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Zeng F, Zheng J, Shen L, Herrera-Balandrano DD, Huang W, Sui Z. Physiological mechanisms of TLR4 in glucolipid metabolism regulation: Potential use in metabolic syndrome prevention. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:38-46. [PMID: 36428186 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Over-nourishment or an unbalanced diet has been linked to an increase in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. An imbalance in glucolipid metabolism is a major cause of metabolic syndrome, which has consequences for human health. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the innate immune pattern recognition receptor family, is involved in inflammation-related disorders, autoimmune diseases, and tumors. Recent research has shown that TLR4 plays a key role in glucolipid metabolism, which is linked to insulin resistance, intestinal flora, and the development of chronic inflammation. TLR4 activation regulates glucolipid metabolism and contributes to the dynamic relationship between innate immunity and nutrition-related disorders. Further, TLR4 regulates glucolipid metabolism by controlling glycolysis and pyruvate oxidative decarboxylation, interfering with insulin signaling, regulating adipogenic gene expression levels, influencing preadipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation, and altering the intestinal microbiota and permeability. TLR4 functions may provide new therapeutic applications for the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. The purpose of this review is to enrich mechanistic research of diabetes, atherosclerosis, and other nutrition-related disorders by summarizing the role of TLR4 in the regulation of glucolipid metabolism as well as its physiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zeng
- Institute of Agro-Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China; Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jiawei Zheng
- Institute of Agro-Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China; School of Food & Bioengineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Li Shen
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | | | - Wuyang Huang
- Institute of Agro-Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China; School of Food & Bioengineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Zhongquan Sui
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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Liu WP, Li P, Zhan X, Qu LH, Xiong T, Hou FX, Wang JK, Wei N, Liu FQ. Identification of molecular subtypes of coronary artery disease based on ferroptosis- and necroptosis-related genes. Front Genet 2022; 13:870222. [PMID: 36204316 PMCID: PMC9531137 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.870222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a heterogeneous disorder with high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs, representing a major burden on public health. Here, we aimed to improve our understanding of the genetic drivers of ferroptosis and necroptosis and the clustering of gene expression in CAD in order to develop novel personalized therapies to slow disease progression.Methods: CAD datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus. The identification of ferroptosis- and necroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the consensus clustering method including the classification algorithm used km and distance used spearman were performed to differentiate individuals with CAD into two clusters (cluster A and cluster B) based expression matrix of DEGs. Next, we identified four subgroup-specific genes of significant difference between cluster A and B and again divided individuals with CAD into gene cluster A and gene cluster B with same methods. Additionally, we compared differences in clinical information between the subtypes separately. Finally, principal component analysis algorithms were constructed to calculate the cluster-specific gene score for each sample for quantification of the two clusters.Results: In total, 25 ferroptosis- and necroptosis-related DEGs were screened. The genes in cluster A were mostly related to the neutrophil pathway, whereas those in cluster B were mostly related to the B-cell receptor signaling pathway. Moreover, the subgroup-specific gene scores and CAD indices were higher in cluster A and gene cluster A than in cluster B and gene cluster B. We also identified and validated two genes showing upregulation between clusters A and B in a validation dataset.Conclusion: High expression of CBS and TLR4 was related to more severe disease in patients with CAD, whereas LONP1 and HSPB1 expression was associated with delayed CAD progression. The identification of genetic subgroups of patients with CAD may improve clinician knowledge of disease pathogenesis and facilitate the development of methods for disease diagnosis, classification, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Pan Liu
- Cardiovascular Department, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Kunming City and Ganmei Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Surgery, Nanzhao County People’s Hospital, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Xu Zhan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lai-Hao Qu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Fang-Xia Hou
- Cardiovascular Department, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun-Kui Wang
- Cardiovascular Department, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na Wei
- Cardiovascular Department, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Na Wei, ; Fu-Qiang Liu,
| | - Fu-Qiang Liu
- Cardiovascular Department, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Na Wei, ; Fu-Qiang Liu,
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Inflammation and atherosclerosis: signaling pathways and therapeutic intervention. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:131. [PMID: 35459215 PMCID: PMC9033871 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease driven by traditional and nontraditional risk factors. Genome-wide association combined with clonal lineage tracing and clinical trials have demonstrated that innate and adaptive immune responses can promote or quell atherosclerosis. Several signaling pathways, that are associated with the inflammatory response, have been implicated within atherosclerosis such as NLRP3 inflammasome, toll-like receptors, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, Notch and Wnt signaling pathways, which are of importance for atherosclerosis development and regression. Targeting inflammatory pathways, especially the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and its regulated inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β, could represent an attractive new route for the treatment of atherosclerotic diseases. Herein, we summarize the knowledge on cellular participants and key inflammatory signaling pathways in atherosclerosis, and discuss the preclinical studies targeting these key pathways for atherosclerosis, the clinical trials that are going to target some of these processes, and the effects of quelling inflammation and atherosclerosis in the clinic.
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Zhao L, Li Y, Xu T, Lv Q, Bi X, Liu X, Fu G, Zou Y, Ge J, Chen Z, Zhang W. Dendritic cell-mediated chronic low-grade inflammation is regulated by the RAGE-TLR4-PKCβ 1 signaling pathway in diabetic atherosclerosis. Mol Med 2022; 28:4. [PMID: 35062863 PMCID: PMC8780245 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The unique mechanism of diabetic atherosclerosis has been a central research focus. Previous literature has reported that the inflammatory response mediated by dendritic cells (DCs) plays a vital role in the progression of atherosclerosis. The objective of the study was to explore the role of DCs in diabetes mellitus complicated by atherosclerosis. Methods ApoE−/− mice and bone marrow-derived DCs were used for in vivo and in vitro experiments, respectively. Masson’s staining and Oil-red-O staining were performed for atherosclerotic lesion assessment. The content of macrophages and DCs in plaque was visualized by immunohistochemistry. The expression of CD83 and CD86 were detected by flow cytometry. The fluctuations in the RNA levels of cytokines, chemokines, chemokine receptors and adhesions were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. The concentrations of IFN-γ and TNF-α were calculated using ELISA kits and the proteins were detected using western blot. Coimmunoprecipitation was used to detect protein–protein interactions. Results Compared with the ApoE−/− group, the volume of atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic root of diabetic ApoE−/− mice was significantly increased, numbers of macrophages and DCs were increased, and the collagen content in plaques decreased. The expression of CD83 and CD86 were significantly upregulated in splenic CD11c+ DCs derived from mice with hyperglycemia. Increased secretion of cytokines, chemokines, chemokine receptors, intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM), and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) also were observed. The stimulation of advanced glycation end products plus oxidized low-density lipoprotein, in cultured BMDCs, further activated toll-like receptor 4, protein kinase C and receptor of AGEs, and induced immune maturation of DCs through the RAGE-TLR4-PKCβ1 signaling pathway that was bound together by intrinsic structures on the cell membrane. Administering LY333531 significantly increased the body weight of diabetic ApoE−/− mice, inhibited the immune maturation of spleen DCs, and reduced atherosclerotic plaques in diabetic ApoE−/− mice. Furthermore, the number of DCs and macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques was significantly reduced in the LY333531 group, and the collagen content was increased. Conclusions Diabetes mellitus aggravates chronic inflammation, and promotes atherosclerotic plaques in conjunction with hyperlipidemia, which at least in part through inducing the immune maturation of DCs, and its possible mechanism of action is through the RAGE-TLR4-pPKCβ1 signaling pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-022-00431-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liding Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No 3 East of Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No 3 East of Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No 3 East of Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingbo Lv
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No 3 East of Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xukun Bi
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No 3 East of Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianglan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No 3 East of Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guosheng Fu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No 3 East of Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunzeng Zou
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyang Chen
- Heart Center of Fujian Province, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xin-Quan Road, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No 3 East of Qinchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Gorabi AM, Kiaie N, Khosrojerdi A, Jamialahmadi T, Al-Rasadi K, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Implications for the role of lipopolysaccharide in the development of atherosclerosis. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2021; 32:525-533. [PMID: 34492295 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mounting scientific evidence over decades has established that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder. Among the potentially critical sources of vascular inflammation during atherosclerosis are the components of pathogenic bacteria, especially lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, expressed on different inflammatory cells involved with the recognition of bacterial LPS, has been recognized to have mutations that are prevalent in a number of ethnic groups. Such mutations have been associated with a decreased risk of atherosclerosis. In addition, epidemiological investigations have proposed that LPS confers a risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. Gram-negative bacteria are the major source of LPS in an individual's serum, which may be generated during subclinical infections. The major cell receptors on inflammatory cells involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, like macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs), are CD14, MD-2, and LPS binding protein (LBP). These receptors have been blamed for the development of atherosclerosis through dysregulated activation following LPS recognition. Lipoproteins may also play a role in modulating the LPS-induced inflammatory events during atherosclerosis development. In this review article, we attempt to clarify the role of LPS in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armita Mahdavi Gorabi
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Kiaie
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Khosrojerdi
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, 64108, USA.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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6
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Qaradakhi T, Gadanec LK, McSweeney KR, Abraham JR, Apostolopoulos V, Zulli A. The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Taurine on Cardiovascular Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2847. [PMID: 32957558 PMCID: PMC7551180 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Taurine is a non-protein amino acid that is expressed in the majority of animal tissues. With its unique sulfonic acid makeup, taurine influences cellular functions, including osmoregulation, antioxidation, ion movement modulation, and conjugation of bile acids. Taurine exerts anti-inflammatory effects that improve diabetes and has shown benefits to the cardiovascular system, possibly by inhibition of the renin angiotensin system. The beneficial effects of taurine are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawar Qaradakhi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia; (L.K.G.); (K.R.M.); (J.R.A.); (V.A.); (A.Z.)
