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Manjunatha Reddy GB, Sumana K, Yogisharadhya R, Mohan HV, Lavanya VK, Chethankumar BH, Shivasharanappa N, Saminathan M, Basavaraj S, Dhama K, Bhadravati Sathish S. Structural and sequence analysis of the RPO30 gene of sheeppox and goatpox viruses from India. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-12. [PMID: 38523527 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2331524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sheeppox and goatpox are transboundary viral diseases of sheep and goats that cause significant economic losses to small and marginal farmers worldwide, including India. Members of the genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV), namely Sheeppox virus (SPPV), Goatpox virus (GTPV), and Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), are antigenically similar, and species differentiation can only be accomplished using molecular approaches. The present study aimed to understand the molecular epidemiology and host specificity of SPPV and GTPV circulating in India through sequencing and structural analysis of the RNA polymerase subunit-30 kDa (RPO30) gene. A total of 29 field isolates from sheep (n = 19) and goats (n = 10) belonging to different geographical regions of India during the period: Year 2015 to 2023, were analyzed based on the sequence and structure of the full-length RPO30 gene/protein. Phylogenetically, all the CaPV isolates were separated into three major clusters: SPPV, GTPV, and LSDV. Multiple sequence alignment revealed a highly conserved RPO30 gene, with a stretch of 21 nucleotide deletion in all SPPV isolates. Additionally, the RPO30 gene of the Indian SPPV and GTPV isolates possessed several species-specific conserved signature residues/motifs that could act as genotyping markers. Secondary structure analysis of the RPO30 protein showed four α-helices, two loops, and three turns, similar to that of the E4L protein of vaccinia virus (VACV). All the isolates in the present study exhibited host preferences across different states of India. Therefore, in order to protect vulnerable small ruminants from poxviral infections, it is recommended to take into consideration a homologous vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishnappa Sumana
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Revanaiah Yogisharadhya
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Hosakote Venkatappa Mohan
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal & Fisheries Sciences University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Nayakwadi Shivasharanappa
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sajjanar Basavaraj
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Pang F, Long Q, Liang S. Designing a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against Orf virus using molecular docking and molecular dynamics. Virulence 2024; 15:2398171. [PMID: 39258802 PMCID: PMC11404621 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2398171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is an acute contact, epitheliotropic, zoonotic, and double-stranded DNA virus that causes significant economic losses in the livestock industry. The objective of this study is to design an immunoinformatics-based multi-epitope subunit vaccine against ORFV. Various immunodominant cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), helper T lymphocytes (HTL), and B-cell epitopes from the B2L, F1L, and 080 protein of ORFV were selected and linked by short connectors to construct a multi-epitope subunit vaccine. Immunogenicity was enhanced by adding an adjuvant β-defensin to the N-terminal of the vaccine using the EAAAK linker. The vaccine exhibited a significant degree of antigenicity and solubility, without allergenicity or toxicity. The 3D formation of the vaccine was subsequently anticipated, improved, and verified. The optimized model exhibited a lower Z-score of -4.33, indicating higher quality. Molecular docking results demonstrated that the vaccine strongly binds to TLR2 and TLR4. Molecular dynamics results indicated that the docked vaccine-TLR complexes were stable. Immune simulation analyses further confirmed that the vaccine can induce a marked increase in IgG and IgM antibody titers, and elevated levels of IFN-γ and IL-2. Finally, the optimized DNA sequence of the vaccine was cloned into the vector pET28a (+) for high expression in the E.coli expression system. Overall, the designed multi-epitope subunit vaccine is highly stable and can induce robust humoral and cellular immunity, making it a promising vaccine candidate against ORFV.
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MESH Headings
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Animals
- Orf virus/immunology
- Orf virus/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/chemistry
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Mice
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/chemistry
- Ecthyma, Contagious/prevention & control
- Ecthyma, Contagious/immunology
- Ecthyma, Contagious/virology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Female
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qinqin Long
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shaobo Liang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Pattanaik A, Lodha L, Marate S, K D, Sushma Bhandarkar B, V S, Ashtaputre N, Mani RS. Buffalopox: An emerging zoonotic challenge. Infect Dis Now 2024; 54:104954. [PMID: 39033879 DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2024.104954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
As a variant of Vaccinia virus, Buffalopox virus is known to cause Buffalopox disease. In recent times, sporadic outbreaks of the infection in humans have been reported, especially in the endemic countries of Southeast Asia. Though mortality has not been high, associated morbidity is significant. Due to waning cross-protective immunity against smallpox, Buffalopox virus is one of the several orthopox viruses likely to emerge or reemerge. To combat this virus, early recognition, isolation, and management of the infection in animals and humans is of prime importance. In addition, vaccination in animals and humans at risk of acquiring infection is essential as a means of limiting animal-to-animal and animal-to-human spread of the virus. With this in mind, a collaborative approach between the animal and human health sectors is indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Pattanaik
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Lonika Lodha
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - Srilatha Marate
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Dhanya K
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029, India
| | - B Sushma Bhandarkar
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Sreelakshmi V
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Nidhi Ashtaputre
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576 104, India
| | - Reeta S Mani
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029, India.
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Boshra H, Blyth GAD, Truong T, Kroeker A, Kara P, Mather A, Wallace D, Babiuk S. The Development of a Multivalent Capripoxvirus-Vectored Vaccine Candidate to Protect against Sheeppox, Goatpox, Peste des Petits Ruminants, and Rift Valley Fever. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:805. [PMID: 39066443 PMCID: PMC11281512 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Capripoxviruses are the causative agents of sheeppox, goatpox, and lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle, which cause economic losses to the livestock industry in Africa and Asia. Capripoxviruses are currently controlled using several live attenuated vaccines. It was previously demonstrated that a lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) field isolate from Warmbaths (WB) South Africa, ORF 005 (IL-10) gene-deleted virus (LSDV WB005KO), was able to protect sheep and goats against sheeppox and goatpox. Subsequently, genes encoding the protective antigens for peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and Rift Valley fever (RVF) viruses have been inserted in the LSDV WB005KO construct in three different antigen forms (native, secreted, and fusion). These three multivalent vaccine candidates were evaluated for protection against PPR using a single immunization of 104 TCID50 in sheep. The vaccine candidates with the native and secreted antigens protected sheep against PPR clinical disease and decreased viral shedding, as detected using real-time RT-PCR in oral and nasal swabs. An anamnestic antibody response, measured using PPR virus-neutralizing antibody response production, was observed in sheep following infection. The vaccine candidates with the antigens expressed in their native form were evaluated for protection against RVF using a single immunization with doses of 104 or 105 TCID50 in sheep and goats. Following RVF virus infection, sheep and goats were protected against clinical disease and no viremia was detected in serum compared to control animals, where viremia was detected one day following infection. Sheep and goats developed RVFV-neutralizing antibodies prior to infection, and the antibody responses increased following infection. These results demonstrate that an LSD virus-vectored vaccine candidate can be used in sheep and goats to protect against multiple viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Boshra
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (H.B.); (T.T.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Graham A. D. Blyth
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (H.B.); (T.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Thang Truong
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (H.B.); (T.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Andrea Kroeker
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (H.B.); (T.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Pravesh Kara
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Arshad Mather
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.K.); (A.M.)
| | - David Wallace
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (H.B.); (T.T.); (A.K.)
