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Ren Y, Wang B, Yang H. The safety profile of azithromycin in pediatrics: a pharmacovigilance disproportionality analysis. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39679592 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2024.2443797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 10/31/2024] [Accepted: 11/08/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2024]
Abstract
AIM To mine and analyze adverse drug events (ADEs) signals of azithromycin use in children in the real world to inform the safety assessment of azithromycin use in children. METHODS ADE reports from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) involving children (0-17 years) with azithromycin as the primary suspected drug from 2004 to early 2024 were extracted. ADEs were categorized using MedDRA, and signal detection was conducted using Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR) and Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR). Arrhythmias and infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) were of special interest. RESULTS A total of 2203 ADE reports associated with azithromycin in children were collected, covering 271 cases across 24 organ systems. Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders were most common, with children more susceptible than adults. Arrhythmia reports increased from 2.8% to 3.2% after the FDA's 2013 black box warning. Ten IHPS cases were identified, mainly occurring in early infancy. CONCLUSION These findings provide crucial insights into the ADE profile of azithromycin in pediatric patients, supporting enhanced clinical vigilance and risk identification efforts. This study underscores the importance of monitoring both common and rare ADEs to ensure safer azithromycin use in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali City, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, DaLi University First Affiliated Hospital, DaLi City, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, DaLi University First Affiliated Hospital, DaLi City, Yunnan Province, China
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Aslam H, Lane M, Alverson B. It is Not Just Bad Luck: A Case Report Exploring Pyloric Stenosis in Twins. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2024; 63:1624-1627. [PMID: 38400725 DOI: 10.1177/00099228241234211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Hira Aslam
- Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Lane
- Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Alverson
- Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Lowe J, Gillespie D, Aboklaish A, Lau TMM, Consoli C, Babu M, Goddard M, Hood K, Klein N, Thomas-Jones E, Turner M, Hubbard M, Marchesi J, Berrington J, Kotecha S. Azithromycin therapy for prevention of chronic lung disease of prematurity (AZTEC): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2024; 12:608-618. [PMID: 38679042 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(24)00079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systematic reviews have reported conflicting evidence on whether macrolide antibiotics reduce rates of chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLD) in at-risk preterm infants born at less than 30 weeks' gestation, including in those colonised with pulmonary Ureaplasma spp. Since an adequately powered trial has been lacking, we aimed to assess if the macrolide azithromycin improved survival without the development of physiologically defined moderate or severe CLD in preterm infants. METHODS AZTEC was a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial conducted in 28 tertiary neonatal intensive care units in the UK. Infants were eligible if they were born at less than 30 weeks' gestation and had received at least 2 h of either non-invasive (continuous positive airway pressure or humidified high flow nasal cannula therapy) or invasive respiratory support (via endotracheal tube) within 72 h of birth. Eligible infants were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio using random permuted blocks of four to receive either intravenous azithromycin at 20 mg/kg per day for 3 days followed by 10 mg/kg for 7 days, or to placebo. Allocation was stratified by centre and gestational age at birth (<28 weeks vs ≥28 weeks). Azithromycin and placebo vials were encased in tamper-evident custom cardboard cartons to ensure masking for clinicians, parents, and the research team. The primary outcome was survival without development of physiologically defined moderate or severe CLD at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age. Outcomes and safety were analysed on an intention-to-treat basis (all randomly allocated infants, regardless of any post-randomisation events). The study was registered with ISRCRN (11650227) and is closed. FINDINGS Infants were recruited between Oct 9, 2019, and March 22, 2022. 799 (53·1%) of 1505 eligible infants underwent random allocation; three infants were withdrawn, including consent to use their data, leaving 796 infants for analysis. Survival without moderate or severe CLD occurred in 166 (42%) of 394 infants in the intervention group and 179 (45%) of 402 in the placebo group (three-level adjusted OR [aOR] 0·84, 95% CI 0·55-1·29, p=0·43). Pulmonary Ureaplasma spp colonisation did not influence treatment effect. Overall, seven serious adverse events were reported for the azithromycin group (five graded as severe, two as moderate), and six serious adverse events were reported in the placebo group (two severe, two moderate, and two mild), as assessed by the local principal investigators. INTERPRETATION Since prophylactic use of azithromycin did not improve survival without development of physiologically-defined CLD, regardless of Ureaplasma spp colonisation, it cannot be recommended in clinical practice. FUNDING UK National Institute for Health and Care Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lowe
- Centre For Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Ali Aboklaish
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Claudia Consoli
- Central Biotechnology Services, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Malavika Babu
- Centre For Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Mark Goddard
- Centre For Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Kerenza Hood
- Centre For Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nigel Klein
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Mark Turner
- Women and Children's Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marie Hubbard
- Neonatal Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Julian Marchesi
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Janet Berrington
- Neonatal Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Sailesh Kotecha
- Department of Child Health, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
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Bountogo M, Sié A, Zakane A, Compaoré G, Ouédraogo T, Lebas E, O’Brien KS, Lietman TM, Oldenburg CE. Neonatal anthropometric indicators of infant growth and mortality in Burkina Faso. Public Health Nutr 2024; 27:e123. [PMID: 38639113 PMCID: PMC11091928 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980024000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most evidence supporting screening for undernutrition is for children aged 6-59 months. However, the highest risk of mortality and highest incidence of wasting occurs in the first 6 months of life. We evaluated relationships between neonatal anthropometric indicators, including birth weight, weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ), weight-for-length Z-score (WLZ), length-for-age Z-score (LAZ) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and mortality and growth at 6 months of age among infants in Burkina Faso. DESIGN Data arose from a randomised controlled trial evaluating neonatal azithromycin administration for the prevention of child mortality. We evaluated relationships between baseline anthropometric measures and mortality, wasting (WLZ < -2), stunting (LAZ < -2) and underweight (WAZ < -2) at 6 months of age were estimated using logistic regression models adjusted for the child's age and sex. SETTING Five regions of Burkina Faso. PARTICIPANTS Infants aged 8-27 d followed until 6 months of age. RESULTS Of 21 832 infants enrolled in the trial, 7·9 % were low birth weight (<2500 g), 13·3 % were wasted, 7·7 % were stunted and 7·4 % were underweight at enrolment. All anthropometric deficits were associated with mortality by 6 months of age, with WAZ the strongest predictor (WAZ < -2 to ≥ -3 at enrolment v. WAZ ≥ -2: adjusted OR, 3·91, 95 % CI, 2·21, 6·56). Low WAZ was also associated with wasting, stunting, and underweight at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Interventions for identifying infants at highest risk of mortality and growth failure should consider WAZ as part of their screening protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Sié
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | | | - Elodie Lebas
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kieran Sunanda O’Brien
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Catherine E Oldenburg
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Ouattara M, Sié A, Bountogo M, Boudo V, Dah C, Lebas E, Hu H, Porco TC, Arnold BF, Lietman TM, Oldenburg CE. Anthropometric Differences in Community- Versus Clinic-Recruited Infants Participating in a Trial of Azithromycin for Prevention of Childhood Mortality in Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:1187-1191. [PMID: 37783457 PMCID: PMC10622465 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinic-based recruitment for preventative interventions for child health may select for healthier populations compared with community-based outreach. Nutritional status during infancy as measured by anthropometry is predictive of mortality, growth faltering later in life, and poor cognitive development outcomes. We evaluated baseline differences in infant nutritional status among children recruited directly in their community versus clinic recruitment among infants participating in a trial of azithromycin compared with placebo for prevention of mortality in three districts of Burkina Faso. Infants between 5 and 12 weeks of age were recruited in their community of residence via vaccine outreach teams or in primary health-care clinics during vaccine clinics. Weight, height, and mid upper arm circumference were measured. We used linear and logistic regression models to compare anthropometric outcomes among community and clinic recruited infants, adjusting for age at enrollment, gender, and season. Among 32,877 infants enrolled in the trial, 21,273 (64.7%) were recruited via community outreach. Mean weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) was -0.60 ± 1.2 (SD), weight-for-length z-score (WLZ) was -0.16 ± 1.5, and length-for-age z-score was-0.53 ± 1.3. Infants enrolled in the community had lower WAZ (mean difference, -0.12; 95% CI, -0.20 to -0.04) and WLZ (mean difference, -0.21; 95% CI, -0.32 to -0.09). Community-recruited infants were more often underweight (WAZ < -2; odds ratio [OR], 1.25; 95% CI, 1.09-1.43) and wasted (WLZ < -2; OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.31-1.79). There was no evidence of a difference in height-based measures. Community and clinic recruitment likely reach different populations of children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Sié
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Burkina Faso, Nouna
| | | | - Valentin Boudo
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Burkina Faso, Nouna
| | - Clarisse Dah
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Burkina Faso, Nouna
| | - Elodie Lebas
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Huiyu Hu
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Travis C. Porco
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Benjamin F. Arnold
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas M. Lietman
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Catherine E. Oldenburg
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Yang K, Babalola CM, Mussa A, Ryan R, Wynn A, Simon S, Bame B, Morroni C, Klausner JD. Case series and literature review of chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum in Botswana. Int J STD AIDS 2023; 34:860-868. [PMID: 37338101 DOI: 10.1177/09564624231173028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe 12 cases of chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum and the current scientific evidence on its prevention and treatment. The data presented were obtained from the "Maduo" study, a prospective observational study of the relationship between curable sexually transmitted infections and adverse neonatal outcomes at four antenatal clinics in Gaborone, Botswana. METHODS Infants of mothers with perinatal chlamydia infection were evaluated for chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum based on clinical presentation of conjunctivitis or positive test via GeneXpert CT/NG assay. Data on 29 infants born to mothers with postnatal C. trachomatis infection were analysed. RESULTS 12 infants were diagnosed with chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum. Eight of those cases were confirmed with the GeneXpert CT/NG assay while four were identified as probable cases based on clinical history and presentation. Overall, nine infants presented with signs of conjunctivitis, while three who had a positive diagnostic test result had asymptomatic infection. All but one infant had received ocular 1% tetracycline prophylaxis at birth, and four infants had signs suggestive of chlamydial pneumonia at presentation. Two out of five symptomatic cases whose mothers reported completion of their treatment course with erythromycin had lingering symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings affirm that the current prophylaxis and treatment modalities for chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum are inadequate. To the extent feasible in low- and middle-income countries, we recommend implementation of routine C. trachomatis screening and treatment in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yang
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chibuzor M Babalola
- Keck School of Medicine, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aamirah Mussa
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Ryan
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Adriane Wynn
- University of California, San Diego, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Bame Bame
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Chelsea Morroni
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey D Klausner
- Keck School of Medicine, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Driscoll AJ, Haidara FC, Tapia MD, Deichsel EL, Samake OS, Bocoum T, Bailey JA, Fitzpatrick MC, Goldenberg RL, Kodio M, Moulton LH, Nasrin D, Onwuchekwa U, Shaffer AM, Sow SO, Kotloff KL. Antenatal, intrapartum and infant azithromycin to prevent stillbirths and infant deaths: study protocol for SANTE, a 2×2 factorial randomised controlled trial in Mali. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e067581. [PMID: 37648393 PMCID: PMC10471877 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In high mortality settings, prophylactic azithromycin has been shown to improve birth weight and gestational age at birth when administered antenatally, to reduce the incidence of neonatal infections when administered intrapartum, and to improve survival when administered in infancy. Questions remain regarding whether azithromycin can prevent stillbirths, and regarding the optimal strategy for the delivery of azithromycin to pregnant women and their infants. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Sauver avec l'Azithromycine en Traitant les Femmes Enceintes et les Enfants (SANTE) is a 2×2 factorial, individually randomised, placebo-controlled, double-masked trial in rural Mali. The primary aims are: (1A) to assess the efficacy of antenatal and intrapartum azithromycin on a composite outcome of stillbirths and infant mortality through 6-12 months and (1B) to assess the efficacy of azithromycin administered concurrently with the first and third doses of pentavalent vaccines (Penta-1/3) on infant mortality through 6-12 months. Pregnant participants (n=49 600) and their infants are randomised 1:1:1:1 to one of four treatment arms: (1) mother and infant receive azithromycin, (2) mother and infant receive placebo, (3) mother receives azithromycin and infant receives placebo or (4) mother receives placebo and infant receives azithromycin. Pregnant participants receive three single 2 g doses: two antepartum and one intrapartum. Infants receive a single 20 mg/kg dose at the Penta-1 and 3 visits. An additional cohort of 12 000 infants is recruited at the Penta-1 visit and randomised 1:1 to receive azithromycin or placebo at the same time points. The SANTE trial will inform guidelines and policies regarding the administration of antenatal and infant azithromycin using routine healthcare delivery platforms. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This trial was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Maryland School of Medicine (Protocol #HP-00084242) and the Faculté de Médecine et d'Odonto-Stomatologie in Mali. The findings of this trial will be published in open access peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03909737.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Driscoll
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Milagritos D Tapia
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily L Deichsel
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Jason A Bailey
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Meagan C Fitzpatrick
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert L Goldenberg
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Lawrence H Moulton
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dilruba Nasrin
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Allison M Shaffer
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Samba O Sow
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Bamako, Mali
| | - Karen L Kotloff
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Sodhani S, Patel AH, Morales Y. An Unusual Presentation of Pyloric Stenosis: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e40578. [PMID: 37465814 PMCID: PMC10351967 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A full-term newborn female presented with non-bilious emesis immediately after feeding and abdominal distension on day one of life with neither palpable abdominal mass nor electrolyte derangements. The baby was initially admitted to rule out gastrointestinal obstruction versus sepsis as a cause of vomiting and abdominal distension. Initial imaging studies involving an upper gastrointestinal (GI) series showed obstruction at the level of the duodenum, but it was only during surgical exploration that the diagnosis of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis was made. This case report highlights the atypical presentation of pyloric stenosis and the need to investigate cases of vomiting immediately after feeding in a newborn with ultrasonography at the least to minimize complications.
