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Sakayanathan P, Loganathan C, Thayumanavan P. Protection of pancreatic beta cells against high glucose-induced toxicity by astaxanthin-s-allyl cysteine diester: alteration of oxidative stress and apoptotic-related protein expression. Arch Physiol Biochem 2024; 130:316-324. [PMID: 35482540 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2022.2064878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: High glucose (HG)-induced oxidative stress is associated with apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells. The protective effect of astaxanthin-s-allyl cysteine diester (AST-SAC) against HG-induced oxidative stress in pancreatic β-cells (βTC-tet cell line) in in vitro was studied.Materials and Methods: βTC-tet cell line was exposed to HG in the presence and absence of AST-SAC. Various parameters such as cell viability, reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA fragmentation and expression of proteins involved in apoptosis [p53, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated X (Bax), cytochrome c and caspase 3] were studied.Results: Pre-treatment of βTC-tet cells with AST-SAC (4, 8 and 12 μg/ml) in the presence of HG (25 mM) protected the viability of the cells in a dose-dependent manner. AST-SAC treatment mitigated the oxidative stress thereby preventing the mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage and apoptosis in βTC-tet cells against HG toxicity. Treatment with AST-SAC prevented the increased expression of p53 under HG conditions. Further, AST-SAC treatment maintained the level of pro-apoptotic (Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and cytochrome c) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) proteins to that of the control level under HG exposed conditions in βTC-tet cells.Conclusion: Altogether, AST-SAC alleviated HG-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells by enhancing the antioxidant status and altering apoptotic-related protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chitra Loganathan
- Department of Biochemistry, Periyar University, Salem, India
- Research and Development center, Bioinnov Solutions LLP, Salem, India
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Mihajlovic M, De Boever S, Tabernilla A, Callewaert E, Sanz-Serrano J, Verhoeven A, Maerten A, Rosseel Z, De Waele E, Vinken M. Investigation of parenteral nutrition-induced hepatotoxicity using human liver spheroid co-cultures. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03773-8. [PMID: 38740588 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Parenteral nutrition (PN) is typically administered to individuals with gastrointestinal dysfunction, a contraindication for enteral feeding, and a need for nutritional therapy. When PN is the only energy source in patients, it is defined as total parenteral nutrition (TPN). TPN is a life-saving approach for different patient populations, both in infants and adults. However, despite numerous benefits, TPN can cause adverse effects, including metabolic disorders and liver injury. TPN-associated liver injury, known as intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD), represents a significant problem affecting up to 90% of individuals receiving TPN. IFALD pathogenesis is complex, depending on the TPN components as well as on the patient's medical conditions. Despite numerous animal studies and clinical observations, the molecular mechanisms driving IFALD remain largely unknown. The present study was set up to elucidate the mechanisms underlying IFALD. For this purpose, human liver spheroid co-cultures were treated with a TPN mixture, followed by RNA sequencing analysis. Subsequently, following exposure to TPN and its single nutritional components, several key events of liver injury, including mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and lipid accumulation (steatosis), were studied using various techniques. It was found that prolonged exposure to TPN substantially changes the transcriptome profile of liver spheroids and affects multiple metabolic and signaling pathways contributing to liver injury. Moreover, TPN and its main components, especially lipid emulsion, induce changes in all key events measured and trigger steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Mihajlovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sybren De Boever
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrés Tabernilla
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ellen Callewaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julen Sanz-Serrano
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anouk Verhoeven
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amy Maerten
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zenzi Rosseel
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth De Waele
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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Song D, Wang C, Liang J, Jia T. Effect and mechanism of fluctuant glucose on restraining implant osseointegration in diabetes. Oral Dis 2024; 30:1583-1590. [PMID: 37338083 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study was to discuss the effect and mechanism of fluctuant glucose (FG) on implant osseointegration in type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were divided into control, T2DM and FG group, and the implants were inserted into their femurs. Micro-CT and histological analysis were used to evaluate the effect on osseointegration in vivo. And we investigated the effect of different conditions (normal, control, high glucose, and FG medium) on rat osteoblast in vitro. Then transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Western blot were used to evaluate the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) response. Finally, 4-PBA, an inhibitor of ERS, was added into different conditions to observe the functions of osteoblast. RESULTS In vivo, Micro-CT and histological analysis showed that the percentage of osseointegration in FG rats were lower than other two group. In vitro, the results demonstrated that the adhesion of the cells becomes worst, and osteogenic ability was also severely impaired in FG group. In addition, FG could induce more serious ERS and 4-PBA could improve the dysfunction of osteoblasts induced by FG. CONCLUSION Fluctuant glucose could restrain the implant osseointegration in T2DM, and the effect was more obvious than consistent high glucose by a possible mechanism of activation ERS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Song
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jin Liang
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Tingting Jia
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Wang Q, Tan X, Wang Y, Zhang D, Li X, Liu S. The role of extracellular vesicles in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Emerging mechanisms, potential therapeutics and biomarkers. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00110-3. [PMID: 38494073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an emerging global healthcare problem, has become the leading cause of liver transplantation in recent decades. No effective therapies in the clinic have been proven due to the incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of NASH, and further studies are expected to continue to delve into the mechanisms of NASH. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are small lipid membrane vesicles carrying proteins, microRNAs and other molecules, have been identified to play a vital role in cell-to-cell communication and are involved in the development and progression of various diseases. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the role of EVs in NASH. Many studies have revealed that EVs mediate important pathological processes in NASH, and the role of EVs in NASH is distinct and variable depending on their origin cells and target cells. This review outlines the emerging mechanisms of EVs in the development of NASH and the preclinical evidence related to stem cell-derived EVs as a potential therapeutic strategy for NASH. Moreover, possible strategies involving EVs as clinical diagnostic, staging and prognostic biomarkers for NASH are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianrong Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangning Tan
- Department of endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, 421001 Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Danyi Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xia Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Shanshan Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
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Yan R, Cai H, Zhou X, Bao G, Bai Z, Ge RL. Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α promotes fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by enhancing glutamine catabolism and inhibiting yes-associated protein phosphorylation in hepatic stellate cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1344971. [PMID: 38501098 PMCID: PMC10946064 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1344971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a high global prevalence and affects approximately one-third of adults, owing to high-fat dietary habits and a sedentary lifestyle. The role of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) in NAFLD progression remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic hypoxia on NAFLD progression by examining the role of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) activation and that of hepatic stellate cell (HSC)-derived myofibroblasts through glutaminolysis. We hypothesised that hypoxia exacerbates NAFLD by promoting HIF-2α upregulation and inhibiting phosphorylated yes-associated protein (YAP), and that increasing YAP expression enhances HSC-derived myofibroblasts. We studied patients with NAFLD living at high altitudes, as well as animal models and cultured cells. The results revealed significant increases in HSC-derived myofibroblasts and collagen accumulation caused by HIF-2α and YAP upregulation, both in patients and in a mouse model for hypoxia and NAFLD. HIF-2α and HIF-2α-dependent YAP downregulation reduced HSC activation and myofibroblast levels in persistent chronic hypoxia. Furthermore, hypoxia-induced HIF-2α upregulation promoted YAP and inhibited YAP phosphorylation, leading to glutaminase 1 (GLS1), SLC38A1, α-SMA, and Collagen-1 overexpression. Additionally, hypoxia restored mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. Thus, chronic hypoxia-induced HIF-2α activation enhances fibrosis and NAFLD progression by restoring mitochondrial ROS production and glutaminase-1-induced glutaminolysis, which is mediated through the inhibition of YAP phosphorylation and increased YAP nuclear translocation. In summary, HIF-2α plays a pivotal role in NAFLD progression during chronic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Yan
- Qinghai-Utah Joint Key Lab for High-altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine in Qinghai University, Ministry of Education, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory for Application of High-Altitude Medicine in Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Hao Cai
- Oncology Department, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Qinghai Provincial, Xining, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Guodan Bao
- Qinghai-Utah Joint Key Lab for High-altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine in Qinghai University, Ministry of Education, Xining, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhenzhong Bai
- Qinghai-Utah Joint Key Lab for High-altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine in Qinghai University, Ministry of Education, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory for Application of High-Altitude Medicine in Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Ri-li Ge
- Qinghai-Utah Joint Key Lab for High-altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of High-Altitude Medicine in Qinghai University, Ministry of Education, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory for Application of High-Altitude Medicine in Qinghai Province, Xining, China
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Wang S, Lin X, Zhu C, Dong Y, Guo Y, Xie Z, He X, Ju W, Chen M. Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and increased glucose-to-albumin ratio in adults without diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1287916. [PMID: 38264288 PMCID: PMC10804880 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1287916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects approximately 30% of individuals globally. Both serum glucose and albumin were demonstrated to be potential markers for the development of NAFLD. We hypothesized that the risk of NAFLD may be proportional to the glucose-to-albumin ratio (GAR). Methods Based on information from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2018, it was determined that GAR was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD and liver fibrosis utilizing weighted multivariable logistic regression. Participants with a fatty liver index (FLI) over 60 were identified with NAFLD, and those with an NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) >0.676 with evidence of NAFLD were labeled with advanced hepatic fibrosis (AHF). The liver biopsy was utilized to verify the relationship between GAR and FLD in our center cohort. Mendelian randomization analysis investigated the genetic relationship between GAR and NAFLD. Results Of 15,534 eligible participants, 36.4% of participants were identified as NAFLD without AHF. GAR was positively correlated with the probability of NAFLD following full adjustment for possible variables (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.39-1.67). It was confirmed that patients with NAFLD and AHF had an inferior prognosis. The relationship between GAR and NFS was favorable (R = 0.46, P< 0.0001), and NAFLD patients with a higher GAR tended to develop poor survival. In our center cohort, the association between GAR and NAFLD was verified. Conclusion Among participants without diabetes, greater GAR was linked to higher risks of NAFLD. In addition, NAFLD patients with higher GAR tended to develop liver fibrosis and adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Lin
