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Acs-Szabo L, Papp LA, Miklos I. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of human diseases: the benefits of fission yeasts. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2024; 11:288-311. [PMID: 39104724 PMCID: PMC11299203 DOI: 10.15698/mic2024.08.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The role of model organisms such as yeasts in life science research is crucial. Although the baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is the most popular model among yeasts, the contribution of the fission yeasts (Schizosaccharomyces) to life science is also indisputable. Since both types of yeasts share several thousands of common orthologous genes with humans, they provide a simple research platform to investigate many fundamental molecular mechanisms and functions, thereby contributing to the understanding of the background of human diseases. In this review, we would like to highlight the many advantages of fission yeasts over budding yeasts. The usefulness of fission yeasts in virus research is shown as an example, presenting the most important research results related to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr protein. Besides, the potential role of fission yeasts in the study of prion biology is also discussed. Furthermore, we are keen to promote the uprising model yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, which is a dimorphic species in the fission yeast genus. We propose the hyphal growth of S. japonicus as an unusual opportunity as a model to study the invadopodia of human cancer cells since the two seemingly different cell types can be compared along fundamental features. Here we also collect the latest laboratory protocols and bioinformatics tools for the fission yeasts to highlight the many possibilities available to the research community. In addition, we present several limiting factors that everyone should be aware of when working with yeast models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Acs-Szabo
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of DebrecenDebrecen, 4032Hungary
| | - Laszlo Attila Papp
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of DebrecenDebrecen, 4032Hungary
| | - Ida Miklos
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of DebrecenDebrecen, 4032Hungary
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Zhang J, Benko Z, Zhang C, Zhao RY. Advanced Protocol for Molecular Characterization of Viral Genome in Fission Yeast ( Schizosaccharomyces pombe). Pathogens 2024; 13:566. [PMID: 39057793 PMCID: PMC11279667 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fission yeast, a single-cell eukaryotic organism, shares many fundamental cellular processes with higher eukaryotes, including gene transcription and regulation, cell cycle regulation, vesicular transport and membrane trafficking, and cell death resulting from the cellular stress response. As a result, fission yeast has proven to be a versatile model organism for studying human physiology and diseases such as cell cycle dysregulation and cancer, as well as autophagy and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Given that viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that rely on host cellular machinery to replicate and produce, fission yeast could serve as a surrogate to identify viral proteins that affect host cellular processes. This approach could facilitate the study of virus-host interactions and help identify potential viral targets for antiviral therapy. Using fission yeast for functional characterization of viral genomes offers several advantages, including a well-characterized and haploid genome, robustness, cost-effectiveness, ease of maintenance, and rapid doubling time. Therefore, fission yeast emerges as a valuable surrogate system for rapid and comprehensive functional characterization of viral proteins, aiding in the identification of therapeutic antiviral targets or viral proteins that impact highly conserved host cellular functions with significant virologic implications. Importantly, this approach has a proven track record of success in studying various human and plant viruses. In this protocol, we present a streamlined and scalable molecular cloning strategy tailored for genome-wide and comprehensive functional characterization of viral proteins in fission yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Zsigmond Benko
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Richard Y. Zhao
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.Z.); (C.Z.)
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Institute of Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Research & Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Zhang J, Hom K, Zhang C, Nasr M, Gerzanich V, Zhang Y, Tang Q, Xue F, Simard JM, Zhao RY. SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a Protein as a Therapeutic Target against COVID-19 and Long-Term Post-Infection Effects. Pathogens 2024; 13:75. [PMID: 38251382 PMCID: PMC10819734 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has posed unparalleled challenges due to its rapid transmission, ability to mutate, high mortality and morbidity, and enduring health complications. Vaccines have exhibited effectiveness, but their efficacy diminishes over time while new variants continue to emerge. Antiviral medications offer a viable alternative, but their success has been inconsistent. Therefore, there remains an ongoing need to identify innovative antiviral drugs for treating COVID-19 and its post-infection complications. The ORF3a (open reading frame 3a) protein found in SARS-CoV-2, represents a promising target for antiviral treatment due to its multifaceted role in viral pathogenesis, cytokine storms, disease severity, and mortality. ORF3a contributes significantly to viral pathogenesis by facilitating viral assembly and release, essential processes in the viral life cycle, while also suppressing the body's antiviral responses, thus aiding viral replication. ORF3a also has been implicated in triggering excessive inflammation, characterized by NF-κB-mediated cytokine production, ultimately leading to apoptotic cell death and tissue damage in the lungs, kidneys, and the central nervous system. Additionally, ORF3a triggers the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, inciting a cytokine storm, which is a major contributor to the severity of the disease and subsequent mortality. As with the spike protein, ORF3a also undergoes mutations, and certain mutant variants correlate with heightened disease severity in COVID-19. These mutations may influence viral replication and host cellular inflammatory responses. While establishing a direct link between ORF3a and mortality is difficult, its involvement in promoting inflammation and exacerbating disease severity likely contributes to higher mortality rates in severe COVID-19 cases. This review offers a comprehensive and detailed exploration of ORF3a's potential as an innovative antiviral drug target. Additionally, we outline potential strategies for discovering and developing ORF3a inhibitor drugs to counteract its harmful effects, alleviate tissue damage, and reduce the severity of COVID-19 and its lingering complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Kellie Hom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.H.); (F.X.)
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Mohamed Nasr
- Drug Development and Clinical Sciences Branch, Division of AIDS, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (V.G.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Yanjin Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA;
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.H.); (F.X.)
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (V.G.); (J.M.S.)
