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Mallick K, Paul S, Banerjee S, Banerjee S. Lipid Droplets and Neurodegeneration. Neuroscience 2024; 549:13-23. [PMID: 38718916 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
Energy metabolism in the brain has been considered one of the critical research areas of neuroscience for ages. One of the most vital parts of brain metabolism cascades is lipid metabolism, and fatty acid plays a crucial role in this process. The fatty acid breakdown process in mitochondria undergoes through a conserved pathway known as β-oxidation where acetyl-CoA and shorter fatty acid chains are produced along with a significant amount of energy molecule. Further, the complete breakdown of fatty acids occurs when they enter the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Cells store energy as neutral lipids in organelles known as Lipid Droplets (LDs) to prepare for variations in the availability of nutrients. Fatty acids are liberated by lipid droplets and are transported to various cellular compartments for membrane biogenesis or as an energy source. Current research shows that LDs are important in inflammation, metabolic illness, and cellular communication. Lipid droplet biology in peripheral organs like the liver and heart has been well investigated, while the brain's LDs have received less attention. Recently, there has been increased awareness of the existence and role of these dynamic organelles in the central nervous system, mainly connected to neurodegeneration. In this review, we discussed the role of beta-oxidation and lipid droplet formation in the oxidative phosphorylation process, which directly affects neurodegeneration through various pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Mallick
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India.
| | - Shuchismita Paul
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India.
| | - Sayani Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India.
| | - Sugato Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India.
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2
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Li Y, Zhu J, Yu Z, Zhai F, Li H, Jin X. Regulation of apoptosis by ubiquitination in liver cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:4832-4871. [PMID: 37970337 PMCID: PMC10636691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process critical to cell development and tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms. Defective apoptosis is a crucial step in the malignant transformation of cells, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), where the apoptosis rate is higher than in normal liver tissues. Ubiquitination, a post-translational modification process, plays a precise role in regulating the formation and function of different death-signaling complexes, including those involved in apoptosis. Aberrant expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases (E3s) in liver cancer (LC), such as cellular inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (cIAPs), X chromosome-linked IAP (XIAP), and linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), can contribute to HCC development by promoting cell survival and inhibiting apoptosis. Therefore, the review introduces the main apoptosis pathways and the regulation of proteins in these pathways by E3s and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). It summarizes the abnormal expression of these regulators in HCC and their effects on cancer inhibition or promotion. Understanding the role of ubiquitination in apoptosis and LC can provide insights into potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315040, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315040, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zongdong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315040, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Fengguang Zhai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315040, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315040, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Ningbo UniversityNingbo 315211, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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Colombani J, Andersen DS. Drosophila TNF/TNFRs: At the crossroad between metabolism, immunity, and tissue homeostasis. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2416-2432. [PMID: 37567762 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a highly conserved proinflammatory cytokine with important functions in immunity, tissue repair, and cellular homeostasis. Due to the simplicity of the Drosophila TNF-TNF receptor (TNFR) system and a broad genetic toolbox, the fly has played a pivotal role in deciphering the mechanisms underlying TNF-mediated physiological and pathological functions. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of how local and systemic sources of Egr/TNF contribute to its antitumor and tumor-promoting properties, and its emerging functions in adaptive growth responses, sleep regulation, and adult tissue homeostasis. The recent annotation of TNF as an adipokine and its indisputable contribution to obesity- and cancer-associated metabolic diseases have provoked a new area of research focusing on its dual function in regulating immunity and energy homeostasis. Here, we discuss the role of TNFR signaling in coupling immune and metabolic processes and how this might be relevant in the adaption of host to environmental stresses, or, in the case of obesity, promote metabolic derangements and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Colombani
