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Shen ACT, Wu BCY. From adverse childhood experiences to harsh parenting: Psychological symptoms as a mediator. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 149:106672. [PMID: 38325163 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research evidence has demonstrated a direct link between ACEs and harsh parenting. However, the mechanisms linking paternal ACEs to harsh parenting have remained largely unexplored among Asian populations. OBJECTIVE In the current study, we examined the relationships between parental ACEs and harsh parenting and explored the potential mediating effect of psychological symptoms on the relationship between parental ACEs and harsh parenting. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A total of 6195 Taiwanese parents of children aged 6 to 12 were recruited from 58 primary schools in the Taiwanese cities of Taipei and New Taipei. METHOD Using probability-proportional-to-size sampling and a self-report survey, we collected data relating to parental ACEs, psychological symptoms, and child-rearing behaviors. A hierarchical regression analysis was completed to examine the effects of parental ACEs and psychological symptoms on harsh parenting. In addition, we tested the potential mediating effects of psychological symptoms on the relationship between parental ACEs and harsh parenting by employing a simple mediation model (PROCESS) with a bootstrapping procedure. RESULTS We found that both parental ACEs and psychological symptoms were significant predictors for mothers' and fathers' adoption of harsh parenting behaviors. Moreover, after adjusting for covariates, we discovered the unique finding that psychological symptoms mediated the relationship between parental ACEs and harsh parenting among Taiwanese parents. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed a direct link between parental ACEs and harsh parenting, with psychological symptoms serving as a mediator. Our findings suggest that trauma-recovery programs should promote regular screening and interventions for parents with ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Chiung-Tao Shen
- National Taiwan University Children and Family Research Center sponsored by CTBC Charity Foundation, Taiwan; Department of Social Work, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Bethany C Y Wu
- National Taiwan University Children and Family Research Center sponsored by CTBC Charity Foundation, Taiwan.
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Yoon Y, Cederbaum JA, Duan L, Lee JO. Intergenerational Continuity of Childhood Adversity and Its Underlying Mechanisms Among Teen Mothers and Their Offspring. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2023:10775595231200145. [PMID: 37669686 DOI: 10.1177/10775595231200145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates how parenting stress mediates the intergenerational continuity of childhood adversity in teenage mothers. Childhood adversity experiences of caregivers significantly affect their offspring's exposure to childhood adversity. However, little is known about the mechanisms linking childhood adversity across generations. The study measures how parental distress and parent-child dysfunctional interaction mediate the association between teen mothers' childhood adversity and their offspring's adversity, measuring when the offspring reached 11.5 years of age. The results revealed that parental distress, but not parent-child dysfunctional interaction, mediated the association between teen mothers' child abuse and their offspring's household dysfunction. This suggests that parental distress may be a crucial intervention target to prevent the intergenerational continuity of childhood adversity. The findings imply that efforts to prevent the intergenerational continuity of childhood adversity may be more successful if the public and professionals have a broader understanding of the associations between early adversity and parenting contexts. In conclusion, the study shed light on the potential mechanisms underlying the intergenerational continuity of childhood adversity and highlights the importance of targeting parenting stress, specifically parental distress, as an intervention strategy to prevent the perpetuation of childhood adversity across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoewon Yoon
- Department of Social Welfare, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Julie A Cederbaum
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lei Duan
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jungeun Olivia Lee
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Hooper LM, Lee SY, Tomek S, Jaggers JW, Kim G, Church WT. Attachment to Peers and School: Longitudinal Moderators of the Relation Between Caregiver Psychological Distress and Adolescent Hopelessness. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:931-949. [PMID: 33449286 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Research has yet to determine how relationships outside of the family system may buffer negative outcomes associated with hopelessness among racial minority youth. In a sample of Black American youth (N = 512; 49% females) and their parents or caregivers, this study used longitudinal growth models to explore whether youth relationships (attachment to peers and attachment to school) moderated the association between caregiver distress (depressive symptoms and traumatic stress), and youth hopelessness. Adolescents' gender was examined to determine if there were gender differences present in these associations. Four linear growth models showed a significant change in levels of hopelessness over time for youth and a significant positive relation between caregiver distress and youth level of hopelessness. Attachment to peers and attachment to school did not equally moderate the relation between caregiver psychological distress and youth hopelessness. The type of caregiver distress had a differential effect on youth hopelessness in the context of the moderation models and based on gender. The type of caregiver distress had a differential effect on youth hopelessness in the context of the moderation models and based on gender. Implications for the importance of non-familial attachments among Black American youth with distressed parents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Grace Kim
- University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Duong HT. Applying the Integrative Model to Predict Intention to Use Corporal Punishment Among Low-income Parents. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2023; 50:250-259. [PMID: 34713734 DOI: 10.1177/10901981211052881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Child corporal punishment (CP) is associated with child physical abuse, which is a public health problem in the United States. Informed by the integrative model of behavioral prediction, this study surveyed low-income Black, Hispanic, and White parents who had children younger than 6 years old (N = 260) to identify major risk factors that determined intention to use CP to discipline children. Structural equation modeling revealed that attitudes, descriptive norms, and perceived efficacy of alternative discipline strategies were associated with intention to use CP. Additionally, parents' childhood CP frequency and past use of CP with their own children were influential distal variables that indirectly predicted CP intention. Results indicated the utility of the model in this behavioral context. Communication intervention programs targeting low-income parents should leverage perceived norms, perceived efficacy of alternative discipline strategies, and attitudes to change CP behavior.
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Shin SH, Tomlinson CA, Nelson-Hence D, Ksinan Jiskrova G. Understanding the Intergenerational Cycle of Trauma and Violence: Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences and Parent-to-Child Aggression Risk. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:4998-5018. [PMID: 36062736 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221120884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as exposure to maltreatment and household dysfunction, are major risk factors for physical and mental health problems across the lifespan. While the relationship between ACEs and health outcomes is well established, what effects ACEs might have on parent-to-child aggression are less known. The negative consequences of ACEs on parental aggression can be even more pronounced with multiple exposures to different patterns of ACEs. This study examined the association between patterns of maternal ACEs and subsequent parent-child aggression risk. A diverse sample of young women (N = 329; mean age = 26.3 years) was recruited at a large, urban university medical center. Participants completed self-report measures of the ACEs Questionnaire and the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory-2. Latent class analysis was used to identify classes of women with similar patterns of exposure to ACEs and to examine the associations between ACEs classes and parent-to-child aggression risk. Three latent classes, characterized by distinct patterns of maternal ACEs, were identified: Low ACEs (63% of the sample), High Parental Separation/Divorce (20%), and High/Multiple ACEs classes (17%). Women in the High/Multiple ACEs class were more likely to report higher levels of parent-to-child aggression risk (i.e., inappropriate expectations, belief in corporal punishment, lack of empathy) than those in the other classes (Wald(2) = 8.63, p = .013). Preventive interventions targeting parental attitudes and behaviors among young women exposed to ACEs may decrease the risk for further perpetuation of aggression in the next generations.
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Xiao Z, Obsuth I, Meinck F, Murray AL. Latent profiles of childhood psychological maltreatment and their links to adult mental health in China and the UK. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2023; 17:30. [PMID: 36829174 PMCID: PMC9960471 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-023-00572-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though links between childhood maltreatment and mental health have been established, little known about how specific types of childhood maltreatment tend to cluster and how the resulting patterns of exposure impact mental health outcomes. METHOD The current study used latent profile analyses in Chinese (N = 544) and UK (N = 589) samples to identify childhood psychological maltreatment profiles (i.e., profiles of psychological abuse, psychological neglect, and psychological non-support) in different country contexts, and their associations with a range of mental health (i.e., depression, anxiety, anger, physical aggression, verbal aggression, and hostility), and broader well-being (i.e., self-esteem) outcomes. Unadjusted as well as analyses adjusted for adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) were conducted. RESULTS Four profiles were identified in both samples, but their nature differed between the Chinese sample ("Psychological Non-support", "Low-Maltreated", "High-Maltreated", and "Severe-Maltreated") and the UK sample ("Low-Maltreated", "Moderate-Maltreated", "High-Maltreated", and "Severe-Maltreated"). Individuals in the "Psychological Non-support" in China and "Low-Maltreated" class in the UK displayed better mental health outcomes-lower levels of depression, anxiety, and aggression, and higher self-esteem. In contrast, individuals in the "Severe-Maltreated" profiles in both the Chinese and UK samples displayed poorer mental health outcomes-higher depression, anxiety, and aggression, and lower self-esteem. Interventions and prevention efforts are needed for individuals categorized in profiles affected by psychological maltreatment. CONCLUSION This study highlights the importance of using targeted intervention or prevention to prevent psychological maltreatment, as well as improve mental health outcomes in individuals who have experienced psychological maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoni Xiao
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
| | - Ingrid Obsuth
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Clinical & Health Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Franziska Meinck
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ,grid.25881.360000 0000 9769 2525Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa ,grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Aja Louise Murray
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
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Yang Y, Cheng J, Liu P. Impacts on children's health of adverse childhood experiences of their mothers: A gender-specific mediation analysis using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. J Affect Disord 2023; 323:232-240. [PMID: 36455713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous people have suffered adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) that can have lasting negative consequences. However, few studies have focused on maternal ACEs' effect on their children's health. This study aimed to evaluate the impact on children's health of ACEs that their mothers experienced. METHODS Data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2018 combined with the CHARLS 2014 Life History Survey were analyzed. The logistic regression was used to investigate maternal ACEs' impact on their children's health. Based on the stepwise regression model and bias-corrected bootstrap, we estimated the mediating effects. RESULTS Maternal ACEs could result in harm to the health of children (P < 0.05). If the types of maternal ACEs increased by one unit, the odds ratio of their children's poor health would rise by 9.6 %. Moreover, if the types of maternal ACEs increased by one unit, the odds ratio of daughters' and sons' poor health would increase by 8.3 % and 10.2 %, respectively. Three mediating mechanisms of mothers' education, physical health, and mental health were confirmed by empirical tests. LIMITATIONS We could not employ objective indicators to measure children's health. Meanwhile, maternal ACEs were all self-reported from the mothers' recollection, which might descend the accuracy due to memory bias. CONCLUSION Maternal ACEs harmed the health of both their sons and daughters. The children's health would deteriorate as the maternal ACEs increased. Mother's education, physical health, and mental health mediated the relationships between maternal ACEs and children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Yang
- School of Government, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Cheng
- School of Public Administration and Emergency Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Paicheng Liu
- School of Public Administration, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China.
