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Hotez PJ. A Journey in Science: Molecular vaccines for global child health in troubled times of anti-science. Mol Med 2024; 30:37. [PMID: 38491420 PMCID: PMC10943906 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
My scientific life in translational medicine runs in two parallel, yet often converging paths. The first, is four-decade-long commitment to develop new vaccines for parasitic and neglected tropical diseases, as well as pandemic threats. This includes a vaccine for human hookworm infection that I began as an MD-PhD student in New York City in the 1980s, and a new low-cost COVID vaccine that reached almost 100 million people in low- and middle-income countries. Alongside this life in scientific research, is one in public engagement for vaccine and neglected disease diplomacy to ensure that people who live in extreme poverty can benefit from access to biomedical innovations. A troubling element has been the daunting task of countering rising antivaccine activism, which threatens to undermine our global vaccine ecosystem. Yet, this activity may turn out to become just as important for saving lives as developing new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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2
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Shorayeva K, Nakhanov A, Nurpeisova A, Chervyakova O, Jekebekov K, Abay Z, Assanzhanova N, Sadikaliyeva S, Kalimolda E, Terebay A, Moldagulova S, Absatova Z, Tulendibayev A, Kopeyev S, Nakhanova G, Issabek A, Nurabayev S, Kerimbayev A, Kutumbetov L, Abduraimov Y, Kassenov M, Orynbayev M, Zakarya K. Pre-Clinical Safety and Immunogenicity Study of a Coronavirus Protein-Based Subunit Vaccine for COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1771. [PMID: 38140175 PMCID: PMC10748237 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Creating an effective and safe vaccine is critical to fighting the coronavirus infection successfully. Several types of COVID-19 vaccines exist, including inactivated, live attenuated, recombinant, synthetic peptide, virus-like particle-based, DNA and mRNA-based, and sub-unit vaccines containing purified immunogenic viral proteins. However, the scale and speed at which COVID-19 is spreading demonstrate a global public demand for an effective prophylaxis that must be supplied more. The developed products promise a bright future for SARS-CoV-2 prevention; however, evidence of safety and immunogenicity is mandatory before any vaccine can be produced. In this paper, we report on the results of our work examining the safety, toxicity, immunizing dose choice, and immunogenicity of QazCoVac-P, a Kazakhstan-made sub-unit vaccine for COVID-19. First, we looked into the product's safety profile by assessing its pyrogenicity in vaccinated rabbit models and using the LAL (limulus amebocyte lysate) test. We examined the vaccine's acute and sub-chronic toxicity on BALB/c mice and rats. The vaccine did not cause clinically significant toxicity-related changes or symptoms in our toxicity experiments. Finally, we performed a double immunization of mice, ferrets, Syrian hamsters, and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). We used ELISA to measure antibody titers with the maximum mean geometric titer of antibodies in the animals' blood sera totaling approximately 8 log2. The results of this and other studies warrant recommending the QazCoVac-P vaccine for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ainur Nurpeisova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan (Z.A.); (E.K.); (Z.A.)
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Priyanka, Abusalah MAH, Chopra H, Sharma A, Mustafa SA, Choudhary OP, Sharma M, Dhawan M, Khosla R, Loshali A, Sundriyal A, Saini J. Nanovaccines: A game changing approach in the fight against infectious diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115597. [PMID: 37783148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of nanotechnology has revolutionised global attempts to prevent, treat, and eradicate infectious diseases in the foreseen future. Nanovaccines have proven to be a valuable pawn in this novel technology. Nanovaccines are made up of nanoparticles that are associated with or prepared with components that can stimulate the host's immune system. In addition to their delivery capabilities, the nanocarriers have been demonstrated to possess intrinsic adjuvant properties, working as immune cell stimulators. Thus, nanovaccines have the potential to promote rapid as well as long-lasting humoral and cellular immunity. The nanovaccines have several possible benefits, including site-specific antigen delivery, increased antigen bioavailability, and a diminished adverse effect profile. To avail these benefits, several nanoparticle-based vaccines are being developed, including virus-like particles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanogels, lipid nanoparticles, emulsion vaccines, exomes, and inorganic nanoparticles. Inspired by their distinctive properties, researchers are working on the development of nanovaccines for a variety of applications, such as cancer immunotherapy and infectious diseases. Although a few challenges still need to be overcome, such as modulation of the nanoparticle pharmacokinetics to avoid rapid elimination from the bloodstream by the reticuloendothelial system, The future prospects of this technology are also assuring, with multiple options such as personalised vaccines, needle-free formulations, and combination nanovaccines with several promising candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Bathinda 151103, Punjab, India
| | - Mai Abdel Haleem Abusalah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa University, Al-Zarqa 13132, Jordan
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhilasha Sharma
- Department of Life Science, Gujarat University, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Suhad Asad Mustafa
- Scientific Research Center/ Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Om Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Bathinda 151103, Punjab, India.
| | - Manish Sharma
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India; Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK.
| | - Rajiv Khosla
- Department of Biotechnology, Doaba College, Jalandhar 144004, Punjab, India
| | - Aanchal Loshali
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ankush Sundriyal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun 248001, India
| | - Jyoti Saini
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Bathinda 151103, Punjab, India
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Alshamrani S, Mashraqi MM, Alzamami A, Alturki NA, Almasoudi HH, Alshahrani MA, Basharat Z. Mining Autoimmune-Disorder-Linked Molecular-Mimicry Candidates in Clostridioides difficile and Prospects of Mimic-Based Vaccine Design: An In Silico Approach. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2300. [PMID: 37764144 PMCID: PMC10536613 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular mimicry, a phenomenon in which microbial or environmental antigens resemble host antigens, has been proposed as a potential trigger for autoimmune responses. In this study, we employed a bioinformatics approach to investigate the role of molecular mimicry in Clostridioides difficile-caused infections and the induction of autoimmune disorders due to this phenomenon. Comparing proteomes of host and pathogen, we identified 23 proteins that exhibited significant sequence homology and were linked to autoimmune disorders. The disorders included rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Alzheimer's disease, etc., while infections included viral and bacterial infections like HIV, HCV, and tuberculosis. The structure of the homologous proteins was superposed, and RMSD was calculated to find the maximum deviation, while accounting for rigid and flexible regions. Two sequence mimics (antigenic, non-allergenic, and immunogenic) of ≥10 amino acids from these proteins were used to design a vaccine construct to explore the possibility of eliciting an immune response. Docking analysis of the top vaccine construct C2 showed favorable interactions with HLA and TLR-4 receptor, indicating potential efficacy. The B-cell and T-helper cell activity was also simulated, showing promising results for effective immunization against C. difficile infections. This study highlights the potential of C. difficile to trigger autoimmunity through molecular mimicry and vaccine design based on sequence mimics that trigger a defensive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Alshamrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (H.H.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mutaib M. Mashraqi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (H.H.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Ahmad Alzamami
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, College of Applied Medical Science, Shaqra University, AlQuwayiyah 11961, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Norah A. Alturki
- Clinical Laboratory Science Department, College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hassan H. Almasoudi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (H.H.A.); (M.A.A.)
| | - Mohammed Abdulrahman Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (H.H.A.); (M.A.A.)
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5
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Park SJ, Jang MS, Lim KH, Seo JW, Im WJ, Han KH, Kim SE, Jang E, Park D, Kim YB. Preclinical evaluation of general toxicity and safety pharmacology of a receptor-binding domain-based COVID-19 subunit vaccine in various animal models. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2429-2440. [PMID: 37491472 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03549-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has resulted in the introduction of several naïve methods of vaccine development, which have been used to prepare novel viral vectors and mRNA-based vaccines. However, reluctance to receive vaccines owing to the uncertainty regarding their safety is prevalent. Therefore, rigorous safety evaluation of vaccines through preclinical toxicity studies is critical to determine the safety profiles of vaccine candidates. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity profile of HuVac-19, a subunit vaccine of SARS-CoV-2 utilizing the receptor-binding domain as an antigen, in rats, rabbits, and dogs using single- and repeat-dose study designs. Repeat-dose toxicity studies in rats and rabbits showed transient changes in hematological and serum biochemical parameters in the adjuvant and/or vaccine groups; however, these changes were reversed or potentially reversible after the recovery period. Moreover, temporary reversible changes in absolute and relative organ weights were observed in the prostate of rats and the thymus of rabbits. Gross examination of the injection sites in rats and rabbits treated with the adjuvant- and HuVac-19 showed discoloration and foci, whereas histopathological examination showed granulomatous inflammation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and myofiber degeneration/necrosis. This inflammatory response was local, unassociated with other toxicological changes, and resolved. In a pharmacological safety study, no toxicological or physiological changes associated with HuVac-19 administration were observed. In conclusion, HuVac-19 was not associated with any major systemic adverse effects in the general toxicity and safety pharmacology evaluation, demonstrating that HuVac-19 is a vaccine candidate with sufficient capacity to be used in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Park
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gaejeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seong Jang
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gaejeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Lim
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gaejeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Wook Seo
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gaejeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Jung Im
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gaejeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hyun Han
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gaejeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Kim
- HuVet Bio, Inc., 127 Beubwon-ro, Songpa gu, Seoul, 05836, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Jang
- HuVet Bio, Inc., 127 Beubwon-ro, Songpa gu, Seoul, 05836, Republic of Korea
| | - Danbi Park
- HuVet Bio, Inc., 127 Beubwon-ro, Songpa gu, Seoul, 05836, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Bum Kim
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gaejeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Excler JL, Saville M, Privor-Dumm L, Gilbert S, Hotez PJ, Thompson D, Abdool-Karim S, Kim JH. Factors, enablers and challenges for COVID-19 vaccine development. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:bmjgh-2023-011879. [PMID: 37277195 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-011879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a sense of vulnerability and urgency that led to concerted actions by governments, funders, regulators and industry to overcome traditional challenges for the development of vaccine candidates and to reach authorisation. Unprecedented financial investments, massive demand, accelerated clinical development and regulatory reviews were among the key factors that contributed to accelerating the development and approval of COVID-19 vaccines. The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines benefited of previous scientific innovations such as mRNA and recombinant vectors and proteins. This has created a new era of vaccinology, with powerful platform technologies and a new model for vaccine development. These lessons learnt highlight the need of strong leadership, to bring together governments, global health organisations, manufacturers, scientists, private sector, civil society and philanthropy, to generate innovative, fair and equitable access mechanisms to COVID-19 vaccines for populations worldwide and to build a more efficient and effective vaccine ecosystem to prepare for other pandemics that may emerge. With a longer-term view, new vaccines must be developed with incentives to build expertise for manufacturing that can be leveraged for low/middle-income countries and other markets to ensure equity in innovation, access and delivery. The creation of vaccine manufacturing hubs with appropriate and sustained training, in particular in Africa, is certainly the way of the future to a new public health era to safeguard the health and economic security of the continent and guarantee vaccine security and access, with however the need for such capacity to be sustained in the interpandemic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Excler
- Director General's Office, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Melanie Saville
- Vaccine Development, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, London, UK
| | - Lois Privor-Dumm
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Didi Thompson
- World Innovation Summit for Health (WISH), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Salim Abdool-Karim
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- Director General's Office, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
- Department of Life Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
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7