- Research & Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Richard Y. Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.Z.); (C.Z.)
- Research & Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Institute of Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Garrido-Huarte JL, Fita-Torró J, Viana R, Pascual-Ahuir A, Proft M. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 accessory proteins ORF3a and ORF7a modulate autophagic flux and Ca2+ homeostasis in yeast. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1152249. [PMID: 37077240 PMCID: PMC10106705 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1152249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infection involves the manipulation of key host cell functions by specialized virulence proteins. The Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) small accessory proteins ORF3a and ORF7a have been implicated in favoring virus replication and spreading by inhibiting the autophagic flux within the host cell. Here, we apply yeast models to gain insights into the physiological functions of both SARS-CoV-2 small open reading frames (ORFs). ORF3a and ORF7a can be stably overexpressed in yeast cells, producing a decrease in cellular fitness. Both proteins show a distinguishable intracellular localization. ORF3a localizes to the vacuolar membrane, whereas ORF7a targets the endoplasmic reticulum. Overexpression of ORF3a and ORF7a leads to the accumulation of Atg8 specific autophagosomes. However, the underlying mechanism is different for each viral protein as assessed by the quantification of the autophagic degradation of Atg8-GFP fusion proteins, which is inhibited by ORF3a and stimulated by ORF7a. Overexpression of both SARS-CoV-2 ORFs decreases cellular fitness upon starvation conditions, where autophagic processes become essential. These data confirm previous findings on SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a and ORF7a manipulating autophagic flux in mammalian cell models and are in agreement with a model where both small ORFs have synergistic functions in stimulating intracellular autophagosome accumulation, ORF3a by inhibiting autophagosome processing at the vacuole and ORF7a by promoting autophagosome formation at the ER. ORF3a has an additional function in Ca2+ homeostasis. The overexpression of ORF3a confers calcineurin-dependent Ca2+ tolerance and activates a Ca2+ sensitive FKS2-luciferase reporter, suggesting a possible ORF3a-mediated Ca2+ efflux from the vacuole. Taken together, we show that viral accessory proteins can be functionally investigated in yeast cells and that SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a and ORF7a proteins interfere with autophagosome formation and processing as well as with Ca2+ homeostasis from distinct cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Garrido-Huarte
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep Fita-Torró
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Viana
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Pascual-Ahuir
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València UPV, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Amparo Pascual-Ahuir,
| | - Markus Proft
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IBV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- Markus Proft,
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Improving Drug Sensitivity of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors by Restriction of Cellular Efflux System in a Fission Yeast Model. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070804. [PMID: 35890048 PMCID: PMC9318301 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fission yeast can be used as a cell-based system for high-throughput drug screening. However, higher drug concentrations are often needed to achieve the same effect as in mammalian cells. Our goal here was to improve drug sensitivity so reduced drugs could be used. Three different methods affecting drug uptakes were tested using an FDA-approved HIV-1 protease inhibitor (PI) drug Darunavir (DRV). First, we tested whether spheroplasts without cell walls increase the drug sensitivity. Second, we examined whether electroporation could be used. Although small improvements were observed, neither of these two methods showed significant increase in the EC50 values of DRV compared with the traditional method. In contrast, when DRV was tested in a mutant strain PR836 that lacks key proteins regulating cellular efflux, a significant increase in the EC50 was observed. A comparison of nine FDA-approved HIV-1 PI drugs between the wild-type RE294 strain and the mutant PR836 strain showed marked enhancement of the drug sensitivities ranging from an increase of 0.56 log to 2.48 logs. Therefore, restricting cellular efflux through the adaption of the described fission yeast mutant strain enhances the drug sensitivity, reduces the amount of drug used, and increases the chance of success in future drug discovery.
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Zhang J, Ejikemeuwa A, Gerzanich V, Nasr M, Tang Q, Simard JM, Zhao RY. Understanding the Role of SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a in Viral Pathogenesis and COVID-19. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:854567. [PMID: 35356515 PMCID: PMC8959714 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.854567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has shocked the world due to its persistence, COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality, and the high mutability of the virus. One of the major concerns is the emergence of new viral variants that may increase viral transmission and disease severity. In addition to mutations of spike protein, mutations of viral proteins that affect virulence, such as ORF3a, also must be considered. The purpose of this article is to review the current literature on ORF3a, to summarize the molecular actions of SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a, and its role in viral pathogenesis and COVID-19. ORF3a is a polymorphic, multifunctional viral protein that is specific to SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2. It was acquired from β-CoV lineage and likely originated from bats through viral evolution. SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a is a viroporin that interferes with ion channel activities in host plasma and endomembranes. It is likely a virion-associated protein that exerts its effect on the viral life cycle during viral entry through endocytosis, endomembrane-associated viral transcription and replication, and viral release through exocytosis. ORF3a induces cellular innate and pro-inflammatory immune responses that can trigger a cytokine storm, especially under hypoxic conditions, by activating NLRP3 inflammasomes, HMGB1, and HIF-1α to promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. ORF3a induces cell death through apoptosis, necrosis, and pyroptosis, which leads to tissue damage that affects the severity of COVID-19. ORF3a continues to evolve along with spike and other viral proteins to adapt in the human cellular environment. How the emerging ORF3a mutations alter the function of SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a and its role in viral pathogenesis and COVID-19 is largely unknown. This review provides an in-depth analysis of ORF3a protein's structure, origin, evolution, and mutant variants, and how these characteristics affect its functional role in viral pathogenesis and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Research and Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amara Ejikemeuwa
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Research and Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mohamed Nasr
- Drug Development and Clinical Sciences Branch, Division of AIDS, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Research and Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Richard Y. Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Research and Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute of Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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7