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Duong HT. Childhood Experiences and Attitudes toward Corporal Punishment: The Mediating Role of Perceived Efficacy of Alternative Discipline Strategies among Low-income Black, Hispanic, and White Parents. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP18266-NP18290. [PMID: 34344224 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211035879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Corporal punishment (CP) is associated with harmful outcomes to child development. Favorable attitudes toward CP are a major predictor of CP use. Thus, identifying and changing factors influencing such attitudes help to prevent CP. Although research has confirmed the effect of childhood experiences of CP on attitudes toward CP, few studies have examined mechanisms underpinning this association. To fill this gap, this study investigated the role of perceived efficacy of alternative discipline strategies in mediating the association between childhood experiences of CP and attitudes toward CP among low-income Black, Hispanic, and White parents. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 230 parents (Mage = 31; Black = 62, Hispanic = 62; White = 106). Structural equation modeling results revealed that more positive childhood experiences of CP were associated with lower perceived efficacy of alternative discipline strategies. In turn, lower perceived efficacy of alternative discipline strategies was associated with more favorable attitudes toward CP. Mediation analysis performed by the bootstrapping methods confirmed the mediating effect of perceived efficacy of alternative discipline strategies. When race was considered, this mediation pathway was held for Hispanic and White parent groups. These results suggested that future research should pay more attention to the role of perceived efficacy of alternative discipline strategies. Additionally, public education campaigns should consider incorporating efficacy messages to effectively reduce positive attitudes toward CP among low-income parents.
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Afifi TO, Salmon S, Stewart-Tufescu A, Taillieu T. An Examination of Parents' Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) History and Reported Spanking of Their Child: Informing Child Maltreatment Prevention Efforts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191710580. [PMID: 36078294 PMCID: PMC9518050 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The current evidence indicates that spanking is harmful to children's health and development and should never be used by parents or other caregivers. However, the critical factors that inform effective spanking prevention strategies are still not well understood. The objective of the current study was to determine if a parent's own adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) history was associated with increased likelihood of reporting their child being spanked at age 10 or younger. Data were drawn from the Well-Being and Experiences Study (the WE Study), a community survey of parents and adolescents from 2017-2018 (N = 1000) from Canada. The results indicated that a parent's own history of physical abuse, emotional abuse, spanking, and household mental illness in childhood were associated with an increased likelihood that their child would have been spanked. These findings indicate that a parent's ACEs history may be related to how their own child is parented and identify families who may be more likely to rely on spanking. Preventing physical punishment is necessary for healthy child development, reducing the risk of further violence, and upholding children's rights to protection. Parent's ACEs history may be an important factor to consider when developing and implementing child maltreatment prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracie O. Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
| | - Samantha Salmon
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
| | | | - Tamara Taillieu
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
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Doi S, Isumi A, Fujiwara T. Association between maternal adverse childhood experiences and child resilience and self-esteem: Results from the K-CHILD study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 127:105590. [PMID: 35287013 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have found that children of mothers with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are more likely to have adverse mental health outcomes. However, little is known about the role of other cognitive abilities, such as resilience and self-esteem, in how children deal with stressful situations. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between maternal ACEs and resilience and self-esteem in children. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The data was collected as part of the population-based Kochi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty (K-CHILD) study in 2016. Participants included 2759 in first grade, 2878 in fifth grade, 3143 in eighth grade, and 3611 children in 11th grade living in Kochi Prefecture, Japan (N = 12,391). METHODS Maternal ACEs and covariates were reported by mothers. Mothers provided information regarding their children's resilience for children in the first, fifth, and eighth grades. Children in the fifth, eighth, and 11th grades reported their own self-esteem. RESULTS Children of mothers with a larger number of ACEs had lower levels of resilience (p for trend (i.e., linear associations) < 0.001) as well as lower levels of self-esteem (p for trend <0.001), adjusting for potential confounding variables. These associations became non-significant after adjusting for potential mediators, and the relationship was mediated by variables such as maternal psychological distress, current socioeconomic status, and parenting behaviors. CONCLUSIONS There was a significant dose-response relationship between the number of maternal ACEs and children's resilience and self-esteem, and this relationship may be mediated by maternal psychological distress, current socioeconomic status, and positive parenting behaviors. Further interventional studies that break the link between maternal ACEs and resilience and self-esteem should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Doi
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
| | - Aya Isumi
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takeo Fujiwara
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Rowell T, Neal-Barnett A. A Systematic Review of the Effect of Parental Adverse Childhood Experiences on Parenting and Child Psychopathology. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2022; 15:167-180. [PMID: 35222782 PMCID: PMC8837768 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-021-00400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are defined as early exposure to maltreatment and household dysfunction. Researchers have demonstrated the link between ACEs and negative psychological, behavioral, interpersonal, and health outcomes. A growing area of interest in the ACE literature concerns the relationship between ACEs, parenting, and child psychopathology due to the intergenerational effect of ACEs. Emotional availability and discipline strategies are two domains of parenting that can increase understanding of the associations between ACEs, parenting, and child psychopathology from an attachment framework because they are both salient during early childhood and directly influence a child's later behavior. This paper utilized the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to elucidate the relationships between parental ACEs, parents' emotional availability and discipline strategies, and children's psychopathology. PubMed, PSYCINFO, and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection were used to access the literature on June 16, 2020, and 26 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results from this review suggested that there is a direct association between ACEs and parental emotional availability and discipline techniques. Depression and dissociation were identified as potential mediators. There was support for the direct association between parental ACEs and children's internalizing and externalizing difficulties. Maternal anxiety and depressive symptoms, emotional availability, attachment, and children's maltreatment experiences were found to be possible mediators. Recommendations are proposed to address limitations within the literature to further expand upon the research of ACEs, parenting, and child psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Rowell
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, 600 Hilltop Drive, Kent, OH 44240 USA
| | - Angela Neal-Barnett
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, 600 Hilltop Drive, Kent, OH 44240 USA
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Ribaudo J, Lawler JM, Jester JM, Riggs J, Erickson NL, Stacks AM, Brophy-Herb H, Muzik M, Rosenblum KL. Maternal History of Adverse Experiences and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Impact Toddlers’ Early Socioemotional Wellbeing: The Benefits of Infant Mental Health-Home Visiting. Front Psychol 2022; 12:792989. [PMID: 35111107 PMCID: PMC8802330 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.792989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe present study examined the efficacy of the Michigan Model of Infant Mental Health-Home Visiting (IMH-HV) infant mental health treatment to promote the socioemotional wellbeing of infants and young children. Science illuminates the role of parental “co-regulation” of infant emotion as a pathway to young children’s capacity for self-regulation. The synchrony of parent–infant interaction begins to shape the infant’s own nascent regulatory capacities. Parents with a history of childhood adversity, such as maltreatment or witnessing family violence, and who struggle with symptoms of post-traumatic stress may have greater challenges in co-regulating their infant, thus increasing the risk of their children exhibiting social and emotional problems such as anxiety, aggression, and depression. Early intervention that targets the infant–parent relationship may help buffer the effect of parental risk on child outcomes.MethodsParticipants were 58 mother–infant/toddler dyads enrolled in a longitudinal randomized control trial testing the efficacy of the relationship-based IMH-HV treatment model. Families were eligible based on child age (<24 months at enrollment) and endorsement of at least two of four socio-demographic factors commonly endorsed in community mental health settings: elevated depression symptoms, three or more Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) parenting stress, and/or child behavior or development concerns. This study included dyads whose children were born at the time of study enrollment and completed 12-month post-baseline follow-up visits. Parents reported on their own history of ACEs and current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, as well as their toddler’s socioemotional development (e.g., empathy, prosocial skills, aggression, anxiety, prolonged tantrums).ResultsMaternal ACEs predicted more toddler emotional problems through their effect on maternal PTSD symptoms. Parents who received IMH-HV treatment reported more positive toddler socioemotional wellbeing at follow-up relative to the control condition. The most positive socioemotional outcomes were for toddlers of mothers with low to moderate PTSD symptoms who received IMH-HV treatment.ConclusionResults indicate the efficacy of IMH-HV services in promoting more optimal child socioemotional wellbeing even when mothers reported mild to moderate PTSD symptoms. Results also highlight the need to assess parental trauma when infants and young children present with socioemotional difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ribaudo
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Julie Ribaudo,
| | - Jamie M. Lawler
- Department of Psychology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Jester
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jessica Riggs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nora L. Erickson
- Mother Baby Program, Department of Psychiatry, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ann M. Stacks
- Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Holly Brophy-Herb
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Maria Muzik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Katherine L. Rosenblum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Adverse Childhood Experiences and Current Psychosocial Stressors: Exploring Effects on Mental Health and Parenting Outcomes from a Mother-Baby Partial Hospital Program. Matern Child Health J 2022; 26:289-298. [PMID: 34993753 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-021-03345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can detrimentally impact perinatal mental health, birth outcomes, and parenting behaviors. Proximal psychosocial stressors also increase risks to perinatal health and wellbeing. Additional research on effective perinatal mental health programs is needed, especially for individuals and families with historical and concurrent adversity, and those with moderate to severe symptoms. METHODS The Mother-Baby Day Hospital at Hennepin County Medical Center provides trauma-informed, multi-generation treatment for perinatal women. Data were collected from patients between January 2016 and September 2019. Self-reported depression, anxiety, and maternal functioning assessments were administered pre- and post-treatment. Patients completed the ACE questionnaire and indicators of current psychosocial stressors (i.e., food insecurity, housing insecurity, and social support) at intake. A series of bivariate tests and hierarchical regression models examined relationships among variables, including whether distal and proximal adversity predicted post-treatment symptoms. RESULTS 159 Perinatal patients consented to research and completed the ACEs questionnaire at first admission. High proportions of patients reported 4+ ACEs and current psychosocial stressors. Effect sizes for associations between ACEs, psychosocial stressors, and self-report symptoms were small to moderate. Individuals with food or housing insecurity entered treatment with higher anxiety. In regression models, the most robust predictors of post-treatment symptoms were pre-treatment symptoms. Effects of ACEs on post-treatment depression and food insecurity on post-treatment maternal functioning approached the adjusted significance cut-off (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: Current psychosocial stressors and ACEs did not substantially limit post-treatment depression, anxiety, and maternal functioning outcomes. High prevalence of ACEs and psychosocial stressors highlight the need for trauma-informed, multi-generation treatments to improve maternal mental health and parenting capacity.