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7
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Qu D, Wang L, Huo M, Song W, Lau CW, Xu J, Xu A, Yao X, Chiu JJ, Tian XY, Huang Y. Focal TLR4 activation mediates disturbed flow-induced endothelial inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:226-236. [PMID: 30785200 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Disturbed blood flow at arterial branches and curvatures modulates endothelial function and predisposes the region to endothelial inflammation and subsequent development of atherosclerotic lesions. Activation of the endothelial Toll-like receptors (TLRs), in particular TLR4, contributes to vascular inflammation. Therefore, we investigate whether TLR4 can sense disturbed flow (DF) to mediate the subsequent endothelial inflammation. METHODS AND RESULTS En face staining of endothelium revealed that TLR4 expression, activation, and its downstream inflammatory markers were elevated in mouse aortic arch compared with thoracic aorta, which were absent in Tlr4mut mice. Similar results were observed in the partial carotid ligation model where TLR4 signalling was activated in response to ligation-induced flow disturbance in mouse carotid arteries, and such effect was attenuated in Tlr4mut mice. DF in vitro increased TLR4 expression and activation in human endothelial cells (ECs) and promoted monocyte-EC adhesion, which were inhibited in TLR4-knockdown ECs. Among endogenous TLR4 ligands examined as candidate mediators of DF-induced TLR4 activation, fibronectin containing the extra domain A (FN-EDA) expressed by ECs was increased by DF and was revealed to directly interact with and activate TLR4. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the indispensable role of TLR4 in DF-induced endothelial inflammation and pinpoint FN-EDA as the endogenous TLR4 activator in this scenario. This novel mechanism of vascular inflammation under DF condition may serve as a critical initiating step in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Qu
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Wang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingyu Huo
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wencong Song
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Wai Lau
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yao
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jeng-Jiann Chiu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Xiao Yu Tian
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Institute of Vascular Medicine and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Li B, Xia Y, Hu B. Infection and atherosclerosis: TLR-dependent pathways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2751-2769. [PMID: 32002588 PMCID: PMC7223178 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular disease (ASVD) is a chronic process, with a progressive course over many years, but it can cause acute clinical events, including acute coronary syndromes (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. In addition to a series of typical risk factors for atherosclerosis, like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking and obesity, emerging evidence suggests that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, suggesting that chronic infection plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most characteristic members of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which play an important role in innate immune mechanism. TLRs play different roles in different stages of infection of atherosclerosis-related pathogens such as Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae), periodontal pathogens including Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Overall, activation of TLR2 and 4 seems to have a profound impact on infection-related atherosclerosis. This article reviews the role of TLRs in the process of atherosclerosis after C. pneumoniae and other infections and the current status of treatment, with a view to providing a new direction and potential therapeutic targets for the study of ASVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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9
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Wang Z, Ni X, Zhang L, Sun L, Zhu X, Zhou Q, Yang Z, Yuan H. Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Inflammatory Micro-Environment of Pancreatic Islets in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Therapeutic Perspective. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:4261-4272. [PMID: 33204132 PMCID: PMC7666984 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s279104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) display chronic low-grade inflammation induced by activation of the innate immune system. Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 is a pattern recognition receptor that plays a vital part in activation of the innate immune system. Results from animal and computer-simulation studies have demonstrated that targeting TLR4 to block the TLR4-nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway reduces the inflammatory response and complications associated with T2DM. Therefore, TLR4-targeted therapy has broad prospects. Here, we reviewed the role of TLR4 in inflammation during chronic hyperglycemia in T2DM and its therapeutic prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoping Wang
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Ni
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Sun
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Zhu
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhou
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze Yang
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiping Yuan
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Huiping Yuan The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Dongdan DaHua Road 1#, Beijing100730, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-10-58115043Fax +86-10-65237929 Email
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Liu T, Liu J, Lin Y, Que B, Chang C, Zhang J, Liang Z, Gao X, Liu S, Liu L, Li D, Ji Q. IL-37 inhibits the maturation of dendritic cells through the IL-1R8-TLR4-NF-κB pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1338-1349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Mian MOR, He Y, Bertagnolli M, Mai-Vo TA, Fernandes RO, Boudreau F, Cloutier A, Luu TM, Nuyt AM. TLR (Toll-Like Receptor) 4 Antagonism Prevents Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Dysfunction Caused by Neonatal Hyperoxia Exposure in Rats. Hypertension 2019; 74:843-853. [PMID: 31476902 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth is associated with proinflammatory conditions and alterations in adult cardiac shape and function. Neonatal exposure to high oxygen, a rat model of prematurity-related conditions, leads to cardiac remodeling, fibrosis, and dysfunction. TLR (Toll-like receptor) 4 signaling is a critical link between oxidative stress, inflammation, and the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The current study sought to investigate the role of TLR4 signaling in neonatal oxygen-induced cardiomyopathy. Male Sprague-Dawley pups were kept in 80% oxygen or room air from day 3 to 10 of life and treated with TLR4 antagonist lipopolysaccharide from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides(LPS-RS) or saline. Echocardiography was performed at 4, 7, and 12 weeks. At 12 weeks, intraarterial blood pressure was measured before euthanization for histological and biochemical analyses. At day 10, cardiac TLR4, Il (interleukin) 18, and Il1β expression were increased in oxygen-exposed compared with room air controls. At 4 weeks, compared with room air-saline, saline-, but not LPS-RS treated-, oxygen-exposed animals, exhibited increased left ventricle mass index, reduced ejection fraction, and cardiac output index. Findings were similar at 7 and 12 weeks. LPS-RS did not influence echocardiography in 12 weeks room air animals. Systolic blood pressure was higher in saline- but not LPS-RS treated-oxygen-exposed animals compared with room air-saline and -LPS-RS controls. LPS-RS prevented cardiac fibrosis and cardiomyocytes hypertrophy, the increased TLR4, Myd88, and Il18 gene expression, TRIF expression, and CD68+ macrophages infiltration associated with neonatal oxygen exposure, without impact in room air rats. This study indicates that neonatal exposure to high oxygen programs TLR4 activation, which contributes to cardiac remodeling and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Oneeb Rehman Mian
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ying He
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mariane Bertagnolli
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thuy-An Mai-Vo
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rafael Oliveira Fernandes
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fauve Boudreau
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anik Cloutier
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thuy Mai Luu
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne Monique Nuyt
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
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Cao D, Wang W, Li S, Lai W, Huang X, Zhou J, Chen X, Li X. TLR2-Deficiency Promotes Prenatal LPS Exposure-Induced Offspring Hyperlipidemia. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1102. [PMID: 31507457 PMCID: PMC6713936 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which recognizes several lipopeptides and transduces inflammatory signaling, promotes the pathogenesis of diet-induced dyslipidemia and obesity. TLR2-deficient mice were shown to have improved insulin sensitivity and reduced diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Previous studies demonstrated that prenatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure causes dyslipidemia accompanied by increased body weight and insulin resistance in offspring. To determine whether TLRs are involved in this complex abnormal phenotype, we analyzed TLR2 and TLR4 expression levels in adipose tissues from offspring with prenatal LPS-exposure (offspring-pLPS) and compared these levels to those of control offspring with prenatal saline-exposure (offspring-pSaline). TLR2 expression was specifically upregulated in the adipose tissue of offspring-pLPS mice. However, unexpectedly, TLR2-deficient offspring-pLPS mice not only presented with an abnormal phenotype comparable to that of wild-type offspring-pLPS mice but also exhibited significantly more severe hyperlipidemia. Our further analyses revealed a dramatic upregulation of TLR4 expression and overactivation of the TLR4/Myd88 signaling pathway in TLR2-deficient offspring-pLPS adipose tissue. Our finding suggests a compensatory genetic interaction between TLR2 and TLR4 in the context of prenatal inflammatory stimulation, and this interaction likely contributes to the prenatal inflammation-induced hyperlipidemia and lipid overload-induced obesity, thus providing a potential mechanism for the fetal origin of adult metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayan Cao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuhui Li
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjing Lai
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyong Huang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianzhi Zhou
- Institute of Materia Medica, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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The Role of RP105 in Cardiovascular Disease through Regulating TLR4 and PI3K Signaling Pathways. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:185-189. [PMID: 31016532 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Oscillatory Shear Stress Induces Oxidative Stress via TLR4 Activation in Endothelial Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7162976. [PMID: 31316302 PMCID: PMC6604343 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7162976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oscillatory shear stress (OSS) disrupts endothelial homeostasis and promotes oxidative stress, which can lead to atherosclerosis. In atherosclerotic lesions, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is highly expressed. However, the molecular mechanism by which TLR4 modulates oxidative changes and the cell signaling transudation upon OSS is yet to be determined. Methods and Results Carotid artery constriction (CAC) surgery and a parallel-plate flow chamber were used to modulate shear stress. The results showed that OSS significantly increased the oxidative burden, and this was partly due to TLR4 activation. OSS activated NOX2 and had no significant influence to NOX1 or NOX4 in endothelial cells (ECs). OSS phosphorylated caveolin-1, promoted its binding with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and resulted in deactivation of eNOS. TLR4 inhibition restored levels of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in OSS-exposed cells. Conclusion TLR4 modulates OSS-induced oxidative stress by activating NOX2 and suppressing eNOS.