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Kroemer G, Galassi C, Zitvogel L, Galluzzi L. Immunogenic cell stress and death. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:487-500. [PMID: 35145297 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 228.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dying mammalian cells emit numerous signals that interact with the host to dictate the immunological correlates of cellular stress and death. In the absence of reactive antigenic determinants (which is generally the case for healthy cells), such signals may drive inflammation but cannot engage adaptive immunity. Conversely, when cells exhibit sufficient antigenicity, as in the case of infected or malignant cells, their death can culminate with adaptive immune responses that are executed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and elicit immunological memory. Suggesting a key role for immunogenic cell death (ICD) in immunosurveillance, both pathogens and cancer cells evolved strategies to prevent the recognition of cell death as immunogenic. Intriguingly, normal cells succumbing to conditions that promote the formation of post-translational neoantigens (for example, oxidative stress) can also drive at least some degree of antigen-specific immunity, pointing to a novel implication of ICD in the etiology of non-infectious, non-malignant disorders linked to autoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Kroemer
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France. .,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France. .,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Claudia Galassi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,INSERM U1015, Villejuif, France.,Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) BIOTHERIS, Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. .,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Crucitti D, Chiapello M, Oliva D, Forgia M, Turina M, Carimi F, La Bella F, Pacifico D. Identification and Molecular Characterization of Novel Mycoviruses in Saccharomyces and Non- Saccharomyces Yeasts of Oenological Interest. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010052. [PMID: 35062256 PMCID: PMC8778689 DOI: 10.3390/v14010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wine yeasts can be natural hosts for dsRNA, ssRNA viruses and retrotransposon elements. In this study, high-throughput RNA sequencing combined with bioinformatic analyses unveiled the virome associated to 16 Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 8 non-Saccharomyces strains of oenological interest. Results showed the presence of six viruses and two satellite dsRNAs from four different families, two of which-Partitiviridae and Mitoviridae-were not reported before in yeasts, as well as two ORFan contigs of viral origin. According to phylogenetic analysis, four new putative mycoviruses distributed in Totivirus, Cryspovirus, and Mitovirus genera were identified. The majority of commercial S. cerevisiae strains were confirmed to be the host for helper L-A type totiviruses and satellite M dsRNAs associated with the killer phenotype, both in single and mixed infections with L-BC totiviruses, and two viral sequences belonging to a new cryspovirus putative species discovered here for the first time. Moreover, single infection by a narnavirus 20S-related sequence was also found in one S. cerevisiae strain. Considering the non-Saccharomyces yeasts, Starmerella bacillaris hosted four RNAs of viral origin-two clustering in Totivirus and Mitovirus genera, and two ORFans with putative satellite behavior. This study confirmed the infection of wine yeasts by viruses associated with useful technological characteristics and demonstrated the presence of complex mixed infections with unpredictable biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Crucitti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse (IBBR), C.N.R., Corso Calatafimi 414, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.C.); (F.L.B.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (D.P.); Tel.: +39-091-657-4578 (D.C.)
| | - Marco Chiapello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), C.N.R., Strada delle Cacce, 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (M.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Daniele Oliva
- Istituto Regionale del Vino e dell’Olio (IRVO), Via Libertà 66, 90143 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Marco Forgia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), C.N.R., Strada delle Cacce, 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (M.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Massimo Turina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante (IPSP), C.N.R., Strada delle Cacce, 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (M.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Francesco Carimi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse (IBBR), C.N.R., Corso Calatafimi 414, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.C.); (F.L.B.)
| | - Francesca La Bella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse (IBBR), C.N.R., Corso Calatafimi 414, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.C.); (F.L.B.)
| | - Davide Pacifico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Istituto di Bioscienze e BioRisorse (IBBR), C.N.R., Corso Calatafimi 414, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.C.); (F.L.B.)
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (D.P.); Tel.: +39-091-657-4578 (D.C.)
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Zhang J, Li Q, Cruz Cosme RS, Gerzanich V, Tang Q, Simard JM, Zhao RY. Genome-wide characterization of SARS-CoV-2 cytopathogenic proteins in the search of antiviral targets. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.11.23.469747. [PMID: 34845452 PMCID: PMC8629195 DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.23.469747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic inhibition of critical viral functions is important for curtailing coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). We sought to identify antiviral targets through genome-wide characterization of SARS-CoV-2 proteins that are crucial for viral pathogenesis and that cause harmful cytopathic effects. All twenty-nine viral proteins were tested in a fission yeast cell-based system using inducible gene expression. Twelve proteins including eight non-structural proteins (NSP1, NSP3, NSP4, NSP5, NSP6, NSP13, NSP14 and NSP15) and four accessory proteins (ORF3a, ORF6, ORF7a and ORF7b) were identified that altered cellular proliferation and integrity, and induced cell death. Cell death correlated with the activation of cellular oxidative stress. Of the twelve proteins, ORF3a was chosen for further study in mammalian cells. In human pulmonary and kidney epithelial cells, ORF3a induced cellular oxidative stress associated with apoptosis and necrosis, and caused activation of pro-inflammatory response with production of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-β1, possibly through the activation of NF-κB. To further characterize the mechanism, we tested a natural ORF3a Beta variant, Q57H, and a mutant with deletion of the highly conserved residue, ΔG188. Compared to wild type ORF3a, the ΔG188 variant yielded more robust activation of cellular oxidative stress, cell death, and innate immune response. Since cellular oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to cell death and tissue damage linked to the severity of COVID-19, our findings suggest that ORF3a is a promising, novel therapeutic target against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Ruth S. Cruz Cosme
- Institute of Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Institute of Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Richard Y. Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Institute of Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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Single-Agent and Fixed-Dose Combination HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor Drugs in Fission Yeast ( Schizosaccharomyces pombe). Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070804. [PMID: 34202872 PMCID: PMC8308830 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful combination antiretroviral therapies (cART) eliminate active replicating HIV-1, slow down disease progression, and prolong lives. However, cART effectiveness could be compromised by the emergence of viral multidrug resistance, suggesting the need for new drug discoveries. The objective of this study was to further demonstrate the utility of the fission yeast cell-based systems that we developed previously for the discovery and testing of HIV protease (PR) inhibitors (PIs) against wild-type or multi-PI drug resistant M11PR that we isolated from an infected individual. All thirteen FDA-approved single-agent and fixed-dose combination HIV PI drugs were tested. The effect of these drugs on HIV PR activities was tested in pure compounds or formulation drugs. All FDA-approved PI drugs, except for a prodrug FPV, were able to suppress the wild-type PR-induced cellular and enzymatic activities. Relative drug potencies measured by EC50 in fission yeast were discussed in comparison with those measured in human cells. In contrast, none of the FDA-approved drugs suppressed the multi-PI drug resistant M11PR activities. Results of this study show that fission yeast is a reliable cell-based system for the discovery and testing of HIV PIs and further demonstrate the need for new PI drugs against viral multi-PI resistance.