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Hotez PJ, Gilbert S, Saville M, Privor-Dumm L, Abdool-Karim S, Thompson D, Excler JL, Kim JH. COVID-19 vaccines and the pandemic: lessons learnt for other neglected diseases and future threats. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:bmjgh-2023-011883. [PMID: 37277196 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-011883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the experiences gained by accelerating new vaccines for both Ebola virus infection and COVID-19 in a public health emergency, vaccine development has benefited from a 'multiple shots on goal' approach to new vaccine targets. This approach embraces simultaneous development of candidates with differing technologies, including, when feasible, vesicular stomatitis virus or adenovirus vectors, messenger RNA (mRNA), whole inactivated virus, nanoparticle and recombinant protein technologies, which led to multiple effective COVID-19 vaccines. The challenge of COVID-19 vaccine inequity, as COVID-19 spread globally, created a situation where cutting-edge mRNA technologies were preferentially supplied by multinational pharmaceutical companies to high-income countries while low and middle-income countries (LMICs) were pushed to the back of the queue and relied more heavily on adenoviral vector, inactivated virus and recombinant protein vaccines. To prevent this from occurring in future pandemics, it is essential to expand the scale-up capacity for both traditional and new vaccine technologies at individual or simultaneous hubs in LMICs. In parallel, a process of tech transfer of new technologies to LMIC producers needs to be facilitated and funded, while building LMIC national regulatory capacity, with the aim of several reaching 'stringent regulator' status. Access to doses is an essential start but is not sufficient, as healthcare infrastructure for vaccination and combating dangerous antivaccine programmes both require support. Finally, there is urgency to establish an international framework through a United Nations Pandemic Treaty to promote, support and harmonise a more robust, coordinated and effective global response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Lois Privor-Dumm
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Salim Abdool-Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Jerome H Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
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Mahboob T, Ismail AA, Shah MR, Rahmatullah M, Paul AK, Pereira MDL, Wiart C, Wilairatana P, Rajagopal M, Dolma KG, Nissapatorn V. Development of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: Challenges and Prospects. Diseases 2023; 11:64. [PMID: 37092446 PMCID: PMC10123684 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The WHO declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic in March 2020, which was caused by novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 made its first entry into the world in November 2019, and the first case was detected in Wuhan, China. Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome distressed life in almost every discipline by the extended production of novel viral variants. In this article, authorized SARS-CoV-2 vaccines including mRNA vaccines, DNA vaccines, subunit vaccines, inactivated virus vaccines, viral vector vaccine, live attenuated virus vaccines and mix and match vaccines will be discussed based on their mechanism, administration, storage, stability, safety and efficacy. The information was collected from various journals via electronic searches including PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar and the WHO platform. This review article includes a brief summary on the pathophysiology, epidemiology, mutant variants and management strategies related to COVID-19. Due to the continuous production and unsatisfactory understanding of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2, it is important to design an effective vaccine along with long-lasting protection against variant strains by eliminating the gaps through practical and theoretical knowledge. Consequently, it is mandatory to update the literature through previous and ongoing trials of vaccines tested among various ethnicities and age groups to gain a better insight into management strategies and combat complications associated with upcoming novel variants of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooba Mahboob
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Amni Adilah Ismail
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Rahmatullah
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Lalmatia, Dhaka 1209, Bangladesh
| | - Alok K. Paul
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia
| | - Maria de Lourdes Pereira
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials & Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Christophe Wiart
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, University Malaysia, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Mogana Rajagopal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Karma G. Dolma
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok 737102, Sikkim, India
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- School of Allied Health Sciences and World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
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9
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He X, He C, Hong W, Yang J, Wei X. Research progress in spike mutations of SARS-CoV-2 variants and vaccine development. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36929527 DOI: 10.1002/med.21941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic can hardly end with the emergence of different variants over time. In the past 2 years, several variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), such as the Delta and Omicron variants, have emerged with higher transmissibility, immune evasion and drug resistance, leading to higher morbidity and mortality in the population. The prevalent variants of concern (VOCs) share several mutations on the spike that can affect virus characteristics, including transmissibility, antigenicity, and immune evasion. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that the neutralization capacity of sera from COVID-19 convalescent or vaccinated individuals is decreased against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Moreover, the vaccine effectiveness of current COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs is not as high as that against wild-type SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, more attention might be paid to how the mutations impact vaccine effectiveness. In this review, we summarized the current studies on the mutations of the SARS-CoV-2 spike, particularly of the receptor binding domain, to elaborate on how the mutations impact the infectivity, transmissibility and immune evasion of the virus. The effects of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike on the current therapeutics were highlighted, and potential strategies for future vaccine development were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei He
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cai He
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weiqi Hong
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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10
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Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Albayat H, Alwarthan S, Alhajri M, Najim MA, AlShehail BM, Al-Adsani W, Alghadeer A, Abduljabbar WA, Alotaibi N, Alsalman J, Gorab AH, Almaghrabi RS, Zaidan AA, Aldossary S, Alissa M, Alburaiky LM, Alsalim FM, Thakur N, Verma G, Dhawan M. Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Influences on the Vaccines' Effectiveness and Possible Strategies to Overcome Their Consequences. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:507. [PMID: 36984508 PMCID: PMC10051174 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59030507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The immune response elicited by the current COVID-19 vaccinations declines with time, especially among the immunocompromised population. Furthermore, the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants, particularly the Omicron variant, has raised serious concerns about the efficacy of currently available vaccines in protecting the most vulnerable people. Several studies have reported that vaccinated people get breakthrough infections amid COVID-19 cases. So far, five variants of concern (VOCs) have been reported, resulting in successive waves of infection. These variants have shown a variable amount of resistance towards the neutralising antibodies (nAbs) elicited either through natural infection or the vaccination. The spike (S) protein, membrane (M) protein, and envelope (E) protein on the viral surface envelope and the N-nucleocapsid protein in the core of the ribonucleoprotein are the major structural vaccine target proteins against COVID-19. Among these targets, S Protein has been extensively exploited to generate effective vaccines against COVID-19. Hence, amid the emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2, we have discussed their impact on currently available vaccines. We have also discussed the potential roles of S Protein in the development of novel vaccination approaches to contain the negative consequences of the variants' emergence and acquisition of mutations in the S Protein of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the implications of SARS-CoV-2's structural proteins were also discussed in terms of their variable potential to elicit an effective amount of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed
- Specialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hawra Albayat
- Infectious Disease Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 7790, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Alwarthan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael Alhajri
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa A. Najim
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer M. AlShehail
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasl Al-Adsani
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kuwait City 63537, Kuwait
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hampton Veterans Administration Medical Center, Hampton, VA 23667, USA
| | - Ali Alghadeer
- Department of Anesthesia, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam 32245, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wesam A. Abduljabbar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Science, Jeddah 21134, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Alotaibi
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jameela Alsalman
- Infection Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama 435, Bahrain
| | - Ali H. Gorab
- Al Kuzama Primary Health Care Center, Al Khobar Health Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Al Khobar 34446, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem S. Almaghrabi
- Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Zaidan
- Gastroenterology Department, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah 23831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar Aldossary
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Women and Children’s Health Institute, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamees M. Alburaiky
- Pediatric Department, Safwa General Hospital, Eastern Health Cluster, Safwa 31921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Mustafa Alsalim
- Department of Family Medicine, Primary Health Care, Qatif Health Cluster, Qatif 32434, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nanamika Thakur
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Geetika Verma
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
- Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK
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11
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Vasconcelos ZS, Salem HA, Veiga SP, de Lima FEB, Gonçalves CRDS, dos Santos EC, Brandão ARJ, Couceiro KN, Guerra JADO, Guerra MDGVB. Immunogenicity Characterization of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2023; 56:S0037-86822023000100307. [PMID: 36700611 PMCID: PMC9870285 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0661-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunogenicity has emerged as a challenge in the development of vaccines against coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). Immunogenicity is a determinant of the efficacy and safety of vaccines. This systematic review and associated meta-analysis summarized and characterized the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS Relevant RCTs were systematically sourced from different medical databases in August 2021. The risk ratios and mean differences with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS Of 2,310 papers, 16 RCTs were eligible for review. These RCTs involved a total of 26,698 participants (15,292 males and 11,231 females). The pooled results showed a significant difference in the geometric mean titer between the vaccinated and control groups in favor of the vaccine group after 1 and 2 months of follow-up, for the young age group (18 - < 55y), and with different doses (P < 0.001). The difference in the older age group (>55y) was insignificant (P = 0.24). The seroconversion rate of spike neutralizing antibodies favored the vaccine groups 1 or 2 months after vaccination (P < 0.001). The seroconversion rate of the vaccine group was significantly different (P < 0.001) from that of the control group. CONCLUSIONS Vaccination elicits immunogenicity in the follow-up period for all age groups and at low and large doses. Therefore, people should be encouraged to receive vaccines currently being offered. A boost dose has been asserted for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanair Soares Vasconcelos
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil., Centro de Instrução de Guerra na Selva, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | - Sâmia Pimenta Veiga
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Alba Regina Jorge Brandão
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Kátia Nascimento Couceiro
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil., Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Jorge Augusto de Oliveira Guerra
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil., Fundação de Medicina Tropical “Heitor Vieira Dourado”, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Maria das Graças Vale Barbosa Guerra
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Medicina Tropical, Manaus, AM, Brasil., Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil., Fundação de Medicina Tropical “Heitor Vieira Dourado”, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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12
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Zhou J, Liu Z, Zhang G, Xu W, Xing L, Lu L, Wang Q, Jiang S. Development of variant-proof severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, pan-sarbecovirus, and pan-β-coronavirus vaccines. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28172. [PMID: 36161303 PMCID: PMC9538210 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with high transmission rates and striking immune evasion have posed a serious challenge to the application of current first-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Other sarbecoviruses, such as SARS-CoV and SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs), have the potential to cause outbreaks in the future. These facts call for the development of variant-proof SARS-CoV-2, pan-sarbecovirus or pan-β-CoV vaccines. Several novel vaccine platforms have been used to develop vaccines with broad-spectrum neutralizing antibody responses and protective immunity to combat the current SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, other sarbecoviruses, as well as other β-CoVs, in the future. In this review, we discussed the major target antigens and protective efficacy of current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and summarized recent advances in broad-spectrum vaccines against sarbecoviruses and β-CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS)Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zezhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS)Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Pharmacology, School of PharmacyFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Guangxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS)Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS)Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lixiao Xing