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Traube D, Gozalians S, Duan L. Transitions to virtual early childhood home visitation during COVID-19. Infant Ment Health J 2021; 43:69-81. [PMID: 34953079 PMCID: PMC9015548 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 has disrupted many of the preventive service sectors designed to promote infant mental health. The purpose of this study is to examine provider and supervisor transition strategies as well as maternal-child outcomes during the transition from in-person to virtual early childhood home visitation services in Los Angeles County. Los Angeles County is one of the largest home visitation sectors in the U.S. and disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Transitioning from in-person to virtual home visitation was an important step in ensuring the continuity of infant mental health services. Home visitors reported relative ease in transitioning to virtual services themselves but noted that families encountered greater difficulty. The most helpful strategies to support this transition included training, ongoing reflective supervision, and provision of technology. Family level analysis revealed that positive screening rates for anxiety and depression decreased during the pandemic as did referrals for most support services. These findings likely highlight challenges in delivering virtual home visitation. Understanding how transitions in a key infant serving sector were managed serves an important role in forecasting for the future and preparing for future public heath emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Traube
- USC Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sharlene Gozalians
- Los Angeles Best Babies Network at Dignity Health California Hospital Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lei Duan
- USC Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Wakȟáŋyeža (Little Holy One) - an intergenerational intervention for Native American parents and children: a protocol for a randomized controlled trial with embedded single-case experimental design. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2298. [PMID: 34922510 PMCID: PMC8684243 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trauma within Native American communities compromises parents’ parenting capacity; thus, increasing childrens’ risk for substance use and suicide over the lifespan. The objective of this manuscript is to describe the Wakȟáŋyeža (Little Holy One) intervention and evaluation protocol, that is designed to break cycles of intergenerational trauma, suicide, and substance use among Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux parents and their children. Methods A randomized controlled trial with an embedded single-case experimental design will be used to determine effectiveness of the modular prevention intervention on parent-child outcomes and the added impact of unique cultural lesson-components. Participants include 1) Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux parents who have had adverse childhood experiences, and 2) their children (3–5 years). Parent-child dyads are randomized (1:1) to Little Holy One or a control group that consists of 12 lessons taught by Indigenous community health workers. Lessons were developed from elements of 1) the Common Elements Treatment Approach and Family Spirit, both evidence-based interventions, and 2) newly created cultural (intervention) and nutrition (control group only) lessons. Primary outcomes are parent (primary caregiver) trauma symptoms and stress. Secondary outcomes include: Parent depression symptoms, parenting practices, parental control, family routines, substance use, historical loss, communal mastery, tribal identity, historical trauma. Child outcomes include, externalizing and internalizing behavior and school attendance. Primary analysis will follow an intent-to-treat approach, and secondary analysis will include examination of change trajectories to determine impact of cultural lessons and exploration of overall effect moderation by age and gender of child and type of caregiver (e.g., parent, grandparent). Discussion Many Native American parents have endured adverse childhood experiences and traumas that can negatively impact capacity for positive parenting. Study results will provide insights about the potential of a culturally-based intervention to reduce parental distress – an upstream approach to reducing risk for childrens’ later substance misuse and suicidality. Intervention design features, including use of community health workers, cultural grounding, and administration in Head Start settings lend potential for feasibility, acceptability, sustainability, and scalability. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04201184. Registered 11 December 2019.
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Langevin R, Marshall C, Kingsland E. Intergenerational Cycles of Maltreatment: A Scoping Review of Psychosocial Risk and Protective Factors. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2021; 22:672-688. [PMID: 31455161 DOI: 10.1177/1524838019870917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment tends to show intergenerational continuity. However, a significant proportion of maltreated parents break these cycles. Since several studies have investigated risk and protective factors associated with the intergenerational continuity of child maltreatment over the past decades, and no systematic review of the literature is available, this scoping review aimed to summarize studies documenting associated psychosocial risk and protective factors. A secondary objective was to document the prevalence of this phenomenon. A search in six major databases (PsycINFO, Scopus, Medline, Social Work Abstracts, ProQuest Dissertations/Theses, and Web of Science) was conducted. Studies involving human participants, presenting original findings, written in French or English, and of any type of design were included. There was no limit regarding the date of publication, except for theses/dissertations (5 years). A final sample of 51 papers was retained, 33 providing data on risk and protective factors and 18 providing only prevalence data. Results indicate that parents' individual characteristics (e.g., mental health, age), childhood adversity (e.g., multiple forms of adversity), relational (e.g., couples' adjustment, attachment, social support), and contextual factors (e.g., disadvantage, community violence) are relevant to the intergenerational continuity of child maltreatment. Prevalence rates of continuity ranged from 7% to 88%. Major limitations of reviewed studies are discussed. Continued efforts to uncover the mechanisms associated with the intergenerational continuity of child maltreatment using strong methodological designs are necessary. Knowledge in this area could lead to the development of effective prevention strategies (e.g., mental health services for parents, family/dyadic interventions) to break harmful intergenerational cycles of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Langevin
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, 5620McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carley Marshall
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, 5620McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emily Kingsland
- McGill Library and Archives, 5620McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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17
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Gallitto E, Veilleux GJ, Romano E. How Do Knowledge and Attitudes About Children's Rights Influence Spanking Attitudes? JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP8974-NP8991. [PMID: 31179808 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519852631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Children's rights are about treating children with equality, respect, and dignity. Attitudes concerning children's rights have been linked to support for nurturance and self-determination. However, there is little research on how dimensions of children's rights are associated with other parenting constructs, such as attitudes toward physical punishment. This study examined the relationship between knowledge of and attitudes toward children's rights and attitudes toward spanking in a Canadian sample of 329 undergraduate students who completed an online study. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated a significant negative association in that more favorable attitudes toward children's rights predicted less favorable attitudes toward spanking. There also was a significant moderating effect of child rights knowledge on this relationship, such that greater knowledge enhanced the effects of attitudes toward children's rights on spanking attitudes. These results raise awareness of the combined role of both knowledge of and attitudes toward children's rights in influencing spanking attitudes. The results also suggest that one pathway decreasing favorable attitudes toward spanking may be to increase the general public's knowledge of children's rights.