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11
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Contribution of yeast models to virus research. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4855-4878. [PMID: 34086116 PMCID: PMC8175935 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11331-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Time and again, yeast has proven to be a vital model system to understand various crucial basic biology questions. Studies related to viruses are no exception to this. This simple eukaryotic organism is an invaluable model for studying fundamental cellular processes altered in the host cell due to viral infection or expression of viral proteins. Mechanisms of infection of several RNA and relatively few DNA viruses have been studied in yeast to date. Yeast is used for studying several aspects related to the replication of a virus, such as localization of viral proteins, interaction with host proteins, cellular effects on the host, etc. The development of novel techniques based on high-throughput analysis of libraries, availability of toolboxes for genetic manipulation, and a compact genome makes yeast a good choice for such studies. In this review, we provide an overview of the studies that have used yeast as a model system and have advanced our understanding of several important viruses. Key points • Yeast, a simple eukaryote, is an important model organism for studies related to viruses. • Several aspects of both DNA and RNA viruses of plants and animals are investigated using the yeast model. • Apart from the insights obtained on virus biology, yeast is also extensively used for antiviral development.
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12
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Rescue of Infectious Sindbis Virus by Yeast Spheroplast-Mammalian Cell Fusion. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040603. [PMID: 33916100 PMCID: PMC8066160 DOI: 10.3390/v13040603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sindbis virus (SINV), a positive-sense single stranded RNA virus that causes mild symptoms in humans, is transmitted by mosquito bites. SINV reverse genetics have many implications, not only in understanding alphavirus transmission, replication cycle, and virus-host interactions, but also in biotechnology and biomedical applications. The rescue of SINV infectious particles is usually achieved by transfecting susceptible cells (BHK-21) with SINV-infectious mRNA genomes generated from cDNA constructed via in vitro translation (IVT). That procedure is time consuming, costly, and relies heavily on reagent quality. Here, we constructed a novel infectious SINV cDNA construct that expresses its genomic RNA in yeast cells controlled by galactose induction. Using spheroplasts made from this yeast, we established a robust polyethylene glycol-mediated yeast: BHK-21 fusion protocol to rescue infectious SINV particles. Our approach is timesaving and utilizes common lab reagents for SINV rescue. It could be a useful tool for the rescue of large single strand RNA viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2.
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13
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Polčic P, Machala Z. Effects of Non-Thermal Plasma on Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052247. [PMID: 33668158 PMCID: PMC7956799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold plasmas generated by various electrical discharges can affect cell physiology or induce cell damage that may often result in the loss of viability. Many cold plasma-based technologies have emerged in recent years that are aimed at manipulating the cells within various environments or tissues. These include inactivation of microorganisms for the purpose of sterilization, food processing, induction of seeds germination, but also the treatment of cells in the therapy. Mechanisms that underlie the plasma-cell interactions are, however, still poorly understood. Dissection of cellular pathways or structures affected by plasma using simple eukaryotic models is therefore desirable. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a traditional model organism with unprecedented impact on our knowledge of processes in eukaryotic cells. As such, it had been also employed in studies of plasma-cell interactions. This review focuses on the effects of cold plasma on yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Polčic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina CH1, Ilkovičova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-60296-398
| | - Zdenko Machala
- Division of Environmental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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14
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Zhang J, Li Q, Cruz Cosme RS, Gerzanich V, Tang Q, Simard JM, Zhao RY. Genome-Wide Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Cytopathogenic Proteins in the Search of Antiviral Targets. mBio 2021; 13:e0016922. [PMID: 35164548 PMCID: PMC8844912 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00169-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic inhibition of critical viral functions is important for curtailing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We sought to identify antiviral targets through the genome-wide characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteins that are crucial for viral pathogenesis and that cause harmful cytopathogenic effects. All 29 viral proteins were tested in a fission yeast cell-based system using inducible gene expression. Twelve proteins, including eight nonstructural proteins (NSP1, NSP3, NSP4, NSP5, NSP6, NSP13, NSP14, and NSP15) and four accessory proteins (ORF3a, ORF6, ORF7a, and ORF7b), were identified that altered cellular proliferation and integrity and induced cell death. Cell death correlated with the activation of cellular oxidative stress. Of the 12 proteins, ORF3a was chosen for further study in mammalian cells because it plays an important role in viral pathogenesis and its activities are linked to lung tissue damage and a cytokine storm. In human pulmonary and kidney epithelial cells, ORF3a induced cellular oxidative stress associated with apoptosis and necrosis and caused activation of proinflammatory response with production of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IFN-β1, possibly through the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). To further characterize the mechanism, we tested a natural ORF3a Beta variant, Q57H, and a mutant with deletion of the highly conserved residue, ΔG188. Compared with wild-type ORF3a, the ΔG188 variant yielded more robust activation of cellular oxidative stress, cell death, and innate immune response. Since cellular oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to cell death and tissue damage linked to the severity of COVID-19, our findings suggest that ORF3a is a promising, novel therapeutic target against COVID-19. IMPORTANCE The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has claimed over 5.5 million lives with more than 300 million people infected worldwide. While vaccines are effective, the emergence of new viral variants could jeopardize vaccine protection. Treatment of COVID-19 by antiviral drugs provides an alternative to battle against the disease. The goal of this study was to identify viral therapeutic targets that can be used in antiviral drug discovery. Utilizing a genome-wide functional analysis in a fission yeast cell-based system, we identified 12 viral candidates, including ORF3a, which cause cellular oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and necrosis that contribute to cytopathogenicity and COVID-19. Our findings indicate that antiviral agents targeting ORF3a could have a great impact on COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Research & Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruth S. Cruz Cosme