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte S Andersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Li H, Liu P, Deng S, Zhu L, Cao X, Bao X, Xia S, Xu Y, Zhang B. Pharmacological Upregulation of Microglial Lipid Droplet Alleviates Neuroinflammation and Acute Ischemic Brain Injury. Inflammation 2023; 46:1832-1848. [PMID: 37450211 PMCID: PMC10567859 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) were reported to play an important role in the modulation of inflammation and various cellular processes among multiple cell types. However, LDs accumulation, its function and mechanisms of its formation during ischemic stroke remained poorly-identified. In this study, we observed increased LDs accumulation in microglia at the acute stage of ischemic stroke by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that microglia accumulated with LDs were associated with inflammation and phagocytosis. Both inflammatory activation and phagocytosis of tissue debris in microglia could contribute to LDs formation. Moreover, through specific LDs depletion and overload experiments by pharmacological approaches, we proposed that LDs was critical for the maintenance of anti-inflammatory properties of microglia. Furthermore, Atglistatin, a specific adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) inhibitor, was shown to prevent proinflammatory cytokines production in primary microglia through decreased LDs lipolysis. After Atglistatin treatment, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice showed decreased infarct volume and improved neurobehavioral performance at the acute stage of stroke. Our findings provided a biological basis for microglial LDs regulation as a potential therapeutic strategy for acute ischemic stroke and uncovered the neuroprotective role of Atglistatin in the treatment of MCAO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiya Li
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Pinyi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Shiji Deng
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Liwen Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xiang Cao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xinyu Bao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Shengnan Xia
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Medical Imaging Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Bresgen N, Kovacs M, Lahnsteiner A, Felder TK, Rinnerthaler M. The Janus-Faced Role of Lipid Droplets in Aging: Insights from the Cellular Perspective. Biomolecules 2023; 13:912. [PMID: 37371492 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that nine hallmarks-including mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic alterations, and loss of proteostasis-exist that describe the cellular aging process. Adding to this, a well-described cell organelle in the metabolic context, namely, lipid droplets, also accumulates with increasing age, which can be regarded as a further aging-associated process. Independently of their essential role as fat stores, lipid droplets are also able to control cell integrity by mitigating lipotoxic and proteotoxic insults. As we will show in this review, numerous longevity interventions (such as mTOR inhibition) also lead to strong accumulation of lipid droplets in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and mammalian cells, just to name a few examples. In mammals, due to the variety of different cell types and tissues, the role of lipid droplets during the aging process is much more complex. Using selected diseases associated with aging, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, we show that lipid droplets are "Janus"-faced. In an early phase of the disease, lipid droplets mitigate the toxicity of lipid peroxidation and protein aggregates, but in a later phase of the disease, a strong accumulation of lipid droplets can cause problems for cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Bresgen
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Melanie Kovacs
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Angelika Lahnsteiner
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Klaus Felder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Paris-Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Kahveci-Türköz S, Bläsius K, Wozniak J, Rinkens C, Seifert A, Kasparek P, Ohm H, Oltzen S, Nieszporek M, Schwarz N, Babendreyer A, Preisinger C, Sedlacek R, Ludwig A, Düsterhöft S. A structural model of the iRhom-ADAM17 sheddase complex reveals functional insights into its trafficking and activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:135. [PMID: 37119365 PMCID: PMC10148629 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04783-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Several membrane-anchored signal mediators such as cytokines (e.g. TNFα) and growth factors are proteolytically shed from the cell surface by the metalloproteinase ADAM17, which, thus, has an essential role in inflammatory and developmental processes. The membrane proteins iRhom1 and iRhom2 are instrumental for the transport of ADAM17 to the cell surface and its regulation. However, the structure-function determinants of the iRhom-ADAM17 complex are poorly understood. We used AI-based modelling to gain insights into the structure-function relationship of this complex. We identified different regions in the iRhom homology domain (IRHD) that are differentially responsible for iRhom functions. We have supported the validity of the predicted structure-function determinants with several in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo approaches and demonstrated the regulatory role of the IRHD for iRhom-ADAM17 complex cohesion and forward trafficking. Overall, we provide mechanistic insights into the iRhom-ADAM17-mediated shedding event, which is at the centre of several important cytokine and growth factor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selcan Kahveci-Türköz
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Bläsius
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Justyna Wozniak
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cindy Rinkens
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anke Seifert
