9722857 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Can preferred music listening improve following attentional and learning performances? Here we suggest that this may be the case. In Experiment 1, following preferred and non-preferred musical-piece listening, we recorded electrophysiological responses to an auditory roving-paradigm. We computed the mismatch negativity (MMN - the difference between responses to novel and repeated stimulation), as an index of perceptual learning, and we measured the correlation between trial-by-trial EEG responses and the fluctuations in Bayesian Surprise, as a quantification of the neural attunement with stimulus informational value. Furthermore, during music listening, we recorded oscillatory cortical activity. MMN and trial-by-trial correlation with Bayesian surprise were significantly larger after subjectively preferred versus non-preferred music, indicating the enhancement of perceptual learning. The analysis on oscillatory activity during music listening showed a selective alpha power increased in response to preferred music, an effect often related to cognitive enhancements. In Experiment 2, we explored whether this learning improvement was realized at the expense of self-focused attention. Therefore, after preferred versus non-preferred music listening, we collected Heart-Beat Detection (HBD) accuracy, as a measure of the attentional focus toward the self. HBD was significantly lowered following preferred music listening. Overall, our results suggest the presence of a specific neural mechanism that, in response to aesthetically pleasing stimuli, and through the modulation of alpha oscillatory activity, redirects neural resources away from the self and toward the environment. This attentional up-weighting of external stimuli might be fruitfully exploited in a wide area of human learning activities, including education, neurorehabilitation and therapy.
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20
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Algermissen J, Swart JC, Scheeringa R, Cools R, den Ouden HEM. Striatal BOLD and Midfrontal Theta Power Express Motivation for Action. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:2924-2942. [PMID: 34849626 PMCID: PMC9290551 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Action selection is biased by the valence of anticipated outcomes. To assess mechanisms by which these motivational biases are expressed and controlled, we measured simultaneous EEG-fMRI during a motivational Go/NoGo learning task (N = 36), leveraging the temporal resolution of EEG and subcortical access of fMRI. VmPFC BOLD encoded cue valence, importantly predicting trial-by-trial valence-driven response speed differences and EEG theta power around cue onset. In contrast, striatal BOLD encoded selection of active Go responses and correlated with theta power around response time. Within trials, theta power ramped in the fashion of an evidence accumulation signal for the value of making a "Go" response, capturing the faster responding to reward cues. Our findings reveal a dual nature of midfrontal theta power, with early components reflecting the vmPFC contribution to motivational biases, and late components reflecting their striatal translation into behavior, in line with influential recent "value of work" theories of striatal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Algermissen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer C Swart
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René Scheeringa
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Kokereiallee 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Roshan Cools
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, Reinier Postlaan 10, 6525 GC Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke E M den Ouden
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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21
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Intertemporal preference reversals are associated with early activation of insula and sustained preferential processing of immediate rewards in visual cortex. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22277. [PMID: 34782648 PMCID: PMC8593020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision makers tend to give magnified significance to immediately available rewards which leads to intertemporal preference reversals, which is a form of self-control failure. The objective of the present study was to understand the cognitive and neural underpinnings of this phenomenon using event-related potentials (ERP) and their source localization using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography analysis (sLORETA). Twenty-four participants performed a money choice task, where they made choices between a smaller-sooner and a larger-later reward, which included trials with and without an immediately available option, while their electroencephalography (EEG) activity was recorded. Trials with and without immediacy were identical except that the latter involved a front-end delay added to both the rewards. Results showed that presence of immediacy made the choices significantly more impulsive. Presence of immediate reward elicited larger visual P2 and late positive potential (LPP), indicating enhanced capture of automatic and sustained attention respectively, and smaller N2, indicative of diminished engagement of cognitive control processes. Source localization revealed increased activity in the visual cortex in the presence of immediacy, signifying higher valuation. Higher activation of areas of insula during P2-suggesting increased awareness of visceral signals-predicted larger impulsive preference reversals. The results suggest that presence of immediate reward biases the choice very early during the decision making process by precipitating visceral states that triggers approach behaviour, and highlight the need to adopt strategies like precommitment to counter the effect.
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22
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HajiHosseini A, Hutcherson CA. Alpha oscillations and event-related potentials reflect distinct dynamics of attribute construction and evidence accumulation in dietary decision making. eLife 2021; 10:60874. [PMID: 34263723 PMCID: PMC8318586 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How does regulatory focus alter attribute value construction (AVC) and evidence accumulation (EA)? We recorded electroencephalogram during food choices while participants responded naturally or regulated their choices by attending to health attributes or decreasing attention to taste attributes. Using a drift diffusion model, we predicted the time course of neural signals associated with AVC and EA. Results suggested that event-related potentials (ERPs) correlated with the time course of model-predicted taste-attribute signals, with no modulation by regulation. By contrast, suppression of frontal and occipital alpha power correlated with the time course of EA, tracked tastiness according to its goal relevance, and predicted individual variation in successful down-regulation of tastiness. Additionally, an earlier rise in frontal and occipital theta power represented food tastiness more strongly during regulation and predicted a weaker influence of food tastiness on behaviour. Our findings illuminate how regulation modifies the representation of attributes during the process of EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh HajiHosseini
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cendri A Hutcherson
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Marketing, Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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23
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Weighting on waiting: Willpower and attribute weighting models of decision making. Behav Brain Sci 2021; 44:e38. [PMID: 33899707 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x20000850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Willpower is often conceptualized as incorporating effortful and momentary suppression of immediate but ultimately inferior rewards. Yet, growing evidence instead supports a process of attribute weighting, whereby normatively optimal choices arise from separable evaluation of different attributes (e.g., time and money). Strategic allocation of attention settles conflicts between competing choice-relevant attributes, which could be expanded to include self-referential predictions ("resolve").