- Surgical Care Clinical Center, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Research & Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qiyi Tang
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Surgical Care Clinical Center, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Y. Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute of Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Research & Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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15
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Characterization of nucleocapsid and matrix proteins of Newcastle disease virus in yeast. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:65. [PMID: 33489683 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02624-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus is a member of family Paramyxoviridae that infects chicken. Its genome comprises ~15.2 kb negative-sense RNA that encodes six major proteins. The virus encodes various proteins; among all, nucleocapsid (NP) and matrix (M) help in virus replication and its budding from the host cells, respectively. In this study, we investigated the intracellular distribution of NP and M upon expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We observed nuclear targeting of M, and vacuolar localization of NP was observed in a fraction of yeast cells. Prolonged expression of GFP fused NP or M resulted in altered cell viability and intracellular production of reactive oxygen species in yeast cells. The expression of viral proteins did not alter the morphology and number of the organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and peroxisomes. However, a significant effect was observed on vacuolar morphology and number in yeast cells. These observations point towards the importance of host cellular reorganization in viral infection. These findings may enable us to understand the conserved pathways affected in eukaryotic cells as a result of viral protein expression. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02624-4.
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16
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Benko Z, Zhang J, Zhao RY. Development of A Fission Yeast Cell-Based Platform for High Throughput Screening of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors. Curr HIV Res 2021; 17:429-440. [PMID: 31782368 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666191128102839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 protease inhibitor (PI) is one of the most potent classes of drugs in combinational antiretroviral therapies (cART). When a PI is used in combination with other anti- HIV drugs, cART can often suppress HIV-1 below detection thus prolonging the patient's lives. However, the challenge often faced by patients is the emergence of HIV-1 drug resistance. Thus, PIs with high genetic-barrier to drug-resistance are needed. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to develop a novel and simple fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) cell-based system that is suitable for high throughput screening (HTS) of small molecules against HIV-1 protease (PR). METHODS A fission yeast RE294-GFP strain that stably expresses HIV-1 PR and green fluorescence protein (GFP) under the control of an inducible nmt1 promoter was used. Production of HIV-1 PR induces cellular growth arrest, which was used as the primary endpoint for the search of PIs and was quantified by an absorbance-based method. Levels of GFP production were used as a counter-screen control to eliminate potential transcriptional nmt1 inhibitors. RESULTS Both the absorbance-based HIV-1 PR assay and the GFP-based fluorescence assay were miniaturized and optimized for HTS. A pilot study was performed using a small drug library mixed with known PI drugs and nmt1 inhibitors. With empirically adjusted and clearly defined double-selection criteria, we were able to correctly identify the PIs and to exclude all hidden nmt1 inhibitors. CONCLUSION We have successfully developed and validated a fission yeast cell-based HTS platform for the future screening and testing of HIV-1 PR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsigmond Benko
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Richard Y Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.,Department of Microbiology- Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.,Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.,Institute of Global Health, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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17
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Incarbone M, Scheer H, Hily JM, Kuhn L, Erhardt M, Dunoyer P, Altenbach D, Ritzenthaler C. Characterization of a DCL2-Insensitive Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus Isolate Infecting Arabidopsis thaliana. Viruses 2020; 12:E1121. [PMID: 33023227 PMCID: PMC7650723 DOI: 10.3390/v12101121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), the type member of the genus Tombusvirus in the family Tombusviridae is one of the best studied plant viruses. The TBSV natural and experimental host range covers a wide spectrum of plants including agricultural crops, ornamentals, vegetables and Nicotiana benthamiana. However, Arabidopsis thaliana, the well-established model organism in plant biology, genetics and plant-microbe interactions is absent from the list of known TBSV host plant species. Most of our recent knowledge of the virus life cycle has emanated from studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a surrogate host for TBSV that lacks crucial plant antiviral mechanisms such as RNA interference (RNAi). Here, we identified and characterized a TBSV isolate able to infect Arabidopsis with high efficiency. We demonstrated by confocal and 3D electron microscopy that in Arabidopsis TBSV-BS3Ng replicates in association with clustered peroxisomes in which numerous spherules are induced. A dsRNA-centered immunoprecipitation analysis allowed the identification of TBSV-associated host components including DRB2 and DRB4, which perfectly localized to replication sites, and NFD2 that accumulated in larger viral factories in which peroxisomes cluster. By challenging knock-out mutants for key RNAi factors, we showed that TBSV-BS3Ng undergoes a non-canonical RNAi defensive reaction. In fact, unlike other RNA viruses described, no 22nt TBSV-derived small RNA are detected in the absence of DCL4, indicating that this virus is DCL2-insensitive. The new Arabidopsis-TBSV-BS3Ng pathosystem should provide a valuable new model for dissecting plant-virus interactions in complement to Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Incarbone
- Institut de Biologie de Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (H.S.); (M.E.); (P.D.)