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Bountogo M, Sié A, Zakane A, Compaoré G, Ouédraogo T, Brogdon J, Lebas E, Nyatigo F, Medvedev MM, Arnold BF, Lietman TM, Oldenburg CE. Infant mortality and growth failure after oral azithromycin among low birthweight and underweight neonates: A subgroup analysis of a randomized controlled trial. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001009. [PMID: 37186577 PMCID: PMC10184901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low birthweight (birthweight <2500 grams, g) and underweight (weight-for-age Z-score, WAZ, < -2) infants have higher risk of poor outcomes compared to their well-nourished peers. We evaluated the role of azithromycin for reducing mortality and improving growth outcomes in low birthweight and/or underweight infants. METHODS Infants aged 8-27 days of age weighing ≥2500 g at enrollment in Burkina Faso were randomized 1:1 to a single, oral dose of azithromycin (20 mg/kg) or matching placebo. We evaluated mortality and anthropometric outcomes in four subgroups: 1) both low birthweight and underweight at enrollment; 2) low birthweight-only; 3) underweight-only; 4) neither low birthweight nor underweight. FINDINGS Of 21,832 enrolled infants, 21,320 (98%) had birthweight measurements and included in this analysis. Of these, 747 (3%) were both low birthweight and underweight, 972 (5%) were low birthweight-only, 825 (4%) were underweight-only, and 18,776 (88%) were neither low birthweight nor underweight. Infants who were both low birthweight and underweight receiving azithromycin had lower odds of underweight at 6 months compared to placebo (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.95), but the treatment group by subgroup interaction was not statistically significant (P = 0.06). We did not find evidence of a difference between groups for other outcomes in any subgroup. INTERPRETATION Azithromycin may have some growth-promoting benefits for the highest risk infants, but we were unable to demonstrate a difference in most outcomes in low birthweight and underweight infants. As a secondary analysis of a trial, this study was underpowered for rare outcomes such as mortality. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03682653.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Sié
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | | | - Jessica Brogdon
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Elodie Lebas
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Fanice Nyatigo
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Melissa M. Medvedev
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive & Child Health Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin F. Arnold
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Lietman
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine E. Oldenburg
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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10
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Sie A, Bountogo M, Zakane A, Compaoré G, Ouedraogo T, Ouattara M, Lebas E, Brogdon J, Nyatigo F, O’Brien KS, Porco TC, Bärnighausen T, Arnold BF, Lietman TM, Oldenburg CE. Neonatal Azithromycin Administration and Growth during Infancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:1063-1070. [PMID: 36972694 PMCID: PMC10160881 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Observational studies have linked early-life antibiotic exposure to increased risk of obesity in children in high income settings. We evaluated whether neonatal antibiotic exposure led to changes in infant growth at 6 months of age in Burkina Faso. Neonates aged 8 to 27 days of age who weighed at least 2,500 g at the time of enrollment were randomized in a 1:1 fashion to a single oral 20-mg/kg dose of azithromycin or equivalent volume of placebo from April 2019 through December 2020. Weight, length, and mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) were measured at baseline and 6 months of age. Growth outcomes, including weight gain in grams per day, length change in millimeters per day, and changes in weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ), weight-for-length Z-score (WLZ), length-for-age Z-score (LAZ), and MUAC were compared among neonates randomized to azithromycin compared with placebo. Among 21,832 neonates enrolled in the trial, median age at enrollment was 11 days, and 50% were female. We found no evidence of a difference in weight gain (mean difference -0.009 g/day, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.16 to 0.14, P = 0.90), length change (mean difference 0.003 mm/day, 95% CI: -0.002 to 0.007, P = 0.23), or WAZ (mean difference -0.005 SD, 95% CI: -0.03 to 0.02, P = 0.72), WLZ (mean difference -0.01 SD, 95% CI: -0.05 to 0.02, P = 0.39), LAZ (mean difference 0.01, 95% CI: -0.02 to 0.04, P = 0.47), or MUAC (mean difference 0.01 cm, 95% CI: -0.02 to 0.04, P = 0.49). These results do not suggest that azithromycin has growth-promoting properties in infants when administered during the neonatal period. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03682653.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sie
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elodie Lebas
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jessica Brogdon
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Fanice Nyatigo
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Kieran S. O’Brien
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Travis C. Porco
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute for Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Germany
- Africa Health Research Institute, Somkhele, South Africa
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin F. Arnold
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Thomas M. Lietman
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Catherine E. Oldenburg
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - for the NAITRE Study Team
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Burkina Faso
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
- Heidelberg Institute for Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Germany
- Africa Health Research Institute, Somkhele, South Africa
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Li S, Huang L, Zeng L, Yu D, Jia ZJ, Cheng G, Wang H, Zhang L. Potentially inappropriate prescribing in hospitalised children: a retrospective, cross-sectional study at a tertiary children's hospital in China. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e068680. [PMID: 37130666 PMCID: PMC10163496 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For improving and optimising drug use in children, we previously developed a tool (including a series of criteria for identifying potentially inappropriate prescribing in children) by literature review and the two-round Delphi technique to prevent inappropriate medication prescriptions at the prescribing stage. OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of potentially inappropriate prescription (PIP) among hospitalised children and explore risk factors associated with PIP. DESIGN A retrospective cross-sectional study. SETTING A tertiary children's hospital in China. PARTICIPANTS Hospitalised children with complete medical records who received drug treatment and discharged from 1 January to 31 December 2021. OUTCOME MEASURES We evaluated the medication prescriptions by using a series of previously developed criteria for detecting the prevalence of PIP in hospitalised children and used logistic regression to explore the risk factors (including sex, age, number of drugs, number of comorbidities, days of hospitalisation and admission departments) for PIP in children. RESULTS A total of 87 555 medication prescriptions for 16 995 hospitalised children were analysed, and 19 722 PIPs were detected. The prevalence of PIP was 22.53%, and 36.92% of the children had at least one PIP during hospitalisation. The department with the highest prevalence of PIP was the surgical department (OR 9.413; 95% CI 5.521 to 16.046), followed by the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU; OR 8.206; 95% CI 6.643 to 10.137). 'Inhaled corticosteroids for children with respiratory infections but without chronic respiratory diseases' was the most frequent PIP. Logistic regression results showed that PIP was more likely to occur in male patients (OR 1.128, 95% CI 1.059 to 1.202) and younger patients (<2 years old; OR 1.974; 95% CI 1.739 to 2.241), and in those with more comorbidities (≥11 types; OR 4.181; 95% CI 3.671 to 4.761), concomitant drugs (≥11 types; OR 22.250; 95% CI 14.468 to 34.223) or longer hospital stay (≥30 days; OR 8.130; 95% CI 6.727 to 9.827). CONCLUSIONS Medications for long-term hospitalised young children with multiple comorbidities should be minimised and optimised, to avoid PIP, reduce adverse drug reactions and ensure children's medication safety. The surgery department and PICU had a high prevalence of PIP in the studied hospital and should be the focus of supervision and management in routine prescription review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linan Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guo Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiqing Wang
- Medical Simulation Centre, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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12
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Chang E, Ballard KE, Johnson PN, Nandyal R, Miller JL. Azithromycin for Eradication of Ureaplasma and Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Neonates in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2023; 28:10-19. [PMID: 36777984 PMCID: PMC9901312 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-28.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Azithromycin has been explored as a treatment option for eradication of Ureaplasma and prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm neonates. However, there is debate about the need for eradication of Ureaplasma and whether azithromycin is safe and efficacious for this indication. This literature review provides an overview of the evidence for use of azithromycin for eradication of Ureaplasma and prevention of BPD, including dosing and duration of azithromycin used in these studies. The literature search included articles published in the English language in Medline and PubMed from 1946 to January 2022. Relevant citations within identified articles were also reviewed. A total of 9 studies representing 388 neonates were included. The percentage of neonates that tested positive for Ureaplasma in these studies ranged from 18.6% to 57.1%. Azithromycin was initiated at <3 days of life in 8 studies (88.9%). Dosing was variable and ranged from 5 to 20 mg/kg/dose administered once daily, and the duration of treatment ranged from 1 to 35 days. Most studies used intravenous azithromycin. Overall, azithromycin was more efficacious than placebo at Ureaplasma eradication; however, most of these studies did not find a difference in the incidence of BPD between patients receiving azithromycin versus placebo. No adverse effects, specifically pyloric stenosis or QT interval prolongation, were noted in these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie Chang
- Department of Pharmacy: Clinical and Administrative Sciences (EC, KEB, PNJ, JLM), University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Kaci E Ballard
- Department of Pharmacy: Clinical and Administrative Sciences (EC, KEB, PNJ, JLM), University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Peter N Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy: Clinical and Administrative Sciences (EC, KEB, PNJ, JLM), University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Raja Nandyal
- Section of Neonatology (RN), Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jamie L Miller
- Department of Pharmacy: Clinical and Administrative Sciences (EC, KEB, PNJ, JLM), University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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13