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24
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Yu M, Liu T, Shangguan F, Sui J, Shi J. The neurodevelopment of delay discounting for monetary rewards in pre-adolescent children. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8337. [PMID: 33863945 PMCID: PMC8052366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Children are found to exhibit high degrees of delay discounting compared with adults in many delay discounting studies, which might be due to the asynchronous development of "bottom-up" and "top-down" neural systems. However, the temporal dynamics associated with the two systems in the development of delay discounting processes are not well known. In this study, we chose two age groups of participants and adopted event-related potential (ERP) techniques to investigate the neural dynamic differences between children and adults during delay discounting processes. Behavioral findings showed that children discounted more than adults and chose more immediate choices. Electrophysiological findings revealed that children exhibited longer neural processing (longer P2 latency) than adults during the early detection and identification phase. Children showed less cognitive control (smaller N2 amplitude) than adults over the middle frontal areas, and they devoted more neural effort (larger P3 amplitudes) to making final choices than adults. The factors of reward amount and time delay could influence the development of delay discounting in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Tongran Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Fangfang Shangguan
- grid.253663.70000 0004 0368 505XBeijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxin Sui
- grid.440818.10000 0000 8664 1765Student Office, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029 Liaoning China
| | - Jiannong Shi
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China ,grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XDepartment of Learning and Philosophy, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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25
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Zhang C, Lakens D, IJsselsteijn WA. Theory Integration for Lifestyle Behavior Change in the Digital Age: An Adaptive Decision-Making Framework. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e17127. [PMID: 33835036 PMCID: PMC8065564 DOI: 10.2196/17127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing popularity of digital health interventions, limitations of traditional behavior change theories and a lack of theory integration hinder theory-driven behavior change applications. In this paper, we aim to review theories relevant to lifestyle behavior change from the broader psychology literature and then integrate these theories into a new theoretical framework called adaptive decision-making to address two specific problems. First, our framework represents lifestyle behaviors at two levels-one of individual daily decisions (action level) and one of larger behavioral episodes (reflection level)-to more closely match the temporal characteristics of lifestyle behaviors and their associated digital data. Second, the framework connects decision-making theories and learning theories to explain how behaviors and cognitive constructs dynamically influence each other, making it a suitable scaffold for building computational models. We map common digital intervention techniques onto the behavioral and cognitive processes in the framework and discuss possible contributions of the framework to both theory development and digital intervention design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Human-Technology Interaction Group, Department of Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Daniël Lakens
- Human-Technology Interaction Group, Department of Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Wijnand A IJsselsteijn
- Human-Technology Interaction Group, Department of Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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26
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Xu T, Sirois FM, Zhang L, Yu Z, Feng T. Neural basis responsible for self-control association with procrastination: Right MFC and bilateral OFC functional connectivity with left dlPFC. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Using generalizability theory and the ERP reliability analysis (ERA) toolbox for assessing test-retest reliability of ERP scores part 2: Application to food-based tasks and stimuli. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 166:188-198. [PMID: 33647385 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
If an ERP score is to reflect a trait-like characteristic or indicate if an intervention had an effect over time, adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability of that ERP score across multiple testing sessions must be established. The current paper is a companion paper to Clayson et al. (current issue) that applied generalizability theory formulas and the ERP Reliability Analysis (ERA) Toolbox to assess test-retest and internal consistency in a dataset of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) assessing food-related cognition. Although ERPs in response to food cues have been related to eating behaviors or assessed during a health intervention, the reliability of food-related ERPs generally has not been tested. Within the generalizability theory framework, we assessed the stability (cf., test-retest reliability) and equivalence (cf., internal consistency) of four commonly used food-related ERPs: the late positive potential (LPP), centro-parietal P3, N2, and fronto-central P3. 132 participants (92 female) completed two testing sessions held two weeks apart. During the sessions, participants completed a passive food viewing task, a high-calorie go/no-go task, and a low-calorie go/no-go task in a counterbalanced fashion. Coefficients of equivalence for all ERPs were excellent (>0.96). Coefficients of stability were moderate-to-low, with N2 scores on the low-calorie go/no-go task showing the highest test-retest reliability (>0.65) and fronto-central P3 scores on the high-calorie go/no-go task showing the lowest (0.48). Results suggest the ERPs in the current dataset have high internal consistency and would be reliable in detecting individual differences, but their test-retest reliability is limited. Reliability of these ERPs may be improved with changes in task stimuli, task instructions, and study procedures.