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Eastern Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuchen Zhu
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Dong
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Guo
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhonghao Xie
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshun He
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Ju
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, China
| | - Maogen Chen
- Organ Transplant Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant Immunology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology (Organ Transplantation), Guangzhou, China
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Wang Q, Sun J, Wang R, Sun J. Inhibition of EZH2 mitigates peritoneal fibrosis and lipid precipitation in peritoneal mesothelial cells mediated by klotho. Ren Fail 2023; 45:2149411. [PMID: 36724065 PMCID: PMC9897791 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2022.2149411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritoneal fibrosis caused by long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) is the main reason why patients withdraw from PD treatment. Lipid accumulation in the peritoneum was shown to participate in fibrosis, and klotho is a molecule involved in lipid metabolism. GSK343 (enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (EZH2) inhibitor) has been verified to inhibit epithelial mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT) and peritoneal fibrosis, but its related mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether lipid accumulation was involved in the effect of GSK343 and its related mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, the expression of EZH2, klotho and EMT indices in human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HMrSV5) incubated with high glucose (HG) levels was detected. After EZH2 was inhibited by GSK343, Western blot (WB), wound healing and Transwell assays were used to explore the effect of GSK343. EZH2 and klotho expression was also detected. Oil red O and Nile red staining and triglyceride (TG) detection kits were used to detect lipid accumulation. A rescue experiment with small interfering RNA specific for klotho (si-klotho) on the basis of GSK343 was also conducted to verify that GSK343 exerted its effect via klotho. In in vivo experiments, rats were administered GSK343, and the related index was assessed. RESULTS In our study, we revealed that the expression of EZH2 was significantly upregulated and klotho was significantly downregulated in HMrSV5 cells induced by high glucose. With the aid of GSK343, we found that lipid deposition caused by HG was significantly decreased. In addition, EMT and fibrosis were also significantly alleviated. Moreover, GSK343 could also restore the downregulation of klotho. To further verify whether klotho mediated the effect of EZH2, a rescue experiment with si-klotho was also conducted. The results showed that si-klotho could counteract the protective effect of GSK343 on high glucose-induced lipid accumulation and fibrosis. In vivo experiments also revealed that GSK343 could relieve peritoneal fibrosis, lipid deposition and EMT by mitigating EZH2 and restoring klotho expression. CONCLUSIONS Combining these findings, we found that EZH2 regulated lipid deposition, peritoneal fibrosis, and EMT mediated by klotho. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the effect of the EZH2-klotho interaction on peritoneal fibrosis. Hence, EZH2 and klotho could act as potential targets for the treatment of peritoneal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglian Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China,Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jingshu Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China,Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China,Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China,CONTACT Jing Sun Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong250021, China
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Zhao H, Zhang HL, Jia L. High glucose dialysate-induced peritoneal fibrosis: Pathophysiology, underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115246. [PMID: 37523983 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis is an efficient renal replacement therapy for patients with end-stage kidney disease. However, continuous exposure of the peritoneal membrane to dialysate frequently leads to peritoneal fibrosis, which alters the function of the peritoneal membrane and results in withdrawal from peritoneal dialysis in patients. Among others, high glucose dialysate is considered as a predisposing factor for peritoneal fibrosis in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Glucose-induced inflammation, metabolism disturbance, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, angiogenesis and noninflammation-induced reactive oxygen species are implicated in the pathogenesis of high glucose dialysate-induced peritoneal fibrosis. Specifically, high glucose causes chronic inflammation and recurrent peritonitis, which could cause migration and polarization of inflammatory cells, as well as release of cytokines and fibrosis. High glucose also interferes with lipid metabolism and glycolysis by activating the sterol-regulatory element-binding protein-2/cleavage-activating protein pathway and increasing hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression, leading to angiogenesis and peritoneal fibrosis. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and Ras-mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway is another contributing factor in high glucose dialysate-induced fibrosis. Ultimately, activation of the transforming growth factor-β1/Smad pathway is involved in mesothelial-mesenchymal transition or epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which leads to the development of fibrosis. Although possible intervention strategies for peritoneal dialysate-induced fibrosis by targeting the transforming growth factor-β1/Smad pathway have occasionally been proposed, lack of laboratory evidence renders clinical decision-making difficult. We therefore aim to revisit the upstream pathways of transforming growth factor-beta1/Smad and propose potential therapeutic targets for high glucose-induced peritoneal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxue Zhao
- First Clinical Medical College, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 83 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Linpei Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China.
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Zheng Y, Wang S, Wu J, Wang Y. Mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: new insights from pathogenic mechanisms to clinically targeted therapy. J Transl Med 2023; 21:510. [PMID: 37507803 PMCID: PMC10375703 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04367-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is among the most widespread metabolic disease globally, and its associated complications including insulin resistance and diabetes have become threatening conditions for human health. Previous studies on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were focused on the liver's lipid metabolism. However, growing evidence suggests that mitochondrial metabolism is involved in the pathogenesis of NAFLD to varying degrees in several ways, for instance in cellular division, oxidative stress, autophagy, and mitochondrial quality control. Ultimately, liver function gradually declines as a result of mitochondrial dysfunction. The liver is unable to transfer the excess lipid droplets outside the liver. Therefore, how to regulate hepatic mitochondrial function to treat NAFLD has become the focus of current research. This review provides details about the intrinsic link of NAFLD with mitochondrial metabolism and the mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunctions contribute to NAFLD progression. Given the crucial role of mitochondrial metabolism in NAFLD progression, the application potential of multiple mitochondrial function improvement modalities (including physical exercise, diabetic medications, small molecule agonists targeting Sirt3, and mitochondria-specific antioxidants) in the treatment of NAFLD was evaluated hoping to provide new insights into NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shiting Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jialiang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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Lamanilao GG, Dogan M, Patel PS, Azim S, Patel DS, Bhattacharya SK, Eason JD, Kuscu C, Kuscu C, Bajwa A. Key hepatoprotective roles of mitochondria in liver regeneration. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G207-G218. [PMID: 36648139 PMCID: PMC9988520 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00220.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of advanced liver disease using surgical modalities is possible due to the liver's innate ability to regenerate following resection. Several key cellular events in the regenerative process converge at the mitochondria, implicating their crucial roles in liver regeneration. Mitochondria enable the regenerating liver to meet massive metabolic demands by coordinating energy production to drive cellular proliferative processes and vital homeostatic functions. Mitochondria are also involved in terminating the regenerative process by mediating apoptosis. Studies have shown that attenuation of mitochondrial activity results in delayed liver regeneration, and liver failure following resection is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Emerging mitochondria therapy (i.e., mitotherapy) strategies involve isolating healthy donor mitochondria for transplantation into diseased organs to promote regeneration. This review highlights mitochondria's inherent role in liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene G Lamanilao
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Murat Dogan
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Prisha S Patel
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Shafquat Azim
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Disha S Patel
- Department of Legal Studies, Belmont University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Syamal K Bhattacharya
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - James D Eason
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Canan Kuscu
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Cem Kuscu
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Amandeep Bajwa
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Research Institute, James D. Eason Transplant Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
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11
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Panic A, Sudar-Milovanovic E, Stanimirovic J, Obradovic M, Zafirovic S, Soskic S, Isenovic ER. Does oestradiol treatment alleviate obesity-induced oxidative stress in the male liver? Med Hypotheses 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2023.111049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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12
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Potential Therapeutic Implication of Herbal Medicine in Mitochondria-Mediated Oxidative Stress-Related Liver Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11102041. [PMID: 36290765 PMCID: PMC9598588 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11102041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles that play a role in ATP synthesis, calcium homeostasis, oxidation-reduction status, apoptosis, and inflammation. Several human disorders have been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. It has been found that traditional therapeutic herbs are effective on alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which are leading causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to oxidative stress is caused by mitochondrial dysfunction and is considered critical for treatment. The role of oxidative stress, lipid toxicity, and inflammation in NAFLD are well known. NAFLD is a chronic liver disease that commonly progresses to cirrhosis and chronic liver disease, and people with obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension are at a higher risk of developing NAFLD. NAFLD is associated with a number of pathological factors, including insulin resistance, lipid metabolic dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis. As a result, the improvement in steatosis and inflammation is enough to entice researchers to look into liver disease treatment. However, antioxidant treatment has not been very effective for liver disease. Additionally, it has been suggested that the beneficial effects of herbal medicines on immunity and inflammation are governed by various mechanisms for lipid metabolism and inflammation control. This review provided a summary of research on herbal medicines for the therapeutic implementation of mitochondria-mediated ROS production in liver disease as well as clinical applications through herbal medicine. In addition, the pathophysiology of common liver disorders such as ALD and NAFLD would be investigated in the role that mitochondria play in the process to open new therapeutic avenues in the management of patients with liver disease.