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Adubra L, Alber D, Ashorn P, Ashorn U, Cheung YB, Cloutman-Green E, Diallo F, Ducker C, Elovainio R, Fan YM, Gates L, Gruffudd G, Haapaniemi T, Haidara F, Hallamaa L, Ihamuotila R, Klein N, Luoma J, Martell O, Sow S, Vehmasto T. Testing the effects of mass drug administration of azithromycin on mortality and other outcomes among 1-11-month-old infants in Mali (LAKANA): study protocol for a cluster-randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, parallel-group, three-arm clinical trial. Trials 2023; 24:5. [PMID: 36597115 PMCID: PMC9809521 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass drug administration (MDA) of azithromycin (AZI) has been shown to reduce under-5 mortality in some but not all sub-Saharan African settings. A large-scale cluster-randomized trial conducted in Malawi, Niger, and Tanzania suggested that the effect differs by country, may be stronger in infants, and may be concentrated within the first 3 months after treatment. Another study found no effect when azithromycin was given concomitantly with seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC). Given the observed heterogeneity and possible effect modification by other co-interventions, further trials are needed to determine the efficacy in additional settings and to determine the most effective treatment regimen. METHODS LAKANA stands for Large-scale Assessment of the Key health-promoting Activities of two New mass drug administration regimens with Azithromycin. The LAKANA trial is designed to address the mortality and health impacts of 4 or 2 annual rounds of azithromycin MDA delivered to 1-11-month-old (29-364 days) infants, in a high-mortality and malaria holoendemic Malian setting where there is a national SMC program. Participating villages (clusters) are randomly allocated in a ratio of 3:2:4 to three groups: placebo (control):4-dose AZI:2-dose AZI. The primary outcome measured is mortality. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) will be monitored closely before, during, and after the intervention and both among those receiving and those not receiving MDA with the study drugs. Other outcomes, from a subset of villages, comprise efficacy outcomes related to morbidity, growth and nutritional status, outcomes related to the mechanism of azithromycin activity through measures of malaria parasitemia and inflammation, safety outcomes (AMR, adverse and serious adverse events), and outcomes related to the implementation of the intervention documenting feasibility, acceptability, and economic aspects. The enrolment commenced in October 2020 and is planned to be completed by the end of 2022. The expected date of study completion is December 2024. DISCUSSION If LAKANA provides evidence in support of a positive mortality benefit resulting from azithromycin MDA, it will significantly contribute to the options for successfully promoting child survival in Mali, and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04424511. Registered on 11 June 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Adubra
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Dagmar Alber
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Per Ashorn
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland ,grid.412330.70000 0004 0628 2985Department of Paediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ulla Ashorn
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Yin Bun Cheung
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland ,grid.428397.30000 0004 0385 0924Program in Health Services and Systems Research and Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elaine Cloutman-Green
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Riku Elovainio
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Yue-Mei Fan
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Lily Gates
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Tiia Haapaniemi
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Lotta Hallamaa
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Rikhard Ihamuotila
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nigel Klein
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Juho Luoma
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Samba Sow
- Center for Vaccine Development, Bamako, Mali
| | - Taru Vehmasto
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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14
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Suzuki Y, Kusama Y, Ito Y. Negative effects of pre-admission screening with simplified multiplex PCR. Pediatr Int 2023; 65:e15629. [PMID: 37804060 DOI: 10.1111/ped.15629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Suzuki
- Division of General Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kusama
- Division of General Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine/Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ito
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki, Japan
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15
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McNamara LA, Rubis AB, Pawloski L, Briere E, Misegades L, Brusseau AA, Peña S, Edge K, Wester R, Burzlaff K, Cruz V, Tondella L, Skoff TH. High post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) uptake among household contacts of pertussis patients enrolled in a PEP effectiveness evaluation - United States, 2015-2017. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285953. [PMID: 37200360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for pertussis is recommended for household contacts of pertussis cases in the United States within 21 days of exposure, but data on PEP effectiveness for prevention of secondary cases in the setting of widespread pertussis vaccination are limited. We implemented a multi-state evaluation of azithromycin PEP use and effectiveness among household contacts. METHODS Culture- or PCR-confirmed pertussis cases were identified through surveillance. Household contacts were interviewed within 7 days of case report and again 14-21 days later. Interviewers collected information on exposure, demographics, vaccine history, prior pertussis diagnosis, underlying conditions, PEP receipt, pertussis symptoms, and pertussis testing. A subset of household contacts provided nasopharyngeal and blood specimens during interviews. RESULTS Of 299 household contacts who completed both interviews, 12 (4%) reported not receiving PEP. There was no evidence of higher prevalence of cough or pertussis symptoms among contacts who did not receive PEP. Of 168 household contacts who provided at least one nasopharyngeal specimen, four (2.4%) were culture or PCR positive for B. pertussis; three of these received PEP prior to their positive test result. Of 156 contacts with serologic results, 14 (9%) had blood specimens that were positive for IgG anti-pertussis toxin (PT) antibodies; all had received PEP. CONCLUSIONS Very high PEP uptake was observed among household contacts of pertussis patients. Although the number of contacts who did not receive PEP was small, there was no difference in prevalence of pertussis symptoms or positive laboratory results among these contacts compared with those who did receive PEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A McNamara
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Amy B Rubis
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Lucia Pawloski
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Briere
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Lara Misegades
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Aurora A Brusseau
- New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, NM, United States of America
| | - Sandra Peña
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, NM, United States of America
| | - Karen Edge
- New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe, NM, United States of America
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Rachel Wester
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Kari Burzlaff
- New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | - Victor Cruz
- Minnesota Department of Public Health, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Lucia Tondella
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Tami H Skoff
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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16
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Sié A, Bountogo M, Zakane A, Compaoré G, Ouedraogo T, Lebas E, Nyatigo F, Hu H, Brogdon J, Arnold BF, Lietman TM, Oldenburg CE. Effect of Neonatal Azithromycin on All-Cause and Cause-Specific Infant Mortality: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:1331-1336. [PMID: 36343592 PMCID: PMC9768279 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass azithromycin distribution reduces all-cause childhood mortality in some high-mortality settings in sub-Saharan Africa. Although the greatest benefits have been shown in children 1 to 5 months old living in areas with high mortality rates, no evidence of a benefit was found of neonatal azithromycin in a low-mortality setting on mortality at 6 months. We conducted a 1:1 randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the effect of a single oral 20-mg/kg dose of azithromycin or matching placebo administered during the neonatal period on all-cause and cause-specific infant mortality at 12 months of age in five regions of Burkina Faso. Neonates were eligible if they were between the ages of 8 and 27 days and weighed at least 2,500 g at enrollment. Cause of death was determined via the WHO 2016 verbal autopsy tool. We compared all-cause and cause-specific mortality using binomial regression. Of 21,832 infants enrolled in the study, 116 died by 12 months of age. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between the azithromycin and placebo groups (azithromycin: 52 deaths, 0.5%; placebo, 64 deaths, 0.7%; hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.56-1.17; P = 0.30). There was no evidence of a difference in the distribution of causes of death (P = 0.40) and no significant difference in any specific cause of death between groups. Mortality rates were low at 12 months of age, and there was no evidence of an effect of neonatal azithromycin on all-cause or cause-specific mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sié
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | | | | | - Elodie Lebas
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Fanice Nyatigo
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Huiyu Hu
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jessica Brogdon
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Benjamin F. Arnold
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas M. Lietman
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Catherine E. Oldenburg
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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17
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Hume-Nixon M, Ratu T, Clark S, Nguyen CD, Neal EFG, Pell CL, Bright K, Watts E, Hart J, Mulholland K, Fong J, Rafai E, Sakumeni K, Tuibeqa I, Satzke C, Steer A, Russell FM. Prevention of young infant infections using oral azithromycin in labour in Fiji (Bulabula MaPei): study protocol of a randomised control trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e061157. [PMID: 36456016 PMCID: PMC9716885 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infections are a leading cause of neonatal mortality globally and can be transmitted from mother-to-child vertically or horizontally. Fiji has higher rates of serious neonatal infections and infant skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) than high-income countries. Research from the Gambia found that a single dose of oral azithromycin in labour decreased bacterial carriage and infections in mothers and infants, particularly infant skin infections. The Bulabula MaPei clinical trial evaluates the safety and efficacy of a single dose of azithromycin in labour in reducing the incidence of maternal and infant SSTIs and other infections and the impact on bacterial carriage. It will also describe the effect of azithromycin on antimicrobial (AMR) resistance, the maternal and infant microbiome, and infant dysbiosis. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We are conducting a blinded, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial administering 2 g of oral azithromycin, or placebo, given to healthy, pregnant women (≥18 years) in labour in Suva, Fiji. The primary outcome is the cumulative incidence of SSTIs in infants by 3 months of age. Secondary outcomes include the incidence of other infant and maternal infections, and safety and tolerability of azithromycin in mother and infant. Following informed consent, 2110 pregnant women will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio, with all study staff and participants masked to group allocation. Mother/infant pairs will be followed up for 12 months over six visits collecting clinical data on infections, antimicrobial use, safety and anthropometrics, in addition to nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, rectovaginal and vaginal swabs, maternal breastmilk and infant stool samples, in order to compare bacterial carriage, AMR rates and microbiome. Recruitment for Bulabula MaPei started in June 2019. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This trial was approved and is being conducted according to the protocol approved by The Royal Children's Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee, Australia, and the Fiji National Health Research and Ethics Review Committee. The findings of this study will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and presented at conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03925480.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve Hume-Nixon
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Asia-Pacific Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tupou Ratu
- Asia-Pacific Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Suva, Fiji
| | - Stephanie Clark
- Department of Paediatrics, Colonial War Memorial Hospital, Suva, Fiji
| | - Cattram Duong Nguyen
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Asia-Pacific Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eleanor F G Neal
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Asia-Pacific Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Casey L Pell
- Translational Microbiology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathryn Bright
- Asia-Pacific Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Watts
- Asia-Pacific Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Hart
- Asia-Pacific Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Mulholland