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28
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Schubert E, Smith E, Brydevall M, Lynch C, Ringin E, Dixon H, Kashima Y, Wakefield M, Bode S. General and specific graphic health warning labels reduce willingness to consume sugar-sweetened beverages. Appetite 2021; 161:105141. [PMID: 33524439 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption is associated with obesity and other severe negative health consequences. The present study examined the effectiveness of two types of health warning labels (HWLs) in modulating dietary choices for SSBs: specific HWLs, presenting health consequences associated with consuming SSBs, and general HWLs, presenting health consequences of an unhealthy diet and obesity. While electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded, 63 participants completed a computer-based task in which they were first randomly allocated to view either SBB-specific, general, or non-warning control HWLs. They then viewed images of a range of SSB products, varying on perceived healthiness and tastiness, and rated their willingness to consume (WTC) each one. Linear mixed-effect model analyses revealed that general and specific HWLs both decreased WTC SSBs perceived as tasty, compared to the control condition. For general HWLs, this effect was reduced for SSBs perceived to be healthy, suggesting that specific HWLs may be more effective at reducing SSB consumption. The EEG data showed that SSBs considered unhealthy elicited greater N1 amplitudes, and tasty SSBs elicited greater late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes, possibly reflecting attentional allocation and craving responses, respectively. However, no strong differences between HWL types were found. Taken together, the results suggest that graphic HWLs, both general and specific, have the potential to reduce SSB consumption, but they do not strongly modulate craving-related neural responses to SSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elektra Schubert
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma Smith
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maja Brydevall
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carmen Lynch
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elysha Ringin
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Helen Dixon
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Australia
| | - Yoshihisa Kashima
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melanie Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Australia
| | - Stefan Bode
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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29
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Wang G, Li J, Li S, Zhu C. Neural Dynamics of the Combined Discounting of Delay and Probability During the Evaluation of a Delayed Risky Reward. Front Psychol 2020; 11:576460. [PMID: 33132984 PMCID: PMC7550637 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Delay discounting and probability discounting are two important processes, but in daily life there are many more situations that involve delayed risky outcomes. Although neuroscience research has extensively investigated delay and probability discounting in isolation, little research has explored the neural correlates of the combined discounting of delay and probability. Using the event-related brain potentials (ERPs) technique, we designed a novel paradigm to investigate neural processes related to the combined discounting of delay and probability during the evaluation of a delayed risky reward. ERP results suggested distinct temporal dynamics for delay and probability processing during combined discounting. Both the early frontal P200 and the N2 reflected only probability, not delay, while the parietal P300 was sensitive to both probability and delay. Furthermore, the late positive potential (LPP) was sensitive to probability, but insensitive to delay. These results suggest that probability has a prolonged modulatory effect on reward evaluation in the information processing stream. These findings contribute to an understanding of the neural processes underlying the combined discounting of delay and probability. The limitation of this study is to only consider four delay and probability combinations. Future studies can explore the combined discounting of more probability and delay combinations to further test the robustness of the conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Wang
- Neural Decision Science Laboratory, School of Economics and Management, Weifang University, Weifang, China.,School of Economics, Institute for Study of Brain-Like Economics, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianbiao Li
- School of Economics, Institute for Study of Brain-Like Economics, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Economic and Management, Nankai University Binhai College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuaiqi Li
- School of Economics, Institute for Study of Brain-Like Economics, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengkang Zhu
- School of Economics, Institute for Study of Brain-Like Economics, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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30
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Pearce AL, Adise S, Roberts NJ, White C, Geier CF, Keller KL. Individual differences in the influence of taste and health impact successful dietary self-control: A mouse tracking food choice study in children. Physiol Behav 2020; 223:112990. [PMID: 32505786 PMCID: PMC7408374 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve dietary quality among children, there is a need to understand how they make decisions about what foods to eat. This study used a mouse tracking food choice task to better understand how attributes such as health and taste contribute to food decisions among 70 children aged 7-to-11 years old. Children rated health, taste, and desire to eat for 76 common foods that varied in energy density and then used a computer mouse to select which of two presented foods they would like to eat. The presented food pairs were based on children's own ratings of taste and health so that some trials required self-control to choose the healthier option (i.e., healthy/not tasty paired with unhealthy/tasty). Children's body mass index (BMI) percentile was not associated with number of healthy choices. To examine mouse trajectories, we replicated previous analytic techniques and applied a novel technique, time-varying effects modeling (TVEM). Results showed that desire to eat impacted food decision-making sooner than taste and health during trials that required self-control, with TVEM showing that early discounting of desire to eat enabled healthier choices. However, these temporal dynamics varied by age, BMI percentile, and overall self-control performance in the task. When the less healthy food was chosen (i.e., self-control failure), older children and children with better overall self-control were more influenced by taste and desire to eat. However, children with higher BMI percentiles showed stronger discounting (i.e., negative influence) of taste when choosing the healthier food. Together this highlights how the influence of hedonic food attributes on food decision-making varies by individual child-level characteristics. Understanding individual differences in the cognitive processes that support healthy food choices in children may help identify targets for interventions aimed at improving child nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina L Pearce
- Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America.