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Piaszyk-Borychowska A, Széles L, Csermely A, Chiang HC, Wesoły J, Lee CK, Nagy L, Bluyssen HAR. Signal Integration of IFN-I and IFN-II With TLR4 Involves Sequential Recruitment of STAT1-Complexes and NFκB to Enhance Pro-inflammatory Transcription. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1253. [PMID: 31231385 PMCID: PMC6558219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the blood vessels, characterized by atherosclerotic lesion formation. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMC), macrophages (MΦ), and dendritic cells (DC) play a crucial role in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Interferon (IFN)α, IFNγ, and Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 activate pro-inflammatory gene expression and are pro-atherogenic. Gene expression regulation of many pro-inflammatory genes has shown to rely on Signal Integration (SI) between IFNs and TLR4 through combinatorial actions of the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)1 complexes ISGF3 and γ-activated factor (GAF), and Nuclear Factor-κB (NFκB). Thus, IFN pre-treatment (“priming”) followed by LPS stimulation leads to enhanced transcriptional responses as compared to the individual stimuli. To characterize the mechanism of priming-induced IFNα + LPS- and IFNγ + LPS-dependent SI in vascular cells as compared to immune cells, we performed a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of mouse VSMC, MΦ, and DC in response to IFNα, IFNγ, and/or LPS. Thus, we identified IFNα + LPS or IFNγ + LPS induced genes commonly expressed in these cell types that bound STAT1 and p65 at comparable γ-activated sequence (GAS), Interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE), or NFκB sites in promoter proximal and distal regions. Comparison of the relatively high number of overlapping ISRE sites in these genes unraveled a novel role of ISGF3 and possibly STAT1/IRF9 in IFNγ responses. In addition, similar STAT1-p65 co-binding modes were detected for IFNα + LPS and IFNγ + LPS up-regulated genes, which involved recruitment of STAT1 complexes preceding p65 to closely located GAS/NFκB or ISRE/NFκB composite sites already upon IFNα or IFNγ treatment. This STAT1-p65 co-binding significantly increased after subsequent LPS exposure and correlated with histone acetylation, PolII recruitment, and amplified target gene transcription in a STAT1-p65 co-bound dependent manner. Thus, co-binding of STAT1-containing transcription factor complexes and NFκB, activated by IFN-I or IFN-II together with LPS, provides a platform for robust transcriptional activation of pro-inflammatory genes. Moreover, our data offer an explanation for the comparable effects of IFNα or IFNγ priming on TLR4-induced activation in vascular and immune cells, with important implications in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lajos Széles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Csermely
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Hsin-Chien Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joanna Wesoły
- Laboratory of High Throughput Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Chien-Kuo Lee
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Hans A R Bluyssen
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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Chen T, Luo W, Wu G, Wu L, Huang S, Li J, Wang J, Hu X, Huang W, Liang G. A novel MyD88 inhibitor LM9 prevents atherosclerosis by regulating inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in macrophages. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 370:44-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Yang L, Gao C. MiR-590 Inhibits Endothelial Cell Apoptosis by Inactivating the TLR4/NF-κB Pathway in Atherosclerosis. Yonsei Med J 2019; 60:298-307. [PMID: 30799593 PMCID: PMC6391523 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.3.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous study has well documented the anti-apoptotic effects of miR-590 on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-treated endothelial cells (ECs). However, the mechanism underlying the anti-apoptotic effects of miR-590 in ox-LDL-treated ECs remains to be further addressed. MATERIALS AND METHODS ApoE-/- mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) and human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) treated with ox-LDL were used as in vivo and in vitro models of atherosclerosis. The expressions of miR-590 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. Atherosclerotic lesion analysis was performed using Evans blue and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay. Apoptosis was examined using flow cytometry analysis and Western blot analysis of Cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and Cleaved Caspase-3 levels. The effect of miR-590 on TLR4/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway was evaluated by Western blot. Binding between miR-590 and TLR4 was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay and Western blot. RESULTS miR-590 was downregulated in the aorta tissues from HFD-fed apoE-/- mice and ox-LDL-treated HAECs. miR-590 overexpression inhibited atherosclerotic lesion in HFD-induced apoE-/- mice and promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of ox-LDL-treated HAECs. Additionally, TLR4 was identified as a direct target of miR-590 in ox-LDL-treated HAECs. Moreover, anti-miR-590 reversed TLR4 knockdown-mediated promotion of cell proliferation and suppression of apoptosis in ox-LDL-treated HAECs. miR-590 overexpression suppressed the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, and inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway promoted cell proliferation and impeded apoptosis in ox-LDL-treated HAECs. CONCLUSION miR-590 promoted proliferation and blocked ox-LDL-induced apoptosis in HAECs through inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Department of Emergency, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuanyu Gao
- Department of Coronary Heart Disease, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
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Meng Z, Si CY, Teng S, Yu XH, Li HY. Tanshinone IIA inhibits lipopolysaccharide‑induced inflammatory responses through the TLR4/TAK1/NF‑κB signaling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:1847-1858. [PMID: 30816448 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To aim of the present study was to determine whether Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced inflammation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from rats and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. VSMCs were primarily cultured and then treated with LPS (1 µg/l) and Tan IIA (25, 50 and 100 µmol/l) for 24 h. Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‑1, interleukin (IL)‑6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α levels were detected by ELISA and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Nitric oxide (NO) production was measured using the Griess reaction. The expression of Toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor (NF)‑κB (p65), and inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and the phosphorylation of transforming growth factor‑β‑activated kinase 1 (TAK1) were detected by western blot analysis. Tan IIA inhibited the LPS‑induced expression of MCP‑1, IL‑6, and TNF‑α in a concentration‑dependent manner and inhibited iNOS‑mediated NO production. In addition, Tan IIA suppressed the expression of TLR4, the phosphorylation of TAK1, and the nuclear translocation of NF‑κB (p65). The anti‑TLR4 antibody and TAK1 inhibitor 5Z‑7‑oxozeaenol partially attenuated the LPS‑induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, Tan IIA inhibits LPS‑induced inflammatory responses in VSMCs in vitro through the partial suppression of the TLR4/TAK1/NF‑κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Meng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Ying Si
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of TCM, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Teng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Hui Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Taicang, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yu Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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A Dual Noradrenergic Mechanism for the Relief of Neuropathic Allodynia by the Antidepressant Drugs Duloxetine and Amitriptyline. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9934-9954. [PMID: 30249798 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1004-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to treating depression, antidepressant drugs are also a first-line treatment for neuropathic pain, which is pain secondary to lesion or pathology of the nervous system. Despite the widespread use of these drugs, the mechanism underlying their therapeutic action in this pain context remains partly elusive. The present study combined data collected in male and female mice from a model of neuropathic pain and data from the clinical setting to understand how antidepressant drugs act. We show two distinct mechanisms by which the selective inhibitor of serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake duloxetine and the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline relieve neuropathic allodynia. One of these mechanisms is acute, central, and requires descending noradrenergic inhibitory controls and α2A adrenoceptors, as well as the mu and delta opioid receptors. The second mechanism is delayed, peripheral, and requires noradrenaline from peripheral sympathetic endings and β2 adrenoceptors, as well as the delta opioid receptors. We then conducted a transcriptomic analysis in dorsal root ganglia, which suggested that the peripheral component of duloxetine action involves the inhibition of neuroimmune mechanisms accompanying nerve injury, including the downregulation of the TNF-α-NF-κB signaling pathway. Accordingly, immunotherapies against either TNF-α or Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) provided allodynia relief. We also compared duloxetine plasma levels in the animal model and in patients and we observed that patients' drug concentrations were compatible with those measured in animals under chronic treatment involving the peripheral mechanism. Our study highlights a peripheral neuroimmune component of antidepressant drugs that is relevant to their delayed therapeutic action against neuropathic pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In addition to treating depression, antidepressant drugs are also a first-line treatment for neuropathic pain, which is pain secondary to lesion or pathology of the nervous system. However, the mechanism by which antidepressant drugs can relieve neuropathic pain remained in part elusive. Indeed, preclinical studies led to contradictions concerning the anatomical and molecular substrates of this action. In the present work, we overcame these apparent contradictions by highlighting the existence of two independent mechanisms. One is rapid and centrally mediated by descending controls from the brain to the spinal cord and the other is delayed, peripheral, and relies on the anti-neuroimmune action of chronic antidepressant treatment.