| | - Hélene Scheer
- Institut de Biologie de Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (H.S.); (M.E.); (P.D.)
| | - Jean-Michel Hily
- IFV, Le Grau-Du-Roi, Université de Strasbourg, INRAE, SVQV UNR-A 1131, 68000 Colmar, France;
| | - Lauriane Kuhn
- Plateforme protéomique Strasbourg Esplanade FR1589 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Mathieu Erhardt
- Institut de Biologie de Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (H.S.); (M.E.); (P.D.)
| | - Patrice Dunoyer
- Institut de Biologie de Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (H.S.); (M.E.); (P.D.)
| | - Denise Altenbach
- Bioreba AG, Christoph Merian Ring 7, CH-4153 Reinach, Switzerland;
| | - Christophe Ritzenthaler
- Institut de Biologie de Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (H.S.); (M.E.); (P.D.)
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18
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Nagy PD, Lin W. Taking over Cellular Energy-Metabolism for TBSV Replication: The High ATP Requirement of an RNA Virus within the Viral Replication Organelle. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010056. [PMID: 31947719 PMCID: PMC7019945 DOI: 10.3390/v12010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries on virus-driven hijacking and compartmentalization of the cellular glycolytic and fermentation pathways to support robust virus replication put the spotlight on the energy requirement of viral processes. The active recruitment of glycolytic enzymes in combination with fermentation enzymes by the viral replication proteins emphasizes the advantages of producing ATP locally within viral replication structures. This leads to a paradigm shift in our understanding of how viruses take over host metabolism to support the virus’s energy needs during the replication process. This review highlights our current understanding of how a small plant virus, Tomato bushy stunt virus, exploits a conserved energy-generating cellular pathway during viral replication. The emerging picture is that viruses not only rewire cellular metabolic pathways to obtain the necessary resources from the infected cells but the fast replicating viruses might have to actively hijack and compartmentalize the energy-producing enzymes to provide a readily available source of ATP for viral replication process.
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19
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Chua SCJH, Tan HQ, Engelberg D, Lim LHK. Alternative Experimental Models for Studying Influenza Proteins, Host-Virus Interactions and Anti-Influenza Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E147. [PMID: 31575020 PMCID: PMC6958409 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ninety years after the discovery of the virus causing the influenza disease, this malady remains one of the biggest public health threats to mankind. Currently available drugs and vaccines only partially reduce deaths and hospitalizations. Some of the reasons for this disturbing situation stem from the sophistication of the viral machinery, but another reason is the lack of a complete understanding of the molecular and physiological basis of viral infections and host-pathogen interactions. Even the functions of the influenza proteins, their mechanisms of action and interaction with host proteins have not been fully revealed. These questions have traditionally been studied in mammalian animal models, mainly ferrets and mice (as well as pigs and non-human primates) and in cell lines. Although obviously relevant as models to humans, these experimental systems are very complex and are not conveniently accessible to various genetic, molecular and biochemical approaches. The fact that influenza remains an unsolved problem, in combination with the limitations of the conventional experimental models, motivated increasing attempts to use the power of other models, such as low eukaryotes, including invertebrate, and primary cell cultures. In this review, we summarized the efforts to study influenza in yeast, Drosophila, zebrafish and primary human tissue cultures and the major contributions these studies have made toward a better understanding of the disease. We feel that these models are still under-utilized and we highlight the unique potential each model has for better comprehending virus-host interactions and viral protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja C J H Chua
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore.
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Diseases Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore.
| | - Hui Qing Tan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore.
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
| | - David Engelberg
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Diseases Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | - Lina H K Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore.
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
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20
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Sneaking Out for Happy Hour: Yeast-Based Approaches to Explore and Modulate Immune Response and Immune Evasion. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10090667. [PMID: 31480411 PMCID: PMC6770942 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens (virus, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) have developed a wide variety of mechanisms to evade their host immune system. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has successfully been used to decipher some of these immune evasion strategies. This includes the cis-acting mechanism that limits the expression of the oncogenic Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-encoded EBNA1 and thus of antigenic peptides derived from this essential but highly antigenic viral protein. Studies based on budding yeast have also revealed the molecular bases of epigenetic switching or recombination underlying the silencing of all except one members of extended families of genes that encode closely related and highly antigenic surface proteins. This mechanism is exploited by several parasites (that include pathogens such as Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Candida, or Pneumocystis) to alternate their surface antigens, thereby evading the immune system. Yeast can itself be a pathogen, and pathogenic fungi such as Candida albicans, which is phylogenetically very close to S. cerevisiae, have developed stealthiness strategies that include changes in their cell wall composition, or epitope-masking, to control production or exposure of highly antigenic but essential polysaccharides in their cell wall. Finally, due to the high antigenicity of its cell wall, yeast has been opportunistically exploited to create adjuvants and vectors for vaccination.