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13
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Wallace SJ, Tacke F, Schwabe RF, Henderson NC. Understanding the cellular interactome of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100524. [PMID: 35845296 PMCID: PMC9284456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is reaching epidemic proportions, with a global prevalence of 25% in the adult population. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can lead to cirrhosis, has become the leading indication for liver transplantation in both Europe and the USA. Liver fibrosis is the consequence of sustained, iterative liver injury, and the main determinant of outcomes in NASH. The liver possesses remarkable inherent plasticity, and liver fibrosis can regress when the injurious agent is removed, thus providing opportunities to alter long-term outcomes through therapeutic interventions. Although hepatocyte injury is a key driver of NASH, multiple other cell lineages within the hepatic fibrotic niche play major roles in the perpetuation of inflammation, mesenchymal cell activation, extracellular matrix accumulation as well as fibrosis resolution. The constituents of this cellular interactome, and how the various subpopulations within the fibrotic niche interact to drive fibrogenesis is an area of active research. Important cellular components of the fibrotic niche include endothelial cells, macrophages, passaging immune cell populations and myofibroblasts. In this review, we will describe how rapidly evolving technologies such as single-cell genomics, spatial transcriptomics and single-cell ligand-receptor analyses are transforming our understanding of the cellular interactome in NAFLD/NASH, and how this new, high-resolution information is being leveraged to develop rational new therapies for patients with NASH.
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Key Words
- BAs, bile acids
- CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand
- CCR, C-C motif chemokine receptor
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- CXCL, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand
- CXCR, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor
- DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- IL, interleukin
- ILC, innate lymphoid cell
- KCs, Kupffer cells
- LSECs, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
- MAIT, mucosal-associated invariant T
- MAMPS, microbiota-associated molecular patterns
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NK(T), natural killer (T)
- NLR, Nod like receptors
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PFs, portal fibroblasts
- SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- antifibrotic therapies
- cellular interactome
- cirrhosis
- fibrosis
- single-cell genomics
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J. Wallace
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert F. Schwabe
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Neil C. Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, UK
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Savin IA, Markov AV, Zenkova MA, Sen’kova AV. Asthma and Post-Asthmatic Fibrosis: A Search for New Promising Molecular Markers of Transition from Acute Inflammation to Pulmonary Fibrosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051017. [PMID: 35625754 PMCID: PMC9138542 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous pulmonary disorder, the progression and chronization of which leads to airway remodeling and fibrogenesis. To understand the molecular mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis development, key genes forming the asthma-specific regulome and involved in lung fibrosis formation were revealed using a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. The bioinformatics data were validated using a murine model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma and post-asthmatic fibrosis. The performed analysis revealed a range of well-known pro-fibrotic markers (Cat, Ccl2, Ccl4, Ccr2, Col1a1, Cxcl12, Igf1, Muc5ac/Muc5b, Spp1, Timp1) and a set of novel genes (C3, C3ar1, Col4a1, Col4a2, Cyp2e1, Fn1, Thbs1, Tyrobp) mediating fibrotic changes in lungs already at the stage of acute/subacute asthma-driven inflammation. The validation of genes related to non-allergic bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis on asthmatic/fibrotic lungs allowed us to identify new universal genes (Col4a1 and Col4a2) associated with the development of lung fibrosis regardless of its etiology. The similarities revealed in the expression profiles of nodal fibrotic genes between asthma-driven fibrosis in mice and nascent idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in humans suggest a tight association of identified genes with the early stages of airway remodeling and can be considered as promising predictors and early markers of pulmonary fibrosis.
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15
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Klimontov VV, Saik OV, Korbut AI. Glucose Variability: How Does It Work? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157783. [PMID: 34360550 PMCID: PMC8346105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence points to the role of glucose variability (GV) in the development of the microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. In this review, we summarize data on GV-induced biochemical, cellular and molecular events involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Current data indicate that the deteriorating effect of GV on target organs can be realized through oxidative stress, glycation, chronic low-grade inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, impaired angiogenesis and renal fibrosis. The effects of GV on oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and hypercoagulability could be aggravated by hypoglycemia, associated with high GV. Oscillating hyperglycemia contributes to beta cell dysfunction, which leads to a further increase in GV and completes the vicious circle. In cells, the GV-induced cytotoxic effect includes mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and disturbances in autophagic flux, which are accompanied by reduced viability, activation of apoptosis and abnormalities in cell proliferation. These effects are realized through the up- and down-regulation of a large number of genes and the activity of signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, MAPK (ERK), JNK and TGF-β/Smad. Epigenetic modifications mediate the postponed effects of glucose fluctuations. The multiple deteriorative effects of GV provide further support for considering it as a therapeutic target in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim V. Klimontov
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology—Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (RICEL—Branch of IC&G SB RAS), 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.V.S.); (A.I.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Olga V. Saik
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology—Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (RICEL—Branch of IC&G SB RAS), 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.V.S.); (A.I.K.)
- Laboratory of Computer Proteomics, Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IC&G SB RAS), 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anton I. Korbut
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology—Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (RICEL—Branch of IC&G SB RAS), 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.V.S.); (A.I.K.)