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS)Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS)Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS)Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS)Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical SciencesFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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13
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Najafi A, Jalali H, Noshi Y, Mahdavi M, Amiri MRM. Immune response evaluation after Sputnik V vaccination in Sari healthcare population. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2023; 70:317-320. [PMID: 37940513 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.70.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Generally, protection against SARS-CoV-2 was assessed by the measurement of antibody titers against spike protein and receptor binding domain "RBD". Many global efforts lead to development of several vaccines based on various strategies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of Sputnik V vaccine among Sari healthcare staff population, Iran. METHODS Seventy-nine health professional staffs that were vaccinated with two doses of Sputnik V vaccine were selected. The Immune response against spike and RBD proteins was evaluated by ELISA assays 3-4 weeks after second dose of vaccine injection. RESULTS The results showed the antibody titers were raised after vaccination. Data analysis has also demonstrated that the efficacy of vaccine was not related to age, gender and previous infection of SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSION Sputnik V vaccine can lead to a protective response against COVID-19 infection in high percentage of the population. J. Med. Invest. 70 : 317-320, August, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Najafi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Sinayemehr Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hossien Jalali
- Sinayemehr Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Thalassemia Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Yousef Noshi
- Sinayemehr Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mehrad Mahdavi
- Sinayemehr Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mahdavi Amiri
- Sinayemehr Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Thalassemia Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
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14
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Jahangiri S, Rahimnejad M, Nasrollahi Boroujeni N, Ahmadi Z, Motamed Fath P, Ahmadi S, Safarkhani M, Rabiee N. Viral and non-viral gene therapy using 3D (bio)printing. J Gene Med 2022; 24:e3458. [PMID: 36279107 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall success in launching discovered drugs is tightly restricted to the high rate of late-stage failures, which ultimately inhibits the distribution of medicines in markets. As a result, it is imperative that methods reliably predict the effectiveness and, more critically, the toxicity of medicine early in the drug development process before clinical trials be continuously innovated. We must stay up to date with the fast appearance of new infections and diseases by rapidly developing the requisite vaccinations and medicines. Modern in vitro models of disease may be used as an alternative to traditional disease models, and advanced technology can be used for the creation of pharmaceuticals as well as cells, drugs, and gene delivery systems to expedite the drug discovery procedure. Furthermore, in vitro models that mimic the spatial and chemical characteristics of native tissues, such as a 3D bioprinting system or other technologies, have proven to be more effective for drug screening than traditional 2D models. Viral and non-viral gene delivery vectors are a hopeful tool for combinatorial gene therapy, suggesting a quick way of simultaneously deliver multiple genes. A 3D bioprinting system embraces an excellent potential for gene delivery into the different cells or tissues for different diseases, in tissue engineering and regeneration medicine, in which the precise nucleic acid is located in the 3D printed tissues and scaffolds. Non-viral nanocarriers, in combination with 3D printed scaffolds, are applied to their delivery of genes and controlled release properties. There remains, however, a big obstacle in reaching the full potential of 3D models because of a lack of in vitro manufacturing of live tissues. Bioprinting advancements have made it possible to create biomimetic constructions that may be used in various drug discovery research applications. 3D bioprinting also benefits vaccinations, medicines, and relevant delivery methods because of its flexibility and adaptability. This review discusses the potential of 3D bioprinting technologies for pharmaceutical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Jahangiri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maedeh Rahimnejad
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Narges Nasrollahi Boroujeni
- Bioprocess Engineering Research Group, Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zarrin Ahmadi
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Puria Motamed Fath
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moein Safarkhani
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea.,School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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15
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Abadi B, Aarabi Jeshvaghani AH, Fathalipour H, Dehghan L, Rahimi Sirjani K, Forootanfar H. Therapeutic Strategies in the Fight against COVID-19: From Bench to Bedside. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 47:517-532. [PMID: 36380976 PMCID: PMC9652495 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2021.92662.2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China. This virus rapidly spread worldwide and was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. High incidence, long incubation period, and diverse clinical signs of the disease posed a huge challenge globally. The efforts of health systems have been focused on repurposing existing drugs or developing innovative therapies to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2. In addition, most of the large pharmaceutical companies are intensely working on vaccine development to swiftly deliver safe and effective vaccines to prevent further spread of the virus. In this review, we will discuss the latest data on therapeutic strategies undergoing clinical trials. Additionally, we will provide a summary of vaccines currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banafshe Abadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Brain Cancer Research Core, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hadis Fathalipour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Leili Dehghan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Forootanfar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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16
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Kumar V, Kumar S, Sharma PC. Recent advances in the vaccine development for the prophylaxis of SARS Covid-19. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109175. [PMID: 35994853 PMCID: PMC9381430 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-caused Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently a global pandemic that has wreaked havoc on public health, lives, and the global economy. The present COVID-19 outbreak has put pressure on the scientific community to develop medications and vaccinations to combat COVID-19. However, according to highly optimistic forecasts, we could not have a COVID-19 vaccine until September 2020. This is due to the fact that a successful COVID-19 vaccine will necessitate a careful validation of effectiveness and adverse reactivity given that the target vaccine population includes high-risk people over 60, particularly those with severe co-morbid conditions, frontline healthcare professionals, and those involved in essential industrial sectors. For passive immunization, which is being considered for Covid-19, there are several platforms for vaccine development, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The COVID-19 pandemic, which is arguably the deadliest in the last 100 years after the Spanish flu, necessitates a swift assessment of the various approaches for their ability to incite protective immunity and safety to prevent unintended immune potentiation, which is crucial to the pathogenesis of this virus. Considering the pandemic's high fatality rate and rapid spread, an efficient vaccination is critical for its management. As a result, academia, industry, and government are collaborating in unprecedented ways to create and test a wide range of vaccinations. In this review, we summarize the Covid-19 vaccine development initiatives, recent trends, difficulties, comparison between traditional vaccines development and Covid-19 vaccines development also listed the approved/authorized, phase-3 and pre-clinical trials Covid-19 vaccines in different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Sahil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India.
| | - Prabodh Chander Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India
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17
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Basavarajappa SC, Liu AR, Bruchez A, Li Z, Suzart VG, Liu Z, Chen Y, Xiao TS, Buck M, Ramakrishnan P. Trimeric Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Acts as a Potent Inhibitor of ACE2 Receptor-Mediated Viral Entry. iScience 2022; 25:104716. [PMID: 35813876 PMCID: PMC9251894 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused over four million deaths and effective methods to control CoV-2 infection, in addition to vaccines, are needed. The CoV-2 binds to the ACE2 on human cells through the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the trimeric spike protein. Our modeling studies show that a modified trimeric RBD (tRBD) can interact with three ACE2 receptors, unlike the native spike protein, which binds to only one ACE2. We found that tRBD binds to the ACE2 with 58-fold higher affinity than monomeric RBD (mRBD) and blocks spike-dependent pseudoviral infection over 4-fold more effectively compared to the mRBD. Although mRBD failed to block CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 infection, tRBD efficiently blocked the true virus infection in plaque assays. We show that tRBD is a potent inhibitor of CoV-2 through both competitive binding to the ACE2 and steric hindrance, and has the potential to emerge as a first-line therapeutic method to control COVID-19. tRBD binds multiple ACE2 receptors, while mRBD and spike bind one ACE2 receptor tRBD shows 4-fold higher inhibition of CoV-2 pseudovirus infection than mRBD tRBD, yet not mRBD, prevents CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 from infecting Vero cells Use of tRBD is a potential therapeutic method to block CoV-2 infection
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18
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Zhang M, Wang L, Liu J, Pang Y. Envelope virus-mimetic nanovaccines by hybridizing bioengineered cell membranes with bacterial vesicles. iScience 2022; 25:104490. [PMID: 35712077 PMCID: PMC9194135 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging threats of rapid spread highly lethal infectious diseases highlight the urgent need of vaccine development. Here, we describe the preparation of envelope virus-mimetic nanovaccines by hybridizing bioengineered cell membranes with bacterial vesicles. Membranes acquired from bioengineered cells overexpressing viral antigens are fused with bacterial outer membrane vesicles to develop hybrid nanovesicles. Because of the presence of intact viral antigenic proteins with natural conformation bound to lipid bilayer and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, hybrid nanovesicles can strikingly promote antigen uptake, processing and presentation by dendritic cells. Immunization with envelope virus-mimetic nanovaccines shows significantly enhanced maturation and activation of dendritic cells, which elicit robust humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. By virtue of their artificial characteristic and absence of loaded adjuvants, these biomimetic nanovaccines exhibit favorable biosafety. Our work demonstrates the effectiveness of envelope virus-mimetic nanovaccines to boost antigen-specific immunity and proposes a simple yet versatile platform to prepare antiviral vaccines. Nanovaccines were hybridized by bioengineered cell membranes and bacterial vesicles Nanovaccines possessed intact viral antigens with natural conformation Nanovaccines promoted antigen uptake, processing, and presentation by dendritic cells Nanovaccines elicited robust humoral and cellular immune responses in mice
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19
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Fahrner JE, Lahmar I, Goubet AG, Haddad Y, Carrier A, Mazzenga M, Drubay D, Alves Costa Silva C, de Sousa E, Thelemaque C, Melenotte C, Dubuisson A, Geraud A, Ferrere G, Birebent R, Bigenwald C, Picard M, Cerbone L, Lérias JR, Laparra A, Bernard-Tessier A, Kloeckner B, Gazzano M, Danlos FX, Terrisse S, Pizzato E, Flament C, Ly P, Tartour E, Benhamouda N, Meziani L, Ahmed-Belkacem A, Miyara M, Gorochov G, Barlesi F, Trubert A, Ungar B, Estrada Y, Pradon C, Gallois E, Pommeret F, Colomba E, Lavaud P, Deloger M, Droin N, Deutsch E, Gachot B, Spano JP, Merad M, Scotté F, Marabelle A, Griscelli F, Blay JY, Soria JC, Merad M, André F, Villemonteix J, Chevalier MF, Caillat-Zucman S, Fenollar F, Guttman-Yassky E, Launay O, Kroemer G, La Scola B, Maeurer M, Derosa L, Zitvogel L. The Polarity and Specificity of Antiviral T Lymphocyte Responses Determine Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients with Cancer and Healthy Individuals. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:958-983. [PMID: 35179201 PMCID: PMC9394394 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) relies on the in-depth understanding of protective immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). We characterized the polarity and specificity of memory T cells directed against SARS-CoV-2 viral lysates and peptides to determine correlates with spontaneous, virus-elicited, or vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in disease-free and cancer-bearing individuals. A disbalance between type 1 and 2 cytokine release was associated with high susceptibility to COVID-19. Individuals susceptible to infection exhibited a specific deficit in the T helper 1/T cytotoxic 1 (Th1/Tc1) peptide repertoire affecting the receptor binding domain of the spike protein (S1-RBD), a hotspot of viral mutations. Current vaccines triggered Th1/Tc1 responses in only a fraction of all subject categories, more effectively against the original sequence of S1-RBD than that from viral variants. We speculate that the next generation of vaccines should elicit Th1/Tc1 T-cell responses against the S1-RBD domain of emerging viral variants. SIGNIFICANCE This study prospectively analyzed virus-specific T-cell correlates of protection against COVID-19 in healthy and cancer-bearing individuals. A disbalance between Th1/Th2 recall responses conferred susceptibility to COVID-19 in both populations, coinciding with selective defects in Th1 recognition of the receptor binding domain of spike. See related commentary by McGary and Vardhana, p. 892. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 873.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Eudes Fahrner
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Transgene S.A., Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Imran Lahmar
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Anne-Gaëlle Goubet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Yacine Haddad