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Gupta RC, Randell KA, Dowd MD. Addressing Parental Adverse Childhood Experiences in the Pediatric Setting. Adv Pediatr 2021; 68:71-88. [PMID: 34243860 PMCID: PMC8412208 DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parents’ own adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) impact their children’s physical and emotional health. Causal mechanisms are not fully understood but are likely multifactorial, affecting parent resiliency and attachment behaviors, with possible intergenerational transmission. Although universal screening for parental ACEs is controversial, they may be identified during pediatric care. Providers can address parental ACEs by consistently using trauma-informed, healing-centered approaches that acknowledge the impact of trauma and the presence of resilience, promote positive parenting skills, and provide compassionate support universally. When necessary, more targeted interventions may include referral to community social support services and parenting programming. Incorporating a two-generation approach in pediatrics may enhance and support child health and well-being more robustly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal C Gupta
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64109, USA; University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA; University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Kimberly A Randell
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA; University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA; Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64109, USA
| | - M Denise Dowd
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA; University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA; Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64109, USA
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Morris AS, Hays-Grudo J, Zapata MI, Treat A, Kerr KL. Adverse and Protective Childhood Experiences and Parenting Attitudes: the Role of Cumulative Protection in Understanding Resilience. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:181-192. [PMID: 33778769 PMCID: PMC7987739 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-021-00036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Theory and research indicate that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are linked to negative parenting attitudes and behaviors. We posit that protective and compensatory experiences (PACEs) in childhood buffer the negative effects of ACEs on later parenting. To test this premise, the present study examined associations between ACEs, PACEs, and attitudes towards nurturing and harsh parenting in an ethnically diverse sample of parents with children of various ages (N = 109; 65% mothers, 35% fathers; M age = 38). Parents completed a widely used parenting attitudes questionnaire and the ACEs and PACEs surveys. PACEs were negatively correlated with ACEs and positively correlated with nurturing parenting attitudes and parent income and education levels. Linear regression models indicate that higher PACEs, ACEs, and family income and less harsh parenting attitudes predict nurturing parenting attitudes. In contrast, higher ACEs and less nurturing attitudes were correlated with harsh parenting attitudes. As expected, moderation analyses indicated that the association between ACEs and harsh parenting attitudes was conditional upon the level of PACEs. When PACE scores were low (M – 1 SD), but not when PACE scores were average or high (M + 1 SD), ACEs were associated with harsh parenting attitudes, suggesting a buffering effect of PACEs on negative parenting attitudes. These findings support the importance of including protective as well as adverse childhood experiences when assessing the role of childhood experiences on parenting attitudes and practices. Implications of these findings for researchers and practitioners are discussed, as well as new directions for PACEs research using a cumulative protection approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amy Treat
- Oklahoma State University, 700 North Greenwood Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74106 USA
| | - Kara L Kerr
- Oklahoma State University, 700 North Greenwood Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74106 USA
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Martin A, Muñoz JM, Braza P, Ruiz-Ortiz R, del Puerto-Golzarri N, Pascual-Sagastizábal E, Azurmendi A, Carreras R. Parental Corporal Punishment and Peer Victimization in Middle Childhood: A Sex-Moderated Mediation Model of Aggression. Front Psychol 2021; 11:573329. [PMID: 33716839 PMCID: PMC7952760 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.573329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a peak in peer victimization during middle childhood, with multiple negative consequences. Parental use of corporal punishment and child aggression are the most widely studied predictors of this phenomenon. The aim of the present study was to analyze whether parental use of corporal punishment affects peer victimization through child aggression. This mediation model was explored for both mothers and fathers and for both physical and relational forms of aggression and peer victimization. Furthermore, we also analyzed whether the mediation models were moderated by the sex of the child. Participants were 234 third graders (46% girls). Child aggression and victimization were measured by peers using the Mini Direct Indirect Aggression Inventory. Independent measures of mother's and father's use of corporal punishment were obtained from a PCA of items from the Parental Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). Conditional process modeling was carried out using a macro for SPSS developed by Hayes (2013). Results indicated that aggression mediated the relation of parental corporal punishment to peer victimization. Some interesting moderating effects of sex in this mediation model were found; specifically, physical, and relational aggression mediated the relation of maternal corporal punishment to peer victimization only in boys. Few studies to date have addressed the connection between aggressive behavior and peer victimization as outcomes of corporal punishment, taking into consideration the role of parent's and child's sex, and both physical and relational forms of aggression and victimization during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Paloma Braza
- Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Nora del Puerto-Golzarri
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and Their Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Eider Pascual-Sagastizábal
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and Their Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Aitziber Azurmendi
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and Their Development, Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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Magariño LS, Evans MC, Duong JB, Villodas F, Villodas MT. Racial/ethnic group differences in parenting attitudes among at-risk emerging adults: The roles of adversity, relationship quality, and caregiver involvement and attitudes. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 111:104810. [PMID: 33229041 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthy parenting attitudes are foundational for positive parenting and child well-being. However, few studies explore their formation and mediators explaining racial/ethnic group differences. OBJECTIVE The present study prospectively examines potential mediators for racial/ethnic group differences in parenting attitudes in a diverse sample of emerging adults (EA). PARTICIPANTS & SETTING Participants are EA and their caregivers (N = 891) who participated in the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN). METHODS Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), parenting attitudes, and caregiver-child relationship quality and involvement were assessed. Mediators of racial/ethnic group differences were tested using Structural Equation Modeling with bias-corrected confidence intervals based on 1000 bootstrapped samples. RESULTS Black EA had less appropriate developmental expectations and perceptions of family roles, empathy toward children, and rejection of physical punishment, compared to White EA. Latinx EA also had less empathy toward children compared to White EA. Caregivers' parenting attitudes mediated group differences, beyond ACEs and relationship quality and involvement. Significant mediation effects include: appropriate developmental expectations, R2 = 0.08, p < .05; rejection of physical punishment, R2 = 0.06, p < .05; appropriate family roles, R2 = 0.16, p < .05; and empathy toward children, R2 = 0.15, p < .05, for Black relative to White EA, as well as, empathy toward children, R2 = 0.12, p < .05, for Latinx relative to White EA. CONCLUSION Findings highlight the mediating role of intergenerational transmission of parenting attitudes for explaining racial-ethnic differences and supporting positive parenting practices in diverse communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreen S Magariño
- Florida International University, Department of Psychology, 11200 S.W. 8th Street, DM 269B, Miami, FL, 33199, United States.
| | - Meghan C Evans
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, United States
| | - Jacqueline B Duong
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, United States
| | - Feion Villodas
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, United States
| | - Miguel T Villodas
- Florida International University, Department of Psychology, 11200 S.W. 8th Street, DM 269B, Miami, FL, 33199, United States; San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, United States
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22
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Kaferly J, Furniss A, Allison MA. Transmission of Intergenerational Parenting Attitudes and Natural Mentorship: Associations Within the LONGSCAN population. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 108:104662. [PMID: 32861028 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that families transmit child maltreatment and parenting attitudes. Natural mentorship may mediate intergenerational parenting attitudes' risk for maltreatment but has not been studied. OBJECTIVE To compare parenting attitudes between adolescents exposed to or at risk for maltreatment and their caregivers and to determine if natural mentorship mediates differences in parenting attitudes' maltreatment risk. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The study included 779 children and their caregivers from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN) study, METHODS: Standardized measures assessed parenting attitudes, natural mentorship and demographic characteristics. Repeated measures, multivariable logistic regressions were used to predict low risk parenting attitudes for maltreatment among adolescents with and without natural mentors. RESULTS In adjusted analysis, natural mentorship did not predict an adolescent having low risk parenting attitudes when their caregivers had moderate or high risk attitudes: appropriate empathy adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.52 -3.01; appropriate expectations aOR = 1.35; CI 0.62-2.93; physical punishment rejection aOR = 1.74; CI 0.78-3.88; and appropriate roles aOR = 1.11; CI 0.57-2.18. Low risk caregiver parenting attitudes for appropriate empathy related to adolescents having low risk empathy attitudes (aOR = 2.89; CI 1.31-6.37). Male gender, African American race and Hispanic ethnicity were negatively associated with an adolescent having low risk parenting attitudes for maltreatment. CONCLUSIONS Natural mentorship did not mediate adolescent parenting attitudes. While prevention and intervention strategies should include natural mentoring given positive health impacts, services must be cognizant of and designed for gender, racial and ethnic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kaferly
- Department of Pediatrics, Denver Health Medical Center, 501 E. 28th Street, Denver, CO, 80205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Colorado, Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Anna Furniss
- Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science (ACCORDS), Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Mandy A Allison
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Colorado, Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science (ACCORDS), Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Herbell K, Bloom T. A Qualitative Metasynthesis of Mothers' Adverse Childhood Experiences and Parenting Practices. J Pediatr Health Care 2020; 34:409-417. [PMID: 32674884 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the known prevalence and detrimental health outcomes associated with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), extant literature has rarely focused on the impact of ACEs on mothers' parenting practices. The purpose of this metasynthesis was to synthesize qualitative studies to understand how mothers with a history of ACEs parent their children. METHOD A systematic search was conducted across five databases with 11 studies meeting eligibilty criteria. Relevant data were extracted and analyzed with qualitative description. RESULTS Six subthemes and three themes emerged from the data. Themes included breaking the cycle, parent and child well-being, and supporting mothers. All mothers described strategies to protect their children, with some describing hypervigilant parenting practices. Mothers discussed worries about appropriate discipline and a pervasive fear of community-based services for fear of removal of the child. Across studies, mothers described their current support system and offered several suggestions for formal support services. DISCUSSION This metasynthesis provides the synthesized perspectives of traumatized mothers' parenting practices, which may inform future interventions.