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
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Ahmed S, Liu G, Sadiq A, Yang H, Yongbin L, Farooq U, Yi D, Yiyu S, Xiaodong W, Ahmed M, Jiang X. Synergistic Effect of Maternal Micronutrient Supplementation on ORFV DNA Vaccine Immune Response in a Pregnant Model. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04263-9. [PMID: 38874865 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma is a contagious zoonotic disease caused by the Orf virus that can infect farm animals and humans, but no vaccine is available for pregnant mothers. Excessive oxidative stress during pregnancy can suppress the vaccine immune response in pregnant mothers; hence, maternal micronutrient supplementation could effectively improve the immune response, health, and oxidative status during pregnancy. In this study, we employed an 8-week-old pregnant rat model to receive a single intramuscular dose of 200 µg of ORF DNA vaccine with or without vitamin E and selenium supplementation to evaluate their effect on immune responses (specific IgG and IgG isotypes), oxidative stress, liver enzymes, and blood glucose levels in maternal-neonatal serum and milk secretions. Additionally, antioxidant-related gene expressions were analyzed in the maternal placenta and pups' liver. The results showed that supplementation of vitamin E and selenium with ORF DNA vaccination increased the production of specific antibody and IgG isotypes (IgG1 and IgG2a) and reduced the oxidative stress in neonatal-maternal serum and milk compared to both the control group and those vaccinated without supplementation (p < 0.05). Notably, the ORF DNA vaccine did not cause oxidative stress and hepatic damage. However, combined supplementation of vitamin E and selenium with DNA vaccination significantly decreased serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and improved the antioxidant-related enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), and selenoprotein P (SELP) in the maternal placenta and liver of pups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, maternal supplementation of vitamin E and selenium enhanced the immune responses of the ORF DNA vaccine by mitigating oxidative stress in pregnant rats and could thus be a promising strategy for better health outcomes for both mothers and neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiqiong Liu
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Amber Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Huiguo Yang
- Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Liu Yongbin
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Umar Farooq
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding Yi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sha Yiyu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wang Xiaodong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mehboob Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xunping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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6
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Long Q, Wei M, Wang Y, Pang F. Design of a multi-epitope vaccine against goatpox virus using an immunoinformatics approach. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1309096. [PMID: 38487680 PMCID: PMC10937444 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1309096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Goatpox, a severe infectious disease caused by goatpox virus (GTPV), leads to enormous economic losses in the livestock industry. Traditional live attenuated vaccines cause serious side effects and exist a risk of dispersal. Therefore, it is urgent to develop efficient and safer vaccines to prevent and control of GTPV. Methods In the present study, we are aimed to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against GTPV using an immunoinformatics approach. Various immunodominant cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes, helper T lymphocytes (HTL) epitopes, and B-cell epitopes from P32, L1R, and 095 proteins of GTPV were screened and liked by the AAY, GPGPG, and KK connectors, respectively. Furthermore, an adjuvant β-defensin was attached to the vaccine's N-terminal using the EAAAK linker to enhance immunogenicity. Results The constructed vaccine was soluble, non-allergenic and non-toxic and exhibited high levels of antigenicity and immunogenicity. The vaccine's 3D structure was subsequently predicted, refined and validated, resulting in an optimized model with a Z-value of -3.4. Molecular docking results demonstrated that the vaccine had strong binding affinity with TLR2(-27.25 kcal/mol), TLR3(-39.84 kcal/mol), and TLR4(-59.42 kcal/mol). Molecular dynamics simulation results indicated that docked vaccine-TLR complexes were stable. Immune simulation analysis suggested that the vaccine can induce remarkable increase in antibody titers of IgG and IgM, higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-2. Conclusion The designed GTPV multi-epitope vaccine is structurally stable and can induce robust humoral and cellular immune responses, which may be a promising vaccine candidate against GTPV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Feng Pang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Şener R, Türk T. Spatiotemporal and seasonality analysis of sheep and goat pox (SGP) disease outbreaks in Turkey between 2010 and 2019. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:65. [PMID: 36738334 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sheep and goat pox (SGP) is a highly infectious disease with a high case fatality rate. It causes serious economic losses and decreases productivity in infected facilities and contact areas. As in many countries of the world, SGP outbreaks reported from Turkey to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) continue to threaten animal health. Therefore, studies that will guide the production of effective policies to prevent and control SGP are extremely important. This study aims at evaluating the spatiotemporal distribution of SGP outbreaks by geographical information system (GIS)-based analyses. In accordance with this purpose, spatiotemporal scan analyses were applied to reveal the spatiotemporal distribution pattern and transmission of SGP outbreaks reported in Turkey between 2010 and 2019. Space-time cluster analysis revealed 4 several clusters, indicating geographic areas at the highest risk. Spatiotemporal clusters were 6 to 11 times more likely to be exposed to SGP than the general distribution. The average spatiotemporal density of outbreaks in clusters was estimated as 0.20 ± 0.07 outbreaks per 1000 km2 per month. Seasonal analysis and time series analysis showed similar findings. The seasonality of SGP was mainly defined in the winter (from December to February) when the seasonal adjusted factor (SAF) was at a peak of 504.6. In addition, February had the highest SAF with 7.1. Directional distribution analysis showed that the transmission of SGP was oriented between northeast (NE)-southwest (SW) and northwest (NW)-southeast (SE) and that distribution was changed every 2 years. These findings present a basis for the effective monitoring and prevention of SGP and provide valuable information to policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumeysa Şener
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Tarık Türk
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Türkiye.
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Wang Y, Sun S, Zhao K, Du L, Wang X, He W, Gao F, Song D, Guan J. Orf virus DNA prime-protein boost strategy is superior to adenovirus-based vaccination in mice and sheep. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1077938. [PMID: 37026014 PMCID: PMC10070790 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1077938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma (Orf), an acute and highly contagious zoonosis, is prevalent worldwide. Orf is caused by Orf virus (ORFV), which mainly infects sheep/goats and humans. Therefore, effective and safe vaccination strategies for Orf prevention are needed. Although immunization with single-type Orf vaccines has been tested, heterologous prime-boost strategies still need to be studied. In the present study, ORFV B2L and F1L were selected as immunogens, based on which DNA, subunit and adenovirus vaccine candidates were generated. Of note, heterologous immunization strategies using DNA prime-protein boost and DNA prime-adenovirus boost in mice were performed, with single-type vaccines as controls. We have found that the DNA prime-protein boost strategy induces stronger humoral and cellular immune responses than DNA prime-adenovirus boost strategy in mice, which was confirmed by the changes in specific antibodies, lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine expression. Importantly, this observation was also confirmed when these heterologous immunization strategies were performed in sheep. In summary, by comparing the two immune strategies, we found that DNA prime-protein boost strategy can induce a better immune response, which provides a new attempt for exploring Orf immunization strategy.
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Liang Z, Yao K, Wang S, Yin J, Ma X, Yin X, Wang X, Sun Y. Understanding the research advances on lumpy skin disease: A comprehensive literature review of experimental evidence. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1065894. [PMID: 36519172 PMCID: PMC9742232 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1065894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), which can induce cattle with high fever and extensive nodules on the mucosa or the scarfskin, seriously influencing the cattle industry development and international import and export trade. Since 2013, the disease has spread rapidly and widely throughout the Russia and Asia. In the past few decades, progress has been made in the study of LSDV. It is mainly transmitted by blood-sucking insects, and various modes of transmission with distinct seasonality. Figuring out how the virus spreads will help eradicate LSDV at its source. In the event of an outbreak, selecting the most effective vaccine to block and eliminate the threat posed by LSDV in a timely manner is the main choice for farmers and authorities. At present, a variety of vaccines for LSDV have been developed. The available vaccine products vary in quality, protection rate, safety and side effects. Early detection of LSDV can help reduce the cost of disease. In addition, because LSDV has a huge genome, it is currently also used as a vaccine carrier, forming a new complex with other viral genes through homologous recombination. The vaccine prepared based on this can have a certain preventive effect on many kinds of diseases. Clinical detection of disease including nucleic acid and antigen level. Each method varies in convenience, accuracy, cost, time and complexity of equipment. This article reviews our current understanding of the mode of transmission of LSDV and advances in vaccine types and detection methods, providing a background for further research into various aspects of LSDV in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengji Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kaishen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Juanbin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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10
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Morphometric features and performances of Black Bengal goat in Bangladesh. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:341. [PMID: 36219217 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Black Bengal goat (BBG) is the most adaptable, widely distributed, and prominent goat breed in Bangladesh, well known in the world for its high prolificacy, low demand of feed, tolerance to harsh weather conditions, and disease resistance with remarkably good quality red meat and skin. A large number of indiscriminate research reports on BBG have been published; however, the review on the productive and reproductive performances with different physiological features of BBG in Bangladesh is scarce. This review was conducted to investigate and summarize the available research reports on BBGs to highlight the gaps and provide coherent recommendations for the future research plan for sustainable BBG production in Bangladesh. It covers research works in morphometric features, feeding and nutrition, reproduction, diseases and health management, husbandry practices, and production performances of BBG under local conditions. Due to the contemporary increased demand for animal protein (meat and milk), the scope of small ruminants, especially goat farming, increases with other large ruminants farming. The key constraints of BBG production in Bangladesh include higher disease prevalence with low or no management practices, kid mortality, inadequate feeds and fodder supply, and poor marketing channel with some other stumpy genetic potentialities (slower body weight gain, low milk production) of this goat. Future research would be required to assess the contribution of BBG to household economies and food securities throughout the year and evaluate the constraints, adaptation and extension of artificial insemination (AI), and genetic improvement of economically important traits using molecular techniques and the selective breeding program.