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Agathe Carrier
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Marine Mazzenga
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Damien Drubay
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département de Biostatistique et d'Epidémiologie, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Carolina Alves Costa Silva
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Lyon COVID Study Group
- Open Innovation & Partnerships (OIP), bioMérieux S.A., Marcy l'Etoile, France. R&D – Immunoassay, bioMérieux S.A., Marcy l'Etoile, France.,Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Civils Hospices of Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France.,International Center of Research in Infectiology, Lyon University, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, ENS, UCBL, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Eric de Sousa
- ImmunoTherapy/ImmunoSurgery, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cassandra Thelemaque
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Cléa Melenotte
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Marseille, Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections, Marseille, France
| | - Agathe Dubuisson
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Arthur Geraud
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Gladys Ferrere
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Roxanne Birebent
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Camille Bigenwald
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Marion Picard
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Luigi Cerbone
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Joana R. Lérias
- ImmunoTherapy/ImmunoSurgery, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ariane Laparra
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Alice Bernard-Tessier
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Benoît Kloeckner
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Marianne Gazzano
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - François-Xavier Danlos
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Safae Terrisse
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Eugenie Pizzato
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Caroline Flament
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Pierre Ly
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- Center of clinical investigations BIOTHERIS, INSERM CIC1428, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Department of Immunology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Benhamouda
- Center of clinical investigations BIOTHERIS, INSERM CIC1428, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Department of Immunology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Makoto Miyara
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM U955, IMRB, Créteil, France
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM U955, IMRB, Créteil, France
| | - Fabrice Barlesi
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Sorbonne Université/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Trubert
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Benjamin Ungar
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Yeriel Estrada
- Department of Dermatology, Center of Excellence in Eczema Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Caroline Pradon
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Centre de Ressources Biologiques, ET-EXTRA, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Emmanuelle Gallois
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département de Biologie Médicale et Pathologie Médicales, Service de Biochimie, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Fanny Pommeret
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Emeline Colomba
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Pernelle Lavaud
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Marc Deloger
- Département de Biologie Médicale et Pathologie Médicales, Service de Microbiologie, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Droin
- Gustave Roussy, Plateforme de Bioinformatique, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Deutsch
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, Plateforme de génomique, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM US23, CNRS UMS, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1030, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Bertrand Gachot
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département de Radiothérapie, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Mansouria Merad
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Florian Scotté
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Service de Médecine aigue d’Urgence en Cancérologie, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Aurélien Marabelle
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département Interdisciplinaire d'Organisation des Parcours Patients, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Frank Griscelli
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département de Biologie Médicale et Pathologie Médicales, Service de Biochimie, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale – UMR935/UA9, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,INGESTEM National IPSC Infrastructure, Université de Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Blay
- Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France.,Unicancer, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Soria
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Miriam Merad
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Oncological Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Fabrice André
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U981, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Juliette Villemonteix
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Histocompatibilité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu F. Chevalier
- INSERM UMR 976, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Caillat-Zucman
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Histocompatibilité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 976, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- IHU Méditérranée Infection, VITROME, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology, Center of Excellence in Eczema Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Odile Launay
- Université de Paris, Inserm CIC 1417, I-Reivac, APHP, Hopital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen George Pompidou, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Markus Maeurer
- ImmunoTherapy/ImmunoSurgery, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisboa, Portugal.,Medizinische Klinik, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Lisa Derosa
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Département d'Oncologie Médicale, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Center of clinical investigations BIOTHERIS, INSERM CIC1428, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Corresponding Author: Laurence Zitvogel, University Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif Cedex 94805, France. Phone: 331-4211-5041; E-mail:
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20
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Mir I, Aamir S, Shah SRH, Shahid M, Amin I, Afzal S, Nawaz A, Khan MU, Idrees M. Immune-related therapeutics: an update on antiviral drugs and vaccines to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022; 13:84-100. [PMID: 35538681 PMCID: PMC9091641 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic rapidly spread globally. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus with a reported fatality rate ranging from 1% to 7%, and people with immune-compromised conditions, children, and older adults are particularly vulnerable. Respiratory failure and cytokine storm-induced multiple organ failure are the major causes of death. This article highlights the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms of host cells activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and possible therapeutic approaches against COVID-19. Some potential drugs proven to be effective for other viral diseases are under clinical trials now for use against COVID-19. Examples include inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin), viral protein synthesis (ivermectin, lopinavir/ ritonavir), and fusion of the viral membrane with host cells (chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, nitazoxanide, and umifenovir). This article also presents the intellectual groundwork for the ongoing development of vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials, explaining potential candidates (live attenuated-whole virus vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNAbased vaccines, protein-based vaccines, nanoparticle-based vaccines, virus-like particles and mRNA-based vaccines). Designing and developing an effective vaccine (both prophylactic and therapeutic) would be a long-term solution and the most effective way to eliminate the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Mir
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sania Aamir
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syed Rizwan Hussain Shah
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iram Amin
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samia Afzal
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Nawaz
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umer Khan
- University Institute of Medical lab Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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21
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Coria LM, Saposnik LM, Pueblas Castro C, Castro EF, Bruno LA, Stone WB, Pérez PS, Darriba ML, Chemes LB, Alcain J, Mazzitelli I, Varese A, Salvatori M, Auguste AJ, Álvarez DE, Pasquevich KA, Cassataro J. A Novel Bacterial Protease Inhibitor Adjuvant in RBD-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Formulations Containing Alum Increases Neutralizing Antibodies, Specific Germinal Center B Cells and Confers Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:844837. [PMID: 35296091 PMCID: PMC8919065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.844837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we evaluated recombinant receptor binding domain (RBD)-based vaccine formulation prototypes with potential for further clinical development. We assessed different formulations containing RBD plus alum, AddaS03, AddaVax, or the combination of alum and U-Omp19: a novel Brucella spp. protease inhibitor vaccine adjuvant. Results show that the vaccine formulation composed of U-Omp19 and alum as adjuvants has a better performance: it significantly increased mucosal and systemic neutralizing antibodies in comparison to antigen plus alum, AddaVax, or AddaS03. Antibodies induced with the formulation containing U-Omp19 and alum not only increased their neutralization capacity against the ancestral virus but also cross-neutralized alpha, lambda, and gamma variants with similar potency. Furthermore, the addition of U-Omp19 to alum vaccine formulation increased the frequency of RBD-specific geminal center B cells and plasmablasts. Additionally, U-Omp19+alum formulation induced RBD-specific Th1 and CD8+ T-cell responses in spleens and lungs. Finally, this vaccine formulation conferred protection against an intranasal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) challenge of K18-hACE2 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena M. Coria
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNSAM-CONICET), San Martín, Argentina
| | - Lucas M. Saposnik
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNSAM-CONICET), San Martín, Argentina
| | - Celeste Pueblas Castro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNSAM-CONICET), San Martín, Argentina
| | - Eliana F. Castro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNSAM-CONICET), San Martín, Argentina
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura A. Bruno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNSAM-CONICET), San Martín, Argentina
| | - William B. Stone
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Paula S. Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Laura Darriba
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNSAM-CONICET), San Martín, Argentina
| | - Lucia B. Chemes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNSAM-CONICET), San Martín, Argentina
| | - Julieta Alcain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNSAM-CONICET), San Martín, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Mazzitelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Augusto Varese
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina Salvatori
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Albert J. Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Diego E. Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNSAM-CONICET), San Martín, Argentina
| | - Karina A. Pasquevich
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNSAM-CONICET), San Martín, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Karina A. Pasquevich, ; Juliana Cassataro,
| | - Juliana Cassataro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNSAM-CONICET), San Martín, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Karina A. Pasquevich, ; Juliana Cassataro,
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22
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Lu J, Yin Q, Pei R, Zhang Q, Qu Y, Pan Y, Sun L, Gao D, Liang C, Yang J, Wu W, Li J, Cui Z, Wang Z, Li X, Li D, Wang S, Duan K, Guan W, Liang M, Yang X. Nasal delivery of broadly neutralizing antibodies protects mice from lethal challenge with SARS-CoV-2 delta and omicron variants. Virol Sin 2022; 37:238-247. [PMID: 35527227 PMCID: PMC8855614 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have constantly emerged, as the delta and omicron variants, which have developed resistance to currently gained neutralizing antibodies. This highlights a critical need to discover new therapeutic agents to overcome the variants mutations. Despite the availability of vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the use of broadly neutralizing antibodies has been considered as an alternative way for the prevention or treatment of SARS-CoV-2 variants infection. Here, we show that the nasal delivery of two previously characterized broadly neutralizing antibodies (F61 and H121) protected K18-hACE2 mice against lethal challenge with SARS-CoV-2 variants. The broadly protective efficacy of the F61 or F61/F121 cocktail antibodies was evaluated by lethal challenge with the wild strain (WIV04) and multiple variants, including beta (B.1.351), delta (B.1.617.2), and omicron (B.1.1.529) at 200 or 1000 TCID50, and the minimum antibody administration doses (5–1.25 mg/kg body weight) were also evaluated with delta and omicron challenge. Fully prophylactic protections were found in all challenged groups with both F61 and F61/H121 combination at the administration dose of 20 mg/kg body weight, and corresponding mice lung viral RNA showed negative, with almost all alveolar septa and cavities remaining normal. Furthermore, low-dose antibody treatment induced significant prophylactic protection against lethal challenge with delta and omicron variants, whereas the F61/H121 combination showed excellent results against omicron infection. Our findings indicated the potential use of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies as prophylactic and therapeutic agent for protection of current emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants infection. The mAbs could be detected in lungs shortly after nasal spray and kept in the lungs for a long time. High dose mAbs nasal delivery could fully prophylactic protection mice from omicron lethal challenged. Significant enhancement of broadly neutralizing activity against variants were confirmed in F61 and H121 combination use.