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Greene CA, Haisley L, Wallace C, Ford JD. Intergenerational effects of childhood maltreatment: A systematic review of the parenting practices of adult survivors of childhood abuse, neglect, and violence. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 80:101891. [PMID: 32745835 PMCID: PMC7476782 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A history of maltreatment in childhood may influence adults' parenting practices, potentially affecting their children. This systematic review examines 97 studies investigating associations of parental childhood victimization with a range of parenting behaviors that may contribute to the intergenerational effects of abuse: abusive parenting, problematic parenting, positive parenting, and positive parental affect. Key findings include: (1) parents who report experiencing physical abuse or witnessing violence in the home during childhood are at increased risk for reporting that they engage in abusive or neglectful parenting; (2) a cumulative effect of maltreatment experiences, such that adults who report experiencing multiple types or repeated instances of victimization are at greatest risk for perpetrating child abuse; (3) associations between reported childhood maltreatment experiences and parents' problematic role reversal with, rejection of, and withdrawal from their children; (4) indirect effects between reported childhood maltreatment and abusive parenting via adult intimate partner violence; and (5) indirect effects between reported childhood maltreatment and lower levels of positive parenting behaviors and affect via mothers' mental health. Thus, childhood experiences of maltreatment may alter parents' ability to avoid negative and utilize positive parenting practices. Limitations of this body of literature include few prospective studies, an overreliance on adults' self-report of their childhood victimization and current parenting, and little examination of potentially differential associations for mothers and fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Greene
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | | | - Cara Wallace
- University of Hartford, 200 Bloomfield Avenue, West, Hartford, CT 06117, USA
| | - Julian D Ford
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Bailhache M, Alioum A, Salmi LR. Perception of Physical Child Abuse Among Parents and Professionals in a French Emergency Department. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:2825-2845. [PMID: 29294733 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517705663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
France has not prohibited all forms of corporal punishment, and the point at which an act is regarded as physical abuse is not clearly determined. The aim of our study was to compare perception of a caregiver's violent behavior toward his child by professionals and parents in an emergency department and determine characteristics associated with that perception. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2013 to October 2014 in the emergency department of the pediatric university hospital in Bordeaux, France. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire, including vignettes describing hypothetical situations of violent interaction between a parent and child, and items related to sociodemographic and family characteristics, was administered to professionals and parents. Vignettes included varying child's age and behavior, frequency of caregiver's behavior, hitting with/without an object, and targeted child's body part. Violent behavior was restricted to hitting for reasons of feasibility. Respondents were asked to rate the acceptability of situations on a 100-mm visual analog scale. Analyses were multivariate mixed Poisson regressions. A total of 1,001 participants assessed the vignettes. Participants were predominantly females (64%), married or living with a partner (87%), with a median age of 34 years. Professionals assessed vignettes as acceptable significantly more than parents (mean rating 2.8 times higher; p < .001). For both professionals and parents, all vignette characteristics were significantly associated with acceptability. Parents who had a child below 1 year old, those who had visited an emergency department many times in the past year, and those who had fewer children were less tolerant. Such findings indicate the need for additional research to better appreciate consequences and severity of violent behavior toward children, and the need to educate parents and professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Bailhache
- CHU de Bordeaux, Pole de pédiatrie, France
- Université de Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U-1219, Bordeaux Population Health, France
| | - Ahmadou Alioum
- Université de Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U-1219, Bordeaux Population Health, France
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U-1219 Bordeaux Population Health, France
| | - Louis-Rachid Salmi
- Université de Bordeaux, ISPED, Centre INSERM U-1219, Bordeaux Population Health, France
- INSERM, ISPED, Centre INSERM U-1219 Bordeaux Population Health, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Pole de sante publique, Service d'information medicale, France
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Adkins T, Reisz S, Doerge K, Nulu S. Adverse Childhood Experience histories in foster parents: Connections to foster children's emotional and behavioral difficulties. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 104:104475. [PMID: 32272339 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are known risk factors for negative health and behavioral outcomes, including caregiving. Foster parents are key to supporting foster children, yet there is limited research on their ACE history and how it might relate to their foster children's behavior. OBJECTIVE This study addressed three research questions: (1) What are ACE totals in this sample of foster parents and how do they compare with the original CDC-Kaiser study? (2) Does foster parents' ACE exposure relate to foster child behavior? (3) Is the relation between foster parents' ACEs and children's challenging behaviors different based on the specific ACE? PARTICIPANTS & SETTING Participants were 89 foster parents (age M = 43.3 years) and 50 of their foster children (age M = 10 years) in central Texas. Children have been in their current placements for an average of 11 months (range 1 month to 4.7 years). METHODS Foster parents completed demographics, the ACE Questionnaire (Felitti et al., 1998) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997). RESULTS Results showed over 40 % of foster parents in this sample reported 2+ ACEs and 20 % reported 4+ ACEs. Foster parents' total ACEs related to foster children's emotional problems (β = .27, p = .02), conduct problems (β = .28, p = .01), and hyperactivity-inattention (β = .25, p = .03). Certain ACEs related more strongly to child outcomes than others. CONCLUSIONS Foster parents may have a higher ACE exposure than the general population. Foster parents' ACEs were associated with foster children's challenging behaviors. Future research should investigate the mechanism of this connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Adkins
- University of Texas at Austin, Steve Hicks School of Social Work, Texas Institute for Child & Family Wellbeing, 1823 Red River St Ste 1.206, Austin, TX, 78701, United States.
| | - Samantha Reisz
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, 108 E Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX, 78712, United States.
| | - Kaitlyn Doerge
- University of Texas at Austin, Steve Hicks School of Social Work, Texas Institute for Child & Family Wellbeing, 1823 Red River St Ste 1.206, Austin, TX, 78701, United States.
| | - Swetha Nulu
- University of Texas at Austin, Steve Hicks School of Social Work, Texas Institute for Child & Family Wellbeing, 1823 Red River St Ste 1.206, Austin, TX, 78701, United States.
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Merrick JS, Labella MH, Narayan AJ, Desjardins CD, Barnes AJ, Masten AS. The Child Life Challenges Scale (CLCS): Associations of a Single-Item Rating of Global Child Adversity with Children's Total Life Stressors and Parent's Childhood Adversity. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 7:E33. [PMID: 32290263 PMCID: PMC7230288 DOI: 10.3390/children7040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many existing measures tabulate specific risk factors to yield cumulative risk indices, there is a need for low-burden strategies to estimate general adversity exposure. AIMS AND METHODS This study introduces a brief, new measure of lifetime adversity, the Child Life Challenges Scale (CLCS), and examines its validity in a sample of parents and children residing in emergency housing. The CLCS comprises a single global item for rating cumulative life challenges utilizing either a paper-pencil scale or a sliding scale on a tablet. Parents are provided with anchor examples of mild and extreme challenges and asked to mark a location along the scale reflecting number and severity of challenges in their children's lives to date. Study participants included 99 parents and their 3- to 6-year-old children. RESULTS CLCS scores were moderately associated with children's parent-reported total life stressors, and these associations were robust to controls for parental history of adversity, parental distress, and family demographics. Control variables also did not moderate associations between CLCS scores and total life stressors, suggesting that the CLCS functions similarly across a range of sociodemographic risk. Paper-pencil and tablet versions showed similar convergent validity. CONCLUSION The CLCS shows promise as an efficient measure for estimating children's lifetime adversity with minimal parent or administrator burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madelyn H. Labella
- Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
| | - Angela J. Narayan
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA;
| | | | - Andrew J. Barnes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Ann S. Masten
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
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28
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Acker ML, Nicholson J, DeVoe ER. Mothering very young children after wartime deployment: A case report. Infant Ment Health J 2020; 41:313-326. [PMID: 32242949 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Parenting very young children in the context of military service, deployment separations, and war-related trauma can be challenging for many families. Female active duty personnel represent one of the fastest growing segments of the military, and recent policy changes have led women to pursue serving in combat positions at much higher rates. While not much is known about service member mothers, some studies have shown that they experience significant symptoms of distress, depression, and anxiety during the deployment cycle, feelings of disconnection from family during reintegration, and higher rates of childhood trauma histories than their male counterparts. Service member mothers who experience the combined stressors of deployment separation, combat exposure, and adverse childhood experiences-a triple threat-may be at serious risk of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptomatology, which can negatively influence the quality and nature of their parenting and parent-child relationships. This case report describes the participation of a young single service member mother and her preschool-aged daughter in a home-based, reintegration program designed for military families with very young children (ages 0-5). The paper illustrates how this relationship-based, reflective parenting intervention was effective in increasing the mother's sense of competence in her parenting and strengthening the parent-child relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Acker
- Private Practice, Newton, Massachusetts.,Boston University School of Social Work, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Ellen R DeVoe
- Boston University School of Social Work, Boston, Massachusetts
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29
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Jahng KE. South Korean mothers' childhood abuse experience and their abuse of their children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: Moderating effect of parenting self-efficacy. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 101:104324. [PMID: 31865276 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A history of childhood abuse has been found to adversely affect the transition to motherhood. Compared to other children, children with intellectual and developmental disabilities are at higher risk of being maltreated at home. However, maternal parenting self-efficacy has been found to improve mothers' positive interactions with their children. OBJECTIVE Given that, this study examined the moderating effect of maternal parenting self-efficacy on the relationship between mothers' childhood abuse experience and their abuse of their children with IDDs. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants include 134 South Korean mothers with children between 2 and 8 years of age with intellectual and developmental disabilities. METHOD Mothers' childhood abuse experience was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, which measures the extent of mothers' exposure to parental abuse in their childhood. Parenting self-efficacy was measured using the Echelle Globle du Sentiment de Competence Parentale (EGSCP). The Abusive Parenting scale was used to assess mothers' abusive parenting; it measured the degree to which mothers had ever either physically or emotionally abused their children. RESULTS The moderating effects of parenting self-efficacy on the relationships between childhood emotional abuse and abusive parenting (B = -.06, t(126) = -2.33, p = .022, 95 % CI[-.1142, -.0092]) and between childhood physical abuse and abusive parenting (B = -.07, t(126) = -2.64, p = .009, 95 % CI[-.1283, -.0184]) were significant. CONCLUSIONS These findings emphasize the importance of helping mothers with a history of abuse alleviate parental stress arising from raising children with IDDs by enhancing their parenting self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Eun Jahng
- Department of Child and Family Studies, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyunghee daero, Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Hoffman
- Pacella Research Center, New York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute
- West End Day School, NYC
| | - Tracy A. Prout
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University
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31
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Prguda E, Burke K. All eyes on me as a parent: Professionals' and Offenders' views on parenting challenges and barriers to accessing parenting services. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 99:104226. [PMID: 31731140 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intergenerational transmission of ineffective parenting practices and the cycle of crime are well documented. Despite this, insufficient research has examined parenting support services for parents who are involved in the Criminal Justice System (CJS), particularly community corrections. Research suggests that barriers exist to offender parents utilizing support services in the community, including parenting services. OBJECTIVE This study examined the key barriers that prevent offender parents from accessing parenting services in the community, pathways to parenting support for parents through Corrective Services and community agencies, and the key parenting challenges that parents experience. METHOD, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS 14 focus groups were conducted in Australia with professional staff from Corrective Services' Probation and Parole (n = 53), community agencies (n = 9), and parents serving community-based corrections orders (n = 8). RESULTS Inductive thematic analysis led to the identification of five themes that elucidate the key barriers to service access and parenting challenges including: insufficient available parenting programs, concerns and fear of child protection, intergenerational parenting problems, multiple presenting issues, and the fear of being judged. Overall, there was strong convergence in perspectives between professionals and parents, the key difference pertained to parental perceptions of child protection interventions. CONCLUSIONS In addition to their empirical contribution, the findings have resulted in recommendations on how to address barriers to service access, improve parent engagement and improve the implementation of evidence-based parenting programs for CJS-involved parents in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emina Prguda
- Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Kylie Burke
- Parenting and Family Support Centre, School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
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32
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Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences, Family Strengths, and Chronic Stress in Children. Nurs Res 2019; 68:189-199. [PMID: 30789545 DOI: 10.1097/nnr.0000000000000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers have demonstrated that maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as abuse and neglect, are associated with prenatal risk factors and poor infant development. However, associations with child physiologic and health outcomes, including biomarkers of chronic or "toxic" stress, have not yet been explored. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine the associations among past maternal experiences, current maternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and children's indicators of exposure to chronic stress in a multiethnic sample of mothers and children at early school age (4 to 9 years). METHODS This cross-sectional study included maternal-child dyads (N = 54) recruited from urban community health centers in New Haven, Connecticut. Mothers reported history of ACEs, family strengths, and current PTSD symptoms. Child measures included biomarkers and health and developmental outcomes associated with chronic stress. Correlational and regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS Childhood trauma in mothers was associated with higher systolic blood pressure percentile (ρ = .29, p = .03) and behavioral problems (ρ = .47, p = .001) in children, while maternal history of family strengths was associated with lower salivary interleukin (IL)-1β (ρ = -.27, p = .055), salivary IL-6 (ρ = -.27, p = .054), and body mass index z-scores (ρ = -.29, p = .03) in children. Maternal PTSD symptoms were associated with more child behavioral problems (ρ = .57, p < .001) and higher odds of asthma history (ρ = .30, p = .03). DISCUSSION Results indicate that past maternal experiences may have important influences on a child's health and affect his or her risk for experiencing toxic stress.