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Petr Kasparek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Henrike Ohm
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Shixin Oltzen
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Nieszporek
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aaron Babendreyer
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Düsterhöft
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Hebbar S, Traikov S, Hälsig C, Knust E. Modulating the Kynurenine pathway or sequestering toxic 3-hydroxykynurenine protects the retina from light-induced damage in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010644. [PMID: 36952572 PMCID: PMC10035932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue health is regulated by a myriad of exogenous or endogenous factors. Here we investigated the role of the conserved Kynurenine pathway (KP) in maintaining retinal homeostasis in the context of light stress in Drosophila melanogaster. cinnabar, cardinal and scarlet are fly genes that encode different steps in the KP. Along with white, these genes are known regulators of brown pigment (ommochrome) biosynthesis. Using white as a sensitized genetic background, we show that mutations in cinnabar, cardinal and scarlet differentially modulate light-induced retinal damage. Mass Spectrometric measurements of KP metabolites in flies with different genetic combinations support the notion that increased levels of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3OH-K) and Xanthurenic acid (XA) enhance retinal damage, whereas Kynurenic Acid (KYNA) and Kynurenine (K) are neuro-protective. This conclusion was corroborated by showing that feeding 3OH-K results in enhanced retinal damage, whereas feeding KYNA protects the retina in sensitized genetic backgrounds. Interestingly, the harmful effects of free 3OH-K are diminished by its sub-cellular compartmentalization. Sequestering of 3OH-K enables the quenching of its toxicity through conversion to brown pigment or conjugation to proteins. This work enabled us to decouple the role of these KP genes in ommochrome formation from their role in retinal homeostasis. Additionally, it puts forward new hypotheses on the importance of the balance of KP metabolites and their compartmentalization in disease alleviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Hebbar
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sofia Traikov
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Catrin Hälsig
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Knust
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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Fu X, Feng S, Qin H, Yan L, Zheng C, Yao K. Microglia: The breakthrough to treat neovascularization and repair blood-retinal barrier in retinopathy. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1100254. [PMID: 36756614 PMCID: PMC9899825 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary resident retinal macrophages that monitor neuronal activity in real-time and facilitate angiogenesis during retinal development. In certain retinal diseases, the activated microglia promote retinal angiogenesis in hypoxia stress through neurovascular coupling and guide neovascularization to avascular areas (e.g., the outer nuclear layer and macula lutea). Furthermore, continuously activated microglia secrete inflammatory factors and expedite the loss of the blood-retinal barrier which causes irreversible damage to the secondary death of neurons. In this review, we support microglia can be a potential cellular therapeutic target in retinopathy. We briefly describe the relevance of microglia to the retinal vasculature and blood-retinal barrier. Then we discuss the signaling pathway related to how microglia move to their destinations and regulate vascular regeneration. We summarize the properties of microglia in different retinal disease models and propose that reducing the number of pro-inflammatory microglial death and conversing microglial phenotypes from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory are feasible for treating retinal neovascularization and the damaged blood-retinal barrier (BRB). Finally, we suppose that the unique properties of microglia may aid in the vascularization of retinal organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Fu
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuyu Feng
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Qin
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Caiyan Zheng
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Yao
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Kai Yao,
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9
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Zhao L, Hou C, Yan N. Neuroinflammation in retinitis pigmentosa: Therapies targeting the innate immune system. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059947. [PMID: 36389729 PMCID: PMC9647059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an important cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and lacks effective treatment strategies. Although mutations are the primary cause of RP, research over the past decades has shown that neuroinflammation is an important cause of RP progression. Due to the abnormal activation of immunity, continuous sterile inflammation results in neuron loss and structural destruction. Therapies targeting inflammation have shown their potential to attenuate photoreceptor degeneration in preclinical models. Regardless of variations in genetic background, inflammatory modulation is emerging as an important role in the treatment of RP. We summarize the evidence for the role of inflammation in RP and mention therapeutic strategies where available, focusing on the modulation of innate immune signals, including TNFα signaling, TLR signaling, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, chemokine signaling and JAK/STAT signaling. In addition, we describe epigenetic regulation, the gut microbiome and herbal agents as prospective treatment strategies for RP in recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhao
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Hou
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Naihong Yan
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Naihong Yan,
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The Autism Spectrum Disorder-Associated Bacterial Metabolite p-Cresol Derails the Neuroimmune Response of Microglial Cells Partially via Reduction of ADAM17 and ADAM10. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911013. [PMID: 36232346 PMCID: PMC9570133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial metabolite 4-methylphenol (para-cresol or p-cresol) and its derivative p-cresyl sulfate (pCS) are elevated in the urine and feces of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It has been shown that p-cresol administration induces social behavior deficits and repetitive behavior in mice. However, the mechanisms of p-cresol, specifically its metabolite pCS that can reach the brain, in ASD remain to be investigated. The pCS has been shown to inhibit LPS-stimulated inflammatory response. A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) and A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) are thought to regulate microglial immune response by cleaving membrane-bound proteins. In the present study, a neuroinflammation model of LPS-activated BV2 microglia has been used to unveil the potential molecular mechanism of pCS in ASD pathogenesis. In microglial cells pCS treatment decreases the expression or maturation of ADAM10 and ADAM17. In addition, pCS treatment attenuates TNF-α and IL-6 releases as well as phagocytosis activity of microglia. In in vitro ADAM10/17 inhibition experiments, either ADAM10 or ADAM17 inhibition reduces constitutive and LPS-activated release of TNF-α, TNFR-1 and IL-6R by microglial cells, while it increases constitutive and LPS-activated microglial phagocytotic activity. The in vivo results further confirm the involvement of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in ASD pathogenesis. In in utero VPA-exposed male mice, elevated concentration in serum of p-cresol-associated metabolites pCS and p-cresyl glucuronide (pCG) is associated with a VPA-induced increased ADAM10 maturation, and a decreased ADAM17 maturation that is related with attenuated levels of soluble TNF-α and TGF-β1 in the mice brain. Overall, the present study demonstrates a partial role of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the derailed innate immune response of microglial cells associated with pCS-induced ASD pathogenesis.
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Herd CS, Yu X, Cui Y, Franz AWE. Identification of the extracellular metallo-endopeptidases ADAM and ADAMTS in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 148:103815. [PMID: 35932972 PMCID: PMC11149919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major vector for dengue, Zika, yellow fever, and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses, which cause significant morbidity and mortality among human populations in the tropical regions of the world. Following ingestion of a viremic bloodmeal from a vertebrate host, an arbovirus needs to productively infect the midgut epithelium of the mosquito. De novo synthesized virions then exit the midgut by traversing the surrounding basal lamina (BL) in order to disseminate to secondary tissues and infect those. Once the salivary glands are infected, the virus is transmitted to a vertebrate host along with saliva released during probing of the mosquito. Midgut tissue distention due to bloodmeal ingestion leads to remodeling of the midgut structure and facilitates virus dissemination from the organ. Previously, we described the matrix-metalloproteinases (MMP) of Ae. aegypti as zinc ion dependent endopeptidases (Metzincins) and showed MMP activity during midgut BL rearrangement as a consequence of bloodmeal ingestion and subsequent digestion thereby affecting arbovirus dissemination from the midgut. Here we investigate the ADAM/ADAMTS of Ae. aegypti, which form another major group of multi-domain proteinases within the Metzincin superfamily and are active during extra-cellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Seven different ADAM and five ADAMTS were identified in Ae. aegypti. The functional protein domain structures of the identified mosquito ADAM resembled those of human ADAM10, ADAM12, and ADAM17, while two of the five mosquito ADAMTS had human orthologs. Expression profiling of Ae. aegypti ADAM/ADAMTS in immature forms, whole body-females, midguts, and ovarian tissues showed transcriptional activity of the proteinases during metamorphosis, bloodmeal ingestion/digestion, and female reproduction. Custom-made antibodies to ADAM10a and ADAM12c showed that both were strongly expressed in midgut and ovarian tissues. Furthermore, transient silencing of ADAM12c significantly reduced the carcass infection rate with CHIKV at 24 h post-infection, while silencing of ADAM12a significantly increased viral titers in secondary tissues at the same time point. Our results indicate a functional specificity for several ADAM/ADAMTS in those selected mosquito tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie S Herd
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Xiudao Yu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Yingjun Cui
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Alexander W E Franz
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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12