- New Vaccines, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Fong
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Suva, Fiji
| | - Eric Rafai
- Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Suva, Fiji
| | | | - Ilisapeci Tuibeqa
- Department of Paediatrics, Colonial War Memorial Hospital, Suva, Fiji
| | - Catherine Satzke
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Translational Microbiology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Steer
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Tropical Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona M Russell
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Asia-Pacific Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Hu H, Arzika AM, Sie A, Abdou A, Maliki R, Mankara AK, Outtara M, Bountogo M, Boudo V, Yago-Wienne F, Bamba I, Knirsch C, Emerson P, Hooper PJ, Lebas E, Brogdon J, Nyatigo F, Oldenburg CE, Lietman TM, O'Brien KS. Simplified dosing of oral azithromycin for children 1-11 months old in child survival programmes: age-based and height-based dosing protocols. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2022-009801. [PMID: 36253018 PMCID: PMC9577904 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To facilitate mass distribution of azithromycin, trachoma control programmes use height instead of weight to determine dose for children 6 months to 15 years old. WHO has recommended azithromycin distribution to children 1-11 months old to reduce mortality in high mortality settings under carefully monitored conditions. Weight was used to determine dose in children 1-5 months old in studies of azithromycin distribution for child survival, but a simplified approach using age or height for all aged 1-11 months old could increase programme efficiency in real-world settings. METHODS This secondary analysis used data from two cluster randomised trials of azithromycin distribution for child mortality in Niger and Burkina Faso. An exhaustive search algorithm was developed to determine the optimal dose for different age groups, using tolerance limits of 10-20 mg/kg for children 1-2 months old and 15-30 mg/kg for children 3-11 months old. Height-based dosing was evaluated against the existing trachoma dosing pole and with a similar exhaustive search. RESULTS The optimal two-tiered age-based approach suggested a dose of 80 mg (2 mL) for children 1-2 months old and 160 mg (4 mL) for children 3-11 months old. Under this schedule, 89%-93% of children would have received doses within tolerance limits in both study populations. Accuracy was 93%-94% with a three-tiered approach, which resulted in doses of 80 mg (2 mL), 120 mg (3 mL) and 160 mg (4 mL) for children 1-2, 3-4 and 5-11 months old, respectively. For children 1-5 months old, the existing height pole would result in 70% of doses within tolerance limits. The optimisation identified height-based dosing options with 95% accuracy, although this would require changes to the existing dosing pole as well as additional training to measure infants lying flat. CONCLUSIONS Overall, an age-based approach with two age tiers resulted in high accuracy while considering both concerns about overdosing in this young population and simplicity of field operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Hu
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Ali Sie
- Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Amza Abdou
- Programme Nationale de Santé Oculaire, Niamey, Niger
| | - Ramatou Maliki
- Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Sante Publique, Niamey, Niger
| | | | | | | | - Valentin Boudo
- Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Issouf Bamba
- Helen Keller International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Paul Emerson
- International Trachoma Initiative, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - PJ Hooper
- International Trachoma Initiative, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Elodie Lebas
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jessica Brogdon
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Fanice Nyatigo
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Catherine E Oldenburg
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA,Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA,Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kieran S O'Brien
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA,Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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19
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Sewankambo NK, Kutyabami P. Empowering local research ethics review of antibacterial mass administration research. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:103. [PMID: 36171611 PMCID: PMC9516823 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies using mass drug administration (MDA) of antibiotics to entire communities have focused global attention on the unique ethical challenges of MDA of antibiotics in research and public health interventions. However, there is no specific guidance for Research Ethics Committees (RECs) or Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) to review such trials. We surveyed the literature to identify the unique ethical challenges and to strengthen the competencies of RECs or IRBs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in their ethical reviews of these trials. METHODS We employed a desk review. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, combining terms for "mass drug administration" with terms for "research ethics committees," "institutional review boards," and "ethics." We reviewed citations of search results to retrieve additional articles. Only articles published and indexed in the above databases up to 6 January 2022 in English were included. Abstracts (without full articles), books and articles that had exclusive veterinary and environmental focus were excluded. We synthesized the literature to identify particularly challenging ethical issues relevant to antibacterial MDA trials in LMICs. RESULTS The most challenging ethical issues can be categorised into four broad domains: determining the social value of MDA, assessing risks and benefits, engaging all stakeholders meaningfully, and study design-related ethical challenges. These four domains interact and impact each other. Together, they reveal the need for RECs/IRBs to review MDA studies through a broader lens than that of clinical trials per se. From our findings, we propose a framework to guide the RECs and IRBs in LMICs to perform the initial and continuing review of antibiotic MDA trials. We also recommend strengthening the competencies of LMIC RECs or IRBs through ongoing training and collaboration with RECs or IRBs from high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS REC/IRB review of research using MDA of antibiotics plays a critical role in assuring the ethical conduct of MDA studies. Local RECs/IRBs should be empowered to review MDA studies comprehensively and competently in order to advance scientific knowledge about MDA and promote improved global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson K Sewankambo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Paul Kutyabami
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
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20
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Rolfe RJ, Shaikh H, Tillekeratne LG. Mass drug administration of antibacterials: weighing the evidence regarding benefits and risks. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:77. [PMID: 35773722 PMCID: PMC9243730 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mass drug administration (MDA) is a strategy to improve health at the population level through widespread delivery of medicine in a community. We surveyed the literature to summarize the benefits and potential risks associated with MDA of antibacterials, focusing predominantly on azithromycin as it has the greatest evidence base.
Main body High-quality evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) indicate that MDA-azithromycin is effective in reducing the prevalence of infection due to yaws and trachoma. In addition, RCTs suggest that MDA-azithromycin reduces under-five mortality in certain low-resource settings that have high childhood mortality rates at baseline. This reduction in mortality appears to be sustained over time with twice-yearly MDA-azithromycin, with the greatest effect observed in children < 1 year of age. In addition, observational data suggest that infections such as skin and soft tissue infections, rheumatic heart disease, acute respiratory illness, diarrheal illness, and malaria may all be treated by azithromycin and thus incidentally impacted by MDA-azithromycin. However, the mechanism by which MDA-azithromycin reduces childhood mortality remains unclear. Verbal autopsies performed in MDA-azithromycin childhood mortality studies have produced conflicting data and are underpowered to answer this question. In addition to benefits, there are several important risks associated with MDA-azithromycin. Direct adverse effects potentially resulting from MDA-azithromycin include gastrointestinal side effects, idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, cardiovascular side effects, and increase in chronic diseases such as asthma and obesity. Antibacterial resistance is also a risk associated with MDA-azithromycin and has been reported for both gram-positive and enteric organisms. Further, there is the risk for cross-resistance with other antibacterial agents, especially clindamycin. Conclusions Evidence shows that MDA-azithromycin programs may be beneficial for reducing trachoma, yaws, and mortality in children < 5 years of age in certain under-resourced settings. However, there are significant potential risks that need to be considered when deciding how, when, and where to implement these programs. Robust systems to monitor benefits as well as adverse effects and antibacterial resistance are warranted in communities where MDA-azithromycin programs are implemented. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Rolfe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hassaan Shaikh
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, McKeesport, PA, USA
| | - L Gayani Tillekeratne
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka.
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21
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Okada K, Horikoshi Y, Nishimura N, Ishii S, Nogami H, Motomura C, Miyairi I, Tsumura N, Mori T, Ito K, Honma S, Nagai K, Tanaka H, Hayakawa T, Abe C, Ouchi K. Clinical evaluation of a new rapid immunochromatographic test for detection of Bordetella pertussis antigen. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8069. [PMID: 35577904 PMCID: PMC9109659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A more rapid and less complicated test to diagnose pertussis is required in clinical settings. We need to detect Bordetella pertussis, which mainly causes pertussis, as early as possible, because pertussis is more likely to become severe in infants, and people around them can easily become a source of infection due to its strong infectivity. Nevertheless, methods that can detect B. pertussis rapidly and efficiently are lacking. Therefore, we developed a new immunochromatographic antigen kit (ICkit) for the early diagnosis of pertussis. The ICkit detects B. pertussis antigens in a nasopharyngeal swab without equipment and provides the result in about 15 min with a simple procedure. Additionally, a prospective study to evaluate the ICkit was conducted in 11 medical institutions, involving 195 cases with suspected pertussis. Compared with the real-time polymerase chain reaction (rPCR), the sensitivity and specificity of the ICkit were 86.4% (19/22) and 97.1% (168/173), respectively. The ICkit detected the antigen in both children and adults. Furthermore, the ICkit detected the antigen until the 25th day from the onset of cough, when rPCR detected the antigen. Thus, the ICkit demonstrated a high correlation with rPCR and would help diagnose pertussis more rapidly and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Okada
- Division of Basic Nursing, Fukuoka Nursing College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuho Horikoshi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Nishimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Konan Kosei Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shigeki Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nogami
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Fukuoka National Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chikako Motomura
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Fukuoka National Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Isao Miyairi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Subspecialties, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiko Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, NTT East Sapporo Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenta Ito
- Department of General Pediatrics, Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Sapporo Cough Asthma and Allergy Center, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toru Hayakawa
- Diagnostics Department, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 1-1-2 Yurakucho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0006, Japan.