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16
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Zhao J, Zhao Y, Hu Y, Peng J. Targeting the GPR119/incretin axis: a promising new therapy for metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2021; 26:32. [PMID: 34233623 PMCID: PMC8265056 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-021-00276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, G protein-coupled receptors have emerged as drug targets, and their physiological and pathological effects have been extensively studied. Among these receptors, GPR119 is expressed in multiple organs, including the liver. It can be activated by a variety of endogenous and exogenous ligands. After GPR119 is activated, the cell secretes a variety of incretins, including glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2, which may attenuate the metabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease, including improving glucose and lipid metabolism, inhibiting inflammation, reducing appetite, and regulating the intestinal microbial system. GPR119 has been a potential therapeutic target for diabetes mellitus type 2 for many years, but its role in metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease deserves further attention. In this review, we discuss relevant research and current progress in the physiology and pharmacology of the GPR119/incretin axis and speculate on the potential therapeutic role of this axis in metabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease, which provides guidance for transforming experimental research into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zhao
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyang Hu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jinghua Peng
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Yoo JH, Kang M, Kim G, Hur KY, Kim JH, Sinn DH, Jin S. Mean and visit-to-visit variability of glycated hemoglobin, and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 12:1252-1262. [PMID: 33135331 PMCID: PMC8264391 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION We aimed to determine whether mean and visit-to-visit glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) variability independently increase the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) across the diabetic continuum from normal glucose tolerance (NGT) to established diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a longitudinal cohort study, 21,123 participants underwent five or more annual health screening checkups. Participants were categorized into diabetes (n = 1,635), prediabetes (n = 6,650) and NGT (n = 12,838) groups. Mean, standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation data on HbA1c were obtained from three consecutive measurements. The associations between those data and incident NAFLD were analyzed using Cox regressions. RESULTS Over a median follow-up period of 57 months, 3,860 (18.3%) participants developed NAFLD. The risk of NAFLD increased continuously, with the mean HbA1c beginning at 4.9%, even in the NGT group. We found a significant association between increasing HbA1c variability and incident NAFLD (coefficient of variation, adjusted hazard ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.29; standard deviation, adjusted hazard ratio 1.19, 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.36) in the diabetes group, but not in the NGT or prediabetes group. Consistent findings were observed when NAFLD patients with a low possibility of fibrosis were excluded. The association between the coefficient of variation of HbA1c and incident NAFLD in the diabetes group was significant only in those with an increasing trend of post-baseline HbA1c (adjusted hazard ratio 1.24, 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.52). CONCLUSIONS Increased mean HbA1c levels elevated the risk of incident NAFLD, even with NGT. Increases in visit-to-visit variability of HbA1c independently elevated the risk of incident NAFLD, but only in the diabetes group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hee Yoo
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of MedicineSamsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulKorea
- Department of Internal MedicineYonsei University Wonju College of MedicineWonjuKorea
| | - Mira Kang
- Department of Digital HealthSAIHSTSungkyunkwan UniversitySeoulKorea
- Center for Health PromotionSamsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Gyuri Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of MedicineSamsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Kyu Yeon Hur
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of MedicineSamsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Jae Hyeon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of MedicineSamsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Dong Hyun Sinn
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicineSamsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulKorea
| | - Sang‐Man Jin
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of MedicineSamsung Medical CenterSungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSeoulKorea
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18
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Simões ICM, Amorim R, Teixeira J, Karkucinska-Wieckowska A, Carvalho A, Pereira SP, Simões RF, Szymanska S, Dąbrowski M, Janikiewicz J, Dobrzyń A, Oliveira PJ, Potes Y, Wieckowski MR. The Alterations of Mitochondrial Function during NAFLD Progression-An Independent Effect of Mitochondrial ROS Production. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136848. [PMID: 34202179 PMCID: PMC8268944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis implicates multiple mechanisms, chief of which is mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the sequence of events underlying mitochondrial failure are still poorly clarified. In this work, male C57BL/6J mice were fed with a high-fat plus high-sucrose diet for 16, 20, 22, and 24 weeks to induce NAFL. Up to the 20th week, an early mitochondrial remodeling with increased OXPHOS subunits levels and higher mitochondrial respiration occurred. Interestingly, a progressive loss of mitochondrial respiration along "Western diet" feeding was identified, accompanied by higher susceptibility to mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. Importantly, our findings prove that mitochondrial alterations and subsequent impairment are independent of an excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which was found to be progressively diminished along with disease progression. Instead, increased peroxisomal abundance and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation-related pathway suggest that peroxisomes may contribute to hepatic ROS generation and oxidative damage, which may accelerate hepatic injury and disease progression. We show here for the first time the sequential events of mitochondrial alterations involved in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression and demonstrate that mitochondrial ROS are not one of the first hits that cause NAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês C. M. Simões
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (I.C.M.S.); (M.D.); (J.J.); (A.D.)
| | - Ricardo Amorim
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.A.); (J.T.); (A.C.); (S.P.P.); (R.F.S.); (P.J.O.)
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Teixeira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.A.); (J.T.); (A.C.); (S.P.P.); (R.F.S.); (P.J.O.)
| | | | - Adriana Carvalho
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.A.); (J.T.); (A.C.); (S.P.P.); (R.F.S.); (P.J.O.)
| | - Susana P. Pereira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.A.); (J.T.); (A.C.); (S.P.P.); (R.F.S.); (P.J.O.)
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Exercise (LametEx), Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui F. Simões
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.A.); (J.T.); (A.C.); (S.P.P.); (R.F.S.); (P.J.O.)
| | - Sylwia Szymanska
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.-W.); (S.S.)
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (I.C.M.S.); (M.D.); (J.J.); (A.D.)
| | - Justyna Janikiewicz
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (I.C.M.S.); (M.D.); (J.J.); (A.D.)
| | - Agnieszka Dobrzyń
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (I.C.M.S.); (M.D.); (J.J.); (A.D.)
| | - Paulo J. Oliveira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB—Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.A.); (J.T.); (A.C.); (S.P.P.); (R.F.S.); (P.J.O.)
| | - Yaiza Potes
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (I.C.M.S.); (M.D.); (J.J.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (M.R.W.)
| | - Mariusz R. Wieckowski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (I.C.M.S.); (M.D.); (J.J.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: (Y.P.); (M.R.W.)
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19
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Di Ciaula A, Passarella S, Shanmugam H, Noviello M, Bonfrate L, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Mitochondria as Players and Targets of Therapies? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105375. [PMID: 34065331 PMCID: PMC8160908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease and represents the hepatic expression of several metabolic abnormalities of high epidemiologic relevance. Fat accumulation in the hepatocytes results in cellular fragility and risk of progression toward necroinflammation, i.e., nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma. Several pathways contribute to fat accumulation and damage in the liver and can also involve the mitochondria, whose functional integrity is essential to maintain liver bioenergetics. In NAFLD/NASH, both structural and functional mitochondrial abnormalities occur and can involve mitochondrial electron transport chain, decreased mitochondrial β-oxidation of free fatty acids, excessive generation of reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation. NASH is a major target of therapy, but there is no established single or combined treatment so far. Notably, translational and clinical studies point to mitochondria as future therapeutic targets in NAFLD since the prevention of mitochondrial damage could improve liver bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Salvatore Passarella
- School of Medicine, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (P.P.); Tel.: +39-328-468-7215 (P.P.)
| | - Harshitha Shanmugam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Marica Noviello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (H.S.); (M.N.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (P.P.); Tel.: +39-328-468-7215 (P.P.)
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20
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Zhao J, Hu Y, Peng J. Targeting programmed cell death in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD): a promising new therapy. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2021; 26:17. [PMID: 33962586 PMCID: PMC8103580 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-021-00254-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most currently recommended therapies for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) involve diet control and exercise therapy. We searched PubMed and compiled the most recent research into possible forms of programmed cell death in MAFLD, including apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis and ferroptosis. Here, we summarize the state of knowledge on the signaling mechanisms for each type and, based on their characteristics, discuss how they might be relevant in MAFLD-related pathological mechanisms. Although significant challenges exist in the translation of fundamental science into clinical therapy, this review should provide a theoretical basis for innovative MAFLD clinical treatment plans that target programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zhao
- grid.412585.f0000 0004 0604 8558Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyang Hu
- grid.412585.f0000 0004 0604 8558Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghua Peng
- grid.412585.f0000 0004 0604 8558Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, 528, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, China
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21
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Longo M, Paolini E, Meroni M, Dongiovanni P. Remodeling of Mitochondrial Plasticity: The Key Switch from NAFLD/NASH to HCC. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4173. [PMID: 33920670 PMCID: PMC8073183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver and the third-leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Currently, the global burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has dramatically overcome both viral and alcohol hepatitis, thus becoming the main cause of HCC incidence. NAFLD pathogenesis is severely influenced by lifestyle and genetic predisposition. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that may adapt in response to environment, genetics and epigenetics in the liver ("mitochondrial plasticity"). Mounting evidence highlights that mitochondrial dysfunction due to loss of mitochondrial flexibility may arise before overt NAFLD, and from the early stages of liver injury. Mitochondrial failure promotes not only hepatocellular damage, but also release signals (mito-DAMPs), which trigger inflammation and fibrosis, generating an adverse microenvironment in which several hepatocytes select anti-apoptotic programs and mutations that may allow survival and proliferation. Furthermore, one of the key events in malignant hepatocytes is represented by the remodeling of glucidic-lipidic metabolism combined with the reprogramming of mitochondrial functions, optimized to deal with energy demand. In sum, this review will discuss how mitochondrial defects may be translated into causative explanations of NAFLD-driven HCC, emphasizing future directions for research and for the development of potential preventive or curative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Paolini
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
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22
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Xiang L, Shao Y, Chen Y. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrion-targeted therapeutics in liver diseases. J Drug Target 2021; 29:1080-1093. [PMID: 33788656 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1909051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a vital metabolic and detoxifying organ and suffers diverse endogenous or exogenous damage. Hepatocyte mitochondria experience various structural and functional defects from liver injury, bearing oxidative stress, metabolic dysregulation, and the disturbance of mitochondrial quality control (MQC) mechanisms. Mitochondrial malfunction initiates the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathways and the release of damage signals, aggravating liver damage and disease progression via inflammation and reparative fibrogenesis. Removal of mitochondrial impairment or the improvement of MQC mechanisms restore mitochondrial homeostasis and benefit liver health. This review discusses the association of mitochondrial disorders with hepatic pathophysiological processes and the resultant potential of mitochondrion-targeting therapeutics for hepatic disorders. The recent advances in the MQC mechanisms and the mitochondrial-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the pathology and treatment of liver disease are particularly focussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yaru Shao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuping Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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23