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RAGE and TLRs as Key Targets for Antiatherosclerotic Therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7675286. [PMID: 30225265 PMCID: PMC6129363 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7675286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the key factors indicating a danger to the organism. They recognize the microbial origin pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The primary response induced by PAMPs or DAMPs is inflammation. Excessive stimulation of the innate immune system occurs in arterial wall with the participation of effector cells. Persistent adaptive responses can also cause tissue damage and disease. However, inflammation mediated by the molecules innate responses is an important way in which the adaptive immune system protects us from infection. The specific detection of PAMPs and DAMPs by host receptors drives a cascade of signaling that converges at nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) and induces the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, type I interferon (IFN), and chemokines, which promote direct killing of the pathogen. Therefore, signaling of these receptors' pathways also appear to present new avenue for the modulation of inflammatory responses and to serve as potential novel therapeutic targets for antiatherosclerotic therapy.
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Targeted inhibition of STATs and IRFs as a potential treatment strategy in cardiovascular disease. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48788-48812. [PMID: 27166190 PMCID: PMC5217051 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Key factors contributing to early stages of atherosclerosis and plaque development include the pro-inflammatory cytokines Interferon (IFN)α, IFNγ and Interleukin (IL)-6 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimuli. Together, they trigger activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) and Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) families. In particular, STAT1, 2 and 3; IRF1 and 8 have recently been recognized as prominent modulators of inflammation, especially in immune and vascular cells during atherosclerosis. Moreover, inflammation-mediated activation of these STATs and IRFs coordinates a platform for synergistic amplification leading to pro-atherogenic responses. Searches for STAT3-targeting compounds, exploring the pTyr-SH2 interaction area of STAT3, yielded many small molecules including natural products. Only a few inhibitors for other STATs, but none for IRFs, are described. Promising results for several STAT3 inhibitors in recent clinical trials predicts STAT3-inhibiting strategies may find their way to the clinic. However, many of these inhibitors do not seem STAT-specific, display toxicity and are not very potent. This illustrates the need for better models, and screening and validation tools for novel STAT and IRF inhibitors. This review presents a summary of these findings. It postulates STAT1, STAT2 and STAT3 and IRF1 and IRF8 as interesting therapeutic targets and targeted inhibition could be a potential treatment strategy in CVDs. In addition, it proposes a pipeline approach that combines comparative in silico docking of STAT-SH2 and IRF-DBD models with in vitro STAT and IRF activation inhibition validation, as a novel tool to screen multi-million compound libraries and identify specific inhibitors for STATs and IRFs.
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Pycnogenol Reduces Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling Pathway-Mediated Atherosclerosis Formation in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2017; 68:292-303. [PMID: 27322603 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pycnogenol (PYC) is an extract from French maritime pine bark. Its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects have been shown to be beneficial for atherosclerosis. Here, we tested whether PYC could suppress high cholesterol and fat diet (HCD)-induced atherosclerosis formation in apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient mice. In our study, PYC suppressed oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced lipid accumulation in peritoneal macrophages. Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were orally administered PYC or a control solvent for ten weeks, and these mice were fed a standard diet or high cholesterol and fat diet during the latter eight weeks. Pycnogenol markedly decreased the size of atherosclerotic lesions induced by high cholesterol and fat diet compared with the nontreated controls. In addition, TLR4 expression in aortic sinus was stimulated by high cholesterol and fat diet feeding and was significantly reduced by PYC. A mechanistic analysis indicated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly increased expression of fatty acid binding protein (aP2) and macrophage scavenger receptor class A (SR-A), which were blocked by a JNK inhibitor. Furthermore, PYC inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced upregulation of aP2 and scavenger receptor class A via the JNK pathway. In conclusion, PYC administration effectively attenuates atherosclerosis through the TLR4-JNK pathway. Our results suggest that PYC could be a potential prophylaxis or treatment for atherosclerosis in humans.
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Toll-like receptor-4 signaling mediates inflammation and tissue injury in diabetic nephropathy. J Nephrol 2017; 30:719-727. [DOI: 10.1007/s40620-017-0432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lu Z, Li Y, Brinson CW, Lopes-Virella MF, Huang Y. Cooperative stimulation of atherogenesis by lipopolysaccharide and palmitic acid-rich high fat diet in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2017; 265:231-241. [PMID: 28934649 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or high-fat diet (HFD) enriched with saturated fatty acid (SFA) promotes atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of LPS in combination with SFA-rich HFD on atherosclerosis and how LPS and SFA interact to stimulate inflammatory response in vascular endothelial cells. METHODS Low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR-/-) mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD), HFD with low palmitic acid (PA) (LP-HFD), or HFD with high PA (HP-HFD) for 20 weeks. During the last 12 weeks, half mice received LPS and half received PBS. After treatment, metabolic parameters and aortic atherosclerosis were analyzed. To understand the underlying mechanisms, human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were treated with LPS and/or PA and proinflammatory molecule expression was quantified. RESULTS The metabolic study showed that LPS had no significant effect on cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, but increased insulin and insulin resistance. Both LP-HFD and HP-HFD increased body weight and cholesterol while LP-HFD increased glucose and HP-HFD increased triglycerides, insulin, and insulin resistance. Analysis of aortic atherosclerosis showed that HP-HFD was more effective than LP-HFD in inducing atherosclerosis and LPS in combination with HP-HFD increased atherosclerosis in the thoracic aorta, a less common site for atherosclerosis, as compared with LPS or HP-HFD. To understand the mechanisms, results showed that LPS and PA synergistically upregulated adhesion molecules and proinflammatory cytokines in HAECs. CONCLUSIONS LPS and PA-rich HFD cooperatively increased atherogenesis in the thoracic aorta. The synergy between LPS and PA on proinflammatory molecules in HAECs may play an important role in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Yanchun Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Colleen W Brinson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Maria F Lopes-Virella
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Yan Huang
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Deficiency of TLR4 homologue RP105 aggravates outward remodeling in a murine model of arteriovenous fistula failure. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10269. [PMID: 28860634 PMCID: PMC5578984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arteriovenous access dysfunction is a major cause of morbidity for hemodialysis patients. The pathophysiology of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) maturation failure is associated with inflammation, impaired outward remodeling (OR) and intimal hyperplasia. RP105 is a critical physiologic regulator of TLR4 signaling in numerous cell types. In the present study, we investigated the impact of RP105 on AVF maturation, and defined cell-specific effects of RP105 on macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Overall, RP105−/− mice displayed a 26% decrease in venous OR. The inflammatory response in RP105−/− mice was characterized by accumulation of anti-inflammatory macrophages, a 76% decrease in pro- inflammatory macrophages, a 70% reduction in T-cells and a 50% decrease in MMP-activity. In vitro, anti-inflammatory macrophages from RP105−/− mice displayed increased IL10 production, while MCP1 and IL6 levels secreted by pro-inflammatory macrophages were elevated. VSMC content in RP105−/− AVFs was markedly decreased. In vitro, RP105−/− venous VSMCs proliferation was 50% lower, whereas arterial VSMCs displayed a 50% decrease in migration, relative to WT. In conclusion, the impaired venous OR in RP105−/− mice could result from of a shift in both macrophages and VSMCs towards a regenerative phenotype, identifying a novel relationship between inflammation and VSMC function in AVF maturation.