| | - Chiharu Abe
- Diagnostics Department, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, 1-1-2 Yurakucho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0006, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Ouchi
- Department of Medical Welfare for Children, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, Japan
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22
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Oldenburg CE, Sié A, Bountogo M, Zakane A, Compaoré G, Ouedraogo T, Koueta F, Lebas E, Brogdon J, Nyatigo F, Doan T, Porco TC, Arnold BF, Lietman TM. Neonatal azithromycin administration for prevention of infant mortality. NEJM EVIDENCE 2022; 1:EVIDoa2100054. [PMID: 35692260 PMCID: PMC9172759 DOI: 10.1056/evidoa2100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Biannual mass azithromycin administration reduces all-cause childhood mortality in some sub-Saharan African settings, with the largest effects in children 1 to 5 months of age. Azithromycin has not been distributed to children younger than 1 month of age because of the risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). METHODS: In this 1:1 placebo-controlled trial, neonates 8 to 27 days of age were randomly assigned to a single oral dose of azithromycin (20 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of placebo in five regions of Burkina Faso during 2019 and 2020. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 6 months of age. Infants were evaluated at 21 days after treatment and at 3 and 6 months of age for vital status; family and provider surveillance for IHPS continued throughout. RESULTS: Of 21,832 enrolled neonates, 10,898 were allocated to azithromycin and 10,934 to placebo. At 6 months of age, 92 infants had died: 42 (0.44%) in the azithromycin group and 50 (0.52%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56 to 1.28; P=0.46). A single IHPS case was detected, which was in the azithromycin arm. Serious adverse events, including death and hospitalization within 28 days of treatment, occurred in 0.27% of infants in the azithromycin group and 0.14% in the placebo group, for an absolute risk difference of 0.14 percentage points (95% CI, 0.01 to 0.26). CONCLUSIONS: Overall mortality was lower than anticipated when the trial was designed, thus limiting its power. The available data do not support the routine use of azithromycin for the prevention of mortality in neonates in sub-Saharan African settings similar to the one in which this trial was conducted. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03682653.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E. Oldenburg
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San
Francisco, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San
Francisco, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of
California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Ali Sié
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Burkina
Faso
| | | | | | | | | | - Fla Koueta
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pédiatrique
Charles-de-Gaulle, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Elodie Lebas
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San
Francisco, USA
| | - Jessica Brogdon
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San
Francisco, USA
| | - Fanice Nyatigo
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San
Francisco, USA
| | - Thuy Doan
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San
Francisco, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San
Francisco, USA
| | - Travis C. Porco
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San
Francisco, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San
Francisco, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of
California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Arnold
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San
Francisco, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San
Francisco, USA
| | - Thomas M. Lietman
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San
Francisco, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San
Francisco, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of
California, San Francisco, USA
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23
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Sakaria RP, Dhanireddy R. Pharmacotherapy in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: What Is the Evidence? Front Pediatr 2022; 10:820259. [PMID: 35356441 PMCID: PMC8959440 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.820259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) is a multifactorial disease affecting over 35% of extremely preterm infants born each year. Despite the advances made in understanding the pathogenesis of this disease over the last five decades, BPD remains one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in this population, and the incidence of the disease increases with decreasing gestational age. As inflammation is one of the key drivers in the pathogenesis, it has been targeted by majority of pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods to prevent BPD. Most extremely premature infants receive a myriad of medications during their stay in the neonatal intensive care unit in an effort to prevent or manage BPD, with corticosteroids, caffeine, and diuretics being the most commonly used medications. However, there is no consensus regarding their use and benefits in this population. This review summarizes the available literature regarding these medications and aims to provide neonatologists and neonatal providers with evidence-based recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishika P. Sakaria
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ramasubbareddy Dhanireddy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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24
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Danko ME, Evans PT, Upperman JS. Current management of pyloric stenosis. Semin Pediatr Surg 2022; 31:151145. [PMID: 35305799 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2022.151145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Randomized trial of azithromycin to eradicate Ureaplasma respiratory colonization in preterm infants: 2-year outcomes. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:178-187. [PMID: 33658655 PMCID: PMC8413397 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the potential impact of azithromycin treatment in the first week following birth on 2-year outcomes in preterm infants with and without Ureaplasma respiratory colonization who participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial. METHODS Respiratory morbidity was assessed at NICU discharge and at 6, 12, and 22-26 months corrected age using pulmonary questionnaires. Comprehensive neurodevelopmental assessments were completed between 22 and 26 months corrected age. The primary and secondary composite outcomes were death or severe respiratory morbidity and death or moderate-severe neurodevelopmental impairment, respectively, at 22-26 months corrected age. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-one randomized participants (azithromycin, N = 60; placebo, N = 61) were included in the intent-to-treat analysis. There were no significant differences in death or serious respiratory morbidity (34.8 vs 30.4%, p = 0.67) or death or moderate-severe neurodevelopmental impairment (47 vs 33%, p = 0.11) between the azithromycin and placebo groups. Among all trial participants, tracheal aspirate Ureaplasma-positive infants experienced a higher frequency of death or serious respiratory morbidity at 22-26 months corrected age (58%) than tracheal aspirate Ureaplasma-negative infants (34%) or non-intubated infants (21%) (p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS We did not observe strong evidence of a difference in long-term pulmonary and neurodevelopment outcomes in preterm infants treated with azithromycin in the first week of life compared to placebo. IMPACT No strong evidence of a difference in long-term pulmonary and neurodevelopment outcomes was identified at 22-26 months corrected age in infants treated with azithromycin in the first week of life compared to placebo. The RCT is the first study of 2-year pulmonary and neurodevelopmental outcomes of azithromycin treatment in ELGANs. Provides evidence that ELGANs with lower respiratory tract Ureaplasma have the most frequent serious respiratory morbidity in the first 2 years of life, suggesting that a Phase III trial of azithromycin to prevent BPD targeting this population is warranted.
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26
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Bountogo M, Sié A, Zakané A, Compaoré G, Ouédraogo T, Lebas E, Brogdon J, Nyatigo F, Arnold BF, Lietman TM, Oldenburg CE. Antenatal care attendance and risk of low birthweight in Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:825. [PMID: 34903190 PMCID: PMC8667364 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low birthweight is a major contributor to infant mortality. We evaluated the association between antenatal care (ANC) attendance and low birthweight among newborns in 5 regions of Burkina Faso. Methods We utilized data from the baseline assessment of a randomized controlled trial evaluating azithromycin distribution during the neonatal period for prevention of infant mortality. Neonates were eligible for the trial if the weighed at least 2500 g at enrollment and were 8–27 days of age. Data on ANC attendance and birthweight was extracted from each child’s carnet de santé, a government-issued health card on which pregnancy and birth-related data are recorded. We used linear and logistic regression models adjusting for potentially confounding variables to evaluate the relationship between ANC attendance (as total number of visits and ≥ 4 antenatal care visits) and birthweight (continuously and categorized into < 2500 g versus ≥2500 g). Results Data from 21,223 births were included in the analysis. The median number of ANC visits was 4 (interquartile range 3 to 5) and 69% of mothers attended at least 4 visits. Mean birthweight was 2998 g (standard deviation 423) and 8.1% of infants were low birthweight (< 2500 g). Birthweight was 63 g (95% CI 46 to 81 g, P < 0.001) higher in newborns born to mothers who had attended ≥4 ANC visits versus < 4 visits. The odds of low birthweight among infants born to mothers with ≥4 ANC visits was 0.71 (95% CI 0.63 to 0.79, P < 0.001) times the odds of low birthweight among infants born to mothers who attended < 4 ANC visits. Conclusions We observed a statistically significant association between ANC attendance and birthweight, although absolute differences were small. Improving access to ANC for all women may help improve birth outcomes. Trial registration The parent trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03682653; first registered 24 September 2018. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-021-04310-6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Sié
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | | | - Elodie Lebas
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, 490 Illinois St, Floor 2, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Jessica Brogdon
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, 490 Illinois St, Floor 2, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Fanice Nyatigo
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, 490 Illinois St, Floor 2, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Benjamin F Arnold
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, 490 Illinois St, Floor 2, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, 490 Illinois St, Floor 2, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Catherine E Oldenburg
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, 490 Illinois St, Floor 2, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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27
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Sié A, Ouattara M, Bountogo M, Dah C, Compaore G, Lebas E, Brogdon JM, Lin Y, Godwin WW, O’Brien KS, Arnold BF, Lietman TM, Oldenburg CE. Epidemiology of Underweight among Infants in Rural Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 106:361-368. [PMID: 34695800 PMCID: PMC8733516 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Infant undernutrition is thought to contribute to growth failure and mortality. We evaluated the patterns in underweight in a population-based sample of children aged 1-11 months in rural northwestern Burkina Faso. Data were collected during the baseline assessment of a community-randomized trial evaluating mass azithromycin distribution in Nouna District, Burkina Faso. A door-to-door census was undertaken for all households in all communities. Infants aged 1-11 months were weighed for weight-based dosing in the trial and their weights were used to calculate weight-for-age Z-scores (WAZ). Underweight was defined as WAZ ≤ 2. We evaluated the age patterns in WAZ and underweight by demographic, seasonal, and geographic characteristics. Of 7,109 infants, 6,077 had accurate weight and global positioning system (GPS) coordinate data (85.5%). Infants were a median of 6 months old (interquartile range [IQR] 3-8) and 48.4% were female. Mean WAZ was -0.68 (SD 1.6) and 19.0% were underweight. The WAZ decreased with increasing age, and the prevalence of underweight increased from 2.5% among 1-month-olds to 27.6% among 11-month-olds. Underweight was more common among boys than girls (22.1% among boys versus 15.6% among girls). Improved latrine use by the household was associated with increased WAZ, and this effect was stronger in male compared with female infants. Given the large burden of underweight among infants, interventions addressing undernutrition should specifically include infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sié
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Clarisse Dah
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Elodie Lebas
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jessica M. Brogdon
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Ying Lin
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - William W. Godwin
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Kieran S. O’Brien
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Benjamin F. Arnold
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas M. Lietman
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Catherine E. Oldenburg
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Abstract
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is a common condition seen in the first 1 to 3 months after birth. Patients typically present with nonbilious projectile emesis after feeds that may result in hypokalemic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. Although inability to tolerate feeds is frequently seen with self-limited conditions such as reflux, a low threshold to obtain an ultrasonographic image is important to prevent a delay in diagnosis. Although operative intervention is the treatment, it is imperative that patients are hydrated and serum electrolyte concentrations normalized before the induction of anesthesia. Laparoscopic pyloromyotomy is safe and effective. Postoperative emesis is normal, and reassurance to parents is appropriate. There is no significant long-term physiologic impairment from pyloric stenosis after successful surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrie S Rich
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY
| | - Stephen E Dolgin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY
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29
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Ramarao S, Pang Y, Carter K, Bhatt A. Azithromycin Protects Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells against Lipopolysaccharide-activated Microglia-induced damage. Dev Neurosci 2021; 44:1-12. [PMID: 34571509 DOI: 10.1159/000519874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Ramarao
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Yi Pang
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Kathleen Carter
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Abhay Bhatt
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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30
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Zhou P, Wang X, Zhang X, Xu B, Tong X, Zhou W, Shen K, Zhai S. Recommendations on off-label use of intravenous azithromycin in children. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14010. [PMID: 33421260 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intravenous azithromycin (AZM) has been widely used in children worldwide, but there still remains much concern regarding its off-label use, which urgently needs to be regulated. Therefore, we developed a rapid advice guideline in China to give recommendations of rational use of intravenous AZM in children. METHODS This guideline focuses on antimicrobial therapy with intravenous AZM in children. The Delphi research method was used to select questions. A systematic literature review was also conducted. Data were pooled and ranked according to the GRADE system. Recommendations were developed based on expert clinical experience, patients' values and preferences, and evidence availability. After an external review, the recommendations were revised and approved. RESULTS This guideline included eighteen recommendations that covered four domains: (a) Indications: the treatment of pneumonia caused by atypical but common pathogens, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia trachomatis or Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila, more typical bacteria as well as the treatment of bronchitis of presumed bacterial aetiologies; (b) Usage and dosage: administration route, infusion concentrations, treatment duration, course of sequential treatment, and dosage stratified by age; (c) Adverse reactions and treatment: the management of gastrointestinal reactions, arrhythmias, pain or phlebitis at the infusion site, and anaphylaxis; and (d) Special population: children with renal or liver dysfunction, congenital heart disease, and obesity. This guideline will hopefully help promote a rational use of intravenous AZM in children worldwide. CONCLUSION This guideline has summarised the evidence and has developed recommendations on the use of intravenous AZM in children worldwide. Further attention and well-designed researches should be conducted on the off-label use of intravenous AZM in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Drug Evaluation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianglin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Baoping Xu
- National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Department of Respiration, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Beijing, China
- Respiratory Branch of Chinese Pediatric Society of Chinese Medical Association, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Tong
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kunling Shen
- National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Department of Respiration, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Beijing, China
- Respiratory Branch of Chinese Pediatric Society of Chinese Medical Association, Beijing, China
| | - Suodi Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute for Drug Evaluation, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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31