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Ma M, Moulton MJ, Lu S, Bellen HJ. 'Fly-ing' from rare to common neurodegenerative disease mechanisms. Trends Genet 2022; 38:972-984. [PMID: 35484057 PMCID: PMC9378361 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genome sequencing have enabled researchers and clinicians to probe vast numbers of human variants to distinguish pathogenic from benign variants. Model organisms have been crucial in variant assessment and in delineating the molecular mechanisms of some of the diseases caused by these variants. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has played a valuable role in this endeavor, taking advantage of its genetic technologies and established biological knowledge. We highlight the utility of the fly in studying the function of genes associated with rare neurological diseases that have led to a better understanding of common disease mechanisms. We emphasize that shared themes emerge among disease mechanisms, including the importance of lipids, in two prominent neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Ma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew J Moulton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shenzhao Lu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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13
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Adesse D, Gladulich L, Alvarez-Rosa L, Siqueira M, Marcos AC, Heider M, Motta CS, Torices S, Toborek M, Stipursky J. Role of aging in Blood-Brain Barrier dysfunction and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection: impacts on neurological symptoms of COVID-19. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:63. [PMID: 35982454 PMCID: PMC9386676 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, which is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in devastating morbidity and mortality worldwide due to lethal pneumonia and respiratory distress. In addition, the central nervous system (CNS) is well documented to be a target of SARS-CoV-2, and studies detected SARS-CoV-2 in the brain and the cerebrospinal fluid of COVID-19 patients. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) was suggested to be the major route of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the brain. Functionally, the BBB is created by an interactome between endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, and neurons, which form the neurovascular units (NVU). However, at present, the interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with the NVU and the outcomes of this process are largely unknown. Moreover, age was described as one of the most prominent risk factors for hospitalization and deaths, along with other comorbidities such as diabetes and co-infections. This review will discuss the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the NVU, the expression profile of SARS-CoV-2 receptors in the different cell types of the CNS and the possible role of aging in the neurological outcomes of COVID-19. A special emphasis will be placed on mitochondrial functions because dysfunctional mitochondria are also a strong inducer of inflammatory reactions and the "cytokine storm" associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, we will discuss possible drug therapies to treat neural endothelial function in aged patients, and, thus, alleviate the neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Adesse
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 307b, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Luis Gladulich
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 307b, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Liandra Alvarez-Rosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 307b, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
- Laboratório Compartilhado, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michele Siqueira
- Laboratório Compartilhado, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anne Caroline Marcos
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 307b, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Marialice Heider
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 307b, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Caroline Soares Motta
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 307b, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Silvia Torices
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joice Stipursky
- Laboratório Compartilhado, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Krawczyk HE, Sun S, Doner NM, Yan Q, Lim MSS, Scholz P, Niemeyer PW, Schmitt K, Valerius O, Pleskot R, Hillmer S, Braus GH, Wiermer M, Mullen RT, Ischebeck T. SEED LIPID DROPLET PROTEIN1, SEED LIPID DROPLET PROTEIN2, and LIPID DROPLET PLASMA MEMBRANE ADAPTOR mediate lipid droplet-plasma membrane tethering. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2424-2448. [PMID: 35348751 PMCID: PMC9134073 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCSs) are interorganellar connections that allow for the direct exchange of molecules, such as lipids or Ca2+ between organelles, but can also serve to tether organelles at specific locations within cells. Here, we identified and characterized three proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana that form a lipid droplet (LD)-plasma membrane (PM) tethering complex in plant cells, namely LD-localized SEED LD PROTEIN (SLDP) 1 and SLDP2 and PM-localized LD-PLASMA MEMBRANE ADAPTOR (LIPA). Using proteomics and different protein-protein interaction assays, we show that both SLDPs associate with LIPA. Disruption of either SLDP1 and SLDP2 expression, or that of LIPA, leads to an aberrant clustering of LDs in Arabidopsis seedlings. Ectopic co-expression of one of the SLDPs with LIPA is sufficient to reconstitute LD-PM tethering in Nicotiana tabacum pollen tubes, a cell type characterized by dynamically moving LDs in the cytosolic streaming. Furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed both SLDP2.1 and LIPA to be enriched at LD-PM contact sites in seedlings. These and other results suggest that SLDP and LIPA interact to form a tethering complex that anchors a subset of LDs to the PM during post-germinative seedling growth in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Elisa Krawczyk
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Siqi Sun
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nathan M Doner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Qiqi Yan
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Magdiel Sheng Satha Lim
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patricia Scholz
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp William Niemeyer
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schmitt
- Institute for Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB) and Service Unit LCMS Protein Analytics, Department for Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- Institute for Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB) and Service Unit LCMS Protein Analytics, Department for Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roman Pleskot
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Hillmer
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Institute for Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB) and Service Unit LCMS Protein Analytics, Department for Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Wiermer
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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15
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Islimye E, Girard V, Gould AP. Functions of Stress-Induced Lipid Droplets in the Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:863907. [PMID: 35493070 PMCID: PMC9047859 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.863907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets are highly dynamic intracellular organelles that store neutral lipids such as cholesteryl esters and triacylglycerols. They have recently emerged as key stress response components in many different cell types. Lipid droplets in the nervous system are mostly observed in vivo in glia, ependymal cells and microglia. They tend to become more numerous in these cell types and can also form in neurons as a consequence of ageing or stresses involving redox imbalance and lipotoxicity. Abundant lipid droplets are also a characteristic feature of several neurodegenerative diseases. In this minireview, we take a cell-type perspective on recent advances in our understanding of lipid droplet metabolism in glia, neurons and neural stem cells during health and disease. We highlight that a given lipid droplet subfunction, such as triacylglycerol lipolysis, can be physiologically beneficial or harmful to the functions of the nervous system depending upon cellular context. The mechanistic understanding of context-dependent lipid droplet functions in the nervous system is progressing apace, aided by new technologies for probing the lipid droplet proteome and lipidome with single-cell type precision.
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16
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iRhom pseudoproteases regulate ER stress-induced cell death through IP 3 receptors and BCL-2. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1257. [PMID: 35273168 PMCID: PMC8913617 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The folding capacity of membrane and secretory proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can be challenged by physiological and pathological perturbations, causing ER stress. If unresolved, this leads to cell death. We report a role for iRhom pseudoproteases in controlling apoptosis due to persistent ER stress. Loss of iRhoms causes cells to be resistant to ER stress-induced apoptosis. iRhom1 and iRhom2 interact with IP3 receptors, critical mediators of intracellular Ca2+ signalling, and regulate ER stress-induced transport of Ca2+ into mitochondria, a primary trigger of mitochondrial membrane depolarisation and cell death. iRhoms also bind to the anti-apoptotic regulator BCL-2, attenuating the inhibitory interaction between BCL-2 and IP3 receptors, which promotes ER Ca2+ release. The discovery of the participation of iRhoms in the control of ER stress-induced cell death further extends their potential pathological significance to include diseases dependent on protein misfolding and aggregation. Cells that cannot cope with persistent endoplasmic reticulum stress will die. Here, the authors show that iRhom pseudoproteases regulate cell death by modulating the ability of BCL-2 to inhibit calcium flow through IP3R channels.
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17
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Non-canonical Wnt signaling promotes directed migration of intestinal stem cells to sites of injury. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7150. [PMID: 34887411 PMCID: PMC8660829 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration after injury requires coordinated regulation of stem cell activation, division, and daughter cell differentiation, processes that are increasingly well understood in many regenerating tissues. How accurate stem cell positioning and localized integration of new cells into the damaged epithelium are achieved, however, remains unclear. Here, we show that enteroendocrine cells coordinate stem cell migration towards a wound in the Drosophila intestinal epithelium. In response to injury, enteroendocrine cells release the N-terminal domain of the PTK7 orthologue, Otk, which activates non-canonical Wnt signaling in intestinal stem cells, promoting actin-based protrusion formation and stem cell migration towards a wound. We find that this migratory behavior is closely linked to proliferation, and that it is required for efficient tissue repair during injury. Our findings highlight the role of non-canonical Wnt signaling in regeneration of the intestinal epithelium, and identify enteroendocrine cell-released ligands as critical coordinators of intestinal stem cell migration.
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18
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Atlas D. Emerging therapeutic opportunities of novel thiol-amides, NAC-amide (AD4/NACA) and thioredoxin mimetics (TXM-Peptides) for neurodegenerative-related disorders. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:120-141. [PMID: 34481041 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.08.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding neurodegenerative diseases have challenged scientists for decades. It has become apparent that a decrease in life span is often correlated with the development of neurodegenerative disorders. Oxidative stress and the subsequent inflammatory damages appear to contribute to the different molecular and biochemical mechanisms associated with neurodegeneration. In this review, I examine the protective properties of novel amino acid based compounds, comprising the AD series (AD1-AD7) in particular N-acetylcysteine amide, AD4, also called NACA, and the series of thioredoxin mimetic (TXM) peptides, TXM-CB3-TXM-CB16. Designed to cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and permeate the cell membrane, these antioxidant/anti-inflammatory compounds may enable effective treatment of neurodegenerative related disorders. The review addresses the molecular mechanism of cellular protection exhibited by these new reagents, focusing on the reversal of oxidative stress, mitochondrial stress, inflammatory damages, and prevention of premature cell death. In addition, it will cover the outlook of the clinical prospects of AD4/NACA and the thioredoxin-mimetic peptides, which are currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Atlas
- Professor of Neurochemistry, Dept. of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
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19
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Ma X, Takahashi Y, Wu W, Liang W, Chen J, Chakraborty D, Li Y, Du Y, Benyajati S, Ma JX. ADAM17 mediates ectodomain shedding of the soluble VLDL receptor fragment in the retinal epithelium. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101185. [PMID: 34509473 PMCID: PMC8487060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is a multifunctional transmembrane protein. Beyond the function of the full-length VLDLR in lipid transport, the soluble ectodomain of VLDLR (sVLDLR) confers anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic roles in ocular tissues through inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling. However, it remains unknown how sVLDLR is shed into the extracellular space. In this study, we present the first evidence that a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) is responsible for sVLDLR shedding in human retinal pigment epithelium cells using pharmacological and genetic approaches. Among selected proteinase inhibitors, an ADAM17 inhibitor demonstrated the most potent inhibitory effect on sVLDLR shedding. siRNA-mediated knockdown or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated KO of ADAM17 diminished, whereas plasmid-mediated overexpression of ADAM17 promoted sVLDLR shedding. The amount of shed sVLDLR correlated with an inhibitory effect on the Wnt signaling pathway. Consistent with these in vitro findings, intravitreal injection of an ADAM17 inhibitor reduced sVLDLR levels in the extracellular matrix in the mouse retina. In addition, our results demonstrated that ADAM17 cleaved VLDLR only in cells coexpressing these proteins, suggesting that shedding occurs in a cis manner. Moreover, our study demonstrated that aberrant activation of Wnt signaling was associated with decreased sVLDLR levels, along with downregulation of ADAM17 in ocular tissues of an age-related macular degeneration model. Taken together, our observations reveal the mechanism underlying VLDLR cleavage and identify a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of disorders associated with dysregulation of Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yusuke Takahashi
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Wenjing Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Wentao Liang
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jianglei Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Dibyendu Chakraborty
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yangxiong Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yanhong Du
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Siribhinya Benyajati
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
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20
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Lubojemska A, Stefana MI, Sorge S, Bailey AP, Lampe L, Yoshimura A, Burrell A, Collinson L, Gould AP. Adipose triglyceride lipase protects renal cell endocytosis in a Drosophila dietary model of chronic kidney disease. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001230. [PMID: 33945525 PMCID: PMC8121332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related renal lipotoxicity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are prevalent pathologies with complex aetiologies. One hallmark of renal lipotoxicity is the ectopic accumulation of lipid droplets in kidney podocytes and in proximal tubule cells. Renal lipid droplets are observed in human CKD patients and in high-fat diet (HFD) rodent models, but their precise role remains unclear. Here, we establish a HFD model in Drosophila that recapitulates renal lipid droplets and several other aspects of mammalian CKD. Cell type-specific genetic manipulations show that lipid can overflow from adipose tissue and is taken up by renal cells called nephrocytes. A HFD drives nephrocyte lipid uptake via the multiligand receptor Cubilin (Cubn), leading to the ectopic accumulation of lipid droplets. These nephrocyte lipid droplets correlate with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial deficits, as well as with impaired macromolecular endocytosis, a key conserved function of renal cells. Nephrocyte knockdown of diglyceride acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), overexpression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), and epistasis tests together reveal that fatty acid flux through the lipid droplet triglyceride compartment protects the ER, mitochondria, and endocytosis of renal cells. Strikingly, boosting nephrocyte expression of the lipid droplet resident enzyme ATGL is sufficient to rescue HFD-induced defects in renal endocytosis. Moreover, endocytic rescue requires a conserved mitochondrial regulator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC1α). This study demonstrates that lipid droplet lipolysis counteracts the harmful effects of a HFD via a mitochondrial pathway that protects renal endocytosis. It also provides a genetic strategy for determining whether lipid droplets in different biological contexts function primarily to release beneficial or to sequester toxic lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Lubojemska
- Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - M. Irina Stefana
- Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Sorge
- Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Bailey
- Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lena Lampe
- Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Azumi Yoshimura
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alana Burrell
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex P. Gould
- Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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21
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Heier C, Klishch S, Stilbytska O, Semaniuk U, Lushchak O. The Drosophila model to interrogate triacylglycerol biology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158924. [PMID: 33716135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The deposition of storage fat in the form of triacylglycerol (TAG) is an evolutionarily conserved strategy to cope with fluctuations in energy availability and metabolic stress. Organismal TAG storage in specialized adipose tissues provides animals a metabolic reserve that sustains survival during development and starvation. On the other hand, excessive accumulation of adipose TAG, defined as obesity, is associated with an increasing prevalence of human metabolic diseases. During the past decade, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, traditionally used in genetics and developmental biology, has been established as a versatile model system to study TAG metabolism and the etiology of lipid-associated metabolic diseases. Similar to humans, Drosophila TAG homeostasis relies on the interplay of organ systems specialized in lipid uptake, synthesis, and processing, which are integrated by an endocrine network of hormones and messenger molecules. Enzymatic formation of TAG from sugar or dietary lipid, its storage in lipid droplets, and its mobilization by lipolysis occur via mechanisms largely conserved between Drosophila and humans. Notably, dysfunctional Drosophila TAG homeostasis occurs in the context of aging, overnutrition, or defective gene function, and entails tissue-specific and organismal pathologies that resemble human disease. In this review, we summarize the physiology and biochemistry of TAG in Drosophila and outline the potential of this organism as a model system to understand the genetic and dietary basis of TAG storage and TAG-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Heier
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, A-8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Svitlana Klishch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department Biochemistry 1, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenka str, Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Olha Stilbytska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department Biochemistry 1, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenka str, Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Uliana Semaniuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department Biochemistry 1, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenka str, Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Oleh Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department Biochemistry 1, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenka str, Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine.
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22
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Muliyil S, Levet C, Düsterhöft S, Dulloo I, Cowley SA, Freeman M. ADAM17-triggered TNF signalling protects the ageing Drosophila retina from lipid droplet-mediated degeneration. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104415. [PMID: 32715522 PMCID: PMC7459420 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals have evolved multiple mechanisms to protect themselves from the cumulative effects of age‐related cellular damage. Here, we reveal an unexpected link between the TNF (tumour necrosis factor) inflammatory pathway, triggered by the metalloprotease ADAM17/TACE, and a lipid droplet (LD)‐mediated mechanism of protecting retinal cells from age‐related degeneration. Loss of ADAM17, TNF and the TNF receptor Grindelwald in pigmented glial cells of the Drosophila retina leads to age‐related degeneration of both glia and neurons, preceded by an abnormal accumulation of glial LDs. We show that the glial LDs initially buffer the cells against damage caused by glial and neuronally generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), but that in later life the LDs dissipate, leading to the release of toxic peroxidated lipids. Finally, we demonstrate the existence of a conserved pathway in human iPS‐derived microglia‐like cells, which are central players in neurodegeneration. Overall, we have discovered a pathway mediated by TNF signalling acting not as a trigger of inflammation, but as a cytoprotective factor in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Muliyil
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Clémence Levet
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stefan Düsterhöft
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iqbal Dulloo
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally A Cowley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Freeman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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