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Sugidachi A, Ohno K, Jakubowski JA, Ito Y, Tomizawa A, Mizuno M. Induction of Diabetes Abolishes the Antithrombotic Effect of Clopidogrel in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. TH OPEN 2017; 1:e92-e100. [PMID: 31249914 PMCID: PMC6524843 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1605361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with acute coronary syndrome with diabetes mellitus (DM) exhibit an impaired platelet inhibitory response to clopidogrel which is only partially understood. DM was induced by the administration of streptozotocin (STZ) to 9-week-old mice. The antithrombotic effects of clopidogrel (10 mg/kg/d, orally × 5 days) were determined using a FeCl
3
-induced thrombosis model employing wild-type (WT), apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient, and diabetic apoE-deficient mice at 21 weeks. Antiplatelet effects were determined using flow cytometry. The antithrombotic effects of clopidogrel were similar in WT and apoE-deficient mice but were attenuated in diabetic apoE-deficient mice with the percent inhibition of thrombus area (µm
2
) by clopidogrel being 85.5% (WT mice), 75.0% (apoE-deficient mice), and 1.9% (diabetic apoE-deficient mice). The time to first occlusion and lumen stenosis also reflected a significant loss of the antithrombotic effects of clopidogrel in diabetic apoE-deficient mice. Ex vivo platelet activation, which was assessed using ADP-induced expression of activated glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, was completely inhibited by clopidogrel in these three groups of mice. In contrast, the effect of clopidogrel on the ex vivo expression of platelet P-selectin induced by protease-activated receptor 4–activating peptide was diminished in diabetic apoE-deficient mice compared with that in WT and apoE-deficient mice. These data suggest that diabetic apoE-deficient mice may serve as a useful model to better understand the impaired responses to clopidogrel in patients with DM, which may partially reflect a reduction of the effect of clopidogrel on thrombin-induced platelet activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sugidachi
- Rare Disease and LCM Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ohno
- Rare Disease and LCM Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - J A Jakubowski
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Y Ito
- Rare Disease and LCM Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Tomizawa
- Rare Disease and LCM Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Mizuno
- Rare Disease and LCM Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Liu CL, Santos MM, Fernandes C, Liao M, Iamarene K, Zhang JY, Sukhova GK, Shi GP. Toll-like receptor 7 deficiency protects apolipoprotein E-deficient mice from diet-induced atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:847. [PMID: 28405010 PMCID: PMC5429799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) mediates autoantigen and viral RNA-induced cytokine production. Increased TLR7 expression in human atherosclerotic lesions suggests its involvement in atherogenesis. Here we demonstrated TLR7 expression in macrophages, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and endothelial cells from mouse atherosclerotic lesions. To test a direct participation of TLR7 in atherosclerosis, we crossbred TLR7-deficient (Tlr7 -/-) mice with apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe -/-) mice and produced Apoe -/- Tlr7 -/- and Apoe -/- Tlr7 +/+ littermates, followed by feeding them an atherogenic diet to produce atherosclerosis. Compared to Apoe -/- Tlr7 +/+ mice, Apoe -/- Tlr7 -/- mice showed reduced aortic arch and sinus lesion areas. Reduced atherosclerosis in Apoe -/- Tlr7 -/- mice did not affect lesion macrophage-positive area and CD4+ T-cell number per lesion area, but reduced lesion expression of inflammatory markers major histocompatibility complex-class II and IL6, lesion matrix-degrading proteases cathepsin S and matrix metalloproteinase-9, and systemic serum amyloid A levels. TLR7 deficiency also reduced aortic arch SMC loss and lesion intima and media cell apoptosis. However, TLR7 deficiency did not affect aortic wall elastin fragmentation and collagen contents, or plasma lipoproteins. Therefore, TLR7 contributes to atherogenesis in Apoe -/- mice by regulating lesion and systemic inflammation. A TLR7 antagonist may mitigate atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Lin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Marcela M Santos
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Cleverson Fernandes
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mengyang Liao
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Karine Iamarene
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jin-Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Galina K Sukhova
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China. .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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28
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Jiang D, Yang Y, Li D. Lipopolysaccharide induced vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation: A new potential therapeutic target for proliferative vascular diseases. Cell Prolif 2017; 50. [PMID: 28150467 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation is involved in vascular atherosclerosis and restenosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) promotes VSMCs proliferation, but the signalling pathways which are involved are not completely understood. The purpose of this review was to summarize the existing knowledge of the role and molecular mechanisms involved in controlling VSMCs proliferation stimulated by LPS and mediated by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling pathways. Moreover, the potential inhibitors of TLR4 signalling for VSMCs proliferation in proliferative vascular diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongye Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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29
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Wang XQ, Wan HQ, Wei XJ, Zhang Y, Qu P. CLI-095 decreases atherosclerosis by modulating foam cell formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:49-56. [PMID: 27176130 PMCID: PMC4918599 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is considered to have a critical role in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis in atherosclerosis-prone mice; however, it remains uncertain whether treatment with a TLR4 inhibitor may attenuate atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to determine the vascular protective effects of the TLR4 inhibitor CLI-095 on apolipoprotein E‑deficient (ApoE‑/‑) mice. ApoE‑/‑ mice were fed either chow or a high‑fat diet, and were treated with or without CLI‑095 for 10 weeks. The mean atherosclerotic plaque area in the aortic sections of CLI‑095‑treated mice was 54.3% smaller than in the vehicle‑treated mice (P=0.0051). In vitro, murine peritoneal macrophages were treated with or without CLI‑095, and were subsequently stimulated with oxidized low‑density lipoprotein. Treatment with CLI‑095 markedly reduced the expression levels of lectin‑like oxidized low‑density lipoprotein receptor‑1 and acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase‑1, and significantly upregulated the expression levels of ATP‑binding cassette transporter A1, predominantly via suppressing activation of the TLR4/nuclear factor‑κB signaling pathway. The results of the present study indicated that the TLR4 inhibitor CLI‑095 has the ability to suppress the progression of atherosclerosis in an in vivo model by reducing macrophage foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Qing Wan
- Department of Pharmacy, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523000, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Jing Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
| | - Peng Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P.R. China
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30
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Pahwa R, Nallasamy P, Jialal I. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 mediate hyperglycemia induced macrovascular aortic endothelial cell inflammation and perturbation of the endothelial glycocalyx. J Diabetes Complications 2016; 30:563-72. [PMID: 26908090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hyperglycemia-induced inflammation is central to the vascular complications in diabetes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key players in regulating inflammatory responses. There are sparse data on the role of TLR2 and TLR4 in regulating human macrovascular aortic endothelial cells (HMAECs) inflammation and glycocalyx dysfunction under hyperglycemia. We examined the role of TLR2/4 in the above dysfunctions in HMAEC under high glucose (HG) conditions. METHODS HMAECs were treated with high or normal glucose and TLR-2, TLR-4, MyD88, IRF3, TRIF, nuclear NF-κB p65, IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, ICAM-1, sVCAM-1, monocyte adhesion to HMAECs, heparan sulfate and hyaluronic acid were measured. RESULTS HG upregulated TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA and protein and increased both MyD88 and non-MyD88 pathways, NF-κB p65, inflammatory biomediators, and monocyte adhesion to HMAECs. Heparan sulfate protein expression was reduced and hyaluronic acid secretion was increased on HG exposure. Inhibition of TLR2 and TLR4 signaling by inhibitory peptides and knockdown of TLR-2 and TLR-4 gene expression by siRNA attenuated HG induced inflammation, leukocyte adhesion and glycocalyx dysfunction. An increase in ROS paralleled the increase in TLR-2/4 and antioxidants treatment reduced TLR-2/4 expression and downstream inflammatory biomediators. CONCLUSION Thus hyperglycemia induces HMAEC inflammation and glycocalyx dysfunction through TLR-2/4 pathway activation via increased ROS.