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33
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Lange BC, Condon EM, Gardner F. A systematic review of the association between the childhood sexual abuse experiences of mothers and the abuse status of their children: Protection strategies, intergenerational transmission, and reactions to the abuse of their children. Soc Sci Med 2019; 233:113-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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34
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Rodriguez CM, Wittig SMO. Psychometric Evaluation of a Brief Assessment of Parents' Disciplinary Alternatives. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2019; 28:1490-1501. [PMID: 31772489 PMCID: PMC6879056 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-019-01387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The majority of strategies designed to assess parental discipline practices typically focus on ineffective or adverse discipline options. When more comprehensive measures are utilized, parents are often expressly asked to report their use of nonphysical discipline options but such an approach signals to parents that they should report implementing such choices, thereby rendering it susceptible to social desirability. METHODS Rather than cueing parents with possible discipline options, the Production of Discipline Alternatives (PDA) is a very brief parent-report coding scheme of the discipline options parents freely generate to an open-ended question after reading a short vignette. The current study investigated the inter-rater reliability and stability as well as concurrent and predictive validity from the coding of this brief qualitative prompt using three waves of longitudinal data collected from mothers and fathers (prenatally, child age 6 months, and child age 18 months). RESULTS Findings demonstrated strong inter-rater reliability (between independent coders) and stability of discipline alternatives provided by parents across nearly two years. Concurrent and predictive validity were also observed; specifically, mothers and fathers who generated proportionally more physical discipline options were more likely to approve of physical discipline, to be inclined to punish perceived misbehavior, to prefer authoritarian parenting approaches, to evidence greater child abuse risk, and to report more frequent use of physical discipline. CONCLUSIONS The current findings imply the PDA may have research utility as well as potential value in screenings at primary and integrated care settings relevant for prevention and intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shannon M O Wittig
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Maria-Ernestina Christl University of Denver
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35
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Lange BCL, Callinan LS, Smith MV. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Their Relation to Parenting Stress and Parenting Practices. Community Ment Health J 2019; 55:651-662. [PMID: 30194589 PMCID: PMC6447511 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-018-0331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to understand the relationship between the early adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) of parents and their later parenting stress and practices. At the baseline visit of an 8-week course of cognitive behavioral therapy, parenting women completed the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) and the Positive Parenting Practices (PPP) scale. Linear regression procedures were used to assess the relationship between a parent's own early experience of ACEs and current parenting stress and practices, including if there was a dose-response relationship. For the PSI-SF, significant dose-response relationships were observed between ACEs and the PSI Total Stress score (p < 0.05) and the difficult child subscale (p < 0.05). Additionally, a relationship was suggested with the parental distress subscale (p < 0.10). No significant relationships were found between ACEs and the parent-child dysfunctional interaction subscale of the PSI-SF or the PPP scale. Given the association observed between ACEs and parenting stress, it is important that future psychosocial interventions and policy initiatives preventing ACEs are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany C L Lange
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention, University of Oxford, Barnett House, 32 Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2ER, UK.
| | - Laura S Callinan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Megan V Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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36
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Chamberlain C, Gee G, Harfield S, Campbell S, Brennan S, Clark Y, Mensah F, Arabena K, Herrman H, Brown S. Parenting after a history of childhood maltreatment: A scoping review and map of evidence in the perinatal period. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213460. [PMID: 30865679 PMCID: PMC6415835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Child maltreatment is a global health priority affecting up to half of all children worldwide, with profound and ongoing impacts on physical, social and emotional wellbeing. The perinatal period (pregnancy to two years postpartum) is critical for parents with a history of childhood maltreatment. Parents may experience ‘triggering’ of trauma responses during perinatal care or caring for their distressed infant. The long-lasting relational effects may impede the capacity of parents to nurture their children and lead to intergenerational cycles of trauma. Conversely, the perinatal period offers a unique life-course opportunity for parental healing and prevention of child maltreatment. This scoping review aims to map perinatal evidence regarding theories, intergenerational pathways, parents’ views, interventions and measurement tools involving parents with a history of maltreatment in their own childhoods. Methods and results We searched Medline, Psychinfo, Cinahl and Embase to 30/11/2016. We screened 6701 articles and included 55 studies (74 articles) involving more than 20,000 parents. Most studies were conducted in the United States (42/55) and involved mothers only (43/55). Theoretical constructs include: attachment, social learning, relational-developmental systems, family-systems and anger theories; ‘hidden trauma’, resilience, post-traumatic growth; and ‘Child Sexual Assault Healing’ and socioecological models. Observational studies illustrate sociodemographic and mental health protective and risk factors that mediate/moderate intergenerational pathways to parental and child wellbeing. Qualitative studies provide rich descriptions of parental experiences and views about healing strategies and support. We found no specific perinatal interventions for parents with childhood maltreatment histories. However, several parenting interventions included elements which address parental history, and these reported positive effects on parent wellbeing. We found twenty-two assessment tools for identifying parental childhood maltreatment history or impact. Conclusions Perinatal evidence is available to inform development of strategies to support parents with a history of child maltreatment. However, there is a paucity of applied evidence and evidence involving fathers and Indigenous parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Chamberlain
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Graham Gee
- Victorian Aboriginal Health Service, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Harfield
- Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sandra Campbell
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Indigenous Health Equity Research, Central Queensland University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sue Brennan
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yvonne Clark
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Hughes, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Fiona Mensah
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kerry Arabena
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Herrman
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie Brown
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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37
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Zarse EM, Neff MR, Yoder R, Hulvershorn L, Chambers JE, Chambers RA. The adverse childhood experiences questionnaire: Two decades of research on childhood trauma as a primary cause of adult mental illness, addiction, and medical diseases. COGENT MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2019.1581447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Zarse
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Midtown Mental Health Center/Eskenazi Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mallory R. Neff
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Division of Child Psychiatry, Riley Hospital, IU School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rachel Yoder
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Division of Child Psychiatry, Riley Hospital, IU School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leslie Hulvershorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Division of Child Psychiatry, Riley Hospital, IU School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Joanna E. Chambers
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Midtown Mental Health Center/Eskenazi Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R. Andrew Chambers
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Midtown Mental Health Center/Eskenazi Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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38
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Maternal history of childhood maltreatment and later parenting behavior: A meta-analysis. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 31:9-21. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418001542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractExposure to maltreatment during childhood (CM) can have deleterious effects throughout the life span of an individual. A parent's history of child maltreatment can also impact his or her own parenting behavior. Theoretically, parents who experienced maltreatment as children may have fewer resources to cope with the challenges of childrearing and may adopt more problematic parenting behaviors. However, empirical studies examining the association between CM and later parenting behavior have yielded mixed results. The aim of this study is to conduct a meta-analysis of studies that have examined the association between exposure to CM and the subsequent parenting outcomes of mothers of 0- to 6-year-old children. A secondary aim is to examine the potential impact of both conceptual and methodological moderators. A total of 32 studies (27 samples, 41 effect sizes, 17,932 participants) were retained for analysis. Results revealed that there is a small but statistically significant association between maternal exposure to CM and parenting behavior (r = –.13, p < .05). Moderator analyses revealed that effect sizes were larger when parenting measures involved relationship-based or negative, potentially abusive behaviors, when samples had a greater number of boys compared to girls, and when studies were older versus more recent. Results are discussed as they relate to the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment and abuse.