| | - Shana Adise
- Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, United States of America
| | - Nicole J Roberts
- Human Development & Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America
| | - Corey White
- Department of Psychology, Missouri Western State University, St. Joseph, MO 64507, United States of America
| | - Charles F Geier
- Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, United States of America
| | - Kathleen L Keller
- Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America; Food Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States of America
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Abstract
Most authors who discuss willpower assume that everyone knows what it is, but our assumptions differ to such an extent that we talk past each other. We agree that willpower is the psychological function that resists temptations - variously known as impulses, addictions, or bad habits; that it operates simultaneously with temptations, without prior commitment; and that use of it is limited by its cost, commonly called effort, as well as by the person's skill at executive functioning. However, accounts are usually not clear about how motivation functions during the application of willpower, or how motivation is related to effort. Some accounts depict willpower as the perceiving or formation of motivational contingencies that outweigh the temptation, and some depict it as a continuous use of mechanisms that interfere with re-weighing the temptation. Some others now suggest that impulse control can bypass motivation altogether, although they refer to this route as habit rather than willpower.It is argued here that willpower should be recognized as either or both of two distinct functions, which can be called resolve and suppression. Resolve is based on interpretation of a current choice as a test case for a broader set of future choices, which puts at stake more than the outcome of the current choice. Suppression is inhibiting valuation of (modulating) and/or keeping attention from (filtering) immediate alternatives to a current intention. Perception of current choices as test cases for broader outcomes may result in reliable preference for these outcomes, which is experienced as an effortless habit - a successful result of resolve, not an alternative method of self-control. Some possible brain imaging correlates are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Ainslie
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Coatesville, PA19320; and School of Economics, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7710, South Africa. ; http://www.picoeconomics.org
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Maier SU, Hare TA. BOLD activity during emotion reappraisal positively correlates with dietary self-control success. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 18:nsaa097. [PMID: 32701139 PMCID: PMC9910278 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We combined established emotion regulation and dietary choice tasks with fMRI to investigate behavioral and neural associations in self-regulation across the two domains in human participants. We found that increased BOLD activity during the successful reappraisal of positive and negative emotional stimuli was associated with dietary self-control success. This cross-task correlation was present in medial and lateral prefrontal cortex as well as the striatum. In contrast, BOLD activity during the food choice task was not associated with self-reported emotion regulation efficacy. These results suggest that neural processes utilized during the reappraisal of emotional stimuli may also facilitate dietary choices that override palatability in favor of healthfulness. In summary, our findings indicate that the neural systems supporting emotion reappraisal can generalize to other behavioral contexts that require reevaluation of rewarding stimuli and outcomes to promote choices that conform with the current goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia U Maier
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8006, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich 8032, Switzerland
| | - Todd A Hare
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8006, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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Harris A, Young A, Hughson L, Green D, Doan SN, Hughson E, Reed CL. Perceived relative social status and cognitive load influence acceptance of unfair offers in the Ultimatum Game. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227717. [PMID: 31917806 PMCID: PMC6952087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Participants in the Ultimatum Game will often reject unfair resource allocations at personal cost, reflecting a trade-off between financial gain and maintenance of social standing. Although this rejection behavior is linked to executive control, the exact role of cognitive regulation in relation to status cues is unclear. We propose that the salience of status cues affects how cognitive regulation resolves the conflict between financial gain and social status considerations. Situations that tax executive control by limiting available cognitive resources should increase acceptance rates for unfair offers, particularly when the conflict between economic self-interest and social reputation is high. Here, participants rated their own subjective social status, and then either mentally counted (Load) or ignored (No Load) simultaneously-presented tones while playing two rounds of the Ultimatum Game with an online (sham) “Proposer” of either high or low social status. A logistic regression revealed an interaction of Proposer status with cognitive load. Compared to the No Load group, the Load group showed higher acceptance rates for unfair offers from the high-status Proposer. In contrast, cognitive load did not influence acceptance rates for unfair offers from the low-status Proposer. Additionally, Proposer status interacted with the relative social distance between participant and Proposer. Participants close in social distance to the high-status Proposer were more likely to accept the unfair offer than those farther in social distance, whereas the opposite pattern was observed for offers from the low-status Proposer. Although rejection of unfair offers in the Ultimatum Game has previously been conceptualized as an intuitive response, these results instead suggest it reflects a deliberative strategy, dependent on cognitive resources, to prioritize social standing over short-term financial gain. This study reveals the dynamic interplay of cognitive resources and status concerns within this paradigm, providing new insights into when and why people reject inequitable divisions of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Harris
- Department of Psychological Science, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, California, United States of America
- Division of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Aleena Young
- Department of Psychological Science, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Livia Hughson
- The Webb Schools, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Danielle Green
- Division of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Stacey N. Doan
- Department of Psychological Science, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Hughson
- Robert Day School of Economics & Finance, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine L. Reed
- Department of Psychological Science, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, California, United States of America
- Division of Behavioral & Social Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California, United States of America
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34
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Inhibition of food craving is a metabolically active process in the brain in obese men. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 44:590-600. [PMID: 31740725 PMCID: PMC7046524 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is associated with impaired inhibitory control over food intake. We hypothesized that the neural circuitry underlying inhibition of food craving would be impaired in obesity. Here we assessed whether obese men show altered brain responses during attempted cognitive inhibition of craving when exposed to food cues. METHODS Sixteen obese men (32 ± 8.7 years old, BMI = 38.6 ± 7.2) were compared with 11 age-matched non-obese men (BMI 24.2 ± 2.5) using PET and FDG. Brain glucose metabolism was evaluated in a food deprived state: no food stimulation, food stimulation with no inhibition (NI), and food stimulation with attempted inhibition (AI), each on a separate day. Individualized favorite food items were presented prior to and after FDG injection for 40 min. For AI, participants were asked to attempt to inhibit their desire for the food presented. Self-reports for hunger and food desire were recorded. RESULTS Food stimulation compared with no stimulation increased glucose metabolism in inferior and superior frontal gyrus, default mode network and cerebellum, in both groups. For both groups, AI compared with NI-suppressed metabolism in right subgenual anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal areas, bilateral insula, and temporal gyri. There was a stimulation-by-group interaction effect in obese (but not in non-obese) men showing increased metabolism in pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC) and caudate during AI relative to NI. Changes in the food desire from NI to AI correlated negatively with changes in metabolism in pgACC/caudate in obese but not in non-obese men. CONCLUSIONS Obese men showed higher activation in pgACC/caudate, which are regions involved with self-regulation and emotion/reward during AI. Behavioral associations suggest that successful AI is an active process requiring more energy in obese but not in non-obese men. The additional required effort to increase cognitive control in response to food stimulation in obese compared with non-obese men may contribute to their uncontrolled eating behavior.