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O'Brien KS, Arzika AM, Amza A, Maliki R, Ousmane S, Kadri B, Nassirou B, Mankara AK, Harouna AN, Colby E, Lebas E, Liu Z, Le V, Nguyen W, Keenan JD, Oldenburg CE, Porco TC, Doan T, Arnold BF, Lietman TM. Age-based targeting of biannual azithromycin distribution for child survival in Niger: an adaptive cluster-randomized trial protocol (AVENIR). BMC Public Health 2021; 21:822. [PMID: 33926403 PMCID: PMC8082631 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biannual distribution of azithromycin to children 1-59 months old reduced mortality by 14% in a cluster-randomized trial. The World Health Organization has proposed targeting this intervention to the subgroup of children 1-11 months old to reduce selection for antimicrobial resistance. Here, we describe a trial designed to determine the impact of age-based targeting of biannual azithromycin on mortality and antimicrobial resistance. METHODS AVENIR is a cluster-randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked, response-adaptive large simple trial in Niger. During the 2.5-year study period, 3350 communities are targeted for enrollment. In the first year, communities in the Dosso region will be randomized 1:1:1 to 1) azithromycin 1-11: biannual azithromycin to children 1-11 months old with placebo to children 12-59 months old, 2) azithromycin 1-59: biannual azithromycin to children 1-59 months old, or 3) placebo: biannual placebo to children 1-59 months old. Regions enrolled after the first year will be randomized with an updated allocation based on the probability of mortality in children 1-59 months in each arm during the preceding study period. A biannual door-to-door census will be conducted to enumerate the population, distribute azithromycin and placebo, and monitor vital status. Primary mortality outcomes are defined as all-cause mortality rate (deaths per 1000 person-years) after 2.5 years from the first enrollment in 1) children 1-59 months old comparing the azithromycin 1-59 and placebo arms, 2) children 1-11 months old comparing the azithromycin 1-11 and placebo arm, and 3) children 12-59 months in the azithromycin 1-11 and azithromycin 1-59 arms. In the Dosso region, 50 communities from each arm will be followed to monitor antimicrobial resistance. Primary resistance outcomes will be assessed after 2 years of distributions and include 1) prevalence of genetic determinants of macrolide resistance in nasopharyngeal samples from children 1-59 months old, and 2) load of genetic determinants of macrolide resistance in rectal samples from children 1-59 months old. DISCUSSION As high-mortality settings consider this intervention, the results of this trial will provide evidence to support programmatic and policy decision-making on age-based strategies for azithromycin distribution to promote child survival. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered on January 13, 2020 (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04224987 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran S O'Brien
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Ahmed M Arzika
- Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Santé Publique, Birni N'Gaoure, Niger
- Programme Nationale de Santé Oculaire, Niamey, Niger
| | - Abdou Amza
- Programme Nationale de Santé Oculaire, Niamey, Niger
| | - Ramatou Maliki
- Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Santé Publique, Birni N'Gaoure, Niger
- Programme Nationale de Santé Oculaire, Niamey, Niger
| | - Sani Ousmane
- Centre de Recherche Médical et Sanitaire, Niamey, Niger
| | | | | | - Alio Karamba Mankara
- Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Santé Publique, Birni N'Gaoure, Niger
- Programme Nationale de Santé Oculaire, Niamey, Niger
| | - Abdoul Naser Harouna
- Centre de Recherche et Interventions en Santé Publique, Birni N'Gaoure, Niger
- Programme Nationale de Santé Oculaire, Niamey, Niger
| | - Emily Colby
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Elodie Lebas
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Zijun Liu
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Victoria Le
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - William Nguyen
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jeremy D Keenan
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 490 Illinois Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Catherine E Oldenburg
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Travis C Porco
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 490 Illinois Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Thuy Doan
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 490 Illinois Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Benjamin F Arnold
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 490 Illinois Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 490 Illinois Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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32
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Krause PJ, Auwaerter PG, Bannuru RR, Branda JA, Falck-Ytter YT, Lantos PM, Lavergne V, Meissner HC, Osani MC, Rips JG, Sood SK, Vannier E, Vaysbrot EE, Wormser GP. Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA): 2020 Guideline on Diagnosis and Management of Babesiosis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:185-189. [PMID: 33501959 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this guideline is to provide evidence-based guidance for the most effective strategies for the diagnosis and management of babesiosis. The diagnosis and treatment of co-infection with babesiosis and Lyme disease will be addressed in a separate Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guideline [1]. Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of human granulocytic anaplasmosis can be found in the recent rickettsial disease guideline developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [2]. The target audience for the babesiosis guideline includes primary care physicians and specialists caring for this condition, such as infectious diseases specialists, emergency physicians, intensivists, internists, pediatricians, hematologists, and transfusion medicine specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Krause
- Yale School of Public Health and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paul G Auwaerter
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Raveendhara R Bannuru
- Center for Treatment Comparison and Integrative Analysis (CTCIA), Division of Rheumatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John A Branda
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yngve T Falck-Ytter
- Case Western Reserve University and VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Paul M Lantos
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Valéry Lavergne
- Research Center CIUSSS NIM, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - H Cody Meissner
- Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mikala C Osani
- Center for Treatment Comparison and Integrative Analysis (CTCIA), Division of Rheumatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sunil K Sood
- Zucker School of Medicine and Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Edouard Vannier
- Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizaveta E Vaysbrot
- Center for Treatment Comparison and Integrative Analysis (CTCIA), Division of Rheumatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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33
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Krause PJ, Auwaerter PG, Bannuru RR, Branda JA, Falck-Ytter YT, Lantos PM, Lavergne V, Meissner HC, Osani MC, Rips JG, Sood SK, Vannier E, Vaysbrot EE, Wormser GP. Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA): 2020 Guideline on Diagnosis and Management of Babesiosis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e49-e64. [PMID: 33252652 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this guideline is to provide evidence-based guidance for the most effective strategies for the diagnosis and management of babesiosis. The diagnosis and treatment of co-infection with babesiosis and Lyme disease will be addressed in a separate Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guideline [1]. Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of human granulocytic anaplasmosis can be found in the recent rickettsial disease guideline developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [2]. The target audience for the babesiosis guideline includes primary care physicians and specialists caring for this condition, such as infectious diseases specialists, emergency physicians, intensivists, internists, pediatricians, hematologists, and transfusion medicine specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Krause
- Yale School of Public Health and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paul G Auwaerter
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Raveendhara R Bannuru
- Center for Treatment Comparison and Integrative Analysis (CTCIA), Division of Rheumatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John A Branda
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yngve T Falck-Ytter
- Case Western Reserve University and VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Paul M Lantos
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Valéry Lavergne
- Research Center CIUSSS NIM, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - H Cody Meissner
- Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mikala C Osani
- Center for Treatment Comparison and Integrative Analysis (CTCIA), Division of Rheumatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sunil K Sood
- Zucker School of Medicine and Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Edouard Vannier
- Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizaveta E Vaysbrot
- Center for Treatment Comparison and Integrative Analysis (CTCIA), Division of Rheumatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Sié A, Dah C, Bountogo M, Ouattara M, Nebie E, Coulibaly B, Brogdon JM, Godwin WW, Lebas E, Doan T, Arnold BF, Porco TC, Lietman TM, Oldenburg CE, For The Gamin Study Group. Adverse Events and Clinic Visits following a Single Dose of Oral Azithromycin among Preschool Children: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 104:1137-1141. [PMID: 33350370 PMCID: PMC7941837 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biannual mass azithromycin distribution reduces all-cause child mortality in some settings in sub-Saharan Africa; however, adverse events and short-term infectious outcomes following treatment have not been well characterized. Children aged 0–59 months were recruited in Nouna Town, Burkina Faso, and randomized 1:1 to a single directly observed oral 20 mg/kg dose of azithromycin or placebo. At 14 days after treatment, caregivers were interviewed about adverse event symptoms their child experienced since treatment and if they had sought health care for their child. All children had tympanic temperature measured at the 14-day visit. We compared adverse events and clinic visits using logistic regression models between azithromycin- and placebo-controlled children. Of 450 children enrolled, 230 were randomized to azithromycin and 220 to placebo. On average, children were aged 28 months, and 50.9% were female. Caregivers of 20% of children reported that their child experienced at least one adverse event, with no significant difference between study arms (19.9% azithromycin; 20.0% placebo, logistic regression P = 0.96). Vomiting was more often reported by caregivers of azithromycin-treated children than by those of placebo-treated children (7.2% azithromycin, 1.9% placebo, logistic regression P = 0.01). There were no significant differences in other adverse events or clinic visits. Adverse events following a single oral dose of azithromycin in preschool children were rare and mild. Azithromycin administration appears safe in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sié
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Clarisse Dah
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Eric Nebie
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Jessica M Brogdon
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - William W Godwin
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Elodie Lebas
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Thuy Doan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Benjamin F Arnold
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Travis C Porco
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Catherine E Oldenburg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
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35
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Viscardi RM, Terrin ML, Magder LS, Davis NL, Dulkerian SJ, Waites KB, Ambalavanan N, Kaufman DA, Donohue P, Tuttle DJ, Weitkamp JH, Hassan HE, Eddington ND. Randomised trial of azithromycin to eradicate Ureaplasma in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2020; 105:615-622. [PMID: 32170033 PMCID: PMC7592356 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-318122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether azithromycin eradicates Ureaplasma from the respiratory tract in preterm infants. DESIGN Prospective, phase IIb randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING Seven level III-IV US, academic, neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). PATIENTS Infants 240-286 weeks' gestation (stratified 240-266; 270-286 weeks) randomly assigned within 4 days following birth from July 2013 to August 2016. INTERVENTIONS Intravenous azithromycin 20 mg/kg or an equal volume of D5W (placebo) every 24 hours for 3 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary efficacy outcome was Ureaplasma-free survival. Secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality, Ureaplasma clearance, physiological bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age, comorbidities of prematurity and duration of respiratory support. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-one randomised participants (azithromycin: n=60; placebo: n=61) were included in the intent-to-treat analysis (mean gestational age 26.2±1.4 weeks). Forty-four of 121 participants (36%) were Ureaplasma positive (azithromycin: n=19; placebo: n=25). Ureaplasma-free survival was 55/60 (92% (95% CI 82% to 97%)) for azithromycin compared with 37/61 (61% (95% CI 48% to 73%)) for placebo. Mortality was similar comparing the two treatment groups (5/60 (8%) vs 6/61 (10%)). Azithromycin effectively eradicated Ureaplasma in all azithromycin-assigned colonised infants, but 21/25 (84%) Ureaplasma-colonised participants receiving placebo were culture positive at one or more follow-up timepoints. Most of the neonatal mortality and morbidity was concentrated in 21 infants with lower respiratory tract Ureaplasma colonisation. In a subgroup analysis, physiological BPD-free survival was 5/10 (50%) (95% CI 19% to 81%) among azithromycin-assigned infants with lower respiratory tract Ureaplasma colonisation versus 2/11 (18%) (95% CI 2% to 52%) in placebo-treated infants. CONCLUSION A 3-day azithromycin regimen effectively eradicated respiratory tract Ureaplasma colonisation in this study. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01778634.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Marie Viscardi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael L Terrin
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laurence S Magder
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Natalie L Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan J Dulkerian
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ken B Waites
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - David A Kaufman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Pamela Donohue
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah J Tuttle
- Department of Pediatrics, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Jorn-Hendrik Weitkamp
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hazem E Hassan
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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36
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Sharp EA, Garrison JL. Eye Discharge in a 9-day-old Twin Boy. Pediatr Rev 2020; 41:S58-S60. [PMID: 33004584 DOI: 10.1542/pir.2018-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor A Sharp
- Paul C. Gaffney Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jessica L Garrison
- Paul C. Gaffney Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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37
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Safety of azithromycin in pediatrics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 76:1709-1721. [PMID: 32681202 PMCID: PMC7661415 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-02956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the toxicity of azithromycin in neonates, infants, and children. Methods A systematic review was performed for relevant studies using Medline (Ovid), PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, CINAHL, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts. We calculated the pooled incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with azithromycin based on prospective studies (RCTs and prospective cohort studies) and analyzed the risk difference (RD) of ADRs between azithromycin and placebo or other antibiotics using meta-analysis of RCTs. Results We included 133 studies with 4243 ADRs reported in 197,675 neonates, infants, and children who received azithromycin. The safety of azithromycin as MDA in pediatrics was poorly monitored. The main ADRs were diarrhea and vomiting. In prospective non-MDA studies, the most common toxicity was gastrointestinal ADRs (938/1967; 47.7%). The most serious toxicities were cardiac (prolonged QT or irregular heart beat) and idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). Compared with placebo, azithromycin did not show increased risk ADRs based on RCTs (risk difference − 0.17 to 0.07). The incidence of QT prolonged was higher in the medium-dosage group (10–30 mg/kg/day) than that of low-dosage group (≤ 10 mg/kg/day) (82.0% vs 1.2%). Conclusion The safety of azithromycin as MDA needs further evaluation. The most common ADRs are diarrhea and vomiting. The risk of the most serious uncommon ADRs (cardiac-prolonged QT and IHPS) is unknown. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00228-020-02956-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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38
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Abstract
Mycoplasma species (spp.) can be commensals or opportunistic pathogens of the urogenital tract, and they can be commonly isolated from amniotic fluid, placenta, and fetal/neonatal tissue or blood in mothers delivering prematurely or their preterm infants. Although the presence of Mycoplasma spp. has been associated with adverse maternal-fetal outcomes such as preterm birth and maternal chorioamnionitis, it is less clear whether vertical transmission to the neonate results in colonization or active infection/inflammation. Moreover, the presence of Mycoplasma spp. in neonatal blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or tissue has been variably associated with increased risk of neonatal comorbidities, especially bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Although the treatment of the mother or neonate with antibiotics is effective in eradicating ureaplasma, it is not clear that the treatment is effective in reducing the incidence of major morbidities of the preterm neonate (eg, BPD). In this article, we review the animal and clinical data for ureaplasma-related complications and treatment strategies. [Pediatr Ann. 2020;49(7):e305-e312.].