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39
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Klevens J, Kollar LM, Rizzo G, O’Shea G, Nguyen J, Roby S. Commonalities and Differences in Social Norms Related to Corporal Punishment Among Black, Latino and White Parents. CHILD & ADOLESCENT SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL : C & A 2019; 36:19-28. [PMID: 32327878 PMCID: PMC7177180 DOI: 10.1007/s10560-018-0591-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To establish commonalities and differences in social norms related to corporal punishment among Black, Latino, and White parents, we first examine survey data from a random sample of a nationally representative opt-in internet panel (n = 2500) to establish the frequency of corporal punishment among parents of children under five (n = 540) and their perceptions of the frequency of use of corporal punishment in their community and whether they ought to use corporal punishment. We disaggregate by race/ethnicity and education to identify higher risk groups. To better understand the beliefs underlying these perceptions among the higher risk group (i.e., less educated), we used a grounded theory approach to analyze data from 13 focus groups (n = 75) segmented by race/ethnicity (i.e., Black, Latino, or White), gender (i.e., mothers or fathers), and population density (i.e., rural or urban). Survey findings revealed that 63% of parents spanked, albeit the majority seldom or sometimes. Spanking was most frequent among Latinos (73%) and lowest among White parents (59%). While all participants across racial/ethnic groups believed the majority of parents spanked, even more than the proportion that actually do, about half believed they ought to spank. Perceptions of the frequency and acceptability of corporal punishment were associated with use of corporal punishment. The qualitative findings highlight more similarities than differences across Black, Latino, and White communities. The findings suggest social norms change efforts might focus on parents with less education and influencing perceptions around whether they ought to spank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Klevens
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Mailstop F63, Atlanta, GA 30341,
USA
| | - Laura Mercer Kollar
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Mailstop F63, Atlanta, GA 30341,
USA
| | - Genevieve Rizzo
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta,
GA, USA
| | - Gerad O’Shea
- Applied Curiosity Research, Long Island City, NY, USA
| | | | - Sarah Roby
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Mailstop F63, Atlanta, GA 30341,
USA
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40
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Yoon Y, Cederbaum JA, Mennen FE, Traube DE, Chou CP, Lee JO. Linkage between teen mother's childhood adversity and externalizing behaviors in their children at age 11: Three aspects of parenting. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 88:326-336. [PMID: 30554124 PMCID: PMC6661175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experiences of childhood adversity are consistently associated with compromised behavioral health later in life. Less clear is the intergenerational influence of maternal childhood adversity on developmental outcome in children. Completely unknown are the mechanisms linking teen mother's childhood adversity to child developmental outcomes. OBJECTIVE The present study tested whether aspects of parenting (parenting stress, physical discipline, and disagreement with grandparents) served as the pathways between teen mother's childhood adversity and the externalizing behaviors of their offspring at age 11, by gender. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data were from a longitudinal panel study of teen mothers and their children, the Young Women and Child Development Study (N = 495; 57% male). METHODS The pathways from teen mother's childhood adversity to their offspring's externalizing behavior were tested by two subscales: rule-breaking behavior and aggressive behavior. In addition, multiple-group analysis was examined for potential gender differences. RESULTS Teen mother's childhood adversity was positively associated with greater use of parenting stress (β = 0.16, p < .01) and physical discipline (β=0.11, p < .05). In addition, parenting stress, physical discipline, and disagreement with grandparent were all associated with increased rule-breaking and aggressive behaviors in children. Multiple group analysis revealed that the path between physical discipline and externalizing behavior differed by gender, with the path only significant for girls. CONCLUSIONS These findings have implications for early intervention efforts that emphasize the need to intervene with children and parents, particularly helping teen mothers gain knowledge and skills to offset the impact of their experiences of childhood adversity on their parenting behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoewon Yoon
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Department of Children, Youth, and Families, Los Angeles, CA, 669 W. 34th Street, 90089, United States.
| | - Julie A Cederbaum
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Department of Children, Youth, and Families, Los Angeles, CA, 669 W. 34th Street, 90089, United States
| | - Ferol E Mennen
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Department of Children, Youth, and Families, Los Angeles, CA, 669 W. 34th Street, 90089, United States
| | - Dorian E Traube
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Department of Children, Youth, and Families, Los Angeles, CA, 669 W. 34th Street, 90089, United States
| | - Chih-Ping Chou
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N. Soto. Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, United States
| | - Jungeun Olivia Lee
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, Department of Children, Youth, and Families, Los Angeles, CA, 669 W. 34th Street, 90089, United States
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41
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Berzenski SR, Madden AR, Yates TM. Childhood emotional abuse characteristics moderate associations with adult psychopathology and caregiving. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 87:77-87. [PMID: 29945739 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As the consequences of childhood maltreatment for adult adjustment become increasingly established in the literature, investigations of individual differences in these effects must evolve to examine more nuanced components of the maltreatment experience. This is particularly true for studies of childhood emotional abuse (CEA), which represents an umbrella label for numerous qualitatively different experiences. The present study examined the distinct contributions and potential interactive effects of CEA frequency and intensity on adult psychopathology, caregiving behaviors, and caregivers' representations of the caregiver-child relationship in a diverse sample of 62 female caregivers of 4-year-old children, all of whom had experienced CEA. Frequency and intensity emerged as orthogonal characteristics of CEA with differential effects on adult adaptation. Higher CEA frequency predicted increased adult psychopathology, whereas higher CEA intensity predicted increased boundary dissolution in caregivers' representations. Further, an interaction between frequency and intensity predicted negativity in caregivers' representations, such that higher frequency of high intensity, but not low intensity, CEA predicted decreased negativity. Neither frequency nor intensity of CEA predicted observed caregiving behaviors. These results provide evidence that characteristics of CEA signal important differences in its experience, with differential implications for later adjustment. The specific differences in caregiving representations associated with high vs. low intensity CEA suggest that diverging mechanisms by which these experiences eventuate in adult outcomes should also be investigated. Above all, this study suggests that the measurement of CEA, and childhood maltreatment broadly, will benefit from enhanced attention to specific characteristics of individuals' experiences.
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The impact of childhood trauma and psychophysiological reactivity on at-risk women's adjustment to parenthood. Dev Psychopathol 2018; 31:127-141. [PMID: 30585566 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418001591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have an impact on women's adaptation to parenthood, but mechanisms are poorly understood. Autonomic nervous system reactivity was tested as a potential mediating mechanism in a sample of 193 at-risk primiparous women. ACEs were measured retrospectively during pregnancy. A baby cry-response task was administered during pregnancy while indicators of sympathetic reactivity (pre-ejection period; PEP) and parasympathetic reactivity (respiratory sinus arrhythmia; RSA) were recorded. Parenting self-efficacy, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were measured during pregnancy and 1 year after giving birth. Harsh discipline was measured 2 years after giving birth. Structural equation modeling was employed to test whether baseline PEP and RSA and reactivity mediated links between ACEs and postnatal outcomes, adjusted for prenatal variables. High ACEs predicted less RSA reactivity (p = .02), which subsequently predicted increases in depressive symptoms (p = .03). The indirect effect was not significant (p = .06). There was no indirect link between high ACEs and harsh parenting through PEP nor RSA (n = 98). The parasympathetic nervous system may be involved in negative affective responses in the transition to parenthood among women exposed to childhood trauma.