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23
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Essentials of COVID-19 and treatment approaches. DATA SCIENCE FOR COVID-19 2022. [PMCID: PMC8988944 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90769-9.00026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus family is as old as the 1930s when it first showed symptoms in chicken. The virus thereafter kept evolving and it has significantly taken over a large percentage of people worldwide in the form of this new pandemic. As of the present day, there is no treatment available for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]), although supportive therapy and preventive measures have shown a tremendous control rate among certain patients. Drugs like remdesivir, camostat, nafamostat, ritonavir/lopinavir, several monoclonal antibodies, and CPs are in their early phases of trials. There are approved by the WHO under an emergency use authorization program. Favipiravir has entered its phase 3 clinical trial and is supported by evidence to show no or less adverse effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Vaccine development is accelerating its pace, and vaccines will probably become available by the end of the year 2020.
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24
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Abstract
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic poses a severe global threat to public health, as do influenza viruses and other coronaviruses. Here, we present chimpanzee adenovirus 68 (AdC68)-based vaccines designed to universally target coronaviruses and influenza. Our design is centered on an immunogen generated by fusing the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) to the conserved stalk of H7N9 hemagglutinin (HA). Remarkably, the constructed vaccine effectively induced both SARS-CoV-2-targeting antibodies and anti-influenza antibodies in mice, consequently affording protection from lethal SARS-CoV-2 and H7N9 challenges as well as effective H3N2 control. We propose our AdC68-vectored coronavirus-influenza vaccine as a universal approach toward curbing respiratory virus-causing pandemics. IMPORTANCE The COVID-19 pandemic exemplifies the severe public health threats of respiratory virus infection and influenza A viruses. The currently envisioned strategy for the prevention of respiratory virus-causing diseases requires the comprehensive administration of vaccines tailored for individual viruses. Here, we present an alternative strategy by designing chimpanzee adenovirus 68-based vaccines which target both the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding-domain and the conserved stalk of influenza hemagglutinin. When tested in mice, this strategy attained potent neutralizing antibodies against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants, enabling an effective protection against lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Notably, it also provided complete protection from lethal H7N9 challenge and efficient control of H3N2-induced morbidity. Our study opens a new avenue to universally curb respiratory virus infection by vaccination.
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Development of a Recombinant RBD Subunit Vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101936. [PMID: 34696367 PMCID: PMC8541238 DOI: 10.3390/v13101936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) pandemic is a great threat to human society and now is still spreading. Although several vaccines have been authorized for emergency use, only one recombinant subunit vaccine has been permitted for widespread use. More subunit vaccines for COVID-19 should be developed in the future. The receptor binding domain (RBD), located at the S protein of SARS-CoV-2, contains most of the neutralizing epitopes. However, the immunogenicity of RBD monomers is not strong enough. In this study, we fused the RBD-monomer with a modified Fc fragment of human IgG1 to form an RBD-Fc fusion protein. The recombinant vaccine candidate based on the RBD-Fc protein could induce high levels of IgG and neutralizing antibody in mice, and these could last for at least three months. The secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-10 in the RBD-stimulated splenocytes of immunized mice also increased significantly. Our results first showed that the RBD-Fc vaccine could induce both humoral and cellular immune responses and might be an optional strategy to control COVID-19.
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Verdecia M, Kokai-Kun JF, Kibbey M, Acharya S, Venema J, Atouf F. COVID-19 vaccine platforms: Delivering on a promise? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2873-2893. [PMID: 34033528 PMCID: PMC8381795 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1911204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the novel SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 has brought into sharp focus the need for a vaccine to prevent this disease. Vaccines have saved millions of lives since their introduction to the public over 200 years ago. The potential for vaccination reached new heights in the mid-20th century with the development of technologies that expanded the ability to create novel vaccines. Since then, there has been continued technological advancement in vaccine development. The resulting platforms provide the promise for solutions for many infectious diseases, including those that have been with us for decades as well as those just now emerging. Each vaccine platform represents a different technology with a unique set of advantages and challenges, especially when considering manufacturing. Therefore, it is essential to understand each platform as a separate product and process with its specific quality considerations. This review outlines the relevant platforms for developing a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Verdecia
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Maura Kibbey
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sarita Acharya
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jaap Venema
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Fouad Atouf
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
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Sharma J, Sharma D, Tiwari D, Vishwakarma V. The Challenges and Successes of Dealing with the COVID-19 Pandemic in India. Res Rep Trop Med 2021; 12:205-218. [PMID: 34429681 PMCID: PMC8374532 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s274673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As the infectivity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is higher compared with other coronaviruses reported so far, so effective therapeutics and vaccines are the best way to control the proliferation of this infection The COVID-19 mortality rate is lower compared with other similar viral diseases such as severe acute respiratory Ssndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). However, due to the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 mutants that are responsible for the subsequent waves, mortality due to COVID-19 has increased across the globe. Currently, the magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 infection is highly severe and is leading to a tremendously increased number of deaths globally. Scientists expect that SARS-CoV-2 has the potential to become a seasonal disease like influenza and may persist with humanity in the future. Currently, preventive strategies such as sanitation, social distancing, use of masks, potential chemotherapies (pathogen-centric and host-centric), and vaccines are the only option to fight against COVID-19. Many groups of Indian government-public private consortia had set up different strategies (development of multiple vaccines) for combat of this unique threat through stepssuch as an increase in vaccinations and sample testing per day. In this focused review, we have discussed the challenges faced and success stories employed to manage COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Sharma
- School of Basic and Applied Science, Eklavya University, Damoh, M.P., 470661, India
| | - Divakar Sharma
- Hericure Healthcare Pvt Ltd, Pune, India.,Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, 110002, India
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Zhang L, Cao L, Gao XS, Zheng BY, Deng YQ, Li JX, Feng R, Bian Q, Guo XL, Wang N, Qiu HY, Wang L, Cui Z, Ye Q, Chen G, Lu KK, Chen Y, Chen YT, Pan HX, Yu J, Yao W, Zhu BL, Chen J, Liu Y, Qin CF, Wang X, Zhu FC. A proof of concept for neutralizing antibody-guided vaccine design against SARS-CoV-2. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwab053. [PMID: 34676098 PMCID: PMC8083607 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations and transient conformational movements of the receptor binding domain (RBD) that make neutralizing epitopes momentarily unavailable present immune escape routes for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To mitigate viral escape, we developed a cocktail of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) targeting epitopes located on different domains of spike (S) protein. Screening of a library of monoclonal antibodies generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of COVID-19 convalescent patients yielded potent NAbs, targeting the N-terminal domain (NTD) and RBD domain of S, effective at nM concentrations. Remarkably, a combination of RBD-targeting NAbs and NTD-binding NAbs, FC05, enhanced the neutralization potency in cell-based assays and an animal model. Results of competitive surface plasmon resonance assays and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of antigen-binding fragments bound to S unveil determinants of immunogenicity. Combinations of immunogens, identified in the NTD and RBD of S, when immunized in rabbits and macaques, elicited potent protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. More importantly, two immunizations of this combination of NTD and RBD immunogens provided complete protection in macaques against a SARS-CoV-2 challenge, without observable antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. These results provide a proof of concept for neutralization-based immunogen design targeting SARS-CoV-2 NTD and RBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lei Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xing-Su Gao
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Bin-Yang Zheng
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jing-Xin Li
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Rui Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian Bian
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xi-Ling Guo
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Nan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hong-Ying Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhen Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Geng Chen
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kui-Kui Lu
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yin Chen
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu-Tao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hong-Xing Pan
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiaping Yu
- Jiangsu Rec-biotechnology Co. Ltd, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Wenrong Yao
- Jiangsu Rec-biotechnology Co. Ltd, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Bao-Li Zhu
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Jiangsu Rec-biotechnology Co. Ltd, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Jiangsu Rec-biotechnology Co. Ltd, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510200, China
| | - Feng-Cai Zhu
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology (Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Nanjing 210009, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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Hosseini SA, Zahedipour F, Mirzaei H, Kazemi Oskuee R. Potential SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: Concept, progress, and challenges. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 97:107622. [PMID: 33895475 PMCID: PMC8006194 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since September 2020, the world has had more than 28 million cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Many countries are facing a second wave of the COVID-19 outbreak. A pressing need is evident for the development of a potent vaccine to control the SARS-CoV-2. Institutions and companies in many countries have announced their vaccine research programs and progress against the COVID-19. While most vaccines go through the designation and preparation stages, some of them are under evaluation for efficacy among animal models and clinical trials, and three approved vaccine candidates have been introduced for limited exploitation in Russia and China. An effective vaccine must induce a protective response of both cell-mediated and humoral immunity and should meet the safety and efficacy criteria. Although the emergence of new technologies has accelerated the development of vaccines, there are several challenges on the way, such as limited knowledge about the pathophysiology of the virus, inducing humoral or cellular immunity, immune enhancement with animal coronavirus vaccines, and lack of an appropriate animal model. In this review, we firstly discuss the immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 disease, subsequently, give an overview of several vaccine platforms for SARS-CoV-2 under clinical trials and challenges in vaccine development against this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyede Atefe Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zahedipour
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran,Corresponding authors
| | - Reza Kazemi Oskuee
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding authors
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30
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Negahdaripour M, Shafiekhani M, Moezzi SMI, Amiri S, Rasekh S, Bagheri A, Mosaddeghi P, Vazin A. Administration of COVID-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:108021. [PMID: 34352567 PMCID: PMC8316069 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the beginning of vaccination programs against COVID-19 in different countries, several populations such as patients with specific immunological conditions have been considered as the priorities for immunization. In this regard, patients with autoimmune diseases or those receiving immunosuppressive agents and anti-cancer therapies, need special attention. However, no confirmed data is presently available regarding COVID-19 vaccines in these populations due to exclusion from the conducted clinical trials. Given the probable suppression or over-activation of the immune system in such patients, reaching a consensus for their vaccination is critical, besides gathering data and conducting trials, which could probably clarify this matter in the future. In this review, besides a brief on the available COVID-19 vaccines, considerations and available knowledge about administering similar vaccines in patients with cancer, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, solid organ transplantation, multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and rheumatologic and dermatologic autoimmune disorders are summarized to help in decision making. As discussed, live-attenuated viruses, which should be avoided in these groups, are not employed in the present COVID-19 vaccines. Thus, the main concern regarding efficacy could be met using a potent COVID-19 vaccine. Moreover, the vaccination timing for maximum efficacy could be decided according to the patient’s condition, indicated medications, and the guides provided here. Post-vaccination monitoring is also advised to ensure an adequate immune response. Further studies in this area are urgently warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Shafiekhani
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Iman Moezzi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sogand Amiri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shiva Rasekh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ashkan Bagheri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pouria Mosaddeghi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Vazin
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Asdaq SMB, Ikbal AMA, Sahu RK, Bhattacharjee B, Paul T, Deka B, Fattepur S, Widyowati R, Vijaya J, Al mohaini M, Alsalman AJ, Imran M, Nagaraja S, Nair AB, Attimarad M, Venugopala KN. Nanotechnology Integration for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis and Treatment: An Approach to Preventing Pandemic. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1841. [PMID: 34361227 PMCID: PMC8308419 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is the COVID-19 disease, which has caused massive health devastation, prompting the World Health Organization to declare a worldwide health emergency. The corona virus infected millions of people worldwide, and many died as a result of a lack of particular medications. The current emergency necessitates extensive therapy in order to stop the spread of the coronavirus. There are various vaccinations available, but no validated COVID-19 treatments. Since its outbreak, many therapeutics have been tested, including the use of repurposed medications, nucleoside inhibitors, protease inhibitors, broad spectrum antivirals, convalescence plasma therapies, immune-modulators, and monoclonal antibodies. However, these approaches have not yielded any outcomes and are mostly used to alleviate symptoms associated with potentially fatal adverse drug reactions. Nanoparticles, on the other hand, may prove to be an effective treatment for COVID-19. They can be designed to boost the efficacy of currently available antiviral medications or to trigger a rapid immune response against COVID-19. In the last decade, there has been significant progress in nanotechnology. This review focuses on the virus's basic structure, pathogenesis, and current treatment options for COVID-19. This study addresses nanotechnology and its applications in diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and targeted vaccine delivery, laying the groundwork for a successful pandemic fight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abu Md Ashif Ikbal
- Department of Pharmacy, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar 799022, Tripura (W), India;
| | - Ram Kumar Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar 788011, Assam, India
| | - Bedanta Bhattacharjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India; (B.B.); (T.P.); (B.D.)