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Liu C, Lin M, Hu H, Liu X, Bian Y, Huang X, Li X, Yu W, Luo F, Deng S. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus VP60 protein expressed in recombinant swinepox virus self-assembles into virus-like particles with strong immunogenicity in rabbits. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:960374. [PMID: 35992711 PMCID: PMC9387593 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.960374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD) is an economically significant infectious disease of rabbits, and its infection causes severe losses in the meat and fur industry. RHD Virus (RHDV) is difficult to proliferate in cell lines in vitro, which has greatly impeded the progress of investigating its replication mechanism and production of inactivated virus vaccines. RHDV VP60 protein is a major antigen for developing RHD subunit vaccines. Herein, we constructed a TK-deactivated recombinant Swinepox virus (rSWPV) expressing VP60 protein and VP60 protein coupled with His-tag respectively, and the expression of foreign proteins was confirmed using immunofluorescence assay and western blotting. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the recombinant VP60, with or without His-tag, self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs). Its efficacy was evaluated by comparison with available commercial vaccines in rabbits. ELISA and HI titer assays showed that high levels of neutralizing antibodies were induced at the first week after immunization with the recombinant strain and were maintained during the ongoing monitoring for the following 13 weeks. Challenge experiments showed that a single immunization with 106 PFU of the recombinant strain protected rabbits from lethal RHDV infection, and no histopathological changes or antigenic staining was found in the vaccine and rSWPV groups. These results suggest that rSWPV expressing RHDV VP60 could be an efficient candidate vaccine against RHDV in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjin Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huanyi Hu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanchao Bian
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenyang Yu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Jiangxi Jinyibo Biotechnology Company, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shunzhou Deng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Shunzhou Deng,
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12
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Lorenzo MM, Nogales A, Chiem K, Blasco R, Martínez-Sobrido L. Vaccinia Virus Attenuation by Codon Deoptimization of the A24R Gene for Vaccine Development. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0027222. [PMID: 35583360 PMCID: PMC9241885 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00272-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses have large DNA genomes, and they are able to infect multiple vertebrate and invertebrate animals, including humans. Despite the eradication of smallpox, poxvirus infections still remain a significant public health concern. Vaccinia virus (VV) is the prototypic member in the poxviridae family and it has been used extensively for different prophylactic applications, including the generation of vaccines against multiple infectious diseases and/or for oncolytic treatment. Many attempts have been pursued to develop novel attenuated forms of VV with improved safety profiles for their implementation as vaccines and/or vaccines vectors. We and others have previously demonstrated how RNA viruses encoding codon-deoptimized viral genes are attenuated, immunogenic and able to protect, upon a single administration, against challenge with parental viruses. In this study, we employed the same experimental approach based on the use of misrepresented codons for the generation of a recombinant (r)VV encoding a codon-deoptimized A24R gene, which is a key component of the viral RNA polymerase. Similar to our previous studies with RNA viruses, the A24R codon-deoptimized rVV (v-A24cd) was highly attenuated in vivo but able to protect, after a single intranasal dose administration, against an otherwise lethal challenge with parental VV. These results indicate that poxviruses can be effectively attenuated by synonymous codon deoptimization and open the possibility of using this methodology alone or in combination with other experimental approaches for the development of attenuated vaccines for the treatment of poxvirus infection, or to generate improved VV-based vectors. Moreover, this approach could be applied to other DNA viruses. IMPORTANCE The family poxviridae includes multiple viruses of medical and veterinary relevance, being vaccinia virus (VV) the prototypic member in the family. VV was used during the smallpox vaccination campaign to eradicate variola virus (VARV), which is considered a credible bioterrorism threat. Because of novel innovations in genetic engineering and vaccine technology, VV has gained popularity as a viral vector for the development of vaccines against several infectious diseases. Several approaches have been used to generate attenuated VV for its implementation as vaccine and/or vaccine vector. Here, we generated a rVV containing a codon-deoptimized A24R gene (v-A24cd), which encodes a key component of the viral RNA polymerase. v-A24cd was stable in culture cells and highly attenuated in vivo but able to protect against a subsequent lethal challenge with parental VV. Our findings support the use of this approach for the development of safe, stable, and protective live-attenuated VV and/or vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M. Lorenzo
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro Nacional INIA, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA-CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kevin Chiem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Rafael Blasco
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro Nacional INIA, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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13
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Bhanuprakash V, Hosamani M, Venkatesan G, Singh RK. Long-term protective immunity to goatpox in goats after a single immunization with a live attenuated goatpox vaccine. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2035-2040. [PMID: 35752986 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the duration of immunity following a single-dose vaccination using an attenuated live goatpox vaccine (GTPV/Uttarkashi/1978 strain) was evaluated in goatpox-seronegative goats for 52 months. Long-term immunity was evaluated by clinical protection upon virulent virus challenge and serum neutralization assay applied to serum samples. The rise in the level of GTPV-specific antibodies was found to reach a maximum at 21 days post-vaccination, and these antibodies were maintained for 1 to 2 years after immunization, with a steady decline. Upon virulent virus challenge at 12, 24, 42, and 52 months post-vaccination, protection in all the vaccinated animals was evident (100%), whereas, the control animals developed severe clinical disease. This is the first time that the long-term immunity of a live goatpox vaccine has been investigated up to 52 months after vaccination in goats by virulent virus challenge and demonstration of serum neutralization titres. This vaccine has immense potential for controlling and eradicating goatpox from an enzootic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerakyathappa Bhanuprakash
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263 138, India.
- FMD Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, H A Farm, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 024, India.
| | - Madhusudan Hosamani
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263 138, India
- FMD Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, H A Farm, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 024, India
| | - Gnanavel Venkatesan
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263 138, India
- FMD Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, H A Farm, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 024, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263 138, India
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India
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14
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Kumar A, Venkatesan G, Hosamani M, Bhanuprakash V, Balamurugan V, Ramakrishnan MA, Singh RK. The complete genome sequence of Indian sheeppox vaccine virus and comparative analysis with other capripoxviruses. Gene 2022; 810:146085. [PMID: 34843879 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sheeppox virus (SPPV) is responsible for a significant economic loss to sheep husbandry in enzootic regions of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia including the Indian subcontinent. In this study, we present the complete genome sequence of SPPV vaccine strain SPPV-Srin38/00 from India determined by next-generation sequencing (NGS) using Illumina technology. The attenuated Srinagar vaccine strain of SPPV (SPPV-Srin38/00) was developed by serial passaging the virus initially in lamb testes (LT) cells followed by Vero cell line. The SPPV-Srin38/00 virus has a genome size of 150, 103 bp, which encodes for 147 functional putative genes and consists of a central coding region flanked by two identical 2353 bp inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). Comparative phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome sequences of Capripoxviruses formed three distinct groups each for SPPV, GTPV, and LSDV with clustering of SPPV-Srin38/00 strain with SPPV-A strain. Nine ORFs of SPPV-Srin38/00 namely SPPV-Srin_002/SPPV-Srin_155, SPPV-Srin_004/SPPV-Srin_153, SPPV-Srin_009, SPPV-Srin_013, SPPV-Srin_026, SPPV-Srin_132, and SPPV-Srin_136 were found to be fragmented as compared to LSDV, whereas only one ORF (such as SPPV-Srin_136) was found to be fragmented as compared to GTPV. SPPV genomes, including the SPPV-Srin38/00 strain, shared 99.78-99.98% intraspecies nucleotide identity, indicating that SPPV strains have extremely low genetic diversity. The strain shared 96.80-97.08% and 97.11-97.61% nt identity with GTPV and LSDV strains, respectively. Its ORFs 016, 021, 022, 130 and 138 are the least identical ORFs among three species of the genus Capripoxvirus with 72.5-93% aa identity to GTPV and LSDV strains and may be potentially used for differentiation of CaPV species. This study may contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology and evolution of capripoxviruses as well as the development of specific detection methods, better expression vectors, and vaccines with improved safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Pox Virus Laboratory, Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Gnanavel Venkatesan
- Pox Virus Laboratory, Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M Hosamani
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bengaluru campus, Karnataka, India
| | - V Bhanuprakash
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bengaluru campus, Karnataka, India
| | - V Balamurugan
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M A Ramakrishnan
- Pox Virus Laboratory, Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - R K Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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15
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Carlin CR. Role of EGF Receptor Regulatory Networks in the Host Response to Viral Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:820355. [PMID: 35083168 PMCID: PMC8785968 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.820355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review article, we will first provide a brief overview of EGF receptor (EGFR) structure and function, and its importance as a therapeutic target in epithelial carcinomas. We will then compare what is currently known about canonical EGFR trafficking pathways that are triggered by ligand binding, versus ligand-independent pathways activated by a variety of intrinsic and environmentally induced cellular stresses. Next, we will review the literature regarding the role of EGFR as a host factor with critical roles facilitating viral cell entry and replication. Here we will focus on pathogens exploiting virus-encoded and endogenous EGFR ligands, as well as EGFR-mediated trafficking and signaling pathways that have been co-opted by wild-type viruses and recombinant gene therapy vectors. We will also provide an overview of a recently discovered pathway regulating non-canonical EGFR trafficking and signaling that may be a common feature of viruses like human adenoviruses which signal through p38-mitogen activated protein kinase. We will conclude by discussing the emerging role of EGFR signaling in innate immunity to viral infections, and how viral evasion mechanisms are contributing to our understanding of fundamental EGFR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen R. Carlin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Cathleen R. Carlin,
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16