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Méndez-Sánchez N, Córdova-Gallardo J, Barranco-Fragoso B, Eslam M. Hepatic Dendritic Cells in the Development and Progression of Metabolic Steatohepatitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:641240. [PMID: 33833761 PMCID: PMC8021782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.641240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic Associated Fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a global health problem and represents the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the world. MAFLD spectrum goes from simple steatosis to cirrhosis, in between metabolic steatohepatitis with progressive fibrosis, which pathogenesis is not completely understood. Hence, the role of the immune system has become an important fact in the trigger of inflammatory cascades in metabolic steatohepatitis and in the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Among, the more studied immune cells in the pathogenesis of MAFLD are macrophages, T cells, natural killer and dendritic cells. In particular, hepatic dendritic cells had recently attracted a special attention, with a dual role in the pathogenesis of MAFLD. These cells have the capacity to switch from a tolerant state to active state inducing an inflammatory cascade. Furthermore, these cells play a role in the lipid storage within the liver, having, thus providing a crucial nexus between inflammation and lipid metabolism. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge on the dual role of dendritic cells in lipid accumulation, as wells as in the triggering of hepatic inflammation and hepatocytes cell death in metabolic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahum Méndez-Sánchez
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.,Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jacqueline Córdova-Gallardo
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Hepatology, Service of Surgery and Obesity Clinic, General Hospital "Dr. Manuel Gea González", Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Mohammed Eslam
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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24
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Yoo JJ, Cho EJ, Han K, Heo SS, Kim BY, Shin DW, Yu SJ. Glucose Variability and Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:974-981. [PMID: 33653813 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although diabetes is a well-known risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma, exactly which metabolic parameters of diabetes are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma remain unexplored. In this study, we investigated the relationship between glucose variability (GV) and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with diabetes through a nationwide population-based study. METHODS A population-based cohort study including 674,178 diabetic subjects participating in more than three health examinations within 5 years from the index year (2009 and 2010) were followed until the end of 2017. The coefficient of variation, SD, variability independent of the mean, and average real variability were calculated as GV indices. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 6.7 years, there were 5,494 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma. When groups were classified according to glucose level, the highest risk for hepatocellular carcinoma was observed when the basal blood glucose level was 180 mg/dL or greater [adjusted HR (aHR), 1.19; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.08-1.31]. We observed increasing trends for the relationship between GV and hepatocellular carcinoma in multivariable Cox proportional analyses. The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma increased by 27% (aHR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.17-1.38) for the highest quartile of GV relative to the lowest quartile. These findings were consistent regardless of the presence of chronic viral hepatitis or cirrhosis, alcohol consumption, or body mass index. CONCLUSIONS GV was an independent predictor of hepatocellular carcinoma, even after adjusting for confounding factors. There was a linear relationship between increase in GV and prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma. IMPACT Visit-to-visit GV might be helpful for identifying patients with diabetes at high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ju Yoo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, SoonChunHyang University School of Medicine, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Biostatistics, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Soo Seong Heo
- M.S in Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Bo-Yeon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center Supportive Care Center, Samsung Comprehensive Cancer Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South). .,Department of Digital Health, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Su Jong Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South).
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25
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Intermittent high glucose induces pyroptosis of rat H9C2 cardiomyocytes via sodium-glucose cotransporter 1. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2479-2489. [PMID: 33608832 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte death is an important pathogenic process in cardiac complications of diabetes. Diabetic patients often suffer glycemic variability. Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death triggered by inflammasomes and related with caspase-1 and gasdermin D activation. The present study was designed to examine the effects of intermittent high glucose simulating glycemic variability on the pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes in vitro. Rat H9C2 cardiomyocytes were incubated with normal glucose (NG), constant high glucose (CHG) and intermittent high glucose (IHG). Results showed that compared to CHG treatment, IHG further inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell death of H9C2 cardiomyocytes. In addition, IHG upregulated higher levels of the expressions of inflammasome NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD domain (ASC) and increased higher levels of activated caspase-1 and gasdermin D than CHG treatment. Moreover, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of NF-κB that is induced by IHG were significantly higher than that induced by CHG. Knockdown of sodium-glucose cotransporters 1 (SGLT1) in H9C2 cardiomyocytes was performed and the effects of SGLT1 on IHG-induced pyroptosis was evaluated. The results demonstrated that knockdown of SGLT1 partially reduced IHG-induced pyroptosis, ROS generation and NF-κB activation. Our results indicated that IHG is harmful to cardiomyocytes and it might be partially because of the SGLT1-depedent pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes.
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26
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Grattagliano I, Di Ciaula A, Baj J, Molina-Molina E, Shanmugam H, Garruti G, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Protocols for Mitochondria as the Target of Pharmacological Therapy in the Context of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2310:201-246. [PMID: 34096005 PMCID: PMC8580566 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1433-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most frequent metabolic chronic liver diseases in developed countries and puts the populations at risk of progression to liver necro-inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the onset of NAFLD and contributes to the progression from NAFLD to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Thus, liver mitochondria could become the target for treatments for improving liver function in NAFLD patients. This chapter describes the most important steps used for potential therapeutic interventions in NAFLD patients, discusses current options gathered from both experimental and clinical evidence, and presents some novel options for potentially improving mitochondrial function in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Grattagliano
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
- Italian College of General Practitioners and Primary Care, Bari, Italy
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Emilio Molina-Molina
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Harshitha Shanmugam
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Genetics, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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27
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MAFLD vs. NAFLD: shared features and potential changes in epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and pharmacotherapy. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 134:8-19. [PMID: 33323806 PMCID: PMC7862804 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide, placing an increasing burden on human health. NAFLD is a complex multifactorial disease involving genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors. It is closely associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, of which insulin resistance is the main pathophysiological mechanism. Over the past few decades, investigation of the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatments has revealed different aspects of NAFLD, challenging the accuracy of definition and therapeutic strategy for the clinical practice. Recently, experts reach a consensus that NAFLD does not reflect the current knowledge, and metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is suggested as a more appropriate term. The new definition puts increased emphasis on the important role of metabolic dysfunction in it. Herein, the shared features and potential changes in epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and pharmacotherapy of the newly defined MAFLD, as compared with the formerly defined NAFLD, are reviewed for updating our understanding.
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28
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Chai Q, Miao J, Liu M, Zhang Z, Meng Z, Wu W. Knockdown of SGLT1 prevents the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes induced by glucose fluctuation via relieving oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 99:356-363. [PMID: 33259229 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuations in the concentration of glucose in the blood is more detrimental than a constantly high level of glucose with respect to the development of cardiovascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus (DM). Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been developed as antidiabetic drugs with cardiovascular benefits; however, whether inhibition of SGLT1 protects the diabetic heart remains to be determined. This study investigated the role of SGLT1 in rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes subjected to fluctuating levels of glucose and the underlying mechanisms. The results indicated that knockdown of SGLT1 restored cell proliferation and suppressed the cytotoxicity associated with fluctuating glucose levels. Oxidative stress was induced in H9c2 cells subjected to fluctuating glucose levels, but these changes were effectively reversed by knockdown of SGLT1, as manifested by reductions in the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species and increased antioxidant activity. Further study demonstrated that knockdown of SGLT1 attenuated the mitochondrial dysfunction in H9c2 cells exposed to fluctuating glucose levels, by restoring mitochondrial membrane potential and promoting mitochondrial fusion. In addition, knockdown of SGLT1 downregulated the expression of Bax, upregulated the expression of Bcl-2, and reduced the activation of caspase-3 in H9c2 cells subjected to fluctuating levels of glucose. Collectively, our results show that knockdown of SGLT1 ameliorates the apoptosis of cardiomyocyte caused by fluctuating glucose levels via regulating oxidative stress and combatting mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jiajing Miao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jilin Medical College, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Meili Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Ziying Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Ziang Meng
- Department of Urology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
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29
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Chen Z, Tian R, She Z, Cai J, Li H. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:116-141. [PMID: 32156524 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 142.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and is strongly associated with the presence of oxidative stress. Disturbances in lipid metabolism lead to hepatic lipid accumulation, which affects different reactive oxygen species (ROS) generators, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and NADPH oxidase. Mitochondrial function adapts to NAFLD mainly through the downregulation of the electron transport chain (ETC) and the preserved or enhanced capacity of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, which stimulates ROS overproduction within different ETC components upstream of cytochrome c oxidase. However, non-ETC sources of ROS, in particular, fatty acid β-oxidation, appear to produce more ROS in hepatic metabolic diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and NADPH oxidase alterations are also associated with NAFLD, but the degree of their contribution to oxidative stress in NAFLD remains unclear. Increased ROS generation induces changes in insulin sensitivity and in the expression and activity of key enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. Moreover, the interaction between redox signaling and innate immune signaling forms a complex network that regulates inflammatory responses. Based on the mechanistic view described above, this review summarizes the mechanisms that may account for the excessive production of ROS, the potential mechanistic roles of ROS that drive NAFLD progression, and therapeutic interventions that are related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Ruifeng Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Zhigang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, PR China; Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China; Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China.