| | - Tirna Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India; (B.B.); (T.P.); (B.D.)
| | - Bhargab Deka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India; (B.B.); (T.P.); (B.D.)
| | - Santosh Fattepur
- School of Pharmacy, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, Shah Alam 40100, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Retno Widyowati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia;
| | - Joshi Vijaya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Government College of Pharmacy, Bangalore 560027, Karnataka, India;
| | - Mohammed Al mohaini
- Basic Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Alahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Alahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkhaliq J. Alsalman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohd. Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sreeharsha Nagaraja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (S.N.); (A.B.N.); (M.A.); (K.N.V.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vidya Siri College of Pharmacy, Off Sarjapura Road, Bangalore 560035, India
| | - Anroop B. Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (S.N.); (A.B.N.); (M.A.); (K.N.V.)
| | - Mahesh Attimarad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (S.N.); (A.B.N.); (M.A.); (K.N.V.)
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (S.N.); (A.B.N.); (M.A.); (K.N.V.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
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Singh V, Mishra V. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current Situation and Therapeutic Options. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/2666796701999201005211854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is defined as an illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). COVID-19 was first reported in the Wuhan, China, in
late December, 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a global emergency
on March 11, 2020. COVID-19 was rapidly transmitted and caused infection in 21,294,845 people and
761,779 deaths in more than 213 countries worldwide till August 16, 2020. United States of America
(USA), Brazil, India, Russia Federation, Peru, Mexico, Colombia, Spain, France, Italy, Germany, and
United Kingdom (UK) stand top COVID-19 affected countries in the world. The high transmission rate
of COVID-19 might be due to large viral incubation time (2-14 days) and some modifications in the
spike glycoprotein. Currently, effective drugs or vaccines are not developed for the treatment of novel
coronavirus. However, few antibiotics like hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir have been currently used
for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Several collaboratives are working together for developing an
effective and safe vaccine against COVID-19 and few vaccines are under clinical trial. Scientists are
also working on plasma therapy and monoclonal antibodies. Nowadays, plasma therapy is considered
the most effective treatment against COVID-19 and some promising results have been achieved. This
review focuses on several therapeutic options for COVID-19, such as anti-viral drugs, vaccines, plasma
therapy, and monoclonal antibodies. This review also covers the current situations of COVID-19 in the
world. This review is about COVID-19, which will be beneficial to researchers for the development of
potential treatment against it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veer Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vishal Mishra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
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Rajput VS, Sharma R, Kumari A, Vyas N, Prajapati V, Grover A. Engineering a multi epitope vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 by exploiting its non structural and structural proteins. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:9096-9113. [PMID: 34038700 PMCID: PMC8171004 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1924265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent behind the ongoing pandemic exhibits an enhanced potential for infection when compared to its related family members- the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV; which have caused similar disease outbreaks in the past. The severity of the global health burden, increasing mortality rate and the emergent economic crisis urgently demands the development of next generation vaccines. Amongst such emergent next generation vaccines are the multi-epitope subunit vaccines, which hold promise in combating deadly pathogens. In this study we have exploited immunoinformatics applications to delineate a vaccine candidate possessing multiple B and T cells epitopes by utilizing the SARS-CoV-2 non structural and structural proteins. The antigenicity potential, safety, structural stability and the production feasibility of the designed construct was evaluated computationally. Furthermore, due to the known role of human TLR-3 immune receptor in viral sensing, which facilitates host cells activation for an immune response, the vaccine construct was examined for its binding efficiency using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies, which resulted in strong and stable interactions. Finally, the immune simulation studies suggested an effective immune response on vaccine administration. Overall, the immunoinformatics analysis advocates that the proposed vaccine candidate is safe and immunogenic and therefore can be pushed as a lead for in vitro and in vivo investigations.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritika Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Delhi, India
| | - Anchala Kumari
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Teri School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Vyas
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Delhi, India
| | - Vijay Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhinav Grover
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Delhi, India
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Siriwattananon K, Manopwisedjaroen S, Shanmugaraj B, Rattanapisit K, Phumiamorn S, Sapsutthipas S, Trisiriwanich S, Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Buranapraditkun S, Wijagkanalan W, Tharakhet K, Kaewpang P, Leetanasaksakul K, Kemthong T, Suttisan N, Malaivijitnond S, Ruxrungtham K, Thitithanyanont A, Phoolcharoen W. Plant-Produced Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Elicits Potent Neutralizing Responses in Mice and Non-human Primates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:682953. [PMID: 34054909 PMCID: PMC8158422 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.682953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected global public health and economy. Despite the substantial efforts, only few vaccines are currently approved and some are in the different stages of clinical trials. As the disease rapidly spreads, an affordable and effective vaccine is urgently needed. In this study, we investigated the immunogenicity of plant-produced receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 in order to use as a subunit vaccine. In this regard, RBD of SARS-CoV-2 was fused with Fc fragment of human IgG1 and transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana by agroinfiltration. The plant-produced RBD-Fc fusion protein was purified from the crude extract by using protein A affinity column chromatography. Two intramuscular administration of plant-produced RBD-Fc protein formulated with alum as an adjuvant have elicited high neutralization titers in immunized mice and cynomolgus monkeys. Further it has induced a mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses and vaccine-specific T-lymphocyte responses which was confirmed by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Altogether, our results demonstrated that the plant-produced SARS-CoV-2 RBD has the potential to be used as an effective vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the immunogenicity of plant-produced SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein in mice and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konlavat Siriwattananon
- Research Unit for Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Supaporn Phumiamorn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Institute of Biological Products, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sompong Sapsutthipas
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Institute of Biological Products, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sakalin Trisiriwanich
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Institute of Biological Products, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Eakachai Prompetchara
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutitorn Ketloy
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supranee Buranapraditkun
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kittipan Tharakhet
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Papatsara Kaewpang
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kantinan Leetanasaksakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Taratorn Kemthong
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand-Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand
| | - Nutchanat Suttisan
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand-Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand
| | | | - Kiat Ruxrungtham
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Research Unit for Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Raoufi E, Bahramimeimandi B, Salehi-Shadkami M, Chaosri P, Mozafari MR. Methodical Design of Viral Vaccines Based on Avant-Garde Nanocarriers: A Multi-Domain Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2021; 9:520. [PMID: 34066608 PMCID: PMC8148582 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current health crisis caused by coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) and associated pathogens emphasize the urgent need for vaccine systems that can generate protective and long-lasting immune responses. Vaccination, employing peptides, nucleic acids, and other molecules, or using pathogen-based strategies, in fact, is one of the most potent approaches in the management of viral diseases. However, the vaccine candidate requires protection from degradation and precise delivery to the target cells. This can be achieved by employing different types of drug and vaccine delivery strategies, among which, nanotechnology-based systems seem to be more promising. This entry aims to provide insight into major aspects of vaccine design and formulation to address different diseases, including the recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2. Special emphasis of this review is on the technical and practical aspects of vaccine construction and theranostic approaches to precisely target and localize the active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Raoufi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (E.R.); (B.B.)
| | - Bahar Bahramimeimandi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (E.R.); (B.B.)
| | - M. Salehi-Shadkami
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran;
| | - Patcharida Chaosri
- Supreme NanoBiotics Co. Ltd. and Supreme Pharmatech Co. Ltd., 399/90-95 Moo 13 Kingkaew Rd. Soi 25/1, T. Rachateva, A. Bangplee, Samutprakan 10540, Thailand;
| | - M. R. Mozafari
- Supreme NanoBiotics Co. Ltd. and Supreme Pharmatech Co. Ltd., 399/90-95 Moo 13 Kingkaew Rd. Soi 25/1, T. Rachateva, A. Bangplee, Samutprakan 10540, Thailand;
- Australasian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative (ANNI), Monash University LPO, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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Blake A, Hotez PJ, Israeli A, Chinitz D. Lessons from an ally: learning from Israel to vaccinate the American people. Microbes Infect 2021; 23:104796. [PMID: 33577990 PMCID: PMC7871876 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Blake
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston TX, USA.