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Rodriguez CM, Silvia PJ, Gonzalez S, Christl ME. Disentangling the Cycle: Potential Mediators and Moderators in the Intergenerational Transmission of Parent-Child Aggression. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2018; 23:254-268. [PMID: 29682976 PMCID: PMC6734552 DOI: 10.1177/1077559518767571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although a cycle of harsh and abusive parenting has been recognized for decades, this cycle is not inevitable. Indeed, the mechanisms underlying such patterns, and the resources parents may access to disrupt this cycle, require further study. Research investigating those processes has either relied on cross-sectional designs or largely assessed mediators or moderators at one time point. The current investigation of parent-child aggression (PCA) risk utilized a longitudinal design to consider possible mediators and moderators across three time points. Mothers and fathers reported on their personal history of physical and psychological abuse during the last trimester of the mother's pregnancy; their PCA risk was assessed concurrently when their child was 6 months and when their child was 18 months. Current findings support several mediators for mothers, although fewer for fathers, prenatally, but mediation was not observed across time. Similarly, several moderators of the effect of personal history of physical and psychological aggression on PCA risk were identified prenatally but not across time. Thus, several qualities believed to account for, or mitigate, the intergenerational transmission of PCA may not be consistent-underscoring the continued need to identify factors that account for the cyclical process versus what may interrupt intergenerational transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul J. Silvia
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Samantha Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Schickedanz A, Halfon N, Sastry N, Chung PJ. Parents' Adverse Childhood Experiences and Their Children's Behavioral Health Problems. Pediatrics 2018; 142:e20180023. [PMID: 29987168 PMCID: PMC6317990 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
: media-1vid110.1542/5789654354001PEDS-VA_2018-0023Video Abstract BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) include stressful and potentially traumatic events associated with higher risk of long-term behavioral problems and chronic illnesses. Whether parents' ACE counts (an index of standard ACEs) confer intergenerational risk to their children's behavioral health is unknown. In this study, we estimate the risk of child behavioral problems as a function of parent ACE counts. METHODS We obtained retrospective information on 9 ACEs self-reported by parents and parent reports of their children's (1) behavioral problems (using the Behavior Problems Index [BPI]), (2) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis, and (3) emotional disturbance diagnosis from the 2013 Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) core interview and the linked PSID Childhood Retrospective Circumstances Study and 2014 PSID Child Development Supplement. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to estimate child behavioral health outcomes by parent retrospective ACE count. RESULTS Children of parents with a history of 4 or more ACEs had on average a 2.3-point (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-3.2) higher score on the BPI, 2.1 times (95% CI: 1.1-3.8) higher odds of hyperactivity, and 4.2 times (95% CI: 1.7-10.8) higher odds of an emotional disturbance diagnosis than children of parents with no ACEs. Maternal ACEs revealed a stronger association with child behavior problems than paternal ACEs. Relationships between parents' 9 component ACEs individually and children's BPI scores revealed consistently positive associations. Mediation by parent emotional distress and aggravation were observed. CONCLUSIONS Parents with greater exposure to ACEs are more likely to have children with behavioral health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neal Halfon
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine and
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Narayan Sastry
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul J Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine and
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and
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Lê-Scherban F, Wang X, Boyle-Steed KH, Pachter LM. Intergenerational Associations of Parent Adverse Childhood Experiences and Child Health Outcomes. Pediatrics 2018; 141:peds.2017-4274. [PMID: 29784755 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-4274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) robustly predict future morbidity and mortality. Researchers are just beginning to investigate intergenerational effects. We hypothesize there are intergenerational associations between parent ACE exposure and worse child health, health behaviors, and health care access and use. METHODS We linked data from 2 population-based cross-sectional telephone surveys in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that were used to ask parents about their past exposure to ACEs and their child's health, respectively. Participants were 350 parent-child dyads. Logistic regression models adjusted for parent and child characteristics. Parent ACE score was used to summarize indicators of parents' childhood adversity. Child health outcomes were poor overall health status, asthma diagnosis, obesity, low fruit and vegetable consumption, any soda consumption, inadequate physical activity, excessive television watching, no health insurance, no usual source of health care, and no dental examination in past 12 months. RESULTS Of adult participants, 80% were female participants and 45% were non-Latino African American. Eighty-five percent of parents had experienced ≥1 ACE and 18% had experienced ≥6 ACEs. In adjusted models, each additional parent ACE was associated with higher odds of poor child overall health status (odds ratio [OR] = 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07-1.32), asthma (OR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.05-1.30), and excessive television watching (OR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.05-1.28). CONCLUSIONS The full scope of the health effects of ACEs may not be limited to the exposed individual, highlighting the need for a 2-generation approach to addressing the social determinants of child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félice Lê-Scherban
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Kathryn H Boyle-Steed
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Lee M Pachter
- Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
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Condon EM, Sadler LS, Mayes LC. Toxic stress and protective factors in multi-ethnic school age children: A research protocol. Res Nurs Health 2018; 41:97-106. [PMID: 29441597 PMCID: PMC5989308 DOI: 10.1002/nur.21851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to stressful environments in early childhood can cause a toxic stress response and lead to poor health outcomes, including obesity, cardiac disease, diabetes, and mental illness. In animals and maltreated children, the presence of a nurturing caregiver can buffer against the physiological disruptions associated with a toxic stress response; however, the specific caregiver and parenting characteristics that best promote a protective relationship in humans remain largely unexplored, particularly in families living in high-risk environments. In this study, framed in an ecobiodevelopmental (EBD) model, a cross-sectional design is being used to study 54 multi-ethnic, urban maternal-child dyads with children at early school age (4-9 years). Mothers' past experiences, mental health, and caregiving patterns and children's hair cortisol, C-reactive protein, pro-inflammatory cytokines, blood pressure, BMI, behavior, and school performance are being analyzed to identify maternal characteristics that may protect against children's toxic stress response in families at high risk for exposure to stressors such as poverty, trauma, or exposure to violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lois S. Sadler
- Yale School of Nursing, Orange, Connecticut
- Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, Connecticut
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Wang F, Wang M, Xing X. Attitudes mediate the intergenerational transmission of corporal punishment in China. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 76:34-43. [PMID: 29028536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed to examine the intergenerational transmission of corporal punishment and the role of parents' attitudes toward corporal punishment in the transmission processes in Chinese societies. Based on social-cognitive theory, it was hypothesized that parents' attitudes toward corporal punishment would mediate the transmission of corporal punishment. Seven hundred and eighty-five fathers and eight hundred and eleven mothers with elementary school-age children (data collected in winter 2009) were recruited through convenience sampling techniques. The Chinese version of Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale (CTSPC) and Attitude toward Physical Punishment Scale (ATPP) were used as the main assessment tools to measure parents' corporal punishment experiences in childhood, current use of corporal punishment and attitudes toward corporal punishment. Findings revealed that the strength of intergenerational transmission of corporal punishment was strong and parents' attitudes toward corporal punishment played a mediating role in the continuity of corporal punishment for both fathers and mothers in China. The findings highlighted the role of attitudes in the intergenerational transmission of corporal punishment within the Chinese cultural context and also suggested the need for intervention programs to focus on modification of maladaptive attitudes toward what is appropriate and effective discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Research Center for Child Development, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Meifang Wang
- Research Center for Child Development, College of Elementary Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China.
| | - Xiaopei Xing
- Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Research Center for Child Development, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, PR China.
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Spieker SJ, Oxford ML, Fleming CB, Lohr MJ. PARENTAL CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY, DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS, AND PARENTING QUALITY: EFFECTS ON TODDLER SELF-REGULATION IN CHILD WELFARE SERVICES INVOLVED FAMILIES. Infant Ment Health J 2017; 39:5-16. [PMID: 29266280 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Parents who are involved with child welfare services (CWSI) often have a history of childhood adversity and depressive symptoms. Both affect parenting quality, which in turn influences child adaptive functioning. We tested a model of the relations between parental depression and child regulatory outcomes first proposed by K. Lyons-Ruth, R. Wolfe, A. Lyubchik, and R. Steingard (2002). We hypothesized that both parental depression and parenting quality mediate the effects of parental early adversity on offspring regulatory outcomes. Participants were 123 CWSI parents and their toddlers assessed three times over a period of 6 months. At Time 1, parents reported on their childhood adversity and current depressive symptoms. At Time 2, parents' sensitivity to their child's distress and nondistress cues was rated from a videotaped teaching task. At Time 3, observers rated children's emotional regulation, orientation/engagement, and secure base behavior. The results of a path model partly supported the hypotheses. Parent childhood adversity was associated with current depressive symptoms, which in turn related to parent sensitivity to child distress, but not nondistress. Sensitivity to distress also predicted secure base behavior. Depression directly predicted orientation/engagement, also predicted by sensitivity to nondistress. Sensitivity to distress predicted emotion regulation and orientation/engagement. Results are discussed in terms of intervention approaches for CWSI families.
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Johnson K, Woodward A, Swenson S, Weis C, Gunderson M, Deling M, Cristiani V, Lynch B. Parents' adverse childhood experiences and mental health screening using home visiting programs: A pilot study. Public Health Nurs 2017; 34:522-530. [PMID: 28812324 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with adult high-risk behaviors and diseases. There is value in screening parents for ACEs given the repercussions parental ACEs may have on parenting behaviors and child development. The primary aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of parental ACE screening in the home setting. A secondary aim was to evaluate whether or not maternal ACEs correlated with maternal mental health measures. METHODS Two home visiting programs that support early childhood development and conduct parental mental health screening implemented ACE screening for parents of infants <1 year of age. Descriptive statistics were produced for population surveillance of ACEs as well as standard practice screens for depression, anxiety, substance use, and intimate partner violence. Logistic models were used to examine associations between ACE score and mental health measures. RESULTS A total of 110 parents completed the ACE screen. All possible ACE score outcomes were represented (0-10). A trend toward association of positive prenatal maternal depression screen with ACE score was identified (p = .05). CONCLUSION This novel prospective home-based screening program for parental ACEs was feasible and identified a trend toward increasing ACE score association with positive prenatal maternal depression screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Johnson
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alicia Woodward
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sadie Swenson
- Olmsted County Public Health Services, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Marilyn Deling
- Olmsted County Public Health Services, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Valeria Cristiani
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brian Lynch
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Chiocca EM. American Parents' Attitudes and Beliefs About Corporal Punishment: An Integrative Literature Review. J Pediatr Health Care 2017; 31:372-383. [PMID: 28202205 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Research on American parents' beliefs about the use of corporal punishment (CP) shows widespread approval of this child-rearing practice. This review integrated 25 research articles to gain a better understanding of what American parents believe about the use of CP as a method of child-rearing, where they get their information about CP, and if American parents' beliefs about CP translate to the actual use of CP. The results showed that the main factors that influence a parent's endorsement of CP is the belief that CP is normative and expected when raising a child; is a necessary part of parenting, even for infants; and that certain stressors involving interactions between the parent, child, and environment can elicit the use of CP. Further research is needed to determine what methods are effective in changing parents' attitudes and beliefs about the use of CP.
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