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Ciesielska A, Kowalczyk A, Paneth A, Stączek P. Evaluation of the antidermatophytic activity of potassium salts of N-acylhydrazinecarbodithioates and their aminotriazole-thione derivatives. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3521. [PMID: 38347115 PMCID: PMC10861498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, dermatophyte infections are relatively easy to cure, especially since the introduction of orally administered antifungals such as terbinafine and itraconazole. However, these drugs may cause side effects due to liver damage or their interactions with other therapeutics. Hence, the search for new effective chemotherapeutics showing antidermatophyte activity seems to be the urge of the moment. Potassium salts of N-acylhydrazinecarbodithioates are used commonly as precursors for the synthesis of biologically active compounds. Keeping that in mind, the activity of a series of five potassium N-acylhydrazinecarbodithioates (1a-e) and their aminotriazole-thione derivatives (2a-e) was evaluated against a set of pathogenic, keratinolytic fungi, such as Trichophyton ssp., Microsporum ssp. and Chrysosporium keratinophilum, but also against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. All tested compounds were found non-toxic for L-929 and HeLa cells, with the IC30 and IC50 values assessed in the MTT assay above 128 mg/L. The compound 5-amino-3-(naphtalene-1-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione (2d) was found active against all fungal strains tested. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed inhibition of mycelium development of Trichophyton rubrum cultivated on nail fragments and treated with 2d 24 h after infection with fungal spores. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) observation of mycelium treated with 2d showed ultrastructural changes in the morphology of germinated spores. Finally, the RNA-seq analysis indicated that a broad spectrum of genes responded to stress induced by the 2d compound. In conclusion, the results confirm the potential of N-acylhydrazinecarbodithioate derivatives for future use as promising leads for new antidermatophyte agents development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ciesielska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Kowalczyk
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Paneth
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Medical Analytics Division, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Stączek
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
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Gottardo B, Zoccal ARM, Maschio-Lima T, Lemes TH, Paziani MH, Von Zeska Kress MR, Perfecto TM, Almeida MTG, Volanti DP. Antifungal Activity of Nontoxic Nanocomposite Based on Silver and Reduced Graphene Oxide against Dermatophytes and Candida spp. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:6870-6879. [PMID: 37943794 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Dermatomycoses are typical hair, skin, or nail infections caused mainly by dermatophytes and nondermatophytes: Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Candida. In addition to the esthetical impact, pain, and nail deformity, these mycoses can be a source of severe disease. The high cost of treatment, toxicity, and the emergence of resistant infectious agents justifies research into new drugs. This work evaluates the fungicidal activity of nanocomposites (NCs) based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) loaded with silver (Ag) nanoparticles (rGO/Ag) against clinical isolates of dermatophytes and Candida species. This is an unprecedented study in which, for the first time, hybrid nanocompounds based on Ag/rGO were tested against Epidermophytom, Microsporum, and Trichophyton species (dermatophytes agents). In this paper, we synthesize rGO using different concentrations of Ag by hydrolysis of metal salt AgNO3 and follow the growth of nanocrystals on sheets of rGO provided by the NaBH4. The NCs were analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis, and the NC morphology, silver distribution on the rGO surface, and crystalline information were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Antifungal susceptibility assay was performed by the microdilution method based on modified Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) protocol. Time-kill kinetics was conducted to monitor the effect of the composite to inhibit fungal cells or promote structural changes, avoiding germination. The toxicological evaluation of the NCs was born in an in vivo model based on Galleria mellonella (G. mellonella). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the rGO/Ag NCs ranged from 1.9 to 125 μg/mL. The best inhibitory activity was obtained for rGO/Ag12%, mainly against Candida spp. and Epidermophyton floccosum. In the presence of sorbitol, MIC values of rGO/Ag NCs were higher (ranging from 15.6 to 250 μg/mL), indicating the action mechanism on the cell wall. Both yeast and dermatophytes clinical isolates were inhibited at a minimum of 6 and 24 h, respectively, but after 2 and 12 h, they had initial antifungal interference. All hybrid formulations of rGO/Ag NCs were not toxic for G. mellonella. This study provides insights into an alternative therapeutic strategy for controlling dermatomycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Gottardo
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Andreza R M Zoccal
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Taiza Maschio-Lima
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Thiago H Lemes
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Mario H Paziani
- Barão de Mauá University Center (BMUC), Rua. Ramos de Azevedo 423, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo 14090-062, Brazil
| | - Marcia R Von Zeska Kress
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Tarcísio M Perfecto
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Margarete T G Almeida
- São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima 5416, São José do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Diogo P Volanti
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities, and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), R. Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto, Sao Paulo 15054-000, Brazil