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35
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DeStasio KL, Clithero JA, Berkman ET. Neuroeconomics, health psychology, and the interdisciplinary study of preventative health behavior. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2019; 13. [PMID: 32266004 DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this article is to introduce readers to theories, tools, and evidence from the field of neuroeconomics and to describe how health psychology and neuroeconomics can be mutually informative in the study of preventative health behaviors. Preventative health behavior here refers to both individual actions that impact one's health (e.g., exercise) and broader behavioral patterns, such as those captured in personality constructs. Although neuroeconomic researchers have begun to incorporate health-relevant behaviors into their studies, the full potential of this research to inform preventative health models is as yet unrealized. What is needed to "translate up" is the unification of rich theoretical content from health psychology with investigations by neuroeconomic researchers of the decision-making process during health-relevant choices. We identify choice as a central, shared feature across models of preventative health behavior that can serve as an inroad for neuroeconomics to contribute to existing models and highlight commonalities that might not otherwise be apparent. A central premise of our argument is that, because health decisions are nearly always multiply determined, a more precise and mechanistic understanding of how choices are made is an important but understudied topic in health psychology. A partnership between health psychologists and neuroeconomic researchers can yield valuable insights into how preventative health choice is made and to identify targets and methods for intervention.
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36
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Wang G, Li J, Wang P, Zhu C, Pan J, Li S. Neural Dynamics of Processing Probability Weight and Monetary Magnitude in the Evaluation of a Risky Reward. Front Psychol 2019; 10:554. [PMID: 30984057 PMCID: PMC6448026 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Risky decision-making involves risky reward valuation, choice, and feedback processes. However, the temporal dynamics of risky reward processing are not well understood. Using event-related brain potential, we investigated the neural correlates of probability weight and money magnitude in the evaluation of a risky reward. In this study, each risky choice consisted of two risky options, which were presented serially to separate decision-making and option evaluation processes. The early P200 component reflected the process of probability weight, not money magnitude. The medial frontal negativity (MFN) reflected both probability weight and money magnitude processes. The late positive potential (LPP) only reflected the process of probability weight. These results demonstrate distinct temporal dynamics for probability weight and money magnitude processes when evaluating a risky outcome, providing a better understanding of the possible mechanism underlying risky reward processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Wang
- Neural Decision Science Laboratory, Weifang University, Weifang, China.,Reinhard Selten Laboratory, China Academy of Corporate Governance, Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianbiao Li
- Reinhard Selten Laboratory, China Academy of Corporate Governance, Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Economic and Management, Nankai University Binhai College, Tianjin, China.,School of Economics, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Reinhard Selten Laboratory, China Academy of Corporate Governance, Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Business School, Tianjin University of Economic and Finance, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengkang Zhu
- Reinhard Selten Laboratory, China Academy of Corporate Governance, Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingjing Pan
- Reinhard Selten Laboratory, China Academy of Corporate Governance, Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuaiqi Li
- Reinhard Selten Laboratory, China Academy of Corporate Governance, Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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37
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Hand function, not proximity, biases visuotactile integration later in object processing: An ERP study. Conscious Cogn 2019; 69:26-35. [PMID: 30685514 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral studies document a functional hand proximity effect: objects near the palm, but not the back of the hand, affect visual processing. Although visuotactile bimodal neurons integrate visual and haptic inputs, their receptive fields in monkey cortex encompass the whole hand, not just the palm. Using ERPs, we investigated whether hand function influenced the topology of integrated space around the hand. In a visual detection paradigm, target and non-target stimuli appeared equidistantly in front or in back of the hand. Equivalent N1 amplitudes were found for both conditions. P3 target versus non-target amplitude differences were greater for palm conditions. Hand proximity biased processing of visual targets equidistant from the hand early in processing. However, hand function biases emerged later when targets were selected for potential action. Thus, early hand proximity effects on object processing depend on sensory-reliant neural responses, whereas later multisensory integration depend more on the hand's functional expertise.
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38
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Boswell RG, Sun W, Suzuki S, Kober H. Training in cognitive strategies reduces eating and improves food choice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E11238-E11247. [PMID: 30420496 PMCID: PMC6275472 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717092115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity rates continue to rise alarmingly, with dire health implications. One contributing factor is that individuals frequently forgo healthy foods in favor of inexpensive, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. One important mechanism underlying these choices is food craving: Craving increases with exposure to unhealthy foods (and food cues, such as advertisements) and prospectively predicts eating and weight. Prior work has shown that cognitive regulation strategies that emphasize the negative consequences of unhealthy foods reduce craving. In Studies 1 and 2, we show that cognitive strategies also increase craving for healthy foods by emphasizing their positive benefits, and change food valuation (willingness to pay) for both healthy and unhealthy foods. In Studies 3 and 4, we demonstrate that brief training in cognitive strategies ("Regulation of Craving Training"; ROC-T) increases subsequent healthy (vs. unhealthy) food choices. This was striking because this change in food choices generalized to nontrained items. Importantly, in Study 5, we show that brief training in cognitive strategies also reduces food consumption by 93-121 calories. Consumed calories correlated with changes in food choice. Finally, in Study 6, we show that the training component of ROC-T is necessary, above and beyond any effect of framing. Across all studies (NTOTAL = 1,528), we find that cognitive strategies substantially change craving and food valuation, and that training in cognitive strategies improves food choices by 5.4-11.2% and reduces unhealthy eating, including in obese individuals. Thus, these findings have important theoretical, public health, and clinical implications for obesity prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Shosuke Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Hedy Kober
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511;
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
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Drummen M, Dorenbos E, Vreugdenhil ACE, Stratton G, Raben A, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Adam TC. Associations of Brain Reactivity to Food Cues with Weight Loss, Protein Intake and Dietary Restraint during the PREVIEW Intervention. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1771. [PMID: 30445718 PMCID: PMC6266251 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to assess the effects of a weight loss and subsequent weight maintenance period comprising two diets differing in protein intake, on brain reward reactivity to visual food cues. Brain reward reactivity was assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging in 27 overweight/obese individuals with impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance (HOMA-IR: 3.7 ± 1.7; BMI: 31.8 ± 3.2 kg/m²; fasting glucose: 6.4 ± 0.6 mmol/L) before and after an 8-week low energy diet followed by a 2-year weight maintenance period, with either high protein (HP) or medium protein (MP) dietary guidelines. Brain reactivity and possible relationships with protein intake, anthropometrics, insulin resistance and eating behaviour were assessed. Brain reactivity, BMI, HOMA-IR and protein intake did not change differently between the groups during the intervention. In the whole group, protein intake during weight maintenance was negatively related to changes in high calorie images>low calorie images (H > L) brain activation in the superior/middle frontal gyrus and the inferior temporal gyrus (p < 0.005, corrected for multiple comparisons). H > L brain activation was positively associated with changes in body weight and body-fat percentage and inversely associated with changes in dietary restraint in multiple reward, gustatory and processing regions (p < 0.005, corrected for multiple comparisons). In conclusion, changes in food reward-related brain activation were inversely associated with protein intake and dietary restraint during weight maintenance after weight loss and positively associated with changes in body weight and body-fat percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Drummen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Elke Dorenbos
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Overweight Adolescent and Children's Health Care (COACH), Department of Paediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anita C E Vreugdenhil
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Overweight Adolescent and Children's Health Care (COACH), Department of Paediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Gareth Stratton
- Research Centre in Applied Sports, Technology Exercise and Medicine, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN Wales, UK.