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Rawlins ME, Limon G, Adedeji AJ, Ijoma SI, Atai RB, Adole JA, Dogonyaro BB, Joel AY, Beard PM, Alarcon P. Financial impact of sheeppox and goatpox and estimated profitability of vaccination for subsistence farmers in selected northern states of Nigeria. Prev Vet Med 2022; 198:105503. [PMID: 34808578 PMCID: PMC8784823 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sheeppox and goatpox (SGP) are important transboundary diseases, endemic in Nigeria, causing severe clinical manifestations, impacting production, and resulting in economic losses. Vaccination is an effective control measure against SGP in endemic countries but is not currently implemented in Nigeria. This study aimed to estimate SGP financial impact and assess economic viability of SGP vaccination at the herd and regional level under different scenarios in Northern Nigeria. Integrated stochastic production and economic herd models were developed for transhumance and sedentary herds. Models were run for two disease scenarios (severely and slightly affected) and with and without vaccination, with data parameterisation from literature estimates, field survey and authors' experience. Herd-level net financial impact of the disease and its vaccination was assessed using gross margin (GM) and partial budget analyses. These were then used to assess regional financial impact of disease and profitability of a 3-year vaccination programme using a cost-benefit analysis. The regional-analysis was performed under 0 %, 50 % and 100 % government subsidy scenarios; as a standalone programme or in combination with other existing vaccination programmes; and for risk-based and non-risk-based intervention. Median SGP losses per reproductive female were £27 (90 % CI: £31-£22), and £5 (90 % CI: £7-£3), in sedentary, and £30 (90 % CI: £41-21), and £7 (90 % CI: £10-£3), in transhumance herds, for severely and slightly affected scenarios respectively. Selling animals at a reduced price, selling fewer young animals, and reduced value of affected animals remaining in the herd were the greatest contributors to farmer's SGP costs. SGP-affected herds realised a GM reduction of up to 121 % in sedentary and 138 % in transhumance. Median estimated regional SGP cost exceeded £24 million. Herd-level median benefits of vaccination per reproductive female were £23.76 (90 % CI: £19.28-£28.61), and £4.01 (90 % CI: £2.36-£6.31), in sedentary, and £26.85 (90 % CI: £17.99-£37.02) and £7.45 (90 % CI: £3.47-£15.14) in transhumance herds, in severely and slightly affected scenarios, respectively. Median benefit: cost ratio (BCR) for severely affected herds at 50% subsidies was 6.62 (90% CI: 5.30-8.90) for sedentary, and 5.14 (90% CI: 3.31-13.81) for transhumance herds. The regional SGP vaccination standalone programme BCR: 7-27, regional SGP vaccination with existing vaccination programme BCR: 7-228 and vaccinating high-risk areas BCR: 19-439 were found to be economically viable for all subsidy levels explored. Vaccinating low-risk areas only realised benefits with 100 % of government subsidies. This study further increases understanding of SGP's impact within Northern Nigeria and demonstrates vaccination is an economically viable control strategy at the herd-level and also regionally, depending on the strategy and government subsidy levels considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Rawlins
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
| | - Georgina Limon
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom; The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Sandra I Ijoma
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Rebecca B Atai
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Jolly A Adole
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | | | - Atuman Y Joel
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom; The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| | - Pablo Alarcon
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
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17
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Zewdie G, Derese G, Getachew B, Belay H, Akalu M. Review of sheep and goat pox disease: current updates on epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control measures in Ethiopia. ANIMAL DISEASES 2021; 1:28. [PMID: 34806086 PMCID: PMC8591591 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheep pox, goat pox, and lumpy skin diseases are economically significant and contagious viral diseases of sheep, goats and cattle, respectively, caused by the genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV) of the family Poxviridae. Currently, CaPV infection of small ruminants (sheep and goats) has been distributed widely and are prevalent in Central Africa, the Middle East, Europe and Asia. This disease poses challenges to food production and distribution, affecting rural livelihoods in most African countries, including Ethiopia. Transmission occurs mainly by direct or indirect contact with infected animals. They cause high morbidity (75-100% in endemic areas) and mortality (10-85%). Additionally, the mortality rate can approach 100% in susceptible animals. Diagnosis largely relies on clinical symptoms, confirmed by laboratory testing using real-time PCR, electron microscopy, virus isolation, serology and histology. Control and eradication of sheep pox virus (SPPV), goat pox virus (GTPV), and lumpy skin disease (LSDV) depend on timely recognition of disease eruption, vector control, and movement restriction. To date, attenuated vaccines originating from KSGPV O-180 strains are effective and widely used in Ethiopia to control CaPV throughout the country. This vaccine strain is clinically safe to control CaPV in small ruminants but not in cattle which may be associated with insufficient vaccination coverage and the production of low-quality vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girma Zewdie
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Getaw Derese
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | - Hassen Belay
- Africa Union Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Center (AU-PANVAC), P. O. Box: 1746, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Mirtneh Akalu
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Gunture, AP 522502 India
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18
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Bukar AM, Jesse FFA, Abdullah CAC, Noordin MM, Lawan Z, Mangga HK, Balakrishnan KN, Azmi MLM. Immunomodulatory Strategies for Parapoxvirus: Current Status and Future Approaches for the Development of Vaccines against Orf Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1341. [PMID: 34835272 PMCID: PMC8624149 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV), the prototype species of the parapoxvirus genus, is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma, an extremely devastating skin disease of sheep, goats, and humans that causes enormous economic losses in livestock production. ORFV is known for its ability to repeatedly infect both previously infected and vaccinated sheep due to several immunomodulatory genes encoded by the virus that temporarily suppress host immunity. Therefore, the development of novel, safe and effective vaccines against ORFV infection is an important priority. Although, the commercially licensed live-attenuated vaccines have provided partial protection against ORFV infections, the attenuated viruses have been associated with major safety concerns. In addition to safety issues, the persistent reinfection of vaccinated animals warrants the need to investigate several factors that may affect vaccine efficacy. Perhaps, the reason for the failure of the vaccine is due to the long-term adaptation of the virus in tissue culture. In recent years, the development of vaccines against ORFV infection has achieved great success due to technological advances in recombinant DNA technologies, which have opened a pathway for the development of vaccine candidates that elicit robust immunity. In this review, we present current knowledge on immune responses elicited by ORFV, with particular attention to the effects of the viral immunomodulators on the host immune system. We also discuss the implications of strain variation for the development of rational vaccines. Finally, the review will also aim to demonstrate future strategies for the development of safe and efficient vaccines against ORFV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhaji Modu Bukar
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, School Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri, Maiduguri 1070, Borno, Nigeria
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | | | - Mustapha M. Noordin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Zaharaddeen Lawan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Hassana Kyari Mangga
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Mohd-Lila Mohd Azmi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
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19
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Gao L, Zheng S, Wang Y. The Evasion of Antiviral Innate Immunity by Chicken DNA Viruses. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:771292. [PMID: 34777325 PMCID: PMC8581555 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.771292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system constitutes the first line of host defense. Viruses have evolved multiple mechanisms to escape host immune surveillance, which has been explored extensively for human DNA viruses. There is growing evidence showing the interaction between avian DNA viruses and the host innate immune system. In this review, we will survey the present knowledge of chicken DNA viruses, then describe the functions of DNA sensors in avian innate immunity, and finally discuss recent progresses in chicken DNA virus evasion from host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shijun Zheng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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20
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Silva LF, de Oliveira SAM, de Alencar Mota ALA, Gonçalves VSP, de Oliveira Freitas C, Cargnelutti JF, Flores EF, de Sant'Ana FJF. Seroprevalence of bovine vaccinia in cows and its correlation with the productive profile of affected farms in Distrito Federal, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 53:411-419. [PMID: 34729709 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine vaccinia (BV) is an infectious disease caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV) characterized by vesicular and exanthematic lesions, mainly in cattle. Although BV has been described in some Brazilian regions in the last decades, official information regarding the current prevalence in bovine herds of Midwestern Brazil is lacking. Thus, the current study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with BV in cattle in the Distrito Federal (DF), Brazil. Sera of 312 cows of 64 herds were tested by virus-neutralizing test for VACV antibodies. Herd and animal seroprevalence were estimated to be 33.3% (CI 95%: 18.2-48.3%) and 10.6% (CI 95%: 1.0-20.2%), respectively. Seropositive cows were detected in dairy, beef, and mixed-purpose farms. The results of an epidemiological questionnaire showed that no risk factor analyzed was positively associated with seropositivity to VACV. There was no significant association between type of milking (manual/mechanic) and seropositivity to VACV; however, most seropositive cows were present in farms with high daily milk production and high number of lactating and adult cows. Our results indicate that VACV circulates in many regions of DF with considerable prevalence in dairy cows. Control measures to restrict VACV circulation and consequences of the infection may be advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ferreira Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carolina de Oliveira Freitas
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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21
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Wang Y, Kang W, Yang W, Zhang J, Li D, Zheng H. Structure of African Swine Fever Virus and Associated Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Infection and Immunosuppression: A Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:715582. [PMID: 34552586 PMCID: PMC8450572 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, highly contagious, and deadly infectious disease. The mortality rate of the most acute and acute ASF infection is almost 100%. The World Organization for Animal Health [Office International des épizooties (OIE)] lists it as a legally reported animal disease and China lists it as class I animal epidemic. Since the first diagnosed ASF case in China on August 3, 2018, it has caused huge economic losses to animal husbandry. ASF is caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), which is the only member of Asfarviridae family. ASFV is and the only insect-borne DNA virus belonging to the Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLDV) family with an icosahedral structure and an envelope. Till date, there are still no effective vaccines or antiviral drugs for the prevention or treatment of ASF. The complex viral genome and its sophisticated ability to regulate the host immune response may be the reason for the difficulty in developing an effective vaccine. This review summarizes the recent findings on ASFV structure, the molecular mechanism of ASFV infection and immunosuppression, and ASFV-encoded proteins to provide comprehensive proteomic information for basic research on ASFV. In addition, it also analyzes the results of previous studies and speculations on the molecular mechanism of ASFV infection, which aids the study of the mechanism of clinical pathological phenomena, and provides a possible direction for an intensive study of ASFV infection mechanism. By summarizing the findings on molecular mechanism of ASFV- regulated host cell immune response, this review provides orientations and ideas for fundamental research on ASFV and provides a theoretical basis for the development of protective vaccines against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weifang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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22