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston TX, USA; James A Baker III Institute of Public Policy, Rice University, Houston TX, USA; Hagler Institute for Advanced Study at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Avi Israeli
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University - Hadassah Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel; Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Chinitz
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University - Hadassah Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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Kabir MA, Ahmed R, Chowdhury R, Iqbal SMA, Paulmurugan R, Demirci U, Asghar W. Management of COVID-19: current status and future prospects. Microbes Infect 2021; 23:104832. [PMID: 33872807 PMCID: PMC8052512 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19, a highly transmissible pandemic disease, is affecting millions of lives around the world. Severely infected patients show acute respiratory distress symptoms. Sustainable management strategies are required to save lives of the infected people and further preventing spread of the virus. Diagnosis, treatment, and vaccination development initiatives are already exhibited from the scientific community to fight against this virus. In this review, we primarily discuss the management strategies including prevention of spread, prophylaxis, vaccinations, and treatment for COVID-19. Further, analysis of vaccine development status and performance are also briefly discussed. Global socioeconomic impact of COVID-19 is also analyzed as part of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Alamgir Kabir
- Department of Computer & Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA; Asghar-Lab, Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Rajib Ahmed
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Rasheduzzaman Chowdhury
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sheikh Muhammad Asher Iqbal
- Department of Computer & Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA; Asghar-Lab, Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Waseem Asghar
- Department of Computer & Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA; Asghar-Lab, Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA; Department of Biological Sciences (Courtesy Appointment), Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
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Adedokun KA, Olarinmoye AO, Olayemi LO, Shehu MR, Mustapha JO, Kamorudeen RT, Nassar SA. Addressing the global surge of COVID-19 cases: Insights from diagnostics, improved treatment strategies, vaccine development and application. J Clin Transl Res 2021; 7:127-139. [PMID: 34104816 PMCID: PMC8177856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM As the rage of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to spread globally, much effort is being directed to contain it through various efforts - genomic studies, drug discoveries, clinical trials, vaccine development, and the innovation of diagnostic techniques. However, some pertinent areas involving accurate and sensitive diagnostics, immunoglobulin specificity, evolution of mutant strains of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the drug combination strategy to combat it still require more attention. METHODS This review critically examines the COVID-19 response and containment operations. It also addresses some standing challenges involving the areas of diagnostics, vaccine development and prospect, and treatment strategies in relation to antiviral drug treatment and immunotherapy. Designated set of keywords such as "SARS-CoV-2;" "coronavirus;" "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus;" "repurposed;" "vaccination;" "containment;" "laboratory diagnostic;" "immunotherapy;" "antiviral;" "antiparasitic;" "antibiotic;" "antiprotozoal;" "antibody;" "anti-inflammatory;" "antitumor;" "corticosteroid;" "hypertensive drug;" "statin;" "supplement;" and "biological" along with "COVID-19" were inserted on electronic databases to retrieve articles and clinical trial information relevant to the study objectives. The search databases included ClinicalTrials.gov, NIH.gov, PubMed, Scinapse, CINAHL, Medline, Google Scholar, Academic Search Premier, SAGE, EBSCO Host, and Scopus. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS The difficulties associated with SARS-CoV-2 rapid mutations are unceasingly evolving and re-evolving. These pose serious concerns and downplay the efficacy and effectiveness of the current pipeline antiviral drugs and vaccines. Entities encompassing immunotherapy, antiviral drug therapies, viral genomics, protein-protein interaction, and improved diagnostics as well as drug combination strategy against the emerging genetic variability of SARS-CoV-2 were critically appraised. This study suggests that robust collaborations in the development of more sensitive, rapid and accurate diagnostics, development of immunoglobulin specific agents and improved anti-viral treatment focus against multiple mutant genes of SARS-CoV-2 should be aggressively pursued for the overall benefits of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamoru A. Adedokun
- Department of Oral Pathology, DUH, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayodeji O. Olarinmoye
- Department of Agriculture and Industrial Technology, Babcock University, Ilisan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Lawal O. Olayemi
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Samoa, Samoa
| | - Muhammed R. Shehu
- Department of Environmental Science, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, Illinois USA
| | - Jelili O. Mustapha
- Molecular Diagnostics Unit, DynaLIFE Medical Labs, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ramat T. Kamorudeen
- Department of Public Health, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
- Children Welfare Unit, Osun State Hospital Management Board, Asubiaro, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Sulaimon A. Nassar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Sathian B, Asim M, Banerjee I, Roy B, Pizarro AB, Mancha MA, van Teijlingen ER, Kord-Varkaneh H, Mekkodathil AA, Subramanya SH, Borges do Nascimento IJ, Antony N, Menezes RG, Simkhada P, Al Hamad H. Development and implementation of a potential coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine: A systematic review and meta-analysis of vaccine clinical trials. Nepal J Epidemiol 2021; 11:959-982. [PMID: 33868742 PMCID: PMC8033643 DOI: 10.3126/nje.v11i1.36163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To date, there is no comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the suitability of COVID-19 vaccines for mass immunization. The current systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of novel COVID-19 vaccine candidates under clinical trial evaluation and present a contemporary update on the development and implementation of a potential vaccines. Methods For this study PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase electronic databases were used to search for eligible studies on the interface between novel coronavirus and vaccine design until December 31, 2020. Results We have included fourteen non-randomized and randomized controlled phase I-III trials. Implementation of a universal vaccination program with proven safety and efficacy through robust clinical evaluation is the long-term goal for preventing COVID-19. The immunization program must be cost-effective for mass production and accessibility. Despite pioneering techniques for the fast-track development of the vaccine in the current global emergency, mass production and availability of an effective COVID-19 vaccine could take some more time. Conclusion Our findings suggest a revisiting of the reported solicited and unsolicited systemic adverse events for COVID-19 candidate vaccines. Hence, it is alarming to judiciously expose thousands of participants to COVID-19 candidate vaccines at Phase-3 trials that have adverse events and insufficient evidence on safety and effectiveness that necessitates further justification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hamed Kord-Varkaneh
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Neema Antony
- Confederation of Epidemiological Associations, India
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Mao L, Chen Z, Wang Y, Chen C. Design and application of nanoparticles as vaccine adjuvants against human corona virus infection. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 219:111454. [PMID: 33878530 PMCID: PMC8007196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, some viruses have caused a grave crisis to global public health, especially the human coronavirus. A truly effective vaccine is therefore urgently needed. Vaccines should generally have two features: delivering antigens and modulating immunity. Adjuvants have an unshakable position in the battle against the virus. In addition to the perennial use of aluminium adjuvant, nanoparticles have become the developing adjuvant candidates due to their unique properties. Here we introduce several typical nanoparticles and their antivirus vaccine adjuvant applications. Finally, for the combating of the coronavirus, we propose several design points, hoping to provide ideas for the development of personalized vaccines and adjuvants and accelerate the clinical application of adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yaling Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China; GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangdong 510700, PR China.
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangdong 510700, PR China; Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, PR China.
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Vishwakarma P, Yadav N, Rizvi ZA, Khan NA, Chiranjivi AK, Mani S, Bansal M, Dwivedi P, Shrivastava T, Kumar R, Awasthi A, Ahmed S, Samal S. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike Protein Based Novel Epitopes Induce Potent Immune Responses in vivo and Inhibit Viral Replication in vitro. Front Immunol 2021; 12:613045. [PMID: 33841395 PMCID: PMC8032902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.613045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) initiates infection by attachment of the surface-exposed spike glycoprotein to the host cell receptors. The spike glycoprotein (S) is a promising target for inducing immune responses and providing protection; thus the ongoing efforts for the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and therapeutic developments are mostly spiraling around S glycoprotein. The matured functional spike glycoprotein is presented on the virion surface as trimers, which contain two subunits, such as S1 (virus attachment) and S2 (virus fusion). The S1 subunit harbors the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the receptor-binding domain (RBD). The RBD is responsible for binding to host-cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The NTD and RBD of S1, and the S2 of S glycoprotein are the major structural moieties to design and develop spike-based vaccine candidates and therapeutics. Here, we have identified three novel epitopes (20-amino acid peptides) in the regions NTD, RBD, and S2 domains, respectively, by structural and immunoinformatic analysis. We have shown as a proof of principle in the murine model, the potential role of these novel epitopes in-inducing humoral and cellular immune responses. Further analysis has shown that RBD and S2 directed epitopes were able to efficiently inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 wild-type virus in vitro suggesting their role as virus entry inhibitors. Structural analysis revealed that S2-epitope is a part of the heptad repeat 2 (HR2) domain which might have plausible inhibitory effects on virus fusion. Taken together, this study discovered novel epitopes that might have important implications in the development of potential SARS-CoV-2 spike-based vaccine and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Vishwakarma
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Naveen Yadav
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Zaigham Abbas Rizvi
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Naseem Ahmed Khan
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar Chiranjivi
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Shailendra Mani
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Manish Bansal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Prabhanjan Dwivedi
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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Kathiravan MK, Radhakrishnan S, Namasivayam V, Palaniappan S. An Overview of Spike Surface Glycoprotein in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:637550. [PMID: 33898518 PMCID: PMC8058706 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.637550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus originated in December 2019 in Hubei, China. This contagious disease named as COVID-19 resulted in a massive expansion within 6 months by spreading to more than 213 countries. Despite the availability of antiviral drugs for the treatment of various viral infections, it was concluded by the WHO that there is no medicine to treat novel CoV, SARS-CoV-2. It has been confirmed that SARS-COV-2 is the most highly virulent human coronavirus and occupies the third position following SARS and MERS with the highest mortality rate. The genetic assembly of SARS-CoV-2 is segmented into structural and non-structural proteins, of which two-thirds of the viral genome encodes non-structural proteins and the remaining genome encodes structural proteins. The most predominant structural proteins that make up SARS-CoV-2 include spike surface glycoproteins (S), membrane proteins (M), envelope proteins (E), and nucleocapsid proteins (N). This review will focus on one of the four major structural proteins in the CoV assembly, the spike, which is involved in host cell recognition and the fusion process. The monomer disintegrates into S1 and S2 subunits with the S1 domain necessitating binding of the virus to its host cell receptor and the S2 domain mediating the viral fusion. On viral infection by the host, the S protein is further cleaved by the protease enzyme to two major subdomains S1/S2. Spike is proven to be an interesting target for developing vaccines and in particular, the RBD-single chain dimer has shown initial success. The availability of small molecules and peptidic inhibitors for host cell receptors is briefly discussed. The development of new molecules and therapeutic druggable targets for SARS-CoV-2 is of global importance. Attacking the virus employing multiple targets and strategies is the best way to inhibit the virus. This article will appeal to researchers in understanding the structural and biological aspects of the S protein in the field of drug design and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Kumaradoss Kathiravan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Tamil Nadu, India
- Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Research Lab, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srimathi Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Tamil Nadu, India
- Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Research Lab, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRMIST, Tamil Nadu, India
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Chen WH, Wei J, Kundu RT, Adhikari R, Liu Z, Lee J, Versteeg L, Poveda C, Keegan B, Villar MJ, de Araujo Leao AC, Rivera JA, Gillespie PM, Pollet J, Strych U, Zhan B, Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME. Genetic modification to design a stable yeast-expressed recombinant SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain as a COVID-19 vaccine candidate. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129893. [PMID: 33731300 PMCID: PMC7955913 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has now spread worldwide to infect over 110 million people, with approximately 2.5 million reported deaths. A safe and effective vaccine remains urgently needed. METHOD We constructed three variants of the recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein (residues 331-549) in yeast as follows: (1) a "wild type" RBD (RBD219-WT), (2) a deglycosylated form (RBD219-N1) by deleting the first N-glycosylation site, and (3) a combined deglycosylated and cysteine-mutagenized form (C538A-mutated variant (RBD219-N1C1)). We compared the expression yields, biophysical characteristics, and functionality of the proteins produced from these constructs. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS These three recombinant RBDs showed similar secondary and tertiary structure thermal stability and had the same affinity to their receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), suggesting that the selected deletion or mutations did not cause any significant structural changes or alteration of function. However, RBD219-N1C1 had a higher fermentation yield, was easier to purify, was not hyperglycosylated, and had a lower tendency to form oligomers, and thus was selected for further vaccine development and evaluation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE By genetic modification, we were able to design a better-controlled and more stable vaccine candidate, which is an essential and important criterion for any process and manufacturing of biologics or drugs for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsiang Chen