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-1017 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Margriet S Westerterp-Plantenga
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tanja C Adam
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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40
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Zoon HFA, Ohla K, de Graaf C, Boesveldt S. Modulation of event-related potentials to food cues upon sensory-specific satiety. Physiol Behav 2018; 196:126-134. [PMID: 30172720 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tempting environmental food cues and metabolic signals are important factors in appetite regulation. Food intake reduces liking of food cues that are congruent to the food eaten (sensory-specific satiety). With this study we aimed to assess effects of sensory-specific satiety on neural processing (perceptual and evaluative) of visual and olfactory food cues. Twenty healthy female subjects (age: 20 ± 2 years; BMI: 22 ± 2 kg/m2) participated in two separate test sessions during which they consumed an ad libitum amount of a sweet or savoury meal. Before and after consumption, event-related potentials were recorded in response to visual and olfactory cues signalling high-energy sweet, high-energy savoury, low-energy sweet and low-energy savoury food and non-food items. In general, we observed that food intake led to event-related potentials with an increased negative and decreased positive amplitudes for food, but also non-food cues. Changes were most pronounced in response to high-energy sweet food pictures after a sweet meal, and occurred in early processes of perception (~80-150 ms) and later processes of cognitive evaluation (~300-700 ms). Food intake appears to lead to general changes in neural processing that are related to motivated attention, and sensory-specific changes that reflect decreased positive valence of the stimuli and/or modulation of top-down cognitive control over processing of cues congruent to the food eaten to satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriët F A Zoon
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kathrin Ohla
- Research Center Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Cognitive Neuroscience, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Cees de Graaf
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sanne Boesveldt
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Carbine KA, Rodeback R, Modersitzki E, Miner M, LeCheminant JD, Larson MJ. The utility of event-related potentials (ERPs) in understanding food-related cognition: A systematic review and recommendations. Appetite 2018; 128:58-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Accounting for Taste: A Multi-Attribute Neurocomputational Model Explains the Neural Dynamics of Choices for Self and Others. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7952-7968. [PMID: 30076214 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3327-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
How do we make choices for others with different preferences from our own? Although neuroimaging studies implicate similar circuits in representing preferences for oneself and others, some models propose that additional corrective mechanisms come online when choices for others diverge from one's own preferences. Here we used event-related potentials (ERPs) in humans, in combination with computational modeling, to examine how social information is integrated in the time leading up to choices for oneself and others. Hungry male and female participants with unrestricted diets selected foods for themselves, a similar unrestricted eater, and a dissimilar, self-identified healthy eater. Across choices for both oneself and others, ERP value signals emerged within the same time window but differentially reflected taste and health attributes based on the recipient's preferences. Choices for the dissimilar recipient were associated with earlier activity localized to brain regions implicated in social cognition, including temporoparietal junction. Finally, response-locked analysis revealed a late ERP component specific to choices for the similar recipient, localized to the parietal lobe, that appeared to reflect differences in the response threshold based on uncertainty. A multi-attribute computational model supported the link between specific ERP components and distinct model parameters, and was not significantly improved by adding time-dependent dual processes. Model simulations suggested that longer response times previously associated with effortful correction may alternatively arise from higher choice uncertainty. Together, these results provide a parsimonious neurocomputational mechanism for social decision-making, additionally explaining divergent patterns of choice and response time data in decisions for oneself and others.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT How do we choose for others, particularly when they have different preferences? Whereas some studies suggest that similar neural circuits underlie decision-making for oneself and others, others argue for additional, slower perspective-taking mechanisms. Combining event-related potentials with computational modeling, we found that integration of others' preferences occurs over the same timescale as for oneself while differentially tracking recipient-relevant attributes. Although choosing for others took longer and produced differences in late-emerging neural responses, computational modeling attributed these patterns to greater response caution rather than egocentric bias correction. Computational simulations also correctly predicted when and why choosing differently for others takes longer, suggesting that a model incorporating value integration and evidence accumulation can parsimoniously account for complex patterns in social decision-making.