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21
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Wei S, Bian R, Andika IB, Niu E, Liu Q, Kondo H, Yang L, Zhou H, Pang T, Lian Z, Liu X, Wu Y, Sun L. Symptomatic plant viroid infections in phytopathogenic fungi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13042-13050. [PMID: 31182602 PMCID: PMC6600922 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900762116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Viroids are pathogenic agents that have a small, circular noncoding RNA genome. They have been found only in plant species; therefore, their infectivity and pathogenicity in other organisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigate whether plant viroids can replicate and induce symptoms in filamentous fungi. Seven plant viroids representing viroid groups that replicate in either the nucleus or chloroplast of plant cells were inoculated to three plant pathogenic fungi, Cryphonectria parasitica, Valsa mali, and Fusarium graminearum By transfection of fungal spheroplasts with viroid RNA transcripts, each of the three, hop stunt viroid (HSVd), iresine 1 viroid, and avocado sunblotch viroid, can stably replicate in at least one of those fungi. The viroids are horizontally transmitted through hyphal anastomosis and vertically through conidia. HSVd infection severely debilitates the growth of V. mali but not that of the other two fungi, while in F. graminearum and C. parasitica, with deletion of dicer-like genes, the primary components of the RNA-silencing pathway, HSVd accumulation increases. We further demonstrate that HSVd can be bidirectionally transferred between F. graminearum and plants during infection. The viroids also efficiently infect fungi and induce disease symptoms when the viroid RNAs are exogenously applied to the fungal mycelia. These findings enhance our understanding of viroid replication, host range, and pathogenicity, and of their potential spread to other organisms in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Ruiling Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Ida Bagus Andika
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109 Qingdao, China
| | - Erbo Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, 710-0046 Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Hongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Tianxing Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Ziqian Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China;
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22
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Schneider-Futschik EK, Hoyer D, Khromykh AA, Baell JB, Marsh GA, Baker MA, Li J, Velkov T. Contemporary Anti-Ebola Drug Discovery Approaches and Platforms. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:35-48. [PMID: 30516045 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Ebola virus has a grave potential to destabilize civil society as we know it. The past few deadly Ebola outbreaks were unprecedented in size: The 2014-15 Ebola West Africa outbreak saw the virus spread from the epicenter through to Guinea, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Congo, and Liberia. The 2014-15 Ebola West Africa outbreak was associated with almost 30,000 suspected or confirmed cases and over 11,000 documented deaths. The more recent 2018 outbreak in the Democratic Republic of Congo has so far resulted in 216 suspected or confirmed cases and 139 deaths. There is a general acceptance within the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ebola outbreak response community that future outbreaks will become increasingly more frequent and more likely to involve intercontinental transmission. The magnitude of the recent outbreaks demonstrated in dramatic fashion the shortcomings of our mass casualty disease response capabilities and lack of therapeutic modalities for supporting Ebola outbreak prevention and control. Currently, there are no approved drugs although vaccines for human Ebola virus infection are in the trial phases and some potential treatments have been field tested most recently in the Congo Ebola outbreak. Treatment is limited to pain management and supportive care to counter dehydration and lack of oxygen. This underscores the critical need for effective antiviral drugs that specifically target this deadly disease. This review examines the current approaches for the discovery of anti-Ebola small molecule or biological therapeutics, their viral targets, mode of action, and contemporary platforms, which collectively form the backbone of the anti-Ebola drug discovery pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena K. Schneider-Futschik
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alexander A. Khromykh
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan B. Baell
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, People’s Republic of China
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Glenn A. Marsh
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Mark A. Baker
- Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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23
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Hofer S, Kainz K, Zimmermann A, Bauer MA, Pendl T, Poglitsch M, Madeo F, Carmona-Gutierrez D. Studying Huntington's Disease in Yeast: From Mechanisms to Pharmacological Approaches. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:318. [PMID: 30233317 PMCID: PMC6131589 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that leads to progressive neuronal loss, provoking impaired motor control, cognitive decline, and dementia. So far, HD remains incurable, and available drugs are effective only for symptomatic management. HD is caused by a mutant form of the huntingtin protein, which harbors an elongated polyglutamine domain and is highly prone to aggregation. However, many aspects underlying the cytotoxicity of mutant huntingtin (mHTT) remain elusive, hindering the efficient development of applicable interventions to counteract HD. An important strategy to obtain molecular insights into human disorders in general is the use of eukaryotic model organisms, which are easy to genetically manipulate and display a high degree of conservation regarding disease-relevant cellular processes. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a long-standing and successful history in modeling a plethora of human maladies and has recently emerged as an effective tool to study neurodegenerative disorders, including HD. Here, we summarize some of the most important contributions of yeast to HD research, specifically concerning the elucidation of mechanistic features of mHTT cytotoxicity and the potential of yeast as a platform to screen for pharmacological agents against HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Kainz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria A. Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Pendl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Poglitsch
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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24
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Lee I, Bos S, Li G, Wang S, Gadea G, Desprès P, Zhao RY. Probing Molecular Insights into Zika Virus⁻Host Interactions. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050233. [PMID: 29724036 PMCID: PMC5977226 DOI: 10.3390/v10050233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in the Americas surprised all of us because of its rapid spread and association with neurologic disorders including fetal microcephaly, brain and ocular anomalies, and Guillain–Barré syndrome. In response to this global health crisis, unprecedented and world-wide efforts are taking place to study the ZIKV-related human diseases. Much has been learned about this virus in the areas of epidemiology, genetic diversity, protein structures, and clinical manifestations, such as consequences of ZIKV infection on fetal brain development. However, progress on understanding the molecular mechanism underlying ZIKV-associated neurologic disorders remains elusive. To date, we still lack a good understanding of; (1) what virologic factors are involved in the ZIKV-associated human diseases; (2) which ZIKV protein(s) contributes to the enhanced viral pathogenicity; and (3) how do the newly adapted and pandemic ZIKV strains alter their interactions with the host cells leading to neurologic defects? The goal of this review is to explore the molecular insights into the ZIKV–host interactions with an emphasis on host cell receptor usage for viral entry, cell innate immunity to ZIKV, and the ability of ZIKV to subvert antiviral responses and to cause cytopathic effects. We hope this literature review will inspire additional molecular studies focusing on ZIKV–host Interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Sandra Bos