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Zhugunissov K, Kilibayev S, Mambetaliyev M, Zakarya K, Kassenov M, Abduraimov Y, Bulatov Y, Azanbekova M, Absatova Z, Abeuov K, Nurgaziev R, Renukaradhya GJ, Tabynov K. Development and Evaluation of a Live Attenuated Egg-Based Camelpox Vaccine. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:721023. [PMID: 34485443 PMCID: PMC8415447 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.721023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Camelpox is an infectious viral disease of camels reported in all the camel-breeding areas of Africa, north of the equator, the Middle East and Asia. It causes huge economic loss to the camel industry. We developed a live camelpox virus vaccine candidate using an attenuated strain and evaluated its safety, immunogenicity and protective efficacy in camels. The attenuated virus strain was generated from the camelpox wild-type strain M-96 by 40 consecutive passages on the chorioallantoic membrane of 11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs, henceforth called KM-40 strain. Reversion to virulence of the KM-40 strain was evaluated in camels by three serial passages, confirmed its inability to revert to virulence and its overdose administration was also found safe. Studies of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the candidate vaccine KM-40 strain in camels was carried out using the dose of 5 x 104.0 EID50. Our data showed complete protection against the challenge infection using the virulent wild-type camelpox virus strain M-96 (dose of 105.0 EID50) which was evaluated at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post vaccination. In summary, our candidate live attenuated egg-based camelpox vaccine strain KM-40 was found safe, protective, and thus has the potential to use safely in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuandyk Zhugunissov
- Laboratory Collection of Microorganisms, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Sanat Kilibayev
- Laboratory Collection of Microorganisms, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Muratbay Mambetaliyev
- Laboratory Collection of Microorganisms, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Kunsulu Zakarya
- Laboratory Collection of Microorganisms, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Markhabat Kassenov
- Testing Laboratory Control of Technology and Biological Products, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Yergaliy Abduraimov
- Laboratory Collection of Microorganisms, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerbol Bulatov
- Laboratory Cultivation of Microorganisms, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Moldir Azanbekova
- Laboratory Collection of Microorganisms, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Zharkinay Absatova
- Laboratory Collection of Microorganisms, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Khairulla Abeuov
- Laboratory for Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
| | - Ryspek Nurgaziev
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Kyrgyz National Agrarian University Named After K.I. Skryabin, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Kairat Tabynov
- International Center for Vaccinology, Kazakh National Agrarian University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Preclinical Research Laboratory With Vivarium, M. Aikimbayev National Scientific Center for Especially Dangerous Infections, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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23
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Tang N, Zhang Y, Shen Z, Yao Y, Nair V. Application of CRISPR-Cas9 Editing for Virus Engineering and the Development of Recombinant Viral Vaccines. CRISPR J 2021; 4:477-490. [PMID: 34406035 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas technology, discovered originally as a bacterial defense system, has been extensively repurposed as a powerful tool for genome editing for multiple applications in biology. In the field of virology, CRISPR-Cas9 technology has been widely applied on genetic recombination and engineering of genomes of various viruses to ask some fundamental questions about virus-host interactions. Its high efficiency, specificity, versatility, and low cost have also provided great inspiration and hope in the field of vaccinology to solve a series of bottleneck problems in the development of recombinant viral vaccines. This review highlights the applications of CRISPR editing in the technological advances compared to the traditional approaches used for the construction of recombinant viral vaccines and vectors, the main factors affecting their application, and the challenges that need to be overcome for further streamlining their effective usage in the prevention and control of diseases. Factors affecting efficiency, target specificity, and fidelity of CRISPR-Cas editing in the context of viral genome editing and development of recombinant vaccines are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Tang
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Binzhou, P.R. China; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash road, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Binzhou, P.R. China; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash road, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash road, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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24
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Abstract
Contagious ecthyma (CE) is an infectious disease of small ruminants caused by a parapoxvirus of family Poxviridae subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. The disease is obviously distinguished by an establishment of scabby lesions and ulcerative formation on less hairy areas including muzzle, ears, nostril, and sometimes on genitalia. The disease is endemic in sheep and goats. The virus is transmissible to other ruminants and is a public health concern in humans. Although the disease is known as self-limiting, it may cause a significant economic threat and financial losses due to lower productivity in livestock production. Information with regard to the risk of the disease and epidemiology in most parts of the world is underreported. This paper aims to provide relevant information about the epidemiology of CE in selected regions of Europe, South America, North America, Asia, Africa, and Australia. An in-depth comprehension of virus infection, diagnoses, and management of the disease will enable farmers, researchers, veterinarians, abattoir workers, health personnel, and border controllers to improve their measures, skills, and effectiveness toward disease prevention and control, toward reducing unnecessary economic loss among farmers. A herd health program for significant improvement in management and productivity of livestock demands a well planned extension program that ought to encourage farmers to equip themselves with adequate skills for animal healthcare.
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25
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Zhang D, Yang B, Zhang T, Shi X, Shen C, Zheng H, Liu X, Zhang K. In vitro and in vivo analyses of co-infections with peste des petits ruminants and capripox vaccine strains. Virol J 2021; 18:69. [PMID: 33827620 PMCID: PMC8025577 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and goat pox (GTP) are two devastating animal epidemic diseases that affect small ruminants. Vaccination is one of the most important measures to prevent and control these two severe infectious diseases. METHODS In this study, we vaccinated sheep with PPR and POX vaccines to compare the changes in the antibody levels between animals vaccinated with PPRV and POX vaccines alone and those co-infected with both vaccines simultaneously. The cell infection model was used to explore the interference mechanism between the vaccines in vitro. The antibody levels were detected with the commercial ELISA kit. The Real-time Quantitative PCR fluorescent quantitative PCR method was employed to detect the viral load changes and cytokines expression after the infection. RESULTS The concurrent immunization of GTP and PPR vaccine enhanced the PPR vaccine's immune effect but inhibited the immune effect of the GTP vaccine. After the infection, GTP and PPR vaccine strains caused cytopathic effect; co-infection with GTP and PPR vaccine strains inhibited the replication of PPR vaccine strains; co-infection with GTP and PPR vaccine strains enhanced the replication of GTP vaccine strains. Moreover, virus mixed infection enhanced the mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-α, and IFN-β by 2-170 times. GTP vaccine strains infection alone can enhanced the mRNA expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, while the expression of IFN-α mRNA is inhibited. PPR vaccine strains alone can enhanced the mRNA expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, TNF-α, and has little effect the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10. The results showed that GTP and PPR vaccine used simultaneously in sheep enhanced the PPR vaccine's immune effect but inhibited the immune effect of the GTP vaccine in vivo. Furthermore, an infection of GTP and PPR vaccine strains caused significant cell lesions in vitro; co-infection with GTP + PPR vaccine strains inhibited the replication of PPR vaccine strains, while the co-infection of GTP followed by PPR infection enhanced the replication of GTP vaccine strains. Moreover, virus infection enhanced the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-α, and IFN-β. CONCLUSIONS Peste des petits ruminants and capripox vaccine strains interfere with each other in vivo and vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xijuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaochao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, People's Republic of China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 73004, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Matía A, Lorenzo MM, Blasco R. Tools for the targeted genetic modification of poxvirus genomes. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:183-190. [PMID: 33242829 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The potential of viruses as biotechnology platforms is becoming more appealing due to technological advances in synthetic biology techniques and to the increasing accessibility of means to manipulate virus genomes. Among viral systems, poxviruses, and their prototype member Vaccinia Virus, are one of the outstanding choices for different biotechnological and medical applications based on heterologous gene expression, recombinant vaccines or oncolytic viruses. The refinement of genetic engineering methods on Vaccinia Virus over the last decades have contributed to facilitate the manipulation of the genomes of poxviruses, and may aid in the improvement of virus variants designed for different goals through reverse genetic approaches. Targeted genetic changes are usually performed by homologous recombination with the viral genome. In addition to the classic approach, recent methodological advances that may assist new strategies for the mutation or edition of poxvirus genomes are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Matía
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (I.N.I.A.), Ctra. La Coruña km 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María M Lorenzo
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (I.N.I.A.), Ctra. La Coruña km 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Blasco
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (I.N.I.A.), Ctra. La Coruña km 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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27
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Sumana K, Revanaiah Y, Shivachandra SB, Mothay D, Apsana R, Saminathan M, Basavaraj S, Reddy GBM. Molecular phylogeny of Capripoxviruses based on major immunodominant protein (P32) reveals circulation of host specific sheeppox and goatpox viruses in small ruminants of India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104472. [PMID: 32711078 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sheeppox and goatpox are highly contagious viral diseases of small ruminants causing severe economic losses to the livestock farmers. The disease is enzootic in Asia including India, Middle East and African countries. In the present study, a total of 28 isolates from twenty five sheeppox and goatpox disease outbreaks were phylogenetically analyzed based on P32 gene/protein along with homology modeling and docking using heparan sulfate and UDP-glucose. Three distinct lineage-specific clusters as per their host origin were recorded. Multiple sequence analysis of P32 gene revealed that genetically similar sheeppox virus (SPPV) and goatpox virus (GTPV) strains are circulating in India. Phylogenetically, Lumpy skin disease (LSDV) and SPPV had a closer genetic relationship than GTPV. Comparative sequence alignment indicated conservation of various motifs such as glycosaminoglycan (GAG), chemokine like motif (CX3C) and Asp-Glu-any other residue-Asp (D/ExD), as well as viral specific signature residues in SPPV and GTPV isolates. Structurally, P32 protein of SPPV and GTPV with mixed α helices and β sheets resembled with crystal structure of homologue vaccinia virus H3L protein. Docking studies in P32 protein of SPPV and GTPV revealed conserved binding pattern with heparan sulfate which is involved in the virus attachment and varied glycosyltransferase fold with UDP-glucose. These findings may help in development of suitable vaccines/diagnostics and therapeutics against capripoxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sumana
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India; Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, JAIN (Deemed to be University), School of Sciences, Jayanagar 3rd Block, Bengaluru 560011, Karnataka, India
| | - Yogisharadhya Revanaiah
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Dipti Mothay
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, JAIN (Deemed to be University), School of Sciences, Jayanagar 3rd Block, Bengaluru 560011, Karnataka, India
| | - R Apsana
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - M Saminathan
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, U.P, India
| | - S Basavaraj
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, U.P, India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India.