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MESH Headings
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/immunology
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Aortitis/complications
- Aortitis/etiology
- Aortitis/prevention & control
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetic Angiopathies/etiology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/prevention & control
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glycocalyx/drug effects
- Glycocalyx/immunology
- Glycocalyx/metabolism
- Glycocalyx/pathology
- Humans
- Hyperglycemia/immunology
- Hyperglycemia/metabolism
- Hyperglycemia/pathology
- Hyperglycemia/physiopathology
- Leukocytes/drug effects
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Leukocytes/pathology
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/antagonists & inhibitors
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Pahwa
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, Department of Pathology and Internal, Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Palanisamy Nallasamy
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, Department of Pathology and Internal, Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Ishwarlal Jialal
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, Department of Pathology and Internal, Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mather, CA, United States.
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31
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Wang Y, Song E, Bai B, Vanhoutte PM. Toll-like receptors mediating vascular malfunction: Lessons from receptor subtypes. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 158:91-100. [PMID: 26702901 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are a subfamily of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) implicated in a variety of vascular abnormalities. However, the pathophysiological role and the interplay between different TLR-mediated innate and adaptive immune responses during the development of vascular diseases remain largely unspecified. TLR are widely distributed in both immune and nonimmune cells in the blood vessel wall. The expressions and locations of TLR are dynamically regulated in response to distinct molecular patterns derived from pathogens or damaged host cells. As a result, the outcome of TLR signaling is agonist- and cell type-dependent. A better understanding of discrete TLR signaling pathways in the vasculature will provide unprecedented opportunities for the discovery of novel therapies in many inflammatory vascular diseases. The present brief review discusses the role of individual TLR in controlling cellular functions of the vascular system, by focusing on the inflammatory responses within the blood vessel wall which contribute to the development of hypertension and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Erfei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bo Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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32
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Garcia-Martinez I, Shaker ME, Mehal WZ. Therapeutic Opportunities in Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern-Driven Metabolic Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1305-15. [PMID: 26055926 PMCID: PMC4685500 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Sterile inflammation is a common finding present in various metabolic disorders. This type of inflammation is mediated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are released upon cellular injury to activate pattern recognition receptors on innate immune cells and amplify organ damage. RECENT ADVANCES In the last decade, DAMPs, such as high-mobility group protein B1, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), adenosine triphosphate, and other metabolites, were found to contribute to the inflammatory response in diabetes, gout, obesity, steatohepatitis, and atherosclerosis. Varied receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the purinergic P2X(7) receptors, and nucleotide-binding domain, and leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (NLRP3)-inflammasome sense DAMPs and DAMP-like molecules and release the proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. CRITICAL ISSUES Available therapeutic approaches that interfered with the signaling of TLRs, P2X(7), NLRP3-inflammasome, and IL-1β showed encouraging results in metabolic diseases, which will be also highlighted in this review. FUTURE DIRECTIONS It is important to understand the origination of DAMPs and how they contribute to the inflammatory response in metabolic disorders to develop selective and efficient therapeutics for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Garcia-Martinez
- 1 Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mohamed E Shaker
- 1 Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut.,2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University , Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Wajahat Z Mehal
- 1 Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut
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33
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Chmielewski S, Piaszyk-Borychowska A, Wesoly J, Bluyssen HAR. STAT1 and IRF8 in Vascular Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 35:434-454. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1087519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Chmielewski
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Piaszyk-Borychowska
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Wesoly
- Laboratory of High Throughput Technologies, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Hans A. R. Bluyssen
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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34
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Luo H, Wang J, Qiao C, Ma N, Liu D, Zhang W. Pycnogenol attenuates atherosclerosis by regulating lipid metabolism through the TLR4-NF-κB pathway. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e191. [PMID: 26492950 PMCID: PMC4673476 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death worldwide and is characterized by lipid-laden foam cell formation. Recently, pycnogenol (PYC) has drawn much attention because of its prominent effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, its protective effect against atherosclerosis and the underlying mechanism remains undefined. Here PYC treatment reduced areas of plaque and lipid deposition in atherosclerotic mice, concomitant with decreases in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels and increases in HDL cholesterol levels, indicating a potential antiatherosclerotic effect of PYC through the regulation of lipid levels. Additionally, PYC preconditioning markedly decreased foam cell formation and lipid accumulation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human THP-1 monocytes. A mechanistic analysis indicated that PYC decreased the lipid-related protein expression of adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP) and adipocyte lipid-binding protein (ALBP/aP2) in a dose-dependent manner. Further analysis confirmed that PYC attenuated LPS-induced lipid droplet formation via ADRP and ALBP expression through the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, because pretreatment with anti-TLR4 antibody or a specific inhibitor of NF-κB (PDTC) strikingly mitigated the LPS-induced increase in ADRP and ALBP. Together, our results provide insight into the ability of PYC to attenuate bacterial infection-triggered pathological processes associated with atherosclerosis. Thus PYC may be a potential lead compound for the future development of antiatherosclerotic CVD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Chenhui Qiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Donghai Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
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35
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Abdelmageed ME, El-Awady MS, Abdelrahim M, Suddek GM. LPS-RS attenuation of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury involves NF-κB inhibition. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 94:140-146. [PMID: 26544923 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2015-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we studied the effect of lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-RS), an inhibitor of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), in LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with LPS-RS (0.1 mg/kg body mass, by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection) 1 h before LPS injection (10 mg/kg, i.p.). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues were collected 24 h later to determine total and differential cell count, total protein content, levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), histopathological changes, markers of oxidative stress, and mRNA expression of the inhibitory protein nuclear factor kappaB-α (NFκBIA) and TLR4. Additionally, rings of pulmonary artery were isolated for measuring vascular reactivity. LPS-induced ALI was indicated by increases in total and differential cell count, total protein, and LDH in BALF, and increased lung levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as decreased activity of reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Moreover, LPS increased pulmonary artery contraction in response to phenylephrine (PE). Additionally, LPS downregulated mRNA expression of NFκBIA and upregulated mRNA expression of TLR4. LPS caused a marked inflammation in the lung tissue, with tubercular granuloma and numerous neutrophils. Pretreatment with LPS-RS protected against LPS-induced ALI by decreasing total and differential cell count, total protein, and LDH in BALF, and increased pulmonary GSH content and SOD activity without affecting MDA content. Additionally, it decreased the elevated PE-induced pulmonary artery contraction. LPS-RS upregulated mRNA expression of NFκBIA and downregulated mRNA expression of TLR4. Moreover, LPS-RS prevented inflammation in lung tissues. In conclusion, pretreatment with LPS-RS protects against LPS-induced ALI in rats through its anti-inflammatory effects, possibly by decreasing the mRNA expression of TLR4 and increasing that of NFκBIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa E Abdelmageed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S El-Awady
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mona Abdelrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Suddek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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36
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Jialal I, Pahwa R. The evolving role of toll-like receptors in diabetic vascular complications. J Diabetes Complications 2015; 29:617-20. [PMID: 25935862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ishwarlal Jialal
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, Department of Pathology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mather, CA.