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Lowe CJ, Staines WR, Manocchio F, Hall PA. The neurocognitive mechanisms underlying food cravings and snack food consumption. A combined continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) and EEG study. Neuroimage 2018; 177:45-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Davidenko O, Bonny JM, Morrot G, Jean B, Claise B, Benmoussa A, Fromentin G, Tomé D, Nadkarni N, Darcel N. Differences in BOLD responses in brain reward network reflect the tendency to assimilate a surprising flavor stimulus to an expected stimulus. Neuroimage 2018; 183:37-46. [PMID: 30053516 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
External information can modify the subjective value of a tasted stimulus, but little is known about neural mechanisms underlying these behavioral modifications. This study used flavored drinks to produce variable degrees of discrepancy between expected and received flavor. During a learning session, 43 healthy young men learned 4 symbol-flavor associations. In a separate session, associations were presented again during an fMRI scan, but half of the trials introduced discrepancy with previously learned associations. Liking ratings of drinks were collected and were analyzed using a linear model to define the degree to which discrepant symbols affected liking ratings of the subjects during the fMRI session. Based on these results, a GLM analysis of fMRI data was conducted to determine neural correlates of observed behavior. Groups of subjects were composed based on their behavior in response to discrepant symbols, and comparison of brain activity between groups showed that activation in the PCC and the caudate nucleus was more potent in those subjects in which liking was not affected by discrepant symbols. These activations were not found in subjects who assimilated unexpected flavors to flavors preceeded by discrepant symbols. Instead, these subjects showed differences in the activity in the parietal operculum. The activity of reward network appears to be related to assimilation of received flavor to expected flavor in response to symbol-flavor discrepancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Davidenko
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France; Chaire ANCA, Food Nutrition and Eating Behavior, Paris, France.
| | | | - Gil Morrot
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221 CNRS and Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Betty Jean
- Neuroradiologie A, Plateforme Recherche IRM - CHU Gabriel-Montpied, F63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Béatrice Claise
- Neuroradiologie A, Plateforme Recherche IRM - CHU Gabriel-Montpied, F63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Gilles Fromentin
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nachiket Nadkarni
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Darcel
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005 Paris, France
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Gui DY, Yu T, Hu Z, Yan J, Li X. Dissociable functional activities of cortical theta and beta oscillations in the lateral prefrontal cortex during intertemporal choice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11233. [PMID: 30046152 PMCID: PMC6060123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) plays an important role in the neural networks involved in intertemporal choice. However, little is known about how the neural oscillation of LPFC functions during intertemporal choice, owing to the technical limitations of functional magnetic resonance imaging and event-related brain potential recordings. Electrocorticography (ECoG) is a novel neuroimaging technique that has high spatial and temporal resolution. In this study, we used ECoG and projected the ECoG data onto individual brain spaces to investigate human intracranial cortex activity and how neural oscillations of the LPFC impact intertemporal choice. We found that neural activity of theta oscillation was significantly higher during impulsive decisions, while beta oscillation activity was significantly higher during non-impulsive ones. Our findings suggest a functional dissociation between cortical theta and beta oscillations during decision-making processes involved in intertemporal choice, and that decision outcomes may be determined by LPFC modulation, which involves neural oscillations at different frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Yang Gui
- Department of Marketing, College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhong Hu
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6131, USA
| | - Jiaqing Yan
- College of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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Neuroanatomy of the vmPFC and dlPFC Predicts Individual Differences in Cognitive Regulation During Dietary Self-Control Across Regulation Strategies. J Neurosci 2018; 38:5799-5806. [PMID: 29866743 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3402-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Making healthy food choices is challenging for many people. Individuals differ greatly in their ability to follow health goals in the face of temptation, but it is unclear what underlies such differences. Using voxel-based morphometry, we investigated in healthy humans (i.e., men and women) the links between structural variation in gray matter volume and individuals' level of success in shifting toward healthier food choices. We combined MRI and choice data into a joint dataset by pooling across three independent studies that used a task prompting participants to explicitly focus on the healthiness of food items before making their food choices. Within this dataset, we found that individual differences in gray matter volume in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) predicted regulatory success. We extended and confirmed these initial findings by predicting regulatory success out of sample and across tasks in a second dataset requiring participants to apply a different regulation strategy that entailed distancing from cravings for unhealthy, appetitive foods. Our findings suggest that neuroanatomical markers in the vmPFC and dlPFC generalized to different forms of dietary regulation strategies across participant groups. They provide novel evidence that structural differences in neuroanatomy of two key regions for valuation and its control, the vmPFC and dlPFC, predict an individual's ability to exert control in dietary choices.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dieting involves regulating food choices to eat healthier foods and fewer unhealthy foods. People differ dramatically in their ability to achieve or maintain this regulation, but it is unclear why. Here, we show that individuals with more gray matter volume in the dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex are better at exercising dietary self-control. This relationship was observed across four different studies examining two different forms of dietary self-regulation, suggesting that neuroanatomical differences in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may represent a general marker for self-control abilities. These results identify candidate neuroanatomical markers for dieting success and failure, and suggest potential targets for therapies aimed at preventing or treating obesity and related eating disorders.