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28
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Hamdi J, Bamouh Z, Jazouli M, Boumart Z, Tadlaoui KO, Fihri OF, El Harrak M. Experimental evaluation of the cross-protection between Sheeppox and bovine Lumpy skin vaccines. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8888. [PMID: 32483247 PMCID: PMC7264126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Capripoxvirus genus includes three agents: Sheeppox virus, Goatpox virus and Lumpy skin disease virus. Related diseases are of economic importance and present a major constraint to animals and animal products trade in addition to mortality and morbidity. Attenuated vaccines against these diseases are available, but afforded cross-protection is controversial in each specie. In this study, groups of sheep, goats and cattle were vaccinated with Romania SPPV vaccine and challenged with corresponding virulent strains. Sheep and cattle were also vaccinated with Neethling LSDV vaccine and challenged with both virulent SPPV and LSDV strains. Animals were monitored by clinical observation, rectal temperature as well as serological response. The study showed that sheep and goats vaccinated with Romania SPPV vaccine were fully protected against challenge with virulent SPPV and GTPV strains, respectively. However, small ruminants vaccinated with LSDV Neethling vaccine showed only partial protection against challenge with virulent SPPV strain. Cattle showed also only partial protection when vaccinated with Romania SPPV and were fully protected with Neethling LSDV vaccine. This study showed that SPPV and GTPV vaccines are closely related with cross-protection, while LSDV protects only cattle against the corresponding disease, which suggests that vaccination against LSDV should be carried out with homologous strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihane Hamdi
- Research and Development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco.
| | - Zahra Bamouh
- Research and Development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Jazouli
- Research and Development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Zineb Boumart
- Research and Development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | - Khalid Omari Tadlaoui
- Research and Development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
| | | | - Mehdi El Harrak
- Research and Development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.: 278, Mohammedia, 28810, Morocco
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29
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Pham TH, Lila MAM, Rahaman NYA, Lai HLT, Nguyen LT, Do KV, Noordin MM. Epidemiology and clinico-pathological characteristics of current goat pox outbreak in North Vietnam. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:128. [PMID: 32375821 PMCID: PMC7203824 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In view of the current swine fever outbreak and the government aspiration to increase the goat population, a need arises to control and prevent outbreaks of goat pox. Despite North Vietnam facing sporadic cases of goat pox, this most recent outbreak had the highest recorded morbidity, mortality and case fatality rate. Thus, owing to the likelihood of a widespread recurrence of goat pox infection, an analysis of that outbreak was done based on selected signalment, management and disease pattern (signs and pathology) parameters. This includes examination of animals, inspection of facilities, tissue sampling and analysis for confirmation of goatpox along with questionaires. Results It was found that the susceptible age group were between 3 and 6 months old kids while higher infection rate occurred in those under the free-range rearing system. The clinical signs of pyrexia, anorexia, nasal discharge and lesions of pocks were not restricted to the skin but have extended into the lung and intestine. The pathogen had been confirmed in positive cases via PCR as goat pox with prevalence of 79.69%. Conclusions The epidemiology of the current goat pox outbreak in North Vietnam denotes a significant prevalence which may affect the industry. This signals the importance of identifying the salient clinical signs and post mortem lesions of goat pox at the field level in order to achieve an effective control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Hong Pham
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia-Lam District, Hanoi, 010000, Vietnam.
| | - Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Yasmin Abd Rahaman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Huong Lan Thi Lai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia-Lam District, Hanoi, 010000, Vietnam
| | - Lan Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia-Lam District, Hanoi, 010000, Vietnam
| | - Khien Van Do
- Institute of Veterinary Research and Development of Central Vietnam, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, 650000, Vietnam
| | - Mustapha M Noordin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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30
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Nimmanapalli R, Gupta V. Vaccines the tugboat for prevention-based animal production. GENOMICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN VETERINARY, POULTRY, AND FISHERIES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7149732 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816352-8.00020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The world population is growing at a faster rate day-by-day and the demands for animal products are also increasing to meet the food security worldwide. For sustained production of animals products, healthy livestock and poultry farming are the major concerns as animals are susceptible to various infectious agents viz. bacteria, virus, and parasites leading to huge economical losses in the form of livestock’s morbidity and mortality. Besides, zoonotic nature of some infectious pathogens of animals is also raising concern for human safety. Vaccination of animals against various diseases present in different geographical regions is a best known strategy for prevention of different disease outbreaks both in organized and unorganized livestock and poultry sectors. Vaccines had played a major role in eradication of different dreaded diseases of livestock sectors globally. In this article we have discussed different vaccine types, various vaccine strategies used for the development of more efficacious and safe vaccines and commercially available vaccines for livestock and poultry.
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31
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Bala JA, Balakrishnan KN, Jesse FFA, Abdullah AA, Noorzahari MSB, Ghazali MT, Mohamed RB, Haron AW, Noordin MM, Mohd-Azmi ML. Identification of strain diversity and phylogenetic analysis based on two major essential proteins of Orf viruses isolated from several clinical cases reported in Malaysia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 77:104076. [PMID: 31678648 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is a little information on the characterization of Orf virus strains that are endemic in Malaysia. The relationship between the severity of disease and the molecular genetic profile of Orf virus strains has not been fully elucidated. This study documented the first confirmed report of contagious ecthyma causing by Orf virus in goats from a selected state of eastern peninsular Malaysia. The disease causes significant debilitation due to the inability of affected animals to suckle which brings a great economic loss to the farmers. A total of 504 animals were examined individually to recognize the affected animals with Orf lesion. Skin scrapping was used to collect the scab material from the infected animals. The presence of Orf virus was confirmed by combination of methods including virus isolation on vero cells, identification by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and molecular technique using PCR and Sanger sequencing. The results showed the successful isolation of four Orf virus strains with a typical cytopathic effects on the cultured vero cells line. The morphology was confirmed to be Orf virus with a distinctive ovoid and criss cross structure. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolated strains were closely related to each other and to other previously isolated Malaysian orf viruses. In addition these Orf virus strains were closely related to Orf viruses from China and India. This study provides more valuable insight in terms of genotype of Orf virus circulating in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilu Abubakar Bala
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Microbiology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011 Kano, Nigeria.
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Muhammad Syaafii Bin Noorzahari
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Termizi Ghazali
- Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar Negeri Terengganu, Peti Surat 203, 20720 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ramlan Bin Mohamed
- Institut Penyelidikan Haiwan (IPH), Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, 59, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Abd Wahid Haron
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Mustapha Mohamed Noordin
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Lila Mohd-Azmi
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Understanding the epidemiology of sheep-pox outbreaks among vaccinated Algerian sheep and post vaccination evaluation of the antibodies kinetics of the commercially used vaccine. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:128-131. [PMID: 31300101 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sheep pox is a disease of veterinary concern to small ruminant producers and veterinary diagnosticians, because of the associated tangible economic losses. The epidemiological analysis of sheep pox, among vaccinated sheep flock in Algeria from 2007 to 2016, showed that the disease outbreaks occurred every year and across all Algeria region with an average of 44.9 outbreaks per year, these outbreaks correlate with the region climate, the flocks' density and the transhumance practices. The one-year post vaccination antibody kinetics evaluation study of the commercially used vaccine in Algeria demonstrated a mild humoral response, the neutralization index range between 0.73 and 1.22. Therefore, the present study recommends a challenge study, using a virulent local strain, to evaluate the vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, quality control approach for the vaccine production processes is required.