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30
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The Emerging Role of MicroRNAs in NAFLD: Highlight of MicroRNA-29a in Modulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Beyond. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041041. [PMID: 32331364 PMCID: PMC7226429 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common cause of chronic liver disease and ranges from steatosis to steatohepatitis and to liver fibrosis. Lipotoxicity in hepatocytes, elevated oxidative stress and the activation of proinflammatory mediators of Kupffer cells, and fibrogenic pathways of activated hepatic stellate cells can contribute to the development of NAFLD. MicroRNAs (miRs) play a crucial role in the dysregulated metabolism and inflammatory signaling connected with NAFLD and its progression towards more severe stages. Of note, the protective effect of non-coding miR-29a on liver damage and its versatile action on epigenetic activity, mitochondrial homeostasis and immunomodulation may improve our perception of the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Herein, we review the biological functions of critical miRs in NAFLD, as well as highlight the emerging role of miR-29a in therapeutic application and the recent advances in molecular mechanisms underlying its liver protective effect.
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31
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Abstract
Every winter, people with diabetes are at increased risk of severe influenza. At present, the mechanisms that cause this increased susceptibility are unclear. Here, we show that the fluctuations in blood glucose levels common in people with diabetes are associated with severe influenza. These data suggest that glycemic stability could become a greater clinical priority for patients with diabetes during outbreaks of influenza. People with diabetes are two times more likely to die from influenza than people with no underlying medical condition. The mechanisms underlying this susceptibility are poorly understood. In healthy individuals, small and short-lived postprandial peaks in blood glucose levels occur. In diabetes mellitus, these fluctuations become greater and more frequent. This glycemic variability is associated with oxidative stress and hyperinflammation. However, the contribution of glycemic variability to the pathogenesis of influenza A virus (IAV) has not been explored. Here, we used an in vitro model of the pulmonary epithelial-endothelial barrier and novel murine models to investigate the role of glycemic variability in influenza severity. In vitro, a history of glycemic variability significantly increased influenza-driven cell death and destruction of the epithelial-endothelial barrier. In vivo, influenza virus-infected mice with a history of glycemic variability lost significantly more body weight than mice with constant blood glucose levels. This increased disease severity was associated with markers of oxidative stress and hyperinflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Together, these results provide the first indication that glycemic variability may help drive the increased risk of severe influenza in people with diabetes mellitus.
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32
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Méndez-Sánchez N, Valencia-Rodríguez A, Coronel-Castillo C, Vera-Barajas A, Contreras-Carmona J, Ponciano-Rodríguez G, Zamora-Valdés D. The cellular pathways of liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:400. [PMID: 32355844 PMCID: PMC7186641 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is considered the advanced stage of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation and different degrees of fibrosis. Although the exact mechanisms by which fatty liver progresses to NASH are still not well understood, innate and adaptive immune responses seem to be essential key regulators in the establishment, progression, and chronicity of these disease. Diet-induced lipid overload of parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells is considered the first step for the development of fatty liver with the consequent organelle dysfunction, cellular stress and liver injury. These will generate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that will upregulate the activation of Kupffer cells (KCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MMs) favoring the polarization of the tolerogenic environment of the liver to an immunogenic phenotype with the resulting transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) into myofibroblasts developing fibrosis. In the long run, dendritic cells (DCs) will activate CD4+ T cells polarizing into the pro-inflammatory lymphocytes Th1 and Th17 worsening the liver damage and inflammation. Therefore, the objective of this review is to discuss in a systematic way the mechanisms known so far of the immune and non-proper immune liver cells in the development and progression of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahum Méndez-Sánchez
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico.,Faculty of Medicine. National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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Ure DR, Trepanier DJ, Mayo PR, Foster RT. Cyclophilin inhibition as a potential treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 29:163-178. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1703948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daren R. Ure
- Hepion Pharmaceuticals Inc, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Physical exercise and liver "fitness": Role of mitochondrial function and epigenetics-related mechanisms in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Metab 2019; 32:1-14. [PMID: 32029220 PMCID: PMC6931125 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern lifestyles, especially high-caloric intake and physical inactivity, contribute to the increased prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which becomes a significant health problem worldwide. Lifestyle changes, however, affect not only parental generation, but also their offspring, reinforcing the need for efficient preventive approaches to deal with this disease. This transgenerational influence of phenotypes dependent on parents (particularly maternal) behaviours may open additional research avenues. Despite persistent attempts to design an effective pharmacological therapy against NAFLD, physical activity, as a non-pharmacological approach, emerges as an exciting strategy. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here we briefly review the effect of physical exercise on liver mitochondria adaptations in NAFLD, highlighting the importance of mitochondrial metabolism and transgenerational and epigenetic mechanisms in liver diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS A deeper look into cellular mechanisms sheds a light on possible effects of physical activity in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD through modulation of function and structure of particular organelles, namely mitochondria. Additionally, despite of increasing evidence regarding the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of different diseases, the role of microRNAs, DNA methylation, and histone modification in NAFLD pathogenesis still needs to be elucidated.
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Impact of Glucoraphanin-Mediated Activation of Nrf2 on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with a Focus on Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235920. [PMID: 31775341 PMCID: PMC6929181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common disease in Western nations and ranges in severity from steatosis to steatohepatitis (NASH). NAFLD is a genetic-environmental-metabolic stress-related disease of unclear pathogenesis. NAFLD is triggered by caloric overconsumption and physical inactivity, which lead to insulin resistance and oxidative stress. A growing body of evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Mitochondrial dysfunction not only promotes fat accumulation, but also leads to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation, resulting in oxidative stress in hepatocytes. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important modulator of antioxidant signaling that serves as a primary cellular defense against the cytotoxic effects of oxidative stress. The pharmacological induction of Nrf2 ameliorates obesity-associated insulin resistance and NAFLD in a mouse model. Sulforaphane and its precursor glucoraphanin are derived from broccoli sprouts and are the most potent natural Nrf2 inducers—they may protect mitochondrial function, thus suppressing the development of NASH. In this review, we briefly describe the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of NASH and the effects of glucoraphanin on its development.
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Ding Y, Xu M, Lu Q, Wei P, Tan J, Liu R. Combination of honey with metformin enhances glucose metabolism and ameliorates hepatic and nephritic dysfunction in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Food Funct 2019; 10:7576-7587. [PMID: 31687710 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01575b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Honey is a natural sweetener that contains a large amount of monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose, as well as small amounts of disaccharides and trisaccharides such as sucrose and pine trisaccharides. In addition to carbohydrates, honey also contains vitamins, minerals, enzymes, amino acids, and polyphenols including phenolic acids and flavonoids. The polyphenols in honey have been proved to have great antioxidant activity, besides inhibiting α-glycosidase activity and improving blood-lipid metabolism. However, whether it is safe for diabetic patients to consume honey remains controversial. This study investigated the effects of honey, metformin and their combination on the characteristic pathological changes and glucose metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic mice over five weeks. Our results showed that honey and its combination with metformin could prevent hyperglycemia, stimulate insulin secretion, reduce liver fat accumulation, attenuate liver injury and kidney damage in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Moreover, treatment with honey or combination of honey and metformin significantly enhanced glucokinase (GK) activity (p < 0.05), and meanwhile suppressed the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDK) (p < 0.05) in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ding
- Wuhan Engineering Research Center of Bee Products on Quality and Safety Control, Wuhan 430070, China. and College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingjuan Xu
- Wuhan Engineering Research Center of Bee Products on Quality and Safety Control, Wuhan 430070, China. and College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qun Lu
- Wuhan Engineering Research Center of Bee Products on Quality and Safety Control, Wuhan 430070, China. and Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China and College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ping Wei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jun Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Wuhan Engineering Research Center of Bee Products on Quality and Safety Control, Wuhan 430070, China. and Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China and College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Léveillé M, Estall JL. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Transition from NASH to HCC. Metabolites 2019; 9:E233. [PMID: 31623280 PMCID: PMC6836234 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver constantly adapts to meet energy requirements of the whole body. Despite its remarkable adaptative capacity, prolonged exposure of liver cells to harmful environmental cues (such as diets rich in fat, sugar, and cholesterol) results in the development of chronic liver diseases (including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)) that can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pathogenesis of these diseases is extremely complex, multifactorial, and poorly understood. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction or maladaptation contributes to detrimental effects on hepatocyte bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and cell death leading to NASH and HCC. The present review highlights the potential contribution of altered mitochondria function to NASH-related HCC and discusses how agents targeting this organelle could provide interesting treatment strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Léveillé
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, QC H3G 2M1, Canada.