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Keshwania P, Kaur N, Chauhan J, Sharma G, Afzal O, Alfawaz Altamimi AS, Almalki WH. Superficial Dermatophytosis across the World's Populations: Potential Benefits from Nanocarrier-Based Therapies and Rising Challenges. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31575-31599. [PMID: 37692246 PMCID: PMC10483660 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The most prevalent infection in the world is dermatophytosis, which is a major issue with high recurrence and can affect the entire body including the skin, hair, and nails. The major goal of this Review is to acquire knowledge about cutting-edge approaches for treating dermatophytosis efficiently by adding antifungals to formulations based on nanocarriers in order to overcome the shortcomings of standard treatment methods. Updates on nanosystems and research developments on animal and clinical investigations are also presented. Along with the currently licensed formulations, the investigation also emphasizes novel therapies and existing therapeutic alternatives that can be used to control dermatophytosis. The Review also summarizes recent developments on the prevalence, management approaches, and disadvantages of standard dosage types. There are a number of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of dermatophytosis that have good clinical cure rates but also drawbacks such as antifungal drug resistance and unfavorable side effects. To improve therapeutic activity and get around the drawbacks of the traditional therapy approaches for dermatophytosis, efforts have been described in recent years to combine several antifungal drugs into new carriers. These formulations have been successful in providing improved antifungal activity, longer drug retention, improved effectiveness, higher skin penetration, and sustained drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Keshwania
- Department
of Microbiology, Maharishi Markandeshwar
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Narinder Kaur
- Department
of Microbiology, Maharishi Markandeshwar
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Jyoti Chauhan
- Department
of Microbiology, Maharishi Markandeshwar
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Gajanand Sharma
- University
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Waleed H. Almalki
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21961, Saudi Arabia
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Sardana K, Sharath S, Khurana A, Ghosh S. An update on the myriad antifungal resistance mechanisms in dermatophytes and the place of experimental and existential therapeutic agents for Trichophyton complex implicated in tinea corporis and cruris. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:977-991. [PMID: 37606343 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2250555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is an epidemic emergence of increased resistance in dermatophytes with to antifungal drugs with ergosterol1 (Erg1) and Erg11 mutations to terbinafine and azoles. Apart from mutations, mechanisms that predict clinical failure include efflux pumps, cellular kinases, heat shock proteins (Hsp), and biofilms. Apart from itraconazole and SUBATM (Super-Bioavailable) itraconazole, measures that can be used in terbinafine failure include efflux-pump inhibitors, Hsp inhibitors and judicious use of antifungal drugs (topical + systemic) combinations. AREAS COVERED A PubMed search was done for the relevant studies and reviews published in the last 22 years using keywords dermatophytes OR Trichophyton, anti-fungal, resistance, mechanism and fungal AND resistance mechanisms. Our aim was to look for literature on prevalent species and we specifically researched studies on Trichophyton genus. We have analyzed varied antifungal drug mechanisms and detailed varied experimental and approved drugs to treat recalcitrant dermatophytosis. EXPERT OPINION Apart from administering drugs with low minimum inhibitory concentration, combinations of oral and topical antifungals (based on synergy data) and new formulations of existing drugs are useful in recalcitrant cases. There is a need for research into resistance mechanism of the existent Trichophyton strains in therapeutic failures in tinea corporis & cruris instead of data derived from laboratory strains which may not mirror clinical failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir Sardana
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Institute and Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Savitha Sharath
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Institute and Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ananta Khurana
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Institute and Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Shamik Ghosh
- Rejuvenation Technologies Inc, Harvard Medical School, New York City, NY, USA
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Cantelli BA, Segura GG, Bitencourt TA, de Abreu MH, Petrucelli MF, Peronni K, Sanches PR, Beleboni RO, da Silva Junior WA, Martinez-Rossi NM, Marins M, Fachin AL. Transcriptome Analysis of Co-Cultures of THP-1 Human Macrophages with Inactivated Germinated Trichophyton rubrum Conidia. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050563. [PMID: 37233274 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most mycoses are superficial, the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum can cause systemic infections in patients with a weakened immune system, resulting in serious and deep lesions. The aim of this study was to analyze the transcriptome of a human monocyte/macrophage cell line (THP-1) co-cultured with inactivated germinated T. rubrum conidia (IGC) in order to characterize deep infection. Analysis of macrophage viability by lactate dehydrogenase quantification showed the activation of the immune system after 24 h of contact with live germinated T. rubrum conidia (LGC). After standardization of the co-culture conditions, the release of the interleukins TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-12 was quantified. The greater release of IL-12 was observed during co-culturing of THP-1 with IGC, while there was no change in the other cytokines. Next-generation sequencing of the response to T. rubrum IGC identified the modulation of 83 genes; of these, 65 were induced and 18 were repressed. The categorization of the modulated genes showed their involvement in signal transduction, cell communication, and immune response pathways. In total, 16 genes were selected for validation and Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.98, indicating a high correlation between RNA-seq and qPCR. Modulation of the expression of all genes was similar for LGC and IGC co-culture; however, the fold-change values were higher for LGC. Due to the high expression of the IL-32 gene in RNA-seq, we quantified this interleukin and observed an increased release in co-culture with T. rubrum. In conclusion, the macrophages-T. rubrum co-culture model revealed the ability of these cells to modulate the immune response, as demonstrated by the release of proinflammatory cytokines and the RNA-seq gene expression profile. The results obtained permit to identify possible molecular targets that are modulated in macrophages and that could be explored in antifungal therapies involving the activation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Aline Cantelli
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| | | | - Tamires Aparecida Bitencourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | | | - Monise Fazolin Petrucelli
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Kamila Peronni
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Pablo Rodrigo Sanches
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Rene Oliveira Beleboni
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
- Medicine School, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| | | | - Nilce Maria Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Mozart Marins
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
- Medicine School, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Fachin
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
- Medicine School, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Ribeirao Preto 14096-900, Brazil
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Cardoso J, Freitas-Silva J, Durães F, Carvalho DT, Gales L, Pinto M, Sousa E, Pinto E. Antifungal Activity of a Library of Aminothioxanthones. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1488. [PMID: 36358143 PMCID: PMC9686595 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide and taking into account the increasing incidence of strains resistant to classical antifungal drugs, the development of new agents has become an urgent clinical need. Considering that thioxanthones are bioisosteres of xanthones with known anti-infective actions, their scaffolds were selected for this study. A small library of synthesized aminothioxanthones (1-10) was evaluated for in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Trichophyton rubrum; for the active compounds, the spectrum was further extended to other clinically relevant pathogenic fungi. The results showed that only compounds 1, 8, and 9 exhibited inhibitory and broad-spectrum antifungal effects. Given the greater antifungal potential presented, compound 1 was the subject of further investigations to study its anti-virulence activity and in an attempt to elucidate its mechanism of action; compound 1 seems to act predominantly on the cellular membrane of C. albicans ATCC 10231, altering its structural integrity, without binding to ergosterol, while inhibiting two important virulence factors-dimorphic transition and biofilm formation-frequently associated with C. albicans pathogenicity and resistance. In conclusion, the present work proved the usefulness of thioxanthones in antifungal therapy as new models for antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Cardoso
- Laboratory de Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana Freitas-Silva
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Fernando Durães
- Laboratory de Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Diogo Teixeira Carvalho
- Laboratory de Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Research in Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Food and Drugs, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas 37137-001, Brazil
| | - Luís Gales
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (i3S-IBMC), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratory de Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory de Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Pinto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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Moskaluk AE, VandeWoude S. Current Topics in Dermatophyte Classification and Clinical Diagnosis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090957. [PMID: 36145389 PMCID: PMC9502385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are highly infectious fungi that cause superficial infections in keratinized tissues in humans and animals. This group of fungi is defined by their ability to digest keratin and encompasses a wide range of species. Classification of many of these species has recently changed due to genetic analysis, potentially affecting clinical diagnosis and disease management. In this review, we discuss dermatophyte classification including name changes for medically important species, current and potential diagnostic techniques for detecting dermatophytes, and an in-depth review of Microsporum canis, a prevalent zoonotic dermatophyte. Fungal culture is still considered the “gold standard” for diagnosing dermatophytosis; however, modern molecular assays have overcome the main disadvantages of culture, allowing for tandem use with cultures. Further investigation into novel molecular assays for dermatophytosis is critical, especially for high-density populations where rapid diagnosis is essential for outbreak prevention. A frequently encountered dermatophyte in clinical settings is M. canis, which causes dermatophytosis in humans and cats. M. canis is adapting to its primary host (cats) as one of its mating types (MAT1-2) appears to be going extinct, leading to a loss of sexual reproduction. Investigating M. canis strains around the world can help elucidate the evolutionary trajectory of this fungi.
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Development of Indirect ELISA and its evaluation in Comparison with KOH hydrolysis and Fungal culture for the immuno diagnosis of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in Humans. Acta Trop 2022; 235:106590. [PMID: 35907501 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trichophyton is a keratinophilic fungus that can invade keratinized tissues of humans and cause superficial mycoses called dermatophytosis. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate indirect ELISA in comparison with gold standard methods such as direct microscopic examination of KOH mounts and fungal culture for the diagnosis of Trichophyton infection in humans. The present investigation reports the production and partial purification of T. rubrum mycelial antigens and production of specific polyclonal antibodies. It also reports the development and optimization of indirect ELISA and evaluation of its potential in comparison with gold standard methods for the diagnosis of Trichophyton infection in humans. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of Trichophyton indirect ELISA was 93.75% and 93.33 % respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were high as well, found to be 93.75% and 90.00% respectively indicating usefulness of the assay. In all comparisons, the correlation coefficient (r) value was >0.5 indicating strong correlation between KOH hydrolysis test, fungal culture method and indirect ELISA. A significant correlation coefficient of 0.856 (P < 0.0001) was obtained between indirect ELISA and fungal culture method. This shows a good agreement between fungal culture method and indirect ELISA. The present study clearly shows diagnostic performance of Trichophyton indirect ELISA developed in this study is efficient as fungal culture method for the diagnosis of Trichophyton infection in humans.
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Karakaya G, Türe A, Özdemir A, Özçelik B, Aytemir M. Synthesis and Molecular Modeling of Some Novel Hydroxypyrone Derivatives as Antidermatophytic Agents. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gülşah Karakaya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry İzmir Katip Çelebi University İzmir Turkey
| | - Aslı Türe
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Marmara University İstanbul Turkey
| | - Aysun Özdemir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology Gazi University Ankara Turkey
| | - Berrin Özçelik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology Gazi University Ankara Turkey
| | - Mutlu Aytemir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry İzmir Katip Çelebi University İzmir Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey
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10
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Nannizzia incurvata in Hue city - Viet Nam: Molecular identification and antifungal susceptibility testing. J Mycol Med 2022; 32:101291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2022.101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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The bZIP Ap1 transcription factor is a negative regulator of virulence attributes of the anthropophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100132. [PMID: 35909615 PMCID: PMC9325736 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ap1 gene negatively regulates virulence traits in Trichophyton rubrum. Ap1 regulates T. rubrum growth in keratin, playing a vital role in nail infection. Ap1 may contribute to the chronicity of onychomycosis.
Trichophyton rubrum is a fungus that causes chronic skin and nail infections in healthy individuals and immunocompromised patients. During infection, T. rubrum invades host cutaneous tissues by adapting to the acidic pH and the innate immune response of the host. Several genes are upregulated during the growth of T. rubrum in substrates found in human tissue, including the ap1 gene, which codes for the transcription factor Ap1. Here, we generated a null mutant strain by deleting the T. rubrum ap1 gene and performed a functional analysis of this gene. Our results showed that the Δap1mutant increased its growth in nail fragments and co-cultures with keratinocytes compared to the wild type. Furthermore, the mutant displayed hyperpigmentation, thickening of the conidia cell wall, increased conidia susceptibility to calcofluor-white compared to the wild type, and loss of control of the keratinolytic activity. Although the ap1 gene was upregulated during exposure to the antifungal drugs amphotericin B, nystatin, and terbinafine, its deletion did not alter the fungal susceptibility to these drugs, revealing the role of the ap1 gene in the physiological response to the stress caused by these drugs, but not in their resistance. Moreover, ap1 was also involved in the oxidative stress response caused by menadione, but not paraquat or hydrogen peroxide. These findings indicate that the ap1 gene plays a role in the negative control of virulence-related attributes and may contribute to the chronicity of nail infection caused by T. rubrum.
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12
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Evaluation of the Multiplex Real-Time PCR DermaGenius ® Assay for the Detection of Dermatophytes in Hair Samples from Senegal. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010011. [PMID: 35049951 PMCID: PMC8781194 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For the successful treatment of dermatophytoses, especially tinea capitis, there is a need for accurate and rapid diagnostic methods. A lot of recent literature has focused on the detection of dermatophytes directly on sample material such as nails, hair and skin scrapings. Molecular tools offer the ability to rapidly diagnose dermatophytosis within 48 h. This study aimed to compare the results of a commercial real-time PCR (real-time PCR) assay DermaGenius®(DG) 2.0 complete multiplex kit with those of conventional diagnostic methods (direct microscopy and culture). A total of 129 hair samples were collected in Dakar (Senegal) from patients suspected of dermatophytosis. DG was applied for the molecular detection of Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum/soudanense, T. interdigitale, T. tonsurans, T. mentagrophytes, T. violaceum, Microsporum canis, M. audouinii, Epidermophyton floccosum, T. benhamiae and T. verrucosum. Dermatophytes species and C. albicans were differentiated by melting curve analysis. The sensitivity and specificity of the PCR assay were 89.3% and 75.3%, respectively. DG PCR was significantly more sensitive than culture (p < 0.001). DG PCR is fast and robust to contamination. In this paper, the main questions discussed were the replacement of culture by a broad-spectrum fungal real-time PCR and the implementation of DG PCR into a routine laboratory in Senegal.
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13
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Osman M, Kasir D, Rafei R, Kassem II, Ismail MB, El Omari K, Dabboussi F, Cazer C, Papon N, Bouchara JP, Hamze M. Trends in the epidemiology of dermatophytosis in the Middle East and North Africa region. Int J Dermatol 2021; 61:935-968. [PMID: 34766622 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis corresponds to a broad series of infections, mostly superficial, caused by a group of keratinophilic and keratinolytic filamentous fungi called dermatophytes. These mycoses are currently considered to be a major public health concern worldwide, particularly in developing countries such as those in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Here we compiled and discussed existing epidemiologic data on these infections in the MENA region. Most of the available studies were based on conventional diagnostic strategies and were published before the last taxonomic revision of dermatophytes. This has led to misidentifications, which might have resulted in the underestimation of the real burden of these infections in the MENA countries. Our analysis of the available literature highlights an urgent need for further studies based on reliable diagnostic tools and standard susceptibility testing methods for dermatophytosis, which represents a major challenge for these countries. This is crucial for guiding appropriate interventions and activating antifungal stewardship programs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Osman
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Dalal Kasir
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Rayane Rafei
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Issmat I Kassem
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA
| | - Mohamad Bachar Ismail
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Khaled El Omari
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Quality Control Center Laboratories, Chamber of Commerce, Industry, and Agriculture of Tripoli and North Lebanon, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Fouad Dabboussi
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Casey Cazer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, GEIHP, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
| | | | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
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14
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Brilhante RSN, Paixão GC, Pereira VS, Oliveira JSD, Maciel JM, Pereira-Neto WDA, Lima-Neto RGD, Castelo-Branco DDSCM, Cordeiro RDA, Sidrim JJC, Rocha MFG. Atypical chlamydoconidium-producing Trichophyton tonsurans strains from Ceará State, Northeast Brazil: investigation of taxonomy by phylogenetic analysis and biofilm susceptibility. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 167. [PMID: 33427606 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydoconidium-producing Trichophyton tonsurans strains isolated in Northeastern Brazil have morphological features different from the classic description of this dermatophyte species. This study investigated the phylogenetic relationship of chlamydoconidium-producing T. tonsurans strains isolated in Northeastern Brazil. Also, the effect of terbinafine and farnesol on mature biofilms of T. tonsurans strains was evaluated. The mass spectra of T. tonsurans strains were investigated by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The ITS and LSU loci regions of rDNA and the partial β-tubulin gene were sequenced and the phylogenetic tree was analysed. The effects of terbinafine and farnesol on mature T. tonsurans biofilms were evaluated through the analysis of metabolic activity, quantification of biomass and observation by scanning electron microscopy. MALDI-TOF MS spectra of the chlamydoconidium-producing T. tonsurans strains differed from the spectrum of the control strain (ATCC 28942), presenting an intense ion peak at m/z 4155 Da. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the chlamydoconidium-producing strains isolated in Northeastern Brazil are allocated to a single cluster, differing from strains isolated from other countries. As for mature T. tonsurans biofilms, farnesol reduced biomass and metabolic activity by 64.4 and 65.9 %, respectively, while terbinafine reduced the biomass by 66.5 % and the metabolic activity by 69 %. Atypical morphological characteristics presented by chlamydoconidium-producing T. tonsurans strains result from phenotypic plasticity, possibly for adaptation to environmental stressors. Also, farnesol had inhibitory activity against T. tonsurans biofilms, demonstrating this substance can be explored for development of promising anti-biofilm drugs against dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Germana Costa Paixão
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Vandbergue Santos Pereira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jonathas Sales de Oliveira
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Juliana Maria Maciel
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Waldemiro de Aquino Pereira-Neto
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Débora de Souza Collares Maia Castelo-Branco
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Júlio Costa Sidrim
- Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Marcos Fábio Gadelha Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary, State University of Ceará. Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Campus do Itaperi, CEP: 60714-903, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Postgraduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Ceará. Rua Cel, Nunes de Melo, 1315 - Rodolfo Teófilo - CEP: 60430-275, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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15
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State-of-the-Art Dermatophyte Infections: Epidemiology Aspects, Pathophysiology, and Resistance Mechanisms. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080629. [PMID: 34436168 PMCID: PMC8401872 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of fungal infections is not widely appreciated. Although these infections are responsible for over one million deaths annually, it is estimated that one billion people are affected by severe fungal diseases. Mycoses of nails and skin, primarily caused by fungi known as dermatophytes, are the most common fungal infections. Trichophyton rubrum appears to be the most common causative agent of dermatophytosis, followed by Trichophyton interdigitale. An estimated 25% of the world’s population suffers from dermatomycosis. Although these infections are not lethal, they compromise the quality of life of infected patients. The outcome of antidermatophytic treatments is impaired by various conditions, such as resistance and tolerance of certain dermatophyte strains. The adage “know your enemy” must be the focus of fungal research. There is an urgent need to increase awareness about the significance of these infections with precise epidemiological data and to improve knowledge regarding fungal biology and pathogenesis, with an emphasis on adaptive mechanisms to tackle adverse conditions from host counteractions. This review outlines the current knowledge about dermatophyte infections, with a focus on signaling pathways required for fungal infection establishment and a broad perspective on cellular and molecular factors involved in antifungal resistance and tolerance.
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16
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Bitencourt TA, Neves-da-Rocha J, Martins MP, Sanches PR, Lang EAS, Bortolossi JC, Rossi A, Martinez-Rossi NM. StuA-Regulated Processes in the Dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum: Transcription Profile, Cell-Cell Adhesion, and Immunomodulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:643659. [PMID: 34169004 PMCID: PMC8218993 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.643659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections represent a significant concern worldwide, contributing to human morbidity and mortality. Dermatophyte infections are among the most significant mycoses, and Trichophyton rubrum appears to be the principal causative agent. Thus, an understanding of its pathophysiology is urgently required. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that the APSES family of transcription factors (Asm1p, Phd1p, Sok2p, Efg1p, and StuA) is an important point of vulnerability in fungal pathogens and a potential therapeutic target. These transcription factors are unique to fungi, contributing to cell differentiation and adaptation to environmental cues and virulence. It has recently been demonstrated that StuA plays a pleiotropic role in dermatophyte pathophysiology. It was suggested that it functions as a mediator of crosstalk between different pathways that ultimately contribute to adaptive responses and fungal-host interactions. The complex regulation of StuA and its interaction pathways are yet to be unveiled. Thus, this study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of StuA-regulated processes in T. rubrum by assessing global gene expression following growth on keratin or glucose sources. The data showed the involvement of StuA in biological processes related to central carbon metabolism and glycerol catabolism, reactive oxygen species metabolism, and cell wall construction. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism may be responsible for the significant alteration in cell wall pattern and