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Chibssa TR, Settypalli TBK, Berguido FJ, Grabherr R, Loitsch A, Tuppurainen E, Nwankpa N, Tounkara K, Madani H, Omani A, Diop M, Cattoli G, Diallo A, Lamien CE. An HRM Assay to Differentiate Sheeppox Virus Vaccine Strains from Sheeppox Virus Field Isolates and other Capripoxvirus Species. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6646. [PMID: 31040355 PMCID: PMC6491823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep poxvirus (SPPV), goat poxvirus (GTPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) affect small ruminants and cattle causing sheeppox (SPP), goatpox (GTP) and lumpy skin disease (LSD) respectively. In endemic areas, vaccination with live attenuated vaccines derived from SPPV, GTPV or LSDV provides protection from SPP and GTP. As live poxviruses may cause adverse reactions in vaccinated animals, it is imperative to develop new diagnostic tools for the differentiation of SPPV field strains from attenuated vaccine strains. Within the capripoxvirus (CaPV) homolog of the variola virus B22R gene, we identified a unique region in SPPV vaccines with two deletions of 21 and 27 nucleotides and developed a High-Resolution Melting (HRM)-based assay. The HRM assay produces four distinct melting peaks, enabling the differentiation between SPPV vaccines, SPPV field isolates, GTPV and LSDV. This HRM assay is sensitive, specific, and provides a cost-effective means for the detection and classification of CaPVs and the differentiation of SPPV vaccines from SPPV field isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Rufael Chibssa
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.,National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), P.O. Box, 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tirumala Bharani K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francisco J Berguido
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Loitsch
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Mödling, Austria
| | | | - Nick Nwankpa
- African Union Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Centre, (AU-PANVAC), P.O. Box 1746, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia
| | - Karim Tounkara
- African Union Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Centre, (AU-PANVAC), P.O. Box 1746, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia
| | - Hafsa Madani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire d'Alger, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Amel Omani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire d'Alger, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mariane Diop
- Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), BP 2057 Dakar-Hann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adama Diallo
- Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), BP 2057 Dakar-Hann, Dakar, Senegal.,UMR CIRAD INRA, Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), 24 Montpellier cedex 05, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400, Vienna, Austria.
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Yogisharadhya R, Kumar A, Bhanuprakash V, Shivachandra SB. Evaluation of a recombinant major envelope protein (F1L) based indirect- ELISA for sero-diagnosis of orf in sheep and goats. J Virol Methods 2018; 261:112-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Comparative sequence and structural analysis of Indian orf viruses based on major envelope immuno-dominant protein (F1L), an homologue of pox viral p35/H3 protein. Gene 2018; 663:72-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Manev I, Genova K, Lavazza A, Capucci L. Humoral immune response to different routes of myxomatosis vaccine application. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2018.7021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to monitor the dynamics of the serological response to different application routes of live attenuated myxomatosis vaccine. The study included 42 Californian breed rabbits, aged 3 mo, of both sexes. They were separated into 7 groups: 6 experimental and 1 control. All experimental groups were vaccinated on day 0 with a single dose of myxomatosis vaccine (min 10<sup>3.3</sup> tissue culture infective dose 50 [TCID<sub>50</sub>], max 10<sup>5.8</sup> TCID<sub>50</sub>). Three of the groups were injected with monovalent attenuated myxomatosis vaccine using different types of application: intradermal (i.d.), intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.). The other 3 groups were injected with bivalent attenuated vaccine against myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease; again the routes of administration were i.d., i.m. and s.c.. There were no clinical signs or serious side effects after vaccination. The serological response was evaluated on days 7, 15 and 30 with a monoclonal antibody based-competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). More rapid and potent humoral response was detected in groups with i.d. inoculation in comparison to i.m. and s.c. routes. Vaccination with monovalent vaccine against myxomatosis induced higher antibody titre in comparison to bivalent vaccine. Our study showed that the vaccine application route and the type of vaccine used influence the speed and intensity of antibody response.
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Characterisation of putative immunomodulatory gene knockouts of lumpy skin disease virus in cattle towards an improved vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:4708-4715. [PMID: 29941325 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is responsible for causing severe economic losses to cattle farmers throughout Africa, the Middle East, and more recently, South-Eastern Europe and Russia. It belongs to the Capripoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family, with closely related sheeppox and goatpox viruses. Like other poxviruses, the viral genome codes for a number of genes with putative immunomodulatory capabilities. Current vaccines for protecting cattle against lumpy skin disease (LSD) based on live-attenuated strains of field isolates passaged by cell culture, resulting in random mutations. Although generally effective, these vaccines can have drawbacks, including injection site reactions and/or limited immunogenicity. A pilot study was conducted using a more targeted approach where two putative immunomodulatory genes were deleted separately from the genome of a virulent LSDV field isolate. These were open reading frame (ORF) 005 and ORF008, coding for homologues of an interleukin 10-like and interferon-gamma receptor-like gene, respectively. The resulting knockout constructs were evaluated in cattle for safety, immunogenicity and protection. Severe post-vaccinal reactions and febrile responses were observed for both constructs. Two calves inoculated with the ORF008 knockout construct developed multiple lesions and were euthanised. Following challenge, none of the animals inoculated with the knockout constructs showed any external clinical signs of LSD, compared to the negative controls. Improved cellular and humoral immune responses were recorded in both of these groups compared to the positive control. The results indicate that at the high inoculation doses used, the degree of attenuation achieved was insufficient for further use in cattle due to the adverse reactions observed.
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Abstract
Researchers have generated an array of potential avian antiviral vaccines. However, vaccine and viral complexity, small profit margins, the cost of development and manufacturing, and the small population at risk relegate most avian vaccine use to commercial species. Some vaccines designed for use in nonavian species are used to prevent or ameliorate disease in exotic and companion birds. This article highlights newly developed vaccines that may be used in exotic and pet birds. Information pertinent to vaccine choice and strategy is provided, including disease lethality, species affected, and previous knowledge regarding vaccine safety and efficacy. Other avian species of concern are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jill Heatley
- Veterinary Pathobiology, Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary, Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 668 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, VIDI Building 1813, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
| | - Susan Payne
- Veterinary Pathobiology, Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary, Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 668 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, VIDI Building 1813, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
| | - Ian Tizard
- Veterinary Pathobiology, Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary, Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 668 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, VIDI Building 1813, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA.
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Bala JA, Balakrishnan KN, Abdullah AA, Mohamed R, Haron AW, Jesse FFA, Noordin MM, Mohd-Azmi ML. The re-emerging of orf virus infection: A call for surveillance, vaccination and effective control measures. Microb Pathog 2018; 120:55-63. [PMID: 29709684 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Orf disease is known to be enzootic among small ruminants in Asia, Africa, and some other parts of the world. The disease caused by orf virus is highly contagious among small ruminant species. Unfortunately, it has been neglected for decades because of the general belief that it only causes a self-limiting disease. On the other hand, in the past it has been reported to cause huge cumulative financial losses in livestock farming. Orf disease is characterized by localized proliferative and persistent skin nodule lesions that can be classified into three forms: generalized, labial and mammary or genitals. It can manifest as benign or malignant types. The later type of orf can remain persistent, often fatal and usually causes a serious outbreak among small ruminant population. Morbidity and mortality rates of orf are higher especially in newly infected kids and lambs. Application of antibiotics together with antipyretic and/or analgesic is highly recommended as a supportive disease management strategy for prevention of subsequent secondary microbial invasion. The presence of various exotic orf virus strains of different origin has been reported in many countries mostly due to poorly controlled cross-border virus transmission. There have been several efforts to develop orf virus vaccines and it was with variable success. The use of conventional vaccines to control orf is a debatable topic due to the concern of short term immunity development. Following re-infection in previously vaccinated animals, it is uncommon to observe the farms involved to experience rapid virus spread and disease outbreak. Meanwhile, cases of zoonosis from infected animals to animal handler are not uncommon. Despite failures to contain the spread of orf virus by the use of conventional vaccines, vaccination of animals with live orf virus is still considered as one of the best choice. The review herein described pertinent issues with regard to the development and use of potential effective vaccines as a control measure against orf virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilu Abubakar Bala
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Microbiology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Ramlan Mohamed
- Institut Penyelidikan Haiwan, (IPH), Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, 59, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Abd Wahid Haron
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mustapha M Noordin
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Lila Mohd-Azmi