| | - Jennifer L Estall
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, QC H3G 2M1, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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Lee J, Park JS, Roh YS. Molecular insights into the role of mitochondria in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:935-946. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-019-01178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ying C, Wang S, Lu Y, Chen L, Mao Y, Ling H, Cheng X, Zhou X. Glucose fluctuation increased mesangial cell apoptosis related to AKT signal pathway. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:730-737. [PMID: 31110541 PMCID: PMC6524177 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.84739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blood glucose fluctuation is an important factor for the development of diabetic complications. Glucose fluctuation aggravated the renal injury in diabetic nephropathy. In the present study, our aim was to investigate the effects of blood glucose fluctuation on the glomerular mesangal cells and its related mechanism. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mesangial cells were divided into four groups: the normal glucose group (NG) cells were incubated in normal glucose conditions (5.6 mmol/l); the high glucose group (HG) cells were treated with 25 mmol/l; the glucose fluctuation (FG) group received 5.6 mmol/l and 25 mmol/l glucose repeated 3 times; the mannitol group (MG) received 5.6 mmol/l glucose plus 24.4 mmol/l mannitol as a control. Cell viability and apoptosis were detected, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels were measured. Phosphorylated ser/thr protein kinase (P-AKT, phosphor-Ser473), phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (P-GSK-3β, phosphor-Ser9) and cleaved cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-3 (cleaved caspase-3) levels were assessed using western blot. RESULTS Data suggested that mesangial cells in the FG group show higher cell viability in 12 h, and lower cell viability from 48 h. The FG group showed cell apoptosis accompanied by a significant MDA level increase and SOD activity decrease in 48 h. More importantly, glucose fluctuation could aggravate oxidative stress in glomerular mesangial cells. Furthermore, the P-AKT level was lower, and increased P-GSK-3β and cleaved caspase-3 levels were higher in the FG group than in the HG group. CONCLUSIONS Glucose fluctuation aggravates mesangial cell apoptosis, which may be partly induced by activating oxidative stress and inhibiting the AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang Ying
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yizhen Mao
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongwei Ling
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingbo Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Laboratory of Morphology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Park JH, Kim HJ, Han A, Kang DM, Park S. Effects of aerobic exercise training on the risk factors for liver diseases in elderly women with obesity and impaired fasting glucose: A pilot study. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2019; 23:21-27. [PMID: 31010271 PMCID: PMC6477817 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2019.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] In the present pilot study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the Silverrobics exercise program, which is similar to aerobic dance, on the factors related to glucose metabolism and liver enzymes. [Methods] Eight elderly women with obesity and impaired fasting glucose participated in the Silverrobics exercise program (60 minutes per session for five times a week for 8 weeks). The program was conducted at 50–60% of the heart rate reserve at 1 to 2 weeks and at 60–80% of the heart rate reserve at 3 to 8 weeks. To verify the effect of this 8-week exercise program on glucose metabolism and liver enzymes, blood analysis at pre- and post-training was performed. [Results] After the Silverrobics exercise program, there were significant decreases in the glucose (p<0.05), glycated hemoglobin A1c (p<0.05), 1,5-anhydroglucitol (p<0.05), and insulin levels (p<0.01) and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance score (p<0.05). However, there were no significant effects on the liver enzymes, except for alkaline phosphatase. The alkaline phosphatase level increased after the Silverrobics exercise program (p<0.05). [Conclusion] Although the Silverrobics exercise program had no beneficial effects on the liver enzymes, it may play an important role in preventing liver diseases considering the effects on glucose metabolism.
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Ren T, Zhu L, Shen Y, Mou Q, Lin T, Feng H. Protection of hepatocyte mitochondrial function by blueberry juice and probiotics via SIRT1 regulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Food Funct 2019; 10:1540-1551. [PMID: 30785444 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02298d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Blueberry juice and probiotics improves mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), by modulating the SIRT1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ren
- Department of Physiology and Chemistry
- Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University
- Guiyang 550004
- China
- School of Medical Examination
| | - Lili Zhu
- Department of Blood Transfusion
- Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University
- Guiyang 550004
- China
| | - Yanyan Shen
- Graduate School of Guizhou Medical University
- Guiyang 550004
- China
| | - Qiuju Mou
- Department of Blood Transfusion
- Baiyun Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical University
- Guiyang 550004
- China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Clinical Examination
- Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University
- Guiyang 550004
- China
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Grattagliano I, Montezinho LP, Oliveira PJ, Frühbeck G, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Montecucco F, Carbone F, Wieckowski MR, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Targeting mitochondria to oppose the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 160:34-45. [PMID: 30508523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes. NAFLD is the most frequent chronic liver disease in developed countries, and is often associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. NAFLD definition encompasses a spectrum of chronic liver abnormalities, ranging from simple steatosis (NAFL), to steatohepatitis (NASH), significant liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD, therefore, represents a global public health issue. Mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in NAFLD, and contributes to the progression to the necro-inflammatory and fibrotic form (NASH). Disrupted mitochondrial function is associated with a decrease in the energy levels and impaired redox balance, and negatively affects cell survival by altering overall metabolism and subcellular trafficking. Such events reduce the tolerance of hepatocytes towards damaging hits, and favour the injurious effects of extra-cellular factors. Here, we discuss the role of mitochondria in NAFLD and focus on potential therapeutic approaches aimed at preserving mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Grattagliano
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; Italian College of General Practitioners and Primary Care, Bari, Italy
| | - Liliana P Montezinho
- CNC Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech Building, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal; Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech Building, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain; Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 10 Largo Benzi, 16132 Genoa, Italy; Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, 9 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Carbone
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica "A. Murri", Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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Wang J, Xu S, Gao J, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Yang W, Li Y, Liao S, Zhou H, Liu P, Liang B. SILAC-based quantitative proteomic analysis of the livers of spontaneous obese and diabetic rhesus monkeys. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E294-E306. [PMID: 29664677 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00016.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a severe metabolic disorder that affects more than 10% of the population worldwide. Obesity is a major cause of insulin resistance and contributes to the development of T2DM. Liver is an essential metabolic organ that plays crucial roles in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying mechanisms of liver in the transition of obesity to diabetes are not fully understood. The nonhuman primate rhesus monkey is an appropriate animal for research of human diseases. Here, we first screened and selected three individuals of spontaneously diabetic rhesus monkeys. Interestingly, the diabetic monkeys were obese with a high body mass index at the beginning, but gradually lost their body weight during one year of observation. Furthermore, we performed stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture-based quantitative proteomics to identify proteins and signaling pathways with altered expression in the liver of obese and diabetic monkeys. In total, 3,509 proteins were identified and quantified, of which 185 proteins displayed an altered expression level. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the expression of proteins involved in fatty acids β-oxidation and galactose metabolism was increased in obese monkeys; while proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation and branched chain amino acid (BCAA) degradation were upregulated in diabetic monkeys. In addition, we observed mild apoptosis in the liver of diabetic monkeys, suggesting liver injury at the late onset of diabetes. Taken together, our liver proteomics may reveal a distinct metabolic transition from fatty acids β-oxidation in obese monkey to BCAA degradation in diabetic monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou , China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
| | - Shimeng Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Linqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Department of Geriatrics, Yan'an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University , Kunming , China
| | - Yunhai Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
| | - Shasha Liao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
| | - Hu Zhou
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Bin Liang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou , China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , China
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Kanda T, Matsuoka S, Yamazaki M, Shibata T, Nirei K, Takahashi H, Kaneko T, Fujisawa M, Higuchi T, Nakamura H, Matsumoto N, Yamagami H, Ogawa M, Imazu H, Kuroda K, Moriyama M. Apoptosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2661-2672. [PMID: 29991872 PMCID: PMC6034146 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i25.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), has been increasing. NASH causes cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is one of the most serious health problems in the world. The mechanism through which NASH progresses is still largely unknown. Activation of caspases, Bcl-2 family proteins, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase-induced hepatocyte apoptosis plays a role in the activation of NAFLD/NASH. Apoptotic hepatocytes stimulate immune cells and hepatic stellate cells toward the progression of fibrosis in the liver through the production of inflammasomes and cytokines. Abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism as well as microbiota accelerate these processes. The production of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress is also involved. Cell death, including apoptosis, seems very important in the progression of NAFLD and NASH. Recently, inhibitors of apoptosis have been developed as drugs for the treatment of NASH and may prevent cirrhosis and HCC. Increased hepatocyte apoptosis may distinguish NASH from NAFLD, and the improvement of apoptosis could play a role in controlling the development of NASH. In this review, the association between apoptosis and NAFLD/NASH are discussed. This review could provide their knowledge, which plays a role in seeing the patients with NAFLD/NASH in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shunichi Matsuoka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Motomi Yamazaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Shibata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kazushige Nirei
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kaneko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Mariko Fujisawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Higuchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakamura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamagami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ogawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroo Imazu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Kuroda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Moriyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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45
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Simões ICM, Fontes A, Pinton P, Zischka H, Wieckowski MR. Mitochondria in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 95:93-99. [PMID: 29288054 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NAFLD is a common disease in Western society and ranges from steatosis to steatohepatitis and to end-stage liver disease. The molecular mechanisms that cause the progression of steatosis to severe liver damage are not fully understood. One suggested mechanism involves the oxidation of biomolecules by mitochondrial ROS which initiates a vicious cycle of exacerbated mitochondrial dysfunction and increased hepatocellular oxidative damage. This may ultimately pave the way for hepatic inflammation and liver failure. This review updates our current understanding of mitochondria-derived oxidative stress in the progression of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês C M Simões
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur 3 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Biedersteiner Straße 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Mariusz R Wieckowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur 3 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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46
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Pan W, Miao L, Lin Y, Huang X, Ge X, Moosa SL, Liu B, Ren M, Zhou Q, Liang H, Zhang W, Pan L. Regulation mechanism of oxidative stress induced by high glucose through PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway in juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:66-75. [PMID: 28882793 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of oral administration of a high concentration of glucose on the respiratory burst, antioxidant status, and hepatic gene expression of heme oxygenase-1 (ho1) and PI3K/Akt/Nrf2-related signaling molecules in juvenile blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Blunt snout bream juveniles with an initial body weight of 19.94 ± 0.58 g were orally fed with a high concentration of glucose (3 g/kg body weight). The results indicated that plasma glucose exhibited a biphasic response. Acute and persistent hyperglycemia due to the oral glucose administration significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the white blood cell count, red blood cell count, and hemoglobin content and caused oxidative stress (significantly increased alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and glucose levels) and early apoptosis of hepatocytes in the fish. Hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities increased rapidly (P < 0.05) as protection from oxidative stress and were downregulated (P < 0.05) because of persistent hyperglycemia. Blood respiratory burst was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) because of hyperglycemia and showed a trend that was opposite to that of plasma glucose. Slight upregulation of nrf2 mRNA and antioxidants acts as a compensative protection mechanism, and the downregulated PI3K/Akt pathway blocked this function of Nrf2. In conclusion, the PI3K/Akt pathway and Nrf2 mediated the antioxidative mechanism independently in the blunt snout bream juveniles subjected to the oral administration of a high glucose concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Pan
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Linghong Miao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Xin Huang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Xianping Ge
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China.
| | - Silli Laban Moosa
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Bo Liu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Mingchun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Qunlan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Hualiang Liang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Wuxiao Zhang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
| | - Liangkun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), 9 Shanshui East Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, PR China
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47
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Chun SK, Lee S, Yang MJ, Leeuwenburgh C, Kim JS. Exercise-Induced Autophagy in Fatty Liver Disease. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2017; 45:181-186. [PMID: 28419000 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis prevails each year. Autophagy is integral in mitochondrial quality control and lipid homeostasis in the liver. No pharmacological strategies are currently available to reduce hepatic steatosis, but exercise has been known to improve clinical outcomes of chronic liver disease, particularly nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recent studies suggest that exercise may improve NAFLD through enhancing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kook Chun
- 1Department of Surgery, and 2Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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48
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Uncoupling Protein 2 Inhibition Exacerbates Glucose Fluctuation-Mediated Neuronal Effects. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:388-401. [PMID: 28875237 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Though glucose fluctuations have been considered as an adverse factor for the development of several diabetes-related complications, their impact in the central nervous system is still not fully elucidated. This study was conducted to evaluate the responses of neuronal cells to different glycemic exposures alongside to elucidate the role of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in regulating such responses. To achieve our goals, primary cortical neurons were submitted to constant high (HG)/low (LG) or glucose level variations (GVs), and the pharmacological inhibition of UCP2 activity was performed using genipin. Results obtained show that GV decreased neuronal cells' viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, and manganese superoxide dismutase activity and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. GV also caused an increase in the glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio and in the protein expression levels of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), UCP2, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1 (ND1), and mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I (MTCO1), both mitochondrial DNA encoded subunits of the electron transport chain. Contrariwise, genipin abrogated all those compensations and increased the levels of caspase 3-like activity, potentiated mitochondrial ROS levels, and the loss of neuronal synaptic integrity, decreased the protein expression levels of NRF1, and increased the protein expression levels of UCP5. Further, in the control and LG conditions, genipin increased mitochondrial ROS and the protein expression levels of UCP4, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), ND1, and MTCO1. Overall, these observations suggest that UCP2 is in the core of neuronal cell protection and/or adaptation against GV-mediated effects and that other isoforms of neuronal UCPs can be upregulated to compensate the inhibition of UCP2 activity.
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49
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Tao S, Ren Y, Zheng H, Zhao M, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Yang J, Zheng S. Salvianolic acid B inhibits intermittent high glucose-induced INS-1 cell apoptosis through regulation of Bcl-2 proteins and mitochondrial membrane potential. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 814:56-62. [PMID: 28800882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood glucose fluctuations, also referred to as intermittent high glucose, have been validated to be more harmful than sustained high glucose in exacerbating pancreatic dysfunction by inducing β cell apoptosis. Salvianolic acid B (Sal B), an aqueous component of Salvia miltiorrhiza, has been proved beneficial to pancreatic islet function in diabetes, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The present study investigated the protective effect of Sal B on INS-1 cells exposed to intermittent high glucose and the possible mechanisms implicated. The results indicated that Sal B was able to restore cell viability and suppress INS-1 cell apoptosis induced by intermittent high glucose. Preincubation with Sal B led to a significant decrease of caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Exposure to intermittent high glucose induced significant up-regulation of proapoptotic proteins, down-regulation of antiapoptotic protein and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in INS-1 cells, while these changes were reversed effectively in Sal B treated groups. In addition, Sal B markedly attenuated intermittent high glucose-induced oxidative stress as manifested by notably decreased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde (MDA). Taken together, these results indicate that Sal B is able to suppress intermittent high glucose-induced INS-1 cell apoptosis, which might be ascribed to regulation of Bcl-2 family protein expression and preservation of mitochondrial membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanjun Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Younan Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Haowen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Mengqiu Zhao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Anhui Vocational Institute of Population, Chizhou 247009, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yuanmei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Jieren Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Wuhu 241002, China.
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50
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Maguire M, Bushkofsky JR, Larsen MC, Foong YH, Tanumihardjo SA, Jefcoate CR. Diet-dependent retinoid effects on liver gene expression include stellate and inflammation markers and parallel effects of the nuclear repressor Shp. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 47:63-74. [PMID: 28570941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For mice, a maternal vitamin A (VA)-deficient diet initiated from midgestation (GVAD) produces serum retinol deficiency in mature offspring. We hypothesize that the effects of GVAD arise from preweaning developmental changes. We compare the effect of this GVAD protocol in combination with a postweaning high-fat diet (HFD) or high-carbohydrate diet (LF12). Each is compared to an equivalent VA-sufficient combination. GVAD extensively decreased serum retinol and liver retinol, retinyl esters, and retinoid homeostasis genes (Lrat, Cyp26b1 and Cyp26a1). These suppressions were each more effective with LF12 than with HFD. Postweaning initiation of VA deficiency with LF12 depleted liver retinoids, but serum retinol was unaffected. Liver retinoid depletion, therefore, precedes serum attenuation. Maternal LF12 decreased the obesity response to the HFD, which was further decreased by GVAD. LF12 fed to the mother and offspring extensively stimulated genes marking stellate activation (Col1a1, Timp2 and Cyp1b1) and novel inflammation markers (Ly6d, Trem2 and Nupr1). The GVAD with LF12 diet combination suppressed these responses. GVAD in combination with the HFD increased these same clusters. A further set of expression differences on the HFD when compared to a high-carbohydrate diet was prevented when GVAD was combined with HFD. Most of these GVAD gene changes match published effects from deletion of Nr0b2/Shp, a retinoid-responsive, nuclear co-repressor that modulates metabolic homeostasis. The stellate and inflammatory increases seen with the high-carbohydrate LF12 diet may represent postprandial responses. They depend on retinol and Shp, but the regulation reverses with an HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Maguire
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Justin R Bushkofsky
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | | | - Yee Hoon Foong
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Sherry A Tanumihardjo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Colin R Jefcoate
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705.
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