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Meyers RS, Thackray J, Matson KL, McPherson C, Lubsch L, Hellinga RC, Hoff DS. Key Potentially Inappropriate Drugs in Pediatrics: The KIDs List. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2020; 25:175-191. [PMID: 32265601 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-25.3.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The safe use of medications in pediatric patients requires practitioners to consider the unique pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs prescribed in this age group. In an effort to create a standard of care for the safe use of medications in this population, a list of drugs that are potentially inappropriate for use in pediatric patients has been developed and titled the "KIDs List." METHODS A panel of 7 pediatric pharmacists from the Pediatric Pharmacy Association were recruited to evaluate primary, secondary, and tertiary literature; FDA Pediatric Safety Communications; the Lexicomp electronic database; and product information for drugs that should be considered potentially inappropriate for use in pediatric patients. Information was rated using predefined criteria. A PubMed search was conducted using the following terms: adverse drug events OR adverse drug reactions. The search was limited to humans; age <18 years; case reports, observational studies, or clinical trials; and English language. No date range was used. Results were used to create an evidence-based list of candidate drugs that was then peer-reviewed and subjected to a 30-day public comment period prior to being finalized. RESULTS A PubMed search yielded 4049 unique titles, of which 210 were deemed relevant for full review. Practitioner recommendations highlighted an additional 77 drugs. FDA Pediatric Safety Communications and the Lexicomp database yielded 22 and 619 drugs, respectively. After critical analysis, peer review, and public review the final KIDs List contains 67 drugs and/or drug classes and 10 excipients. CONCLUSIONS This extensive effort led to compilation of the first list of drugs that are potentially inappropriate for prescribing in all or in a select subgroup of pediatric patients. If avoidance is not clinically possible, the drug should be used with caution and accompanied by appropriate monitoring.
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Sié A, Ouattara M, Bountogo M, Bagagnan C, Coulibaly B, Boudo V, Lebas E, Brogdon JM, Lin Y, Bärnighausen T, Porco TC, Doan T, Lietman TM, Oldenburg CE. A double-masked placebo-controlled trial of azithromycin to prevent child mortality in Burkina Faso, West Africa: Community Health with Azithromycin Trial (CHAT) study protocol. Trials 2019; 20:675. [PMID: 31801563 PMCID: PMC6894235 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Biannual, mass azithromycin distribution has previously been shown to reduce all-cause child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Subgroup analysis suggested that the strongest effects were in the youngest children, leading to the hypothesis that targeting younger age groups might be an effective strategy to prevent mortality. We present the methods of two randomized controlled trials designed to evaluate mass and targeted azithromycin distribution for the prevention of child mortality in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Methods/design The Child Health with Azithromycin Treatment (CHAT) study consists of two nested, randomized controlled trials. In the first, communities are randomized in a 1:1 fashion to biannual, mass azithromycin distribution or placebo. The primary outcome is under-5 all-cause mortality measured at the community level. In the second, children attending primary healthcare facilities during the first 5–12 weeks of life for a healthy child visit (e.g., for vaccination) are randomized in a 1:1 fashion to a single orally administered dose of azithromycin or placebo. The primary outcome is all-cause mortality measured at 6 months of age. The trial commenced enrollment in August 2019. Discussion This study is expected to provide evidence on two health systems delivery approaches (mass and targeted treatment) for azithromycin to prevent all-cause child mortality. The results will inform global and national policies related to azithromycin for the prevention of child mortality. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03676764. Registered on 19 September 2018; prospectively registered pre results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sié
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Cheik Bagagnan
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Valentin Boudo
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Elodie Lebas
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, 513 Parnassus Ave, Room S334, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica M Brogdon
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, 513 Parnassus Ave, Room S334, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ying Lin
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, 513 Parnassus Ave, Room S334, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg, Germany.,Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Somkhele, South Africa.,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Travis C Porco
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, 513 Parnassus Ave, Room S334, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thuy Doan
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, 513 Parnassus Ave, Room S334, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, 513 Parnassus Ave, Room S334, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Catherine E Oldenburg
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, 513 Parnassus Ave, Room S334, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Donda K, Asare-Afriyie B, Ayensu M, Sharma M, Amponsah JK, Bhatt P, Hesse MA, Dapaah-Siakwan F. Pyloric Stenosis: National Trends in the Incidence Rate and Resource Use in the United States From 2012 to 2016. Hosp Pediatr 2019; 9:923-932. [PMID: 31748239 DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2019-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is the most common reason for abdominal surgery in infants; however, national-level data on incidence rate and resource use are lacking. We aimed to examine the national trends in hospitalizations for IHPS and resource use in its management in the United States from 2012 to 2016. METHODS We performed a retrospective serial cross-sectional study using data from the National Inpatient Sample, the largest health care database in the United States. We included infants aged ≤1 year assigned an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, or International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, code for IHPS who underwent pyloromyotomy or pyloroplasty. We examined the temporal trends in the incidence rate (cases per 1000 live births) according to sex, insurance status, geographic region, and race. We examined resource use using length of stay (LOS) and hospital costs. Linear regression was used for trend analysis. RESULTS Between 2012 and 2016, there were 32 450 cases of IHPS and 20 808 149 live births (incidence rate of 1.56 per 1000). Characteristics of the study population were 82.7% male, 53% white, and 63.3% on Medicaid, and a majority were born in large (64%), urban teaching hospitals (90%). The incidence of IHPS varied with race, sex, socioeconomic status, and geographic region. In multivariable regression analysis, the incidence rate of IHPS decreased from 1.76 to 1.57 per 1000 (adjusted odds ratio 0.93; 95% confidence interval 0.92-0.93). The median cost of care was $6078.30, whereas the median LOS was 2 days, and these remained stable during the period. CONCLUSIONS The incidence rate of IHPS decreased significantly between 2012 and 2016, whereas LOS and hospital costs remained stable. The reasons for the decline in the IHPS incidence rate may be multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyur Donda
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Barbara Asare-Afriyie
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Marian Ayensu
- Department of Medicine, The Trust Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mayank Sharma
- Batchelor Children's Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Parth Bhatt
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences Center, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, Texas
| | | | - Fredrick Dapaah-Siakwan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut
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Sie A, Bountogo M, Nebie E, Ouattara M, Coulibaly B, Bagagnan C, Zabre P, Lebas E, Brogdon J, Godwin WW, Lin Y, Porco T, Doan T, Lietman TM, Oldenburg CE. Neonatal azithromycin administration to prevent infant mortality: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e031162. [PMID: 31488494 PMCID: PMC6731835 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biannual mass azithromycin distribution to children aged 1-59 months has been shown to reduce all-cause mortality. Children under 28 days of age were not treated in studies evaluating mass azithromycin distribution for child mortality due to concerns related to infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). Here, we report the design of a randomised controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of administration of a single dose of oral azithromycin during the neonatal period. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Nouveaux-nés et Azithromycine: une Innovation dans le Traitement des Enfants (NAITRE) study is a double-masked randomised placebo-controlled trial designed to evaluate the efficacy of a single dose of azithromycin (20 mg/kg) for the prevention of child mortality. Newborns (n=21 712) aged 8-27 days weighing at least 2500 g are 1:1 randomised to a single, directly observed, oral dose of azithromycin or matching placebo. Participants are followed weekly for 3 weeks after treatment to screen for adverse events, including IHPS. The primary outcome is all-cause mortality at the 6-month study visit. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards at the University of California, San Francisco in San Francisco, USA (Protocol #18-25027) and the Comité National d'Ethique pour la Recherche in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (Protocol #2018-10-123). The findings of this trial will be presented at local, regional and international meetings and published in open access peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03682653; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sie
- Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Eric Nebie
- Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Cheik Bagagnan
- Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Pascal Zabre
- Centre de Recherche en Sante de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Elodie Lebas
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jessica Brogdon
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William W Godwin
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ying Lin
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Travis Porco
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Thuy Doan
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Catherine E Oldenburg
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
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Epidemiology of Serious Bacterial Infections in Infants Less Than 90 Days in a Military Health System Cohort. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019; 38:849-853. [PMID: 31220044 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of suspected serious bacterial infections (SBIs) in infants less than 3 months old is challenging. Understanding the epidemiology of SBI is necessary to inform management decisions. Recent publications have challenged the previously accepted distribution of infections by specimen source and pathogen. We sought to describe the burden of SBIs in previously healthy infants less than 90 days old. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of the Military Health System database to identify SBI cases among term infants less than 90 days of age from 2005 to 2015. We defined an SBI case as any previously healthy infant with positive cultures for a likely pathogen from blood, urine or cerebrospinal fluid. RESULTS Of 467,462 live births between January 2005 and September 2015, 3421 infants had positive cultures. After excluding 1781 episodes with isolates considered nonpathogenic or ICD-9 codes for chronic conditions, the overall incidence of SBI was 3.1 cases/1000 live births. The SBI rate dropped from 5.0 cases/1000 live births in 2005 to 2.0 cases/1000 live births in 2015 (P < 0.001 for trend). The most common pathogen was Escherichia coli (51.3%). CONCLUSIONS In this retrospective review of 467,462 live births, the incidence of SBI decreased from 5.0/1000 to 2.0/1000 live births over time. We identified no cases of Listeria monocytogenes. These data can help inform decisions related to treatment and management of infants with suspected bacterial infections.