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junfei Wei
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rakhi Tyagi Kundu
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rakesh Adhikari
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhuyun Liu
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jungsoon Lee
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leroy Versteeg
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristina Poveda
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian Keegan
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Jose Villar
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Portia M Gillespie
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeroen Pollet
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bin Zhan
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
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44
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Li G, Wang A, Chen Y, Sun Y, Du Y, Wang X, Ding P, Jia R, Wang Y, Zhang G. Development of a Colloidal Gold-Based Immunochromatographic Strip for Rapid Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Spike Protein. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635677. [PMID: 33777026 PMCID: PMC7992422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak and worldwide pandemic of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have a significant impact on global economy and human health. In order to reduce the disease spread, 16 monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) again SARS-CoV-2 were generated by immunized mice with the spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD), which was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO). A colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip was developed with two McAbs to detect SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which can play a potential role in monitoring vaccine quality. The strip is highly specific, detecting only SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and does not show any non-specific reactions with syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and other coronavirus and influenza viruses. The strip detected subunit vaccine in our laboratory with a detection limit of spike protein of 62.5 ng/mL. This strip provides an effective method in monitoring vaccine quality by detecting the antigen content of spike protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaning Sun
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongkun Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peiyang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- Henan Zhongze Biological Engineering Co., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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45
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Xie L, Yi K, Li Y. SARS_CoV2 RBD gene transcription cannot be driven by CMV promoter. Virology 2021; 558:22-27. [PMID: 33711560 PMCID: PMC7934794 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter drives various gene expression and yields sufficient protein for further functional investigation. Receptor binding domain (RBD) on spike protein of the SARS_CoV2 is the most critical portal for virus infection. Thus native conformational RBD protein may facilitate biochemical identification of RBD and provide valuable support of drug and vaccine design for curing COVID-19. We attempted to express RBD under CMV promoter in vitro, but failed. RBD-specific mRNA cannot be detected in cell transfected with recombinant plasmids, in which CMV promoter governs the RBD transcription. Additionally, the pCMV-Tag2B-SARS_CoV2_RBD trans-inactivates CMV promoter transcription activity. Alternatively, we identified that both Chicken β-actin promoter and Vaccinia virus-specific medium/late (M/L) promoter (pSYN) can highly precede SARS_CoV2 RBD expression. Our findings provided evidence that SARS_CoV2 RBD gene can be driven by Chicken β-actin promoter or Vaccinia virus-specific medium/late promoter instead of CMV promoter, thus providing valuable information for RBD feature exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Xie
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Viral Vector, Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China.
| | - Kai Yi
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Viral Vector, Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China.
| | - Yaoming Li
- Hubei Engineering Research Center of Viral Vector, Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Wuhan University of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China.
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46
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Salian VS, Wright JA, Vedell PT, Nair S, Li C, Kandimalla M, Tang X, Carmona Porquera EM, Kalari KR, Kandimalla KK. COVID-19 Transmission, Current Treatment, and Future Therapeutic Strategies. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:754-771. [PMID: 33464914 PMCID: PMC7839412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
At the stroke of the New Year 2020, COVID-19, a zoonotic disease that would turn into a global pandemic, was identified in the Chinese city of Wuhan. Although unique in its transmission and virulence, COVID-19 is similar to zoonotic diseases, including other SARS variants (e.g., SARS-CoV) and MERS, in exhibiting severe flu-like symptoms and acute respiratory distress. Even at the molecular level, many parallels have been identified between SARS and COVID-19 so much so that the COVID-19 virus has been named SARS-CoV-2. These similarities have provided several opportunities to treat COVID-19 patients using clinical approaches that were proven to be effective against SARS. Importantly, the identification of similarities in how SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 access the host, replicate, and trigger life-threatening pathological conditions have revealed opportunities to repurpose drugs that were proven to be effective against SARS. In this article, we first provided an overview of COVID-19 etiology vis-à-vis other zoonotic diseases, particularly SARS and MERS. Then, we summarized the characteristics of droplets/aerosols emitted by COVID-19 patients and how they aid in the transmission of the virus among people. Moreover, we discussed the molecular mechanisms that enable SARS-CoV-2 to access the host and become more contagious than other betacoronaviruses such as SARS-CoV. Further, we outlined various approaches that are currently being employed to diagnose and symptomatically treat COVID-19 in the clinic. Finally, we reviewed various approaches and technologies employed to develop vaccines against COVID-19 and summarized the attempts to repurpose various classes of drugs and novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrishali S. Salian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
| | - Jessica A. Wright
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Peter T. Vedell
- Division of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of
Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
55905, United States
| | - Sanjana Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
| | - Chenxu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
| | - Mahathi Kandimalla
- College of Letters and Science,
University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
55906, United States
| | - Xiaojia Tang
- Division of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of
Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
55905, United States
| | - Eva M. Carmona Porquera
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine,
Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester,
Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Krishna R. Kalari
- Division of Biostatistics and Informatics, Department of
Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
55905, United States
| | - Karunya K. Kandimalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
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47
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Abstract
Vaccines are urgently needed to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to help the return to pre-pandemic normalcy. A great many vaccine candidates are being developed, several of which have completed late-stage clinical trials and are reporting positive results. In this Progress article, we discuss which viral elements are used in COVID-19 vaccine candidates, why they might act as good targets for the immune system and the implications for protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianpan Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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48
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Bhattacharjee A, Saha M, Halder A, Debnath A, Mukherjee O. Therapeutics and Vaccines: Strengthening Our Fight Against the Global Pandemic COVID-19. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:435-448. [PMID: 33392670 PMCID: PMC7779084 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The newly identified 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has become a public health concern globally posing a significant threat to human health and economy and creating an unprecedented crisis in all spheres of the global life. Emergence of new genotypes of SARS-CoV during the last few years has pointed out the limited efficacy of available vaccines and antivirals, constraining the global response to the COVID-19 outburst to largely monitoring/containment. There is high priority for treatment regimes and new potential therapeutic and vaccine strategies. Several candidates have shown promising outcomes in various in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, clinical trials are in progress to test conceivable therapies showing promising outcomes in various in vivo studies. Unfortunately, very little information is available in the scientific scope which offers details to the diverse strategies being targeted to fight the pandemic, particularly with respect to the molecular targets. This review article summarizes and highlights the ongoing advances and approaches that are being carried out across the globe in designing vaccines and novel therapeutics, with particular reference to the previous knowledge gained from other viral infections like with the earlier SARS and MERS-CoV. A detailed knowledge may pave the way to combat this pandemic COVID-19 as well as prevent similar deadly epidemics in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghyadeep Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Road, A-Zone, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Manish Saha
- Department of Cardiology, R.G Kar Medical College & Hospital, 1, Khudiram Bose Sarani, Bidhan Sarani, Shyam Bazar, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700004, India
| | - Arpita Halder
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Road, A-Zone, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Arka Debnath
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, Mahatma Gandhi Road, Potheri, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Oindrilla Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Road, A-Zone, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India.
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49
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Chakraborty C, Sharma AR, Bhattacharya M, Sharma G, Saha RP, Lee SS. Ongoing Clinical Trials of Vaccines to Fight against COVID-19 Pandemic. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e5. [PMID: 33728098 PMCID: PMC7937508 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has developed as a pandemic, and it created an outrageous effect on the current healthcare and economic system throughout the globe. To date, there is no appropriate therapeutics or vaccines against the disease. The entire human race is eagerly waiting for the development of new therapeutics or vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Efforts are being taken to develop vaccines at a rapid rate for fighting against the ongoing pandemic situation. Amongst the various vaccines under consideration, some are either in the preclinical stage or in the clinical stages of development (phase-I, -II, and -III). Even, phase-III trials are being conducted for some repurposed vaccines like Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, polio vaccine, and measles-mumps-rubella. We have highlighted the ongoing clinical trial landscape of the COVID-19 as well as repurposed vaccines. An insight into the current status of the available antigenic epitopes for SARS-CoV-2 and different types of vaccine platforms of COVID-19 vaccines has been discussed. These vaccines are highlighted throughout the world by different news agencies. Moreover, ongoing clinical trials for repurposed vaccines for COVID-19 and critical factors associated with the development of COVID-19 vaccines have also been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata 700126, India
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | | | - Garima Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Rudra P. Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata 700126, India
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University-Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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50
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Yang D. Application of Nanotechnology in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:623-649. [PMID: 33531805 PMCID: PMC7847377 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s296383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, has been prevalent worldwide for almost a year. In early 2000, there was an outbreak of SARS-CoV, and in early 2010, a similar dissemination of infection by MERS-CoV occurred. However, no clear explanation for the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and a massive increase in the number of infections has yet been proposed. The best solution to overcome this pandemic is the development of suitable and effective vaccines and therapeutics. Fortunately, for SARS-CoV-2, the genome sequence and protein structure have been published in a short period, making research and development for prevention and treatment relatively easy. In addition, intranasal drug delivery has proven to be an effective method of administration for treating viral lung diseases. In recent years, nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have been applied to intranasal drug delivery to overcome various limitations that occur during mucosal administration, and advances have been made to the stage where effective drug delivery is possible. This review describes the accumulated knowledge of the previous SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections and aims to help understand the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, it elucidates the achievements in developing COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutics to date through existing approaches. Finally, the applicable nanotechnology approach is described in detail, and vaccines and therapeutic drugs developed based on nanomedicine, which are currently undergoing clinical trials, have presented the potential to become innovative alternatives for overcoming COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongki Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
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