| | - Roma Pahwa
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, Department of Pathology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
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37
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Lu Z, Zhang X, Li Y, Lopes-Virella MF, Huang Y. TLR4 antagonist attenuates atherogenesis in LDL receptor-deficient mice with diet-induced type 2 diabetes. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1246-54. [PMID: 26162692 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although a large number of studies have well documented a key role of toll-like receptor (TLR)4 in atherosclerosis, it remains undetermined if TLR4 antagonist attenuates atherogenesis in mouse model for type 2 diabetes. In this study, we induced type 2 diabetes in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR(-/-)) mice by high-fat diet (HFD). At 8 weeks old, 20 mice were fed HFD and 20 mice fed regular chow (RC) for 24 weeks. In the last 10 weeks, half HFD-fed mice and half RC-fed mice were treated with Rhodobacter sphaeroides lipopolysaccharide (Rs-LPS), an established TLR4 antagonist. After the treatment, atherosclerotic lesions in aortas were analyzed. Results showed that the HFD significantly increased bodyweight, glucose, lipids including total cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids, and insulin resistance, indicating that the HFD induced type 2 diabetes in LDLR(-/-) mice. Results also showed that Rs-LPS had no effect on HFD-increased metabolic parameters in both nondiabetic and diabetic mice. Lipid staining of aortas and histological analysis of cross-sections of aortic roots showed that diabetes increased atherosclerotic lesions, but Rs-LPS attenuated atherogenesis in diabetic mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemical studies showed that Rs-LPS reduced infiltration of monocytes/macrophages and expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in atherosclerotic lesions of diabetic mice. Finally, the antagonistic effect of Rs-LPS on TLR4 was demonstrated by our in vitro studies showing that Rs-LPS inhibited IL-6 secretion from macrophages and endothelial cells stimulated by LPS or LPS plus saturated fatty acid palmitate. Taken together, our study demonstrated that TLR4 antagonist was capable of attenuating vascular inflammation and atherogenesis in mice with HFD-induced type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Yanchun Li
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Maria F Lopes-Virella
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Yan Huang
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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38
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Habib M, Shaker S, El-Gayar N, Aboul-Fotouh S. The effects of antidepressants "fluoxetine and imipramine" on vascular abnormalities and Toll like receptor-4 expression in diabetic and non-diabetic rats exposed to chronic stress. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120559. [PMID: 25826421 PMCID: PMC4380417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Several studies reveal that diabetes doubles the odds of comorbid depression with evidence of a pro-inflammatory state underlying its vascular complications. Indeed, little information is available about vascular effects of antidepressant drugs in diabetes. METHOD We investigated the effect of chronic administration of fluoxetine "FLU" and imipramine "IMIP" on behavioral, metabolic and vascular abnormalities in diabetic and non-diabetic rats exposed to chronic restraint stress (CRS). RESULTS Both diabetes and CRS induced depressive-like behavior which was more prominent in diabetic/depressed rats; this was reversed by chronic treatment with FLU and IMIP in a comparable manner. Diabetic and non-diabetic rats exposed to CRS exhibited abnormalities in glucose homeostasis, lipid profile and vascular function, manifested by decreased endothelium-dependent relaxation, increased systolic blood pressure and histopathological atherosclerotic changes. Vascular and metabolic dysfunctions were associated with significant increase in aortic expression of TLR-4, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1ß). FLU ameliorated these metabolic, vascular and inflammatory abnormalities, while IMIP induced either no change or even worsening of some parameters. CONCLUSION FLU has favorable effect over IMIP on metabolic, vascular and inflammatory aberrations associated with DM and CRS in Wistar rats, clarifying the preference of FLU over IMIP in management of comorbid depression in diabetic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Habib
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Safaa Shaker
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nesreen El-Gayar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sawsan Aboul-Fotouh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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miR-146a-5p Antagonized AGEs- and P.g-LPS-Induced ABCA1 and ABCG1 Dysregulation in Macrophages via IRAK-1 Downregulation. Inflammation 2015; 38:1761-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Abstract
All aspects of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are critically influenced by the inflammatory response in vascular plaques. Research in the field of innate immunity from the past 2 decades has uncovered many novel mechanisms elucidating how immune cells sense microbes, tissue damage, and metabolic derangements. Here, we summarize which triggers of innate immunity appear during atherogenesis and by which pathways they can contribute to inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques. The increased understanding gained from studies assessing how immune activation is associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has provided many novel targets for potential therapeutic intervention. Excitingly, the concept that inflammation may be the core of cardiovascular disease is currently being clinically evaluated and will probably encourage further studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zimmer
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II (S.Z.) and Institute of Innate Immunity (A.G., E.L.), University Hospitals Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (E.L.); and German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany (E.L.)
| | - Alena Grebe
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II (S.Z.) and Institute of Innate Immunity (A.G., E.L.), University Hospitals Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (E.L.); and German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany (E.L.)
| | - Eicke Latz
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II (S.Z.) and Institute of Innate Immunity (A.G., E.L.), University Hospitals Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (E.L.); and German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany (E.L.).
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41
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Inflammation-induced foam cell formation in chronic inflammatory disease. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:683-93. [PMID: 25753272 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease and is both a metabolic and inflammatory disease. Two models describe early events initiating atherosclerotic plaque formation, whereby foam cells form in response to hyperlipidaemia or inflammation-associated stimuli. Although these models are inextricably linked and not mutually exclusive, identifying the unique contribution of each in different disease settings remains an important question. Circulating monocytes are key mediators of atherogenesis in both models as precursors to lipid-laden foam cells formed in response to either excess lipid deposition in arteries, signalling via pattern-associated molecular patterns or a combination of the two. In this review, we assess the role of monocytes in each model and discuss how key steps in atherogenesis may be targeted to enhance clinical outcomes in patients with chronic inflammatory disease.
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42
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Methemoglobin is an endogenous toll-like receptor 4 ligand-relevance to subarachnoid hemorrhage. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5028-46. [PMID: 25751721 PMCID: PMC4394463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a well-recognized consequence of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and may be responsible for important complications of SAH. Signaling by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated nuclear factor κB (NFκB) in microglia plays a critical role in neuronal damage after SAH. Three molecules derived from erythrocyte breakdown have been postulated to be endogenous TLR4 ligands: methemoglobin (metHgb), heme and hemin. However, poor water solubility of heme and hemin, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contamination have confounded our understanding of these molecules as endogenous TLR4 ligands. We used a 5-step process to obtain highly purified LPS-free metHgb, as confirmed by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance mass spectrometry and by the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Using this preparation, we show that metHgb is a TLR4 ligand at physiologically relevant concentrations. metHgb caused time- and dose-dependent secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), from microglial and macrophage cell lines, with secretion inhibited by siRNA directed against TLR4, by the TLR4-specific inhibitors, Rs-LPS and TAK-242, and by anti-CD14 antibodies. Injection of purified LPS-free metHgb into the rat subarachnoid space induced microglial activation and TNFα upregulation. Together, our findings support the hypothesis that, following SAH, metHgb in the subarachnoid space can promote widespread TLR4-mediated neuroinflammation.