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McPherson C. Pharmacotherapy for the Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Can Anything Compete with Caffeine and Corticosteroids? Neonatal Netw 2019; 38:242-249. [PMID: 31470395 DOI: 10.1891/0730-0832.38.4.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a morbidity of prematurity with implications for respiratory and neurologic health into adulthood. Multiple risk factors contribute to the development of BPD leading to examination of various prevention strategies. The roles of systemic corticosteroids and caffeine have been addressed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. The place in therapy of other agents commonly utilized in clinical practice remains unclear. Inhaled nitric oxide has been the subject of numerous large, randomized controlled trials in preterm infants. Despite sound rationale, these trials have largely failed to document benefit, suggesting a limited role for inhaled nitric oxide therapy in the preterm population. In contrast, intramuscular vitamin A has been documented to reduce the incidence of BPD in randomized trials. However, the invasiveness and the sporadic availability of this therapy have led to decreased utilization. All macrolide antibiotics do not appear to have a similar impact on the incidence of BPD; however, azithromycin administered to infants colonized with Ureaplasma may have impact. Questions remain about the optimal dosing approach and long-term safety of this intervention. Finally, diuretic therapy is widely used in clinical practice despite significant toxicities and limited data supporting a role in BPD prevention. Taken together, available data suggest that caffeine and selective use of corticosteroids remain the mainstays of pharmacologic BPD prevention.
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Xu P, Zeng L, Xiong T, Choonara I, Qazi S, Zhang L. Safety of azithromycin in paediatrics: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Paediatr Open 2019; 3:e000469. [PMID: 31321320 PMCID: PMC6598555 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2019-000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Azithromycin is widely used in children not only in the treatment of individual children with infectious diseases, but also as mass drug administration (MDA) within a community to eradicate or control specific tropical diseases. MDA has also been reported to have a beneficial effect on child mortality and morbidity. However, concerns have been raised about the safety of azithromycin, especially in young children. The aim of this review is to systematically identify the safety of azithromycin in children of all ages. METHODS AND ANALYSIS MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, CINAHL, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts and adverse drug reaction (ADR) monitoring systems will be systematically searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, case series and case reports evaluating the safety of azithromycin in children. The Cochrane risk of bias tool, Newcastle-Ottawa and quality assessment tools, and The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools will be used for quality assessment. Meta-analyses will be conducted to the incidence of ADRs from RCTs if appropriate. Subgroup analyses will be performed in different age and azithromycin dosage groups. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Formal ethical approval is not required as no primary data are collected. This systematic review will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018112629.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Xu
- Departmentof Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-BasedPharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linan Zeng
- Departmentof Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-BasedPharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- Neonataldepartment, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Imti Choonara
- AcademicDivision of Child Health, University of Nottingham, Derbyshire Children’sHospital, Derby, UK
| | - Shamim Qazi
- Department of Maternal Newborn Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Swaziland
| | - Lingli Zhang
- Departmentof Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-BasedPharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Jacobs C, Johnson K, Khan FA, Mustafa MM. Life-threatening electrolyte abnormalities in pyloric stenosis. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Rosenthal YS, Chodick G, Grossman Z, Shalev V, Koren G. The incidence of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and its association with folic acid supplementation during pregnancy: A nested case-control study. J Pediatr Surg 2019; 54:701-706. [PMID: 29884554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE Several studies have suggested that the incidence of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) has decreased in recent decades. This decrement is controversial and not fully explained. Concurrently, there has been a major increase in folic acid consumption by pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects. We aimed to describe IHPS incidence in Israel in recent years and to assess its potential association with folic acid consumption. METHODS Using the electronic medical database of a 2.1 million member health organization in Israel, we identified all cases (n = 1899) of IHPS occurring between 1999 and 2015. Cases were individually matched with up to 5 controls (n = 7350) by birth date, sex, and region. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals by tertiles of cumulative dose of supplemented folic acid between three months prior to pregnancy and up to birth of index child were calculated using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS During the study period IHPS incidence declined from 4.3 in 1999 to 2.1 per 1000 live births in 2015(p < 0.0001). No significant (p = 0.81) association was observed between folic acid intake during pregnancy and risk of IHPS incidence. Preterm birth and infant's use of macrolides during first 3 postnatal months were significantly (p < 0.01) associated with increased risk of IHPS. CONCLUSIONS Similar to other countries, IHPS incidence in Israel has decreased in recent years. The decrement cannot be explained by increased use of folic acid. TYPE OF STUDY Case Control Study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III. SUMMARY Using linkage to a large electronic patient database, this study investigated the association between the decrease in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and maternal exposure to folic acid during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Chodick
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Maccabi Institute for Research and Innovation, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zachi Grossman
- Maccabi Institute for Research and Innovation, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Varda Shalev
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Maccabi Institute for Research and Innovation, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gideon Koren
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Maccabi Institute for Research and Innovation, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Abdellatif M, Ghozy S, Kamel MG, Elawady SS, Ghorab MME, Attia AW, Le Huyen TT, Duy DTV, Hirayama K, Huy NT. Association between exposure to macrolides and the development of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr 2019; 178:301-314. [PMID: 30470884 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-018-3287-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrolides are bacteriostatic antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The aim of this study was to systematically review and meta-analyze the association between infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) and macrolides. Nine databases were searched systematically for studies with information on the association between macrolides and IHPS. We combined findings using random effects models. Our study revealed 18 articles investigating the association between macrolides and IHPS. There was a significant association between the development of IHPS and erythromycin (2.38, 1.06-5.39). The association was strong when erythromycin was used during the first 2 weeks of life (8.14, 4.29-15.45). During breastfeeding, use of macrolides showed no significant association with IHPS in infants (0.96, 0.61-1.53). IHPS was not associated with erythromycin (1.11, 0.9-1.36) or macrolides use during pregnancy (1.15, 0.98-1.36).Conclusions: There is an association between erythromycin use during infancy and developing IHPS in infants. However, no significant association was found between macrolides use during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Additional large studies are needed to further evaluate potential association with macrolide use. What is known? • Erythromycin intake in the first 2 weeks of life is associated with an increased risk of pyloric stenosis. What is New? • There is currently no evidence of significant association between macrolides use during pregnancy or breastfeeding and pyloric stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abdellatif
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Al-Adan hospital, Ministry of Health, Hadiya, Kuwait
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Sherief Ghozy
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- Neurosurgery Department, El Sheikh Zayed Specialized Hospital, Giza, 41516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Gomaa Kamel
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Sameh Samir Elawady
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mohy Eldeen Ghorab
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21111, Egypt
| | - Andrew Wassef Attia
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- Ain Shams University Hospital, Cairo, 11633, Egypt
| | - Truong Thi Le Huyen
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Diep Trong Vien Duy
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Leading Graduate School Program, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Evidence Based Medicine Research Group & Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Department of Clinical Product Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Leading Graduate School Program, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
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Wolle MA, West SK. Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection: elimination with mass drug administration. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:189-200. [PMID: 30698042 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1577136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection, the causative agent for trachoma, is responsible for 1.9 million cases of visual loss worldwide. Mass Drug Administration (MDA) with azithromycin to entire trachoma-endemic districts is part of the World Health Organization's public health strategy for trachoma elimination. Areas covered: Background on C. trachomatis and the epidemiology of trachoma are presented, followed by a review of the antibiotics for treatment and the need for a public health approach to trachoma elimination. The effectiveness of mass drug administration is presented, concluding with challenges to trachoma elimination in the future. Expert opinion: MDA using azithromycin is a key component of the public health strategy for trachoma elimination. With high coverage in children, there is good evidence that MDA drops the community pool of infection. There are challenges to trachoma elimination by the year 2020, and the drug donation program for country MDAs will be integral to ongoing efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meraf A Wolle
- a Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology , Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Sheila K West
- a Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology , Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Almaramhy HH, Al-Zalabani AH. The association of prenatal and postnatal macrolide exposure with subsequent development of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ital J Pediatr 2019; 45:20. [PMID: 30717812 PMCID: PMC6360705 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-019-0613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association between macrolides use and subsequent occurrence of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is still debatable. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between perinatal exposure to macrolides, mainly erythromycin, and the development of pyloric stenosis. Methods Original studies were identified using MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library databases. Studies investigating the association between perinatal exposure to macrolides and pyloric stenosis were included. The most adjusted effect estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. The I2 and Egger’s tests were used to assess heterogeneity and publication bias, respectively. Results Fourteen papers (12 retrospective cohort studies and two case-control studies) were included. For postnatal exposure, the overall estimate of seven cohort studies indicated a statistically significant association (RR = 3.17, 95% CI: 2.38–4.23; I2 = 10.0%) with no evidence of publication bias (Egger P = 0.81). For prenatal exposure, six cohort studies and two case-control studies were included. Meta-analysis demonstrated a statistically significant association in the cohort studies (OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.03–2.09; I2 = 29.3%), but not in the case-control studies (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.66–1.58; I2 = 51.2%). The overall pooled result was not statistically significant. Only two studies were included for exposure through breastfeeding, and the estimates did not show a statistically significant association (OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 0.42–4.1; I2 = 69.1%). Conclusions The study demonstrated good evidence of association between development of IHPS and direct postnatal exposure to macrolides. However, the evidence on the effects of prenatal exposure or postnatal maternal exposure (breastfeeding) is not conclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi H Almaramhy
- Department of Surgery (Pediatric Surgery Division), College of Medicine, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen H Al-Zalabani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Taibah University, PO box 42317, Madinah, 41541, Saudi Arabia.
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