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Shusheng Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Gilles Gadea
- Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
| | - Philippe Desprès
- Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
| | - Richard Y Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Institute of Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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25
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Carmona-Gutierrez D, Bauer MA, Zimmermann A, Aguilera A, Austriaco N, Ayscough K, Balzan R, Bar-Nun S, Barrientos A, Belenky P, Blondel M, Braun RJ, Breitenbach M, Burhans WC, Büttner S, Cavalieri D, Chang M, Cooper KF, Côrte-Real M, Costa V, Cullin C, Dawes I, Dengjel J, Dickman MB, Eisenberg T, Fahrenkrog B, Fasel N, Fröhlich KU, Gargouri A, Giannattasio S, Goffrini P, Gourlay CW, Grant CM, Greenwood MT, Guaragnella N, Heger T, Heinisch J, Herker E, Herrmann JM, Hofer S, Jiménez-Ruiz A, Jungwirth H, Kainz K, Kontoyiannis DP, Ludovico P, Manon S, Martegani E, Mazzoni C, Megeney LA, Meisinger C, Nielsen J, Nyström T, Osiewacz HD, Outeiro TF, Park HO, Pendl T, Petranovic D, Picot S, Polčic P, Powers T, Ramsdale M, Rinnerthaler M, Rockenfeller P, Ruckenstuhl C, Schaffrath R, Segovia M, Severin FF, Sharon A, Sigrist SJ, Sommer-Ruck C, Sousa MJ, Thevelein JM, Thevissen K, Titorenko V, Toledano MB, Tuite M, Vögtle FN, Westermann B, Winderickx J, Wissing S, Wölfl S, Zhang ZJ, Zhao RY, Zhou B, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G, Madeo F. Guidelines and recommendations on yeast cell death nomenclature. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2018; 5:4-31. [PMID: 29354647 PMCID: PMC5772036 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.01.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the biology of yeast in its full complexity has major implications for science, medicine and industry. One of the most critical processes determining yeast life and physiology is cel-lular demise. However, the investigation of yeast cell death is a relatively young field, and a widely accepted set of concepts and terms is still missing. Here, we propose unified criteria for the defi-nition of accidental, regulated, and programmed forms of cell death in yeast based on a series of morphological and biochemical criteria. Specifically, we provide consensus guidelines on the differ-ential definition of terms including apoptosis, regulated necrosis, and autophagic cell death, as we refer to additional cell death rou-tines that are relevant for the biology of (at least some species of) yeast. As this area of investigation advances rapidly, changes and extensions to this set of recommendations will be implemented in the years to come. Nonetheless, we strongly encourage the au-thors, reviewers and editors of scientific articles to adopt these collective standards in order to establish an accurate framework for yeast cell death research and, ultimately, to accelerate the pro-gress of this vibrant field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Anna Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrés Aguilera
- Centro Andaluz de Biología, Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Kathryn Ayscough
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rena Balzan
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Shoshana Bar-Nun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Antonio Barrientos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medi-cine, Miami, USA
| | - Peter Belenky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Marc Blondel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1078, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Brest, France
| | - Ralf J. Braun
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - William C. Burhans
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Chang
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrina F. Cooper
- Dept. Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, USA
| | - Manuela Côrte-Real
- Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Vítor Costa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ian Dawes
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Martin B. Dickman
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Birthe Fahrenkrog
- Laboratory Biology of the Nucleus, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kai-Uwe Fröhlich
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ali Gargouri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, Center de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sergio Giannattasio
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Goffrini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Campbell W. Gourlay
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Chris M. Grant
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T. Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicoletta Guaragnella
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Jürgen Heinisch
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Eva Herker
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Helmut Jungwirth
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Kainz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis
- Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paula Ludovico
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Minho, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Stéphen Manon
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, CNRS & Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Enzo Martegani
- Department of Biotechnolgy and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Mazzoni
- Instituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti - Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lynn A. Megeney
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Chris Meisinger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Nyström
- Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heinz D. Osiewacz
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tiago F. Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hay-Oak Park
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tobias Pendl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dina Petranovic
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephane Picot
- Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE-University Lyon, Lyon, France
- Institut of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Peter Polčic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ted Powers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mark Ramsdale
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Patrick Rockenfeller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Raffael Schaffrath
- Institute of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Maria Segovia
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Fedor F. Severin
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of physico-chemical biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Amir Sharon
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Stephan J. Sigrist
- Institute for Biology/Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Sommer-Ruck
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Johan M. Thevelein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Michel B. Toledano
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), SBIGEM, CEA-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mick Tuite
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - F.-Nora Vögtle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Joris Winderickx
- Department of Biology, Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecu-lar Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhaojie J. Zhang
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| | - Richard Y. Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Bing Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Institute, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
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