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43
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Miguel CD, Rudemiller NP, Abais JM, Mattson DL. Inflammation and hypertension: new understandings and potential therapeutic targets. Curr Hypertens Rep 2015; 17:507. [PMID: 25432899 PMCID: PMC4418473 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-014-0507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research studying the role of inflammation in hypertension and cardiovascular disease has flourished in recent years; however, the exact mechanisms by which the activated immune cells lead to the development and maintenance of hypertension remain to be elucidated. The objectives of this brief review are to summarize and discuss the most recent findings in the field, with special emphasis on potential therapeutics to treat or prevent hypertension. This review will cover novel immune cell subtypes recently associated to the disease including the novel role of cytokines, toll-like receptors, and inflammasomes in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen De Miguel
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Justine M. Abais
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - David L. Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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44
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Song Y, Liu H, Long L, Zhang N, Liu Y. TLR4 rs1927911, but not TLR2 rs5743708, is associated with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction in the Southern Han population: a case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e381. [PMID: 25590839 PMCID: PMC4602557 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the association of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 rs1927911 and TLR2 rs5743708 with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction (ACI) and their effects on blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and blood lipids in the Han population of Hunan Province. TLR4 rs1927911 and TLR2 rs5743708 were detected by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism in 170 patients with ACI and 149 healthy controls. Our results indicated that the genotype and allele frequencies of TLR4 rs1927911 were significantly different between ACI patients and controls, whereas those of TLR2 rs5743708 were not significantly different between the 2 groups. For TLR4 rs1927911, blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, and serum lipid levels were not significantly different among different genotypes in the ACI and control groups. The rs1927911 polymorphism of the TLR4 gene may be a risk factor for ACI in the Southern Han population of Hunan Province; however, it may not be associated with blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, or blood lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Song
- From the Department of Neurology (YS, HL, LL, NZ, YL), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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45
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Wezel A, van der Velden D, Maassen JM, Lagraauw HM, de Vries MR, Karper JC, Kuiper J, Bot I, Quax PHA. RP105 deficiency attenuates early atherosclerosis via decreased monocyte influx in a CCR2 dependent manner. Atherosclerosis 2014; 238:132-9. [PMID: 25484103 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a key role in inflammation and previously it was established that TLR4 deficiency attenuates atherosclerosis. RadioProtective 105 (RP105) is a structural homolog of TLR4 and an important regulator of TLR4 signaling, suggesting that RP105 may also be an important effector in atherosclerosis. We thus aimed to determine the role of RP105 in atherosclerotic lesion development using RP105 deficient mice on an atherosclerotic background. METHODS AND RESULTS Atherosclerosis was induced in Western-type diet fed low density lipoprotein receptor deficient (LDLr(-/-)) and LDLr/RP105 double knockout (LDLr(-/-)/RP105(-/-)) mice by means of perivascular carotid artery collar placement. Lesion size was significantly reduced by 58% in LDLr(-/-)/RP105(-/-) mice, and moreover, plaque macrophage content was markedly reduced by 40%. In a model of acute peritonitis, monocyte influx was almost 3-fold reduced in LDLr(-/-)/RP105(-/-) mice (P = 0.001), while neutrophil influx remained unaltered, suggestive of an altered migratory capacity of monocytes upon deletion of RP105. Interestingly, in vitro stimulation of monocytes with LPS induced a downregulation of CCR2, a chemokine receptor crucially involved in monocyte influx to atherosclerotic lesions, which was more pronounced in LDLr(-/-)/RP105(-/-) monocytes as compared to LDLr(-/-) monocytes. CONCLUSION We here show that RP105 deficiency results in reduced early atherosclerotic plaque development with a marked decrease in lesional macrophage content, which may be due to disturbed migration of RP105 deficient monocytes resulting from CCR2 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Wezel
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël van der Velden
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna M Maassen
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H Maxime Lagraauw
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet R de Vries
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco C Karper
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Yang X, Zhang J, Ni J, Ouyang B, Wang D, Luo S, Xie B, Xuan D. Toll-Like Receptor 4–Mediated Hyper-Responsiveness of Gingival Epithelial Cells to Lipopolysaccharide in High-Glucose Environments. J Periodontol 2014; 85:1620-8. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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47
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Jia SJ, Niu PP, Cong JZ, Zhang BK, Zhao M. TLR4 signaling: A potential therapeutic target in ischemic coronary artery disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:54-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Radom-Aizik S, Zaldivar FP, Haddad F, Cooper DM. Impact of brief exercise on circulating monocyte gene and microRNA expression: implications for atherosclerotic vascular disease. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 39:121-9. [PMID: 24423463 PMCID: PMC4101903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity can prevent and/or attenuate atherosclerosis, a disease clearly linked to inflammation. Paradoxically, even brief exercise induces a stress response and increases inflammatory cells like monocytes in the circulation. We hypothesized that exercise would regulate the expression of genes, gene pathways, and microRNAs in monocytes in a way that could limit pro-inflammatory function and drive monocytes to prevent, rather than contribute to, atherosclerosis. Twelve healthy men (22-30year old) performed ten 2-min bouts of cycle ergometer exercise at a constant work equivalent to an average of 82% of maximum O2 consumption interspersed with 1-min rest. Blood was drawn before and immediately after the exercise. Monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Flow cytometry was used to identify monocyte subtypes. We used Affymetrix U133 + 2.0 arrays for gene expression and Agilent Human miRNA V2 Microarray for miRNAs. A stringent statistical approach (FDR <0.05) was used to determine that exercise significantly altered the expression of 894 annotated genes and 19 miRNAs. We found distinct gene alterations that were likely to direct monocytes in an anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic pathway, including the downregulation of monocyte TNF, TLR4, and CD36 genes and the upregulation of EREG and CXCR4. Exercise significantly altered a number of microRNAs that likely influence monocytes involvement in vascular health. Exercise leads to a novel genomic profile of circulating monocytes, which appears to promote cardiovascular health despite the overall stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Radom-Aizik
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UC Irvine School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Frank P. Zaldivar
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UC Irvine School of Medicine
| | - Fadia Haddad
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UC Irvine School of Medicine
| | - Dan M. Cooper
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, UC Irvine School of Medicine
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Menghini R, Campia U, Tesauro M, Marino A, Rovella V, Rodia G, Schinzari F, Tolusso B, di Daniele N, Federici M, Zoli A, Ferraccioli G, Cardillo C. Toll-like receptor 4 mediates endothelial cell activation through NF-κB but is not associated with endothelial dysfunction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99053. [PMID: 24918924 PMCID: PMC4053330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of TLR4 antagonism on human endothelial cells activation and cytokine expression, and whether the Asp299Gly TLR4 polymorphism is associated with better endothelial function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), OxPAPC, and free fatty acids (FFA) at baseline and after incubation with the TLR4 antagonist eritoran (E5564). Cytokine expression was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. In vivo endothelial function was assessed as brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in RA patients with the wild type gene (aa) and with the Asp299Gly TLR4 polymorphic variant (ag). RESULTS In HAEC, TLR4 antagonism with eritoran inhibited LPS-induced mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, CCL-2, VCAM and ICAM (P<0.05 for all) and inhibited Ox-PAPC-induced mRNA expression of IL-8 (P<0.05) and IL-6, albeit not to a statistically significant level (p = 0.07). In contrast, eritoran did not affect FFA-induced mRNA expression of IL-6 (P>0.05). In 30 patients with RA (15 with the ag allele) undergoing measurement of FMD, no differences in FMD and plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, VCAM, and ICAM were found between the aa and the ag phenotype (P>0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS TLR4 signaling in endothelial cells may be triggered by LPS and oxidized phospholipids, leading to endothelial activation and inflammation, which are inhibited by eritoran. Our in vivo investigation, however, does not support an association between the Asp299Gly TLR4 polymorphism and improved endothelium-dependent vasodilator function in patients with RA. Further study is needed to better understand the potential role of TLR4 on endothelial dysfunction in this and other patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Menghini
- Department of System Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Campia
- Division of Cardiology, MedStar Heart Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- Department of System Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Marino
- Department of System Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Rovella
- Department of System Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rodia
- Department of System Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Schinzari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Tolusso
- Department of Rheumatology, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola di Daniele
- Department of System Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Federici
- Department of System Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Center for Atherosclerosis, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Zoli
- Department of Rheumatology, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carmine Cardillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy
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oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex induced macrophage differentiation to foam cell involving TLR4/NF-kappa B signal transduction pathway. Thromb Res 2014; 134:384-92. [PMID: 24882274 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage-derived foam cell formation is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. It has been reported that oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) inducing formation of foam cells and expression of inflammatory molecules are partly mediated by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. However, whether oxLDL/β2-glycoprotein I/anti-β2-glycoprotein I (oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI) complex enhanced formation of foam cells involving TLR4/NF-κB pathway or not has never been explored. In the current study, we focused on investigating the transformation of peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice into foam cells induced by the three complexes, and the involvement of TLR4 as well as its downstream signal molecule NF-κB. The results showed that treatment of macrophages with oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex could markedly increase intracellular lipid loading and expression of TLR4, phosphorylated NF-κB p65 (p-NF-κB p65), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), as well as tissue factor (TF). The oxLDL and oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex induced formation of foam cells and expression of p-NF-κB p65 were significantly reduced, while macrophages were pre-treated with TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242. Meanwhile, both TAK-242 and NF-κB inhibitor PDTC could remarkably inhibit oxLDL, oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex, as well as LPS increased MCP-1 and TF levels. Nevertheless, β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex-induced MCP-1 and TF mRNA expression were inhibited by TAK-242 rather than PDTC, although TF activity was significantly reduced by both of the inhibitors. In conclusion, our results indicate that oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex could enhance the conversion of macrophages into foam cells and the process may be at least partly mediated by TLR4/NF-κB pathway, which may contribute to the accelerated development of atherosclerosis in APS.
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