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Crézé C, Candal L, Cros J, Knebel JF, Seyssel K, Stefanoni N, Schneiter P, Murray MM, Tappy L, Toepel U. The Impact of Caloric and Non-Caloric Sweeteners on Food Intake and Brain Responses to Food: A Randomized Crossover Controlled Trial in Healthy Humans. Nutrients 2018; 10:E615. [PMID: 29762471 PMCID: PMC5986495 DOI: 10.3390/nu10050615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) consumption impacts food intake behavior in humans is still unclear. Discrepant sensory and metabolic signals are proposed to mislead brain regulatory centers, in turn promoting maladaptive food choices favoring weight gain. We aimed to assess whether ingestion of sucrose- and NNS-sweetened drinks would differently alter brain responses to food viewing and food intake. Eighteen normal-weight men were studied in a fasted condition and after consumption of a standardized meal accompanied by either a NNS-sweetened (NNS), or a sucrose-sweetened (SUC) drink, or water (WAT). Their brain responses to visual food cues were assessed by means of electroencephalography (EEG) before and 45 min after meal ingestion. Four hours after meal ingestion, spontaneous food intake was monitored during an ad libitum buffet. With WAT, meal intake led to increased neural activity in the dorsal prefrontal cortex and the insula, areas linked to cognitive control and interoception. With SUC, neural activity in the insula increased as well, but decreased in temporal regions linked to food categorization, and remained unchanged in dorsal prefrontal areas. The latter modulations were associated with a significantly lower total energy intake at buffet (mean kcal ± SEM; 791 ± 62) as compared to WAT (942 ± 71) and NNS (917 ± 70). In contrast to WAT and SUC, NNS consumption did not impact activity in the insula, but led to increased neural activity in ventrolateral prefrontal regions linked to the inhibition of reward. Total energy intake at the buffet was not significantly different between WAT and NNS. Our findings highlight the differential impact of caloric and non-caloric sweeteners on subsequent brain responses to visual food cues and energy intake. These variations may reflect an initial stage of adaptation to taste-calorie uncoupling, and could be indicative of longer-term consequences of repeated NNS consumption on food intake behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Crézé
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Candal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jérémy Cros
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-François Knebel
- The Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology (The LINE), Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Lausanne and Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Electroencephalography Brain Mapping Core, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) of Lausanne and Geneva, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Kevin Seyssel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Nathalie Stefanoni
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Philippe Schneiter
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Micah M Murray
- The Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology (The LINE), Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Lausanne and Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Electroencephalography Brain Mapping Core, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) of Lausanne and Geneva, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Gonin Eye Hospital, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Luc Tappy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Metabolic Center, Hôpital Intercantonal de la Broye, 1470 Estavayer-le-Lac, Switzerland.
| | - Ulrike Toepel
- The Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology (The LINE), Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Lausanne and Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Electroencephalography Brain Mapping Core, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) of Lausanne and Geneva, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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48
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Rosenblatt DH, Bode S, Dixon H, Murawski C, Summerell P, Ng A, Wakefield M. Health warnings promote healthier dietary decision making: Effects of positive versus negative message framing and graphic versus text-based warnings. Appetite 2018; 127:280-288. [PMID: 29753053 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Food product health warnings have been proposed as a potential obesity prevention strategy. This study examined the effects of text-only and text-and-graphic, negatively and positively framed health warnings on dietary choice behavior. In a 2 × 5 mixed experimental design, 96 participants completed a dietary self-control task. After providing health and taste ratings of snack foods, participants completed a baseline measure of dietary self-control, operationalized as participants' frequency of choosing healthy but not tasty items and rejecting unhealthy yet tasty items to consume at the end of the experiment. Participants were then randomly assigned to one of five health warning groups and presented with 10 health warnings of a given form: text-based, negative framing; graphic, negative framing; text, positive framing; graphic, positive framing; or a no warning control. Participants then completed a second dietary decision making session to determine whether health warnings influenced dietary self-control. Linear mixed effects modeling revealed a significant interaction between health warning group and decision stage (pre- and post-health warning presentation) on dietary self-control. Negatively framed graphic health warnings promoted greater dietary self-control than other health warnings. Negatively framed text health warnings and positively framed graphic health warnings promoted greater dietary self-control than positively framed text health warnings and control images, which did not increase dietary self-control. Overall, HWs primed healthier dietary decision making behavior, with negatively framed graphic HWs being most effective. Health warnings have potential to become an important element of obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Rosenblatt
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Stefan Bode
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Germany.
| | - Helen Dixon
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Carsten Murawski
- Department of Finance, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Patrick Summerell
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Alyssa Ng
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Melanie Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Victoria, Australia.
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49
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Crézé C, Notter-Bielser ML, Knebel JF, Campos V, Tappy L, Murray M, Toepel U. The impact of replacing sugar- by artificially-sweetened beverages on brain and behavioral responses to food viewing – An exploratory study. Appetite 2018; 123:160-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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50
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Tuning down the hedonic brain: Cognitive load reduces neural responses to high-calorie food pictures in the nucleus accumbens. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018. [PMID: 29542095 PMCID: PMC5962628 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present research examined whether cognitive load modulates the neural processing of appetitive, high-calorie food stimuli. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, participants quickly categorized high-calorie and low-calorie food pictures versus object pictures as edible or inedible while they concurrently performed a digit-span task that varied between low and high cognitive load (memorizing six digits vs. one digit). In line with predictions, the digit-span task engaged the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) when cognitive load was high compared to low. Moreover, exposure to high-calorie compared to low-calorie food pictures led to increased activation in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), but only when cognitive load was low and not when it was high. In addition, connectivity analyses showed that load altered the functional coupling between NAcc and right DLPFC during presentation of the high-calorie versus low-calorie food pictures. Together, these findings indicate that loading the cognitive system moderates hedonic brain responses to high-calorie food pictures via interactions between NAcc and DLPFC. Our findings are consistent with the putative cognitive nature of food motivation. Implications for future research are discussed.
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