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Hota A, Biswal S, Sahoo N, Venkatesan G, Arya S, Kumar A, Ramakrishnan MA, Pandey AB, Rout M. Seroprevalence of Capripoxvirus infection in sheep and goats among different agro-climatic zones of Odisha, India. Vet World 2018; 11:66-70. [PMID: 29479159 PMCID: PMC5813514 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.66-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of antibodies to Capripoxviruses among small ruminants of Odisha, India. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 random serum samples collected from 214 sheep and 286 goats across 10 agro-climatic zones of Odisha, were screened using whole virus antigen-based indirect ELISA for antibodies against Capripoxviruses. Results were analyzed by suitable statistical methods. Results: Screening of 500 serum samples showed seropositivity of 8.88% and 31.47% in sheep and goats, respectively, for Capripoxviruses. The prevalence rate according to agro-climatic zone ranged from 0% (North Eastern coastal plain zone) to 48.57% (North central plateau zone) for goat pox, and 0% (Western undulating zone and North central plateau) to 22.22% (South Eastern ghat zone) for sheep pox. The difference in prevalence rates among the various agro-climatic zones was statistically significant (p<0.05) for goats, but not for sheep. Antibody prevalence rates among various districts were recorded to be the highest in Jagatsinghpur (30%) for sheep pox and Dhenkanal (80%) for goat pox. Conclusions: The study revealed serological evidence of Capripoxvirus infection in sheep and goat populations in the study area, in the absence of vaccination. Systematic investigation, monitoring, and reporting of outbreaks are necessary to devise control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Hota
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, O.U.A.T., Bhubaneswar - 751 003, Odisha, India
| | - Sangram Biswal
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, O.U.A.T., Bhubaneswar - 751 003, Odisha, India
| | - Niranjana Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, O.U.A.T., Bhubaneswar - 751 003, Odisha, India
| | - Gnanavel Venkatesan
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand - 263 138
| | - Sargam Arya
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand - 263 138
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand - 263 138
| | | | - Awadh Bihari Pandey
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand - 263 138
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar - 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
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Kumar A, Yogisharadhya R, Venkatesan G, Bhanuprakash V, Pandey AB, Shivachandra SB. Co-administration of recombinant major envelope proteins (rA27L and rH3L) of buffalopox virus provides enhanced immunogenicity and protective efficacy in animal models. Antiviral Res 2017; 141:174-178. [PMID: 28259752 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Buffalopox virus (BPXV) and other vaccinia-like viruses (VLVs) are causing an emerging/re-emerging zoonosis affecting buffaloes, cattle and humans in India and other countries. A27L and H3L are immuno-dominant major envelope proteins of intracellular mature virion (IMV) of orthopoxviruses (OPVs) and are highly conserved with an ability to elicit neutralizing antibodies. In the present study, two recombinant proteins namely; rA27L (21S to E110; ∼30 kDa) and rH3L(1M to I280; ∼50 kDa) of BPXV-Vij/96 produced from Escherichia coli were used in vaccine formulation. A combined recombinant subunit vaccine comprising rA27L and rH3L antigens (10 μg of each) was used for active immunization of adult mice (20μg/dose/mice) with or without adjuvant (FCA/FIA) by intramuscular route. Immune responses revealed a gradual increase in antigen specific serum IgG as well as neutralizing antibody titers measured by using indirect-ELISA and serum neutralization test (SNT) respectively, which were higher as compared to that elicited by individual antigens. Suckling mice passively administered with combined anti-A27L and anti-H3L sera showed a complete (100%) pre-exposure protection upon challenge with virulent BPXV. Conclusively, this study highlights the potential utility of rA27L and rH3L proteins as safer candidate prophylactic antigens in combined recombinant subunit vaccine for buffalopox as well as passive protective efficacy of combined sera in employing better pre-exposure protection against virulent BPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Pox Virus Laboratory, Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Regional Campus, Mukteswar, 263138, Nainital (District), Uttarakhand (UK), India
| | - Revanaiah Yogisharadhya
- Pox Virus Laboratory, Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Regional Campus, Mukteswar, 263138, Nainital (District), Uttarakhand (UK), India
| | - Gnanavel Venkatesan
- Pox Virus Laboratory, Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Regional Campus, Mukteswar, 263138, Nainital (District), Uttarakhand (UK), India
| | - Veerakyathappa Bhanuprakash
- Pox Virus Laboratory, Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Regional Campus, Mukteswar, 263138, Nainital (District), Uttarakhand (UK), India.
| | - Awadh Bihari Pandey
- Pox Virus Laboratory, Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Regional Campus, Mukteswar, 263138, Nainital (District), Uttarakhand (UK), India
| | - Sathish Bhadravati Shivachandra
- Pox Virus Laboratory, Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Regional Campus, Mukteswar, 263138, Nainital (District), Uttarakhand (UK), India
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Prevalence, distribution, and risk factor for sheep pox and goat pox (SPGP) in Algeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:649-652. [PMID: 28120222 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study using a tested questionnaire was carried out across Algeria between January and June 2014. Our investigation demonstrated that of the 150 flocks visited, 21 were positive for sheep pox and goat pox (SPGP) with an overall flock prevalence of 14% (95% CI 11.08-16.92%) suggesting that SPGP is endemic in Algeria. Our results showed also that the disease appears only in sheep and no case affecting goats has been reported. For the risk factor analysis, univariate analysis of variables followed by a multiple logistic regression identified steppe region (OR = 1.81, 95% CI 0.87-2.57; P = 0.037), large flocks (OR = 2. 19, 95% CI 1.02-3.36; P = 0.027), and transhumance (OR = 3.98, 95% CI 2.59-5.34; P = 0.021) as risk factors in the spread of the disease. Furthermore, our study revealed that the use of vaccination as preventive measures in the selected flocks decreased the odds for SPGP positivity by 5.78 (95% CI 2.22-9.34; P < 0.001) times compared to non vaccinated flocks. In conclusion, our findings documented an evidence of a widespread distribution and endemic establishment of the SPGP in Algerian sheep population despite the annual vaccination program. Consequently, the vaccination must cover all the Algerian sheep population to improve animal welfare and reduce economic losses associated with outbreak episodes.
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Madhavan A, Venkatesan G, Kumar A. Capripoxviruses of Small Ruminants: Current Updates and Future Perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2016.757.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gelaye E, Belay A, Ayelet G, Jenberie S, Yami M, Loitsch A, Tuppurainen E, Grabherr R, Diallo A, Lamien CE. Capripox disease in Ethiopia: Genetic differences between field isolates and vaccine strain, and implications for vaccination failure. Antiviral Res 2015; 119:28-35. [PMID: 25907637 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) of the genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV) cause capripox disease in sheep, goats and cattle, respectively. These viruses are not strictly host-specific and their geographical distribution is complex. In Ethiopia, where sheep, goats and cattle are all affected, a live attenuated vaccine strain (KS1-O180) is used for immunization of both small ruminants and cattle. Although occurrences of the disease in vaccinated cattle are frequently reported, information on the circulating isolates and their relation to the vaccine strain in use are still missing. The present study addressed the parameters associated with vaccination failure in Ethiopia. Retrospective outbreak data were compiled and isolates collected from thirteen outbreaks in small ruminants and cattle at various geographical locations and years were analyzed and compared to the vaccine strain. Isolates of GTPV and LSDV genotypes were responsible for the capripox outbreaks in small ruminants and cattle, respectively, while SPPV was absent. Pathogenic isolates collected from vaccinated cattle were identical to those from the non-vaccinated ones. The vaccine strain, genetically distinct from the outbreak isolates, was not responsible for these outbreaks. This study shows capripox to be highly significant in Ethiopia due to low performance of the local vaccine and insufficient vaccination coverage. The development of new, more efficient vaccine strains, a GTPV strain for small ruminants and a LSDV for cattle, is needed to promote the acceptance by farmers, thus contribute to better control of CaPVs in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esayas Gelaye
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Alebachew Belay
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Gelagay Ayelet
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Jenberie
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Yami
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Angelika Loitsch
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Robert Koch-Gasse 17, A-2340 Mödling, Austria
| | - Eeva Tuppurainen
- Capripoxvirus Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adama Diallo
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria.
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Ovsyannikova IG, Pankratz VS, Salk HM, Kennedy RB, Poland GA. HLA alleles associated with the adaptive immune response to smallpox vaccine: a replication study. Hum Genet 2014; 133:1083-92. [PMID: 24880604 PMCID: PMC4127812 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported HLA allelic associations with vaccinia virus (VACV)-induced adaptive immune responses in a cohort of healthy individuals (n = 1,071 subjects) after a single dose of the licensed smallpox (Dryvax) vaccine. This study demonstrated that specific HLA alleles were significantly associated with VACV-induced neutralizing antibody (NA) titers (HLA-B*13:02, *38:02, *44:03, *48:01, and HLA-DQB1*03:02, *06:04) and cytokine (HLA-DRB1*01:03, *03:01, *10:01, *13:01, *15:01) immune responses. We undertook an independent study of 1,053 healthy individuals and examined associations between HLA alleles and measures of adaptive immunity after a single dose of Dryvax-derived ACAM2000 vaccine to evaluate previously discovered HLA allelic associations from the Dryvax study and determine if these associations are replicated with ACAM2000. Females had significantly higher NA titers than male subjects in both study cohorts [median ID50 discovery cohort 159 (93, 256) vs. 125 (75, 186), p < 0.001; replication cohort 144 (82, 204) vs. 110 (61, 189), p = 0.024]. The association between the DQB1*03:02 allele (median ID50 discovery cohort 152, p = 0.015; replication cohort 134, p = 0.010) and higher NA titers was replicated. Two HLA associations of comparable magnitudes were consistently found between DRB1*04:03 and DRB1*08:01 alleles and IFN-γ ELISPOT responses. The association between the DRB1*15:01 allele with IFN-γ secretion was also replicated (median pg/mL discovery cohort 182, p = 0.052; replication cohort 203, p = 0.014). Our results suggest that smallpox vaccine-induced adaptive immune responses are significantly influenced by HLA gene polymorphisms. These data provide information for functional studies and design of novel candidate smallpox vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna G. Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - V. Shane Pankratz
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hannah M. Salk
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Richard B. Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gregory A. Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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