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Yu X, Yuan J, Shi L, Dai S, Yue L, Yan M. Necroptosis in bacterial infections. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1394857. [PMID: 38933265 PMCID: PMC11199740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1394857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis, a recently discovered form of cell-programmed death that is distinct from apoptosis, has been confirmed to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections in various animal models. Necroptosis is advantageous to the host, but in some cases, it can be detrimental. To understand the impact of necroptosis on the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, we described the roles and molecular mechanisms of necroptosis caused by different bacterial infections in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jin Yuan
- Clinical Laboratory, Puer Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Puer, China
| | - Linxi Shi
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuying Dai
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Yue
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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2
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Jastrab JB, Kagan JC. Strategies of bacterial detection by inflammasomes. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:835-850. [PMID: 38636521 PMCID: PMC11103797 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian innate immunity is regulated by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and guard proteins, which use distinct strategies to detect infections. PRRs detect bacterial molecules directly, whereas guards detect host cell manipulations by microbial virulence factors. Despite sensing infection through different mechanisms, both classes of innate immune sensors can activate the inflammasome, an immune complex that can mediate cell death and inflammation. Inflammasome-mediated immune responses are crucial for host defense against many bacterial pathogens and prevent invasion by non-pathogenic organisms. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which inflammasomes are stimulated by PRRs and guards during bacterial infection, and the strategies used by virulent bacteria to evade inflammasome-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan B Jastrab
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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3
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Gül E, Fattinger SA, Sellin ME, Hardt WD. Epithelial inflammasomes, gasdermins, and mucosal inflammation - Lessons from Salmonella and Shigella infected mice. Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101812. [PMID: 37562110 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Besides its crucial function in nutrient absorbance and as barrier against the microbiota, the gut epithelium is essential for sensing pathogenic insults and mounting of an appropriate early immune response. In mice, the activation of the canonical NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome is critical for the defense against enterobacterial infections. Activation of the NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome triggers the extrusion of infected intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) into the gut lumen, concomitant with inflammasome-mediated lytic cell death. The membrane permeabilization, a hallmark of pyroptosis, is caused by the pore-forming proteins called gasdermins (GSDMs). Recent work has revealed that NAIP/NLRC4-dependent extrusion of infected IECs can, however, also be executed in the absence of GSDMD. In fact, several reports highlighted that various cell death pathways (e.g., pyroptosis or apoptosis) and unique mechanisms specific to particular infection models and stages of gut infection are in action during epithelial inflammasome defense against intestinal pathogens. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms and speculate on the putative functions of the epithelial inflammasome activation and cell death, with a particular emphasis on mouse infection models for two prominent enterobacterial pathogens, Salmonella Typhimurium and Shigella flexneri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Gül
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan A Fattinger
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mikael E Sellin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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4
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Abstract
The immune system of multicellular organisms protects them from harmful microbes. To establish an infection in the face of host immune responses, pathogens must evolve specific strategies to target immune defense mechanisms. One such defense is the formation of intracellular protein complexes, termed inflammasomes, that are triggered by the detection of microbial components and the disruption of homeostatic processes that occur during bacterial infection. Formation of active inflammasomes initiates programmed cell death pathways via activation of inflammatory caspases and cleavage of target proteins. Inflammasome-activated cell death pathways such as pyroptosis lead to proinflammatory responses that protect the host. Bacterial infection has the capacity to influence inflammasomes in two distinct ways: activation and perturbation. In this review, we discuss how bacterial activities influence inflammasomes, and we discuss the consequences of inflammasome activation or evasion for both the host and pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice I Herrmann
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James P Grayczyk
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Current affiliation: Oncology Discovery, Abbvie, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA;
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Wei Y, Lan C, Yang C, Liao X, Zhou X, Huang X, Xie H, Zhu G, Peng T. Robust analysis of a novel PANoptosis-related prognostic gene signature model for hepatocellular carcinoma immune infiltration and therapeutic response. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14519. [PMID: 37666920 PMCID: PMC10477271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PANoptosis, an interplay between pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, is deeply involved in cancer development and immunity. However, the influence of PANoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains to be further investigated. The differentially expressed PANoptosis-related genes (PANRGs) was screened in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Accordingly, mutation, bioinformatics, and consensus clustering analyses were performed. Then, a prognostic risk model was developed by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression. Furthermore, the prognostic value, immunity correlation and therapeutic response prediction ability of risk model were explored. A total of 18 PANRGs were differently expressed in the TCGA-HCC cohort and were mainly involved in cancer- and cell death-related signal pathways. Using unsupervised clustering method, we identified two PANRGs-mediated clustering patterns. The remarkable differences between the two clusters on overall survival (OS) and clinical features were demonstrated respectively. Based on the five-gene prognostic risk model, the calculated PANRG-scores were used to categorize the subgroups as high- and low-risk. Notably, the high-risk subgroup had a dismal prognosis and exhibited much lower immune infiltration levels of mast cells, nature killer cells and pDCs, but higher levels of aDCs, iDCs and Treg cells than those in the low-risk subgroup. Furthermore, we constructed a reliable nomogram combining clinical traits and PANRG-score to predict the OS of HCC patients. The significantly negative correlation between PANoptosis and tumor mutation burden (TMB), ferroptosis were revealed. In drug sensitivity analysis, the high-risk subgroup had a considerably lower TIDE score, suggesting a preferable response to immunotherapy, and may be more sensitive to Tipifarnib, Imatinib, Doxorubicin, and Gemcitabine. The upregulated mRNA expressions of FADD were validated in 16 paired HCC tissues of Guangxi cohort. Based on PANoptosis-related genes, an integrated risk signature was constructed to provide a roadmap for patient stratification and predict HCC patient's prognosis. The patients with the higher PANRG-score may carry a dismal survival and relatively low immune infiltration, but a potential better immunotherapy response. Therefore, future HCC therapy perspectives should emphasize the setting of PANoptosis to achieve a personalized, practicable and effective therapeutic regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongguang Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer, 530021, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Chenlu Lan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer, 530021, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Chengkun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer, 530021, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer, 530021, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer, 530021, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xinlei Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer, 530021, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Haixiang Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer, 530021, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer, 530021, Nanning, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer, 530021, Nanning, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of High-Incidence-Tumor Prevention and Treatment (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, 530021, China.
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6
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Liu H, Fan W, Fan B. Necroptosis in apical periodontitis: A programmed cell death with multiple roles. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1964-1981. [PMID: 37431828 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) has been a research focus for decades and different mechanisms of cell death, such as necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis have been discovered. Necroptosis, a form of inflammatory PCD, has gained increasing attention in recent years due to its critical role in disease progression and development. Unlike apoptosis, which is mediated by caspases and characterized by cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing, necroptosis is mediated by mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) and characterized by cell enlargement and plasma membrane rupture. Necroptosis can be triggered by bacterial infection, which on the one hand represents a host defense mechanism against the infection, but on the other hand can facilitate bacterial escape and worsen inflammation. Despite its importance in various diseases, a comprehensive review on the involvement and roles of necroptosis in apical periodontitis is still lacking. In this review, we tried to provide an overview of recent progresses in necroptosis research, summarized the pathways involved in apical periodontitis (AP) activation, and discussed how bacterial pathogens induce and regulated necroptosis and how necroptosis would inhibit bacteria. Furthermore, the interplay between various types of cell death in AP and the potential treatment strategy for AP by targeting necroptosis were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Fan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Fan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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7
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Wu B, Li J, Wang H, Liu J, Li J, Sun F, Feng DC. RIPK1 is aberrantly expressed in multiple B-cell cancers and implicated in the underlying pathogenesis. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:131. [PMID: 37462822 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the latest epidemiology of the US, B-cell cancers account for > 3% of all new cancer cases and > 80% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. However, the disease-modifying small molecular drug suitable for most B-cell cancers is still lacking. RIPK1 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1) has been observed to be dysregulated and implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple solid cancers, of which, however, the roles in blood cancers are quite unclear. In our study, to identify multi-function targets for B-cell cancer treatment, we reanalyzed a public transcriptomic dataset from the database of Gene Expression Omnibus, which includes CD19+ B-cell populations from 6 normal donors and patients of 5 CLL, 10 FL, and 8 DLBCL. After overlapping three groups (CLL vs. normal, FL vs. normal, and DLBCL vs. normal) of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we obtained 69 common DEGs, of which 3 were validated by real-time quantitative PCR, including RIPK3, IGSF3, TGFBI. Interestingly, we found that the loss function of RIPK1 significantly increases the proliferation and viability of GM12878 cells (a normal human B lymphocyte cell line). Consistently, overexpression of RIPK1 in TMD8 and U2932 cells effectively inhibited cell proliferation and growth. More importantly, modifying RIPK1 kinase activity by a small molecule (such as necrostain-1, HOIPIN-1, etc.) alters the cell growth status of B-cell lymphoma, showing that RIPK1 exhibits anti-tumor activity in the context of B-cell lymphoma. Taken together, we consider that RIPK1 may be a potential target in the clinical application of B-cell lymphoma (including CLL, DLBCL, and FL) treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Wu
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, 18 Sudi Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jingyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, 18 Sudi Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, 18 Sudi Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, 18 Sudi Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiayong Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, 18 Sudi Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Sun
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, 18 Sudi Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Chuan Feng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, 18 Sudi Road, Xuzhou, 221006, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Huyghe J, Priem D, Bertrand MJM. Cell death checkpoints in the TNF pathway. Trends Immunol 2023:S1471-4906(23)00105-9. [PMID: 37357102 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a central role in orchestrating mammalian inflammatory responses. It promotes inflammation either directly by inducing inflammatory gene expression or indirectly by triggering cell death. TNF-mediated cell death-driven inflammation can be beneficial during infection by providing cell-extrinsic signals that help to mount proper immune responses. Uncontrolled cell death caused by TNF is instead highly detrimental and is believed to cause several human autoimmune diseases. Death is not the default response to TNF sensing. Molecular brakes, or cell death checkpoints, actively repress TNF cytotoxicity to protect the organism from its detrimental consequences. These checkpoints therefore constitute essential safeguards against inflammatory diseases. Recent advances in the field have revealed the existence of several new and unexpected brakes against TNF cytotoxicity and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Huyghe
- Cell Death and Inflammation Unit, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dario Priem
- Cell Death and Inflammation Unit, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathieu J M Bertrand
- Cell Death and Inflammation Unit, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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9
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Ozhelvaci F, Steczkiewicz K. Identification and Classification of Papain-like Cysteine Proteinases. J Biol Chem 2023:104801. [PMID: 37164157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine peptidases form a big and highly diverse superfamily of proteins involved in many important biological functions, such as protein turnover, deubiquitination, tissue remodeling, blood clotting, virulence, defense, and cell wall remodeling. High sequence and structure diversity observed within these proteins hinders their comprehensive classification as well as the identification of new representatives. Moreover, in general protein databases, many families already classified as papain-like lack details regarding their mechanism of action or biological function. Here, we use transitive remote homology searches and 3D modeling to newly classify 21 families to the papain-like cysteine peptidase superfamily. We attempt to predict their biological function, and provide structural chacterization of 89 protein clusters defined based on sequence similarity altogether spanning 106 papain-like families. Moreover, we systematically discuss observed diversity in sequences, structures, and catalytic sites. Eventually, we expand the list of human papain-related proteins by seven representatives, including dopamine receptor-interacting protein (DRIP1) as potential deubiquitinase, and centriole duplication regulating CEP76 as retaining catalytically active peptidase-like domain. The presented results not only provide structure-based rationales to already existing peptidase databases but also may inspire further experimental research focused on peptidase-related biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Ozhelvaci
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Steczkiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Wanford JJ, Odendall C. Ca 2+-calmodulin signalling at the host-pathogen interface. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 72:102267. [PMID: 36716574 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple eukaryotic cell processes are modulated by calcium ions (Ca2+). As such, Ca2+ is emerging as a crucial regulator of innate immunity in multicellular organisms. In particular, recent studies have identified roles of Ca2+ signalling at the host-bacteria interface. Following microbial exposure, Ca2+ signals mobilised from the extracellular milieu or intracellular stores are transduced into cell physiological responses. However, during infection with host-adapted pathogens, Ca2+ signals are often atypical, due to the activities of virulence factors, with varied consequences for both the pathogen and the host cell. In this review, we describe the Ca2+-dependent host factors regulating antibacterial immunity, in addition to bacterial effectors that promote, inhibit, or co-opt Ca2+-calmodulin signalling to promote infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Wanford
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Odendall
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK.
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11
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Maekawa T, Kashkar H, Coll NS. Dying in self-defence: a comparative overview of immunogenic cell death signalling in animals and plants. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:258-268. [PMID: 36195671 PMCID: PMC9950082 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Host organisms utilise a range of genetically encoded cell death programmes in response to pathogen challenge. Host cell death can restrict pathogen proliferation by depleting their replicative niche and at the same time dying cells can alert neighbouring cells to prepare environmental conditions favouring future pathogen attacks. As expected, many pathogenic microbes have strategies to subvert host cell death to promote their virulence. The structural and lifestyle differences between animals and plants have been anticipated to shape very different host defence mechanisms. However, an emerging body of evidence indicates that several components of the host-pathogen interaction machinery are shared between the two major branches of eukaryotic life. Many proteins involved in cell death execution or cell death-associated immunity in plants and animals exert direct effects on endomembrane and loss of membrane integrity has been proposed to explain the potential immunogenicity of dying cells. In this review we aim to provide a comparative view on how cell death processes are linked to anti-microbial defence mechanisms in plants and animals and how pathogens interfere with these cell death programmes. In comparison to the several well-defined cell death programmes in animals, immunogenic cell death in plant defence is broadly defined as the hypersensitive response. Our comparative overview may help discerning whether specific types of immunogenic cell death exist in plants, and correspondingly, it may provide new hints for previously undiscovered cell death mechanism in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Maekawa
- Department of Biology, Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
- CEPLAS Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences at the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Institute for Molecular Immunology, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Núria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08001, Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Roncaioli JL, Babirye JP, Chavez RA, Liu FL, Turcotte EA, Lee AY, Lesser CF, Vance RE. A hierarchy of cell death pathways confers layered resistance to shigellosis in mice. eLife 2023; 12:e83639. [PMID: 36645406 PMCID: PMC9876568 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Shigella cause shigellosis, a severe gastrointestinal disease driven by bacterial colonization of colonic intestinal epithelial cells. Vertebrates have evolved programmed cell death pathways that sense invasive enteric pathogens and eliminate their intracellular niche. Previously we reported that genetic removal of one such pathway, the NAIP-NLRC4 inflammasome, is sufficient to convert mice from resistant to susceptible to oral Shigella flexneri challenge (Mitchell et al., 2020). Here, we investigate the protective role of additional cell death pathways during oral mouse Shigella infection. We find that the Caspase-11 inflammasome, which senses Shigella LPS, restricts Shigella colonization of the intestinal epithelium in the absence of NAIP-NLRC4. However, this protection is limited when Shigella expresses OspC3, an effector that antagonizes Caspase-11 activity. TNFα, a cytokine that activates Caspase-8-dependent apoptosis, also provides potent protection from Shigella colonization of the intestinal epithelium when mice lack both NAIP-NLRC4 and Caspase-11. The combined genetic removal of Caspases-1, -11, and -8 renders mice hyper-susceptible to oral Shigella infection. Our findings uncover a layered hierarchy of cell death pathways that limit the ability of an invasive gastrointestinal pathogen to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Roncaioli
- Division of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Janet Peace Babirye
- Division of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Roberto A Chavez
- Division of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Fitty L Liu
- Division of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Elizabeth A Turcotte
- Division of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Angus Y Lee
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Russell E Vance
- Division of Immunology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Immunotherapeutics and Vaccine Research Initiative, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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13
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RIPK1 and RIPK3 in antibacterial defence. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1583-1594. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20211242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Upon sensing pathogenic bacterial infection, host cells activate a multitude of inflammatory and immunogenic responses to promote bacterial clearance and restore tissue homeostasis. RIPK1 and RIPK3 are two key players in antimicrobial defence, by either driving inflammatory signalling or inducing programmed cell death activation, ranging from apoptosis, pyroptosis to necroptosis. In this review, we first discuss the mechanisms by which RIPK1 and RIPK3 promote the assembly of death-inducing complexes and how these cell death pathways are activated as host responses to counteract pathogenic bacteria. We further outline the immunological importance of cell death in antibacterial defence and highlight outstanding questions in the field.
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14
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Pandian N, Kanneganti TD. PANoptosis: A Unique Innate Immune Inflammatory Cell Death Modality. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1625-1633. [PMID: 36253067 PMCID: PMC9586465 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first response to protect against pathogens and cellular insults. Pattern recognition receptors sense pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns and induce an innate immune response characterized by inflammation and programmed cell death (PCD). In-depth characterization of innate immune PCD pathways has highlighted significant cross-talk. Recent advances led to the identification of a unique inflammatory PCD modality called PANoptosis, which is regulated by multifaceted PANoptosome complexes that are assembled by integrating components from other PCD pathways. The totality of biological effects observed in PANoptosis cannot be accounted for by any other PCD pathway alone. In this review, we briefly describe mechanisms of innate immune cell death, including molecular mechanisms of PANoptosis activation and regulation. We also highlight the PANoptosomes identified to date and provide an overview of the implications of PANoptosis in disease and therapeutic targeting. Improved understanding of innate immune-mediated cell death, PANoptosis, is critical to inform the next generation of treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagakannan Pandian
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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15
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The role of RHIM in necroptosis. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1197-1205. [PMID: 36040212 PMCID: PMC9444067 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) is a conserved protein domain that is approximately 18–22 amino acids in length. In humans, four proteins carrying RHIM domains have been identified: receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase (RIPK) 1, RIPK3, Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1), and TIR domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β (TRIF), which are all major players in necroptosis, a distinct form of regulated cell death. Necroptosis is mostly presumed to be a fail-safe form of cell death, occurring in cells in which apoptosis is compromised. Upon activation, RIPK1, ZBP1, and TRIF each hetero-oligomerize with RIPK3 and induce the assembly of an amyloid-like structure of RIPK3 homo-oligomers. These act as docking stations for the recruitment of the pseudokinase mixed-lineage kinase domain like (MLKL), the pore-forming executioner of necroptosis. As RHIM domain interactions are a vital component of the signaling cascade and can also be involved in apoptosis and pyroptosis activation, it is unsurprising that viral and bacterial pathogens have developed means of disrupting RHIM-mediated signaling to ensure survival. Moreover, as these mechanisms play an essential part of regulated cell death signaling, they have received much attention in recent years. Herein, we present the latest insights into the supramolecular structure of interacting RHIM proteins and their distinct signaling cascades in inflammation and infection. Their uncovering will ultimately contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies in the regulation of lytic cell death.
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16
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Wood TE, Westervelt KA, Yoon JM, Eshleman HD, Levy R, Burnes H, Slade DJ, Lesser CF, Goldberg MB. The Shigella Spp. Type III Effector Protein OspB Is a Cysteine Protease. mBio 2022; 13:e0127022. [PMID: 35638611 PMCID: PMC9239218 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01270-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system is required for virulence of many pathogenic bacteria. Bacterial effector proteins delivered into target host cells by this system modulate host signaling pathways and processes in a manner that promotes infection. Here, we define the activity of the effector protein OspB of the human pathogen Shigella spp., the etiological agent of shigellosis and bacillary dysentery. Using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism, we show that OspB sensitizes cells to inhibition of TORC1, the central regulator of growth and metabolism. In silico analyses reveal that OspB bears structural homology to bacterial cysteine proteases that target mammalian cell processes, and we define a conserved cysteine-histidine catalytic dyad required for OspB function. Using yeast genetic screens, we identify a crucial role for the arginine N-degron pathway in the yeast growth inhibition phenotype and show that inositol hexakisphosphate is an OspB cofactor. We find that a yeast substrate for OspB is the TORC1 component Tco89p, proteolytic cleavage of which generates a C-terminal fragment that is targeted for degradation via the arginine N-degron pathway; processing and degradation of Tco89p is required for the OspB phenotype. In all, we demonstrate that the Shigella T3SS effector OspB is a cysteine protease and decipher its interplay with eukaryotic cell processes. IMPORTANCEShigella spp. are important human pathogens and among the leading causes of diarrheal mortality worldwide, especially in children. Virulence depends on the Shigella type III secretion system (T3SS). Definition of the roles of the bacterial effector proteins secreted by the T3SS is key to understanding Shigella pathogenesis. The effector protein OspB contributes to a range of phenotypes during infection, yet the mechanism of action is unknown. Here, we show that S. flexneri OspB possesses cysteine protease activity in both yeast and mammalian cells, and that enzymatic activity of OspB depends on a conserved cysteine-histidine catalytic dyad. We determine how its protease activity sensitizes cells to TORC1 inhibition in yeast, finding that OspB cleaves a component of yeast TORC1, and that the degradation of the C-terminal cleavage product is responsible for OspB-mediated hypersensitivity to TORC1 inhibitors. Thus, OspB is a cysteine protease that depends on a conserved cysteine-histidine catalytic dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Wood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Westervelt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica M. Yoon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heather D. Eshleman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roie Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Henry Burnes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel J. Slade
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Cammie F. Lesser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcia B. Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Alphonse N, Wanford JJ, Voak AA, Gay J, Venkhaya S, Burroughs O, Mathew S, Lee T, Evans SL, Zhao W, Frowde K, Alrehaili A, Dickenson RE, Munk M, Panina S, Mahmood IF, Llorian M, Stanifer ML, Boulant S, Berchtold MW, Bergeron JRC, Wack A, Lesser CF, Odendall C. A family of conserved bacterial virulence factors dampens interferon responses by blocking calcium signaling. Cell 2022; 185:2354-2369.e17. [PMID: 35568036 PMCID: PMC9596379 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) induce an antimicrobial state, protecting tissues from infection. Many viruses inhibit IFN signaling, but whether bacterial pathogens evade IFN responses remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the Shigella OspC family of type-III-secreted effectors blocks IFN signaling independently of its cell death inhibitory activity. Rather, IFN inhibition was mediated by the binding of OspC1 and OspC3 to the Ca2+ sensor calmodulin (CaM), blocking CaM kinase II and downstream JAK/STAT signaling. The growth of Shigella lacking OspC1 and OspC3 was attenuated in epithelial cells and in a murine model of infection. This phenotype was rescued in both models by the depletion of IFN receptors. OspC homologs conserved in additional pathogens not only bound CaM but also inhibited IFN, suggesting a widespread virulence strategy. These findings reveal a conserved but previously undescribed molecular mechanism of IFN inhibition and demonstrate the critical role of Ca2+ and IFN targeting in bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Alphonse
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Immunoregulation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Joseph J Wanford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew A Voak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jack Gay
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Shayla Venkhaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Owen Burroughs
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sanjana Mathew
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Truelian Lee
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sasha L Evans
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Weiting Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kyle Frowde
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Abrar Alrehaili
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth E Dickenson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mads Munk
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Svetlana Panina
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ishraque F Mahmood
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Miriam Llorian
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Megan L Stanifer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Julien R C Bergeron
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Wack
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Cammie F Lesser
- Center for Bacterial Pathogenesis, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte Odendall
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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18
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Wright SS, Vanaja SK. Shigella “Osp”pression of innate immunity. Cell 2022; 185:2205-2207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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Gullett JM, Tweedell RE, Kanneganti TD. It’s All in the PAN: Crosstalk, Plasticity, Redundancies, Switches, and Interconnectedness Encompassed by PANoptosis Underlying the Totality of Cell Death-Associated Biological Effects. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091495. [PMID: 35563804 PMCID: PMC9105755 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system provides the first line of defense against cellular perturbations. Innate immune activation elicits inflammatory programmed cell death in response to microbial infections or alterations in cellular homeostasis. Among the most well-characterized programmed cell death pathways are pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. While these pathways have historically been defined as segregated and independent processes, mounting evidence shows significant crosstalk among them. These molecular interactions have been described as ‘crosstalk’, ‘plasticity’, ‘redundancies’, ‘molecular switches’, and more. Here, we discuss the key components of cell death pathways and note several examples of crosstalk. We then explain how the diverse descriptions of crosstalk throughout the literature can be interpreted through the lens of an integrated inflammatory cell death concept, PANoptosis. The totality of biological effects in PANoptosis cannot be individually accounted for by pyroptosis, apoptosis, or necroptosis alone. We also discuss PANoptosomes, which are multifaceted macromolecular complexes that regulate PANoptosis. We consider the evidence for PANoptosis, which has been mechanistically characterized during influenza A virus, herpes simplex virus 1, Francisella novicida, and Yersinia infections, as well as in response to altered cellular homeostasis, in inflammatory diseases, and in cancers. We further discuss the role of IRF1 as an upstream regulator of PANoptosis and conclude by reexamining historical studies which lend credence to the PANoptosis concept. Cell death has been shown to play a critical role in infections, inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, and more; therefore, having a holistic understanding of cell death is important for identifying new therapeutic strategies.
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20
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Reprogramming of Cell Death Pathways by Bacterial Effectors as a Widespread Virulence Strategy. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0061421. [PMID: 35467397 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00614-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of programmed cell death (PCD) processes during bacterial infections is an evolving arms race between pathogens and their hosts. The initiation of apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis pathways are essential to immunity against many intracellular and extracellular bacteria. These cellular self-destructive mechanisms are used by the infected host to restrict and eliminate bacterial pathogens. Without a tight regulatory control, host cell death can become a double-edged sword. Inflammatory PCDs contribute to an effective immune response against pathogens, but unregulated inflammation aggravates the damage caused by bacterial infections. Thus, fine-tuning of these pathways is required to resolve infection while preserving the host immune homeostasis. In turn, bacterial pathogens have evolved secreted virulence factors or effector proteins that manipulate PCD pathways to promote infection. In this review, we discuss the importance of controlled cell death in immunity to bacterial infection. We also detail the mechanisms employed by type 3 secreted bacterial effectors to bypass these pathways and their importance in bacterial pathogenesis.
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21
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Abstract
Blocking host cell death is an important virulence strategy employed by many bacterial pathogens. We recently reported that Shigella flexneri inhibits host pyroptosis by delivering a type III secretion system (T3SS) effector OspC3 that catalyzes a novel arginine ADP-riboxanation modification on caspase-4/11. Here, we investigated the OspC3 homologue CopC from Chromobacterium violaceum, an opportunistic but sometimes deadly bacterial pathogen. CopC bears the same arginine ADP-riboxanase activity as OspC3, but with a different substrate specificity. Through proteomic analysis, we first identified host calmodulin (CaM) as a binding partner of CopC. The analyses additionally revealed that CopC preferably modifies apoptotic caspases including caspase-7, -8 and -9. This results in suppression of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis programs in C. violaceum-infected cells. Biochemical reconstitution showed that CopC requires binding to CaM, specifically in the calcium-free state, to achieve efficient ADP-riboxanation of the caspases. We determined crystal structure of the CaM-CopC-CASP7 ternary complex, which illustrates the caspase recognition mechanism and a unique CaM-binding mode in CopC. Structure-directed mutagenesis validated the functional significance of CaM binding for stimulating CopC modification of its caspase substrates. CopC adopts an ADP-ribosyltransferase-like fold with a unique His-Phe-Glu catalytic triad, featuring two acidic residues critical for site-specific arginine ADP-riboxanation. Our study expands and deepens our understanding of the OspC family of ADP-riboxanase effectors.
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22
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Site-specific ubiquitination of MLKL targets it to endosomes and targets Listeria and Yersinia to the lysosomes. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:306-322. [PMID: 34999730 PMCID: PMC8816944 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) by the protein kinase RIPK3 targets MLKL to the cell membrane, where it triggers necroptotic cell death. We report that conjugation of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains to distinct lysine residues in the N-terminal HeLo domain of phosphorylated MLKL (facilitated by the ubiquitin ligase ITCH that binds MLKL via a WW domain) targets MLKL instead to endosomes. This results in the release of phosphorylated MLKL within extracellular vesicles. It also prompts enhanced endosomal trafficking of intracellular bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica to the lysosomes, resulting in decreased bacterial yield. Thus, MLKL can be directed by specific covalent modifications to differing subcellular sites, whence it signals either for cell death or for non-deadly defense mechanisms.
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23
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Wei B, Miao EA. Shigella handcuffs caspases. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:20-21. [PMID: 34931049 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-01033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wei
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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24
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Tummers B, Green DR. The evolution of regulated cell death pathways in animals and their evasion by pathogens. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:411-454. [PMID: 34898294 PMCID: PMC8676434 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The coevolution of host-pathogen interactions underlies many human physiological traits associated with protection from or susceptibility to infections. Among the mechanisms that animals utilize to control infections are the regulated cell death pathways of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. Over the course of evolution these pathways have become intricate and complex, coevolving with microbes that infect animal hosts. Microbes, in turn, have evolved strategies to interfere with the pathways of regulated cell death to avoid eradication by the host. Here, we present an overview of the mechanisms of regulated cell death in Animalia and the strategies devised by pathogens to interfere with these processes. We review the molecular pathways of regulated cell death, their roles in infection, and how they are perturbed by viruses and bacteria, providing insights into the coevolution of host-pathogen interactions and cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Tummers
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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25
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Wang Y, Goodman CL, Ringbauer J, Li Y, Stanley D. Prostaglandin A 2 induces apoptosis in three cell lines derived from the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 108:e21844. [PMID: 34519097 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Animals maintain homeostasis of cell numbers, constantly creating new cells and eliminating others. Programmed cell death, apoptosis, is a mechanism of cell elimination and it acts in many aspects of animal biology. Drawing on the biomedical background, several signals launch the apoptosis mechanisms, including prostaglandins (PGs). Based on this information, we posed the hypothesis that PGs similarly induce apoptosis in insect cell lines. We used three Spodoptera frugiperda cell lines, including two newly established, BCIRL-SfNS-0518B-YL derived from the central nervous system and BCIRL-Sf4FB-0614-SGS derived from fat body, and the commercially available Sf9 cells. Using a kinetic apoptosis kit, we found treating SfNS cells for 18 h with 15 or 20 μM PGA2 led to decreases in cell numbers, coupled with increased numbers of apoptotic and dead cells. Similar exposures to 10 μM PGA2 (24 h) led to substantial increases in apoptotic cells, confirmed by a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay on a flow cytometer. The influence of PGA2 treatments increased with dosage, as we recorded about 20% apoptosis at 24 h post-PGA2 treatments (10 μM) and about 34% apoptosis at 24 h post-30 μM treatments. PGA2 treatments led to 10- to 30-fold increases in messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding apoptosis-specific caspases-1, -2, -3, and -5 at 12 h and 40- to 60-fold increases in mRNAs encoding caspases-1 and -2, 10-fold increases for caspases-3 and -5 at 24 h. These findings strongly support our hypothesis that PGs induce apoptosis in an insect cell line and confirm an additional PG action in insect biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Insect Resource Research Center for Engineering and Technology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cynthia L Goodman
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph Ringbauer
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Yaofa Li
- Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding, China
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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26
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From pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis to PANoptosis: A mechanistic compendium of programmed cell death pathways. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:4641-4657. [PMID: 34504660 PMCID: PMC8405902 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis are the most genetically well-defined programmed cell death (PCD) pathways, and they are intricately involved in both homeostasis and disease. Although the identification of key initiators, effectors and executioners in each of these three PCD pathways has historically delineated them as distinct, growing evidence has highlighted extensive crosstalk among them. These observations have led to the establishment of the concept of PANoptosis, defined as an inflammatory PCD pathway regulated by the PANoptosome complex with key features of pyroptosis, apoptosis and/or necroptosis that cannot be accounted for by any of these PCD pathways alone. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the research history of pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis. We then examine the intricate crosstalk among these PCD pathways to discuss the current evidence for PANoptosis. We also detail the molecular evidence for the assembly of the PANoptosome complex, a molecular scaffold for contemporaneous engagement of key molecules from pyroptosis, apoptosis, and/or necroptosis. PANoptosis is now known to be critically involved in many diseases, including infection, sterile inflammation and cancer, and future discovery of novel PANoptotic components will continue to broaden our understanding of the fundamental processes of cell death and inform the development of new therapeutics.
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27
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Viana F, Peringathara SS, Rizvi A, Schroeder GN. Host manipulation by bacterial type III and type IV secretion system effector proteases. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13384. [PMID: 34392594 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are powerful enzymes, which cleave peptide bonds, leading most of the time to irreversible fragmentation or degradation of their substrates. Therefore they control many critical cell fate decisions in eukaryotes. Bacterial pathogens exploit this power and deliver protease effectors through specialised secretion systems into host cells. Research over the past years revealed that the functions of protease effectors during infection are diverse, reflecting the lifestyles and adaptations to specific hosts; however, only a small number of peptidase families seem to have given rise to most of these protease virulence factors by the evolution of different substrate-binding specificities, intracellular activation and subcellular targeting mechanisms. Here, we review our current knowledge about the enzymology and function of protease effectors, which Gram-negative bacterial pathogens translocate via type III and IV secretion systems to irreversibly manipulate host processes. We highlight emerging concepts such as signalling by protease cleavage products and effector-triggered immunity, which host cells employ to detect and defend themselves against a protease attack. TAKE AWAY: Proteases irreversibly cleave proteins to control critical cell fate decisions. Gram-negative bacteria use type III and IV secretion systems to inject effectors. Protease effectors are integral weapons for the manipulation of host processes. Effectors evolved from few peptidase families to target diverse substrates. Effector-triggered immunity upon proteolytic attack emerges as host defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Viana
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Shruthi Sachidanandan Peringathara
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Arshad Rizvi
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Gunnar N Schroeder
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Hierarchical Cell Death Program Disrupts the Intracellular Niche Required for Burkholderia thailandensis Pathogenesis. mBio 2021; 12:e0105921. [PMID: 34154417 PMCID: PMC8262894 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01059-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia infections can result in serious diseases with high mortality, such as melioidosis, and they are difficult to treat with antibiotics. Innate immunity is critical for cell-autonomous clearance of intracellular pathogens like Burkholderia by regulating programmed cell death. Inflammasome-dependent inflammatory cytokine release and cell death contribute to host protection against Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis; however, the contribution of apoptosis and necroptosis to protection is not known. Here, we found that bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) lacking key components of pyroptosis died via apoptosis during infection. BMDMs lacking molecules required for pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis (PANoptosis), however, were significantly resistant to B. thailandensis-induced cell death until later stages of infection. Consequently, PANoptosis-deficient BMDMs failed to limit B. thailandensis-induced cell-cell fusion, which permits increased intercellular spread and replication compared to wild-type or pyroptosis-deficient BMDMs. Respiratory B. thailandensis infection resulted in higher mortality in PANoptosis-deficient mice than in pyroptosis-deficient mice, indicating that, in the absence of pyroptosis, apoptosis is essential for efficient control of infection in vivo. Together, these findings suggest both pyroptosis and apoptosis are necessary for host-mediated control of Burkholderia infection. IMPORTANCE Burkholderia infections result in a high degree of mortality when left untreated; therefore, understanding the host immune response required to control infection is critical. In this study, we found a hierarchical cell death program utilized by infected cells to disrupt the intracellular niche of Burkholderia thailandensis, which limits bacterial intercellular spread, host cell-cell fusion, and bacterial replication. In macrophages, combined loss of key PANoptosis components results in extensive B. thailandensis infection-induced cell-cell fusion, bacterial replication, and increased cell death at later stages of infection compared with both wild-type (WT) and pyroptosis-deficient cells. During respiratory infection, mortality was increased in PANoptosis-deficient mice compared to pyroptosis-deficient mice, identifying an essential role for multiple cell death pathways in controlling B. thailandensis infection. These findings advance our understanding of the physiological role of programmed cell death in controlling Burkholderia infection.
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Giogha C, Scott NE, Wong Fok Lung T, Pollock GL, Harper M, Goddard-Borger ED, Pearson JS, Hartland EL. NleB2 from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is a novel arginine-glucose transferase effector. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009658. [PMID: 34133469 PMCID: PMC8238200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) directly manipulate various aspects of host cell function through the translocation of type III secretion system (T3SS) effector proteins directly into the host cell. Many T3SS effector proteins are enzymes that mediate post-translational modifications of host proteins, such as the glycosyltransferase NleB1, which transfers a single N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to arginine residues, creating an Arg-GlcNAc linkage. NleB1 glycosylates death-domain containing proteins including FADD, TRADD and RIPK1 to block host cell death. The NleB1 paralogue, NleB2, is found in many EPEC and EHEC strains but to date its enzymatic activity has not been described. Using in vitro glycosylation assays combined with mass spectrometry, we found that NleB2 can utilize multiple sugar donors including UDP-glucose, UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-galactose during glycosylation of the death domain protein, RIPK1. Sugar donor competition assays demonstrated that UDP-glucose was the preferred substrate of NleB2 and peptide sequencing identified the glycosylation site within RIPK1 as Arg603, indicating that NleB2 catalyses arginine glucosylation. We also confirmed that NleB2 catalysed arginine-hexose modification of Flag-RIPK1 during infection of HEK293T cells with EPEC E2348/69. Using site-directed mutagenesis and in vitro glycosylation assays, we identified that residue Ser252 in NleB2 contributes to the specificity of this distinct catalytic activity. Substitution of Ser252 in NleB2 to Gly, or substitution of the corresponding Gly255 in NleB1 to Ser switches sugar donor preference between UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-glucose. However, this switch did not affect the ability of the NleB variants to inhibit inflammatory or cell death signalling during HeLa cell transfection or EPEC infection. NleB2 is thus the first identified bacterial Arg-glucose transferase that, similar to the NleB1 Arg-GlcNAc transferase, inhibits host protein function by arginine glycosylation. Bacterial gut pathogens including enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), manipulate host cell function by using a type III secretion system to inject ‘effector’ proteins directly into the host cell cytoplasm. We and others have shown that many of these effectors are novel enzymes, including NleB1, which transfers a single N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) sugar to arginine residues, mediating Arg-GlcNAc glycosylation. Here, we found that a close homologue of NleB1 that is also present in EPEC and EHEC termed NleB2, uses a different sugar during glycosylation. We demonstrated that in contrast to NleB1, the preferred nucleotide-sugar substrate of NleB2 is UDP-glucose and we identified the amino acid residue within NleB2 that dictates this unique catalytic activity. Substitution of this residue in NleB2 and NleB1 switches the sugar donor usage of these enzymes but does not affect their ability to inhibit host cell signalling. Thus, NleB2 is the first identified bacterial arginine-glucose transferase, an activity which has previously only been described in plants and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giogha
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nichollas E. Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tania Wong Fok Lung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georgina L. Pollock
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marina Harper
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ethan D. Goddard-Borger
- ACRF Chemical Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaclyn S. Pearson
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L. Hartland
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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30
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Mooney BC, Mantz M, Graciet E, Huesgen PF. Cutting the line: manipulation of plant immunity by bacterial type III effector proteases. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3395-3409. [PMID: 33640987 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens and their hosts are engaged in an evolutionary arms race. Pathogen-derived effectors promote virulence by targeting components of a host's innate immune system, while hosts have evolved proteins that sense effectors and trigger a pathogen-specific immune response. Many bacterial effectors are translocated into host cells using type III secretion systems. Type III effector proteases irreversibly modify host proteins by cleavage of peptide bonds and are prevalent among both plant and animal bacterial pathogens. In plants, the study of model effector proteases has yielded important insights into the virulence mechanisms employed by pathogens to overcome their host's immune response, as well as into the mechanisms deployed by their hosts to detect these effector proteases and counteract their effects. In recent years, the study of a larger number of effector proteases, across a wider range of pathogens, has yielded novel insights into their functions and recognition. One key limitation that remains is the lack of methods to detect protease cleavage at the proteome-wide level. We review known substrates and mechanisms of plant pathogen type III effector proteases and compare their functions with those of known type III effector proteases of mammalian pathogens. Finally, we discuss approaches to uncover their function on a system-wide level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Mooney
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Melissa Mantz
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- CECAD, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Emmanuelle Graciet
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- CECAD, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Abstract
Shigella, a major cause of bacterial dysentery, knows when it is not wanted. To generate and maintain its niche within host cells, this unwelcome guest injects several dozen virulence factors via a type 3 secretion system (T3SS). In this issue, Ashida et al (2020) have elucidated the role of two such factors from Shigella flexneri-OspC1 and OspD3-that together counteract apoptotic and necroptotic death pathways in colonised epithelial cells. As a result, Shigella can replicate to high levels within the colonic epithelium, leading to the substantial epithelial damage in shigellosis and efficient bacterial release for faecal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Thygesen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQldAustralia
| | - Adriana Pliego‐Zamora
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQldAustralia
| | - Katryn J Stacey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQldAustralia
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32
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Ashida H, Suzuki T, Sasakawa C. Shigella infection and host cell death: a double-edged sword for the host and pathogen survival. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 59:1-7. [PMID: 32784063 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In response to bacterial infection, epithelial cells undergo several types of cell death, including apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, which serve to expel the infected cells and activate the innate and acquired immune responses. Shigella initially invades macrophages and subsequently surrounding enterocytes; the pathogen executes macrophage cell death but prevents epithelial cell death in order to maintain its foothold for replication. To this end, Shigella delivers versatile effector proteins via the type III secretion system (T3SS), allowing it to efficiently colonize the intestinal epithelium. In this article, we review insights into the mechanisms underlying circumvention of the host cell death by Shigella, as an example of bacterial fine-tuning of host cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ashida
- Department of Bacterial Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan; Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan.
| | - Toshihiko Suzuki
- Department of Bacterial Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sasakawa
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan; Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan.
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33
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Ashida H, Sasakawa C, Suzuki T. A unique bacterial tactic to circumvent the cell death crosstalk induced by blockade of caspase-8. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104469. [PMID: 32657447 PMCID: PMC7459423 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon invasive bacterial infection of colonic epithelium, host cells induce several types of cell death to eliminate pathogens. For instance, necroptosis is a RIPK‐dependent lytic cell death that serves as a backup system to fully eliminate intracellular pathogens when apoptosis is inhibited; this phenomenon has been termed “cell death crosstalk”. To maintain their replicative niche and multiply within cells, some enteric pathogens prevent epithelial cell death by delivering effectors via the type III secretion system. In this study, we found that Shigella hijacks host cell death crosstalk via a dual mechanism: inhibition of apoptosis by the OspC1 effector and inhibition of necroptosis by the OspD3 effector. Upon infection by Shigella, host cells recognize blockade of caspase‐8 apoptosis signaling by OspC1 effector as a key danger signal and trigger necroptosis as a backup form of host defense. To counteract this backup defense, Shigella delivers the OspD3 effector, a protease, to degrade RIPK1 and RIPK3, preventing necroptosis. We believe that blockade of host cell death crosstalk by Shigella is a unique intracellular survival tactic for prolonging the bacterium's replicative niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ashida
- Department of Bacterial Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sasakawa
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Suzuki
- Department of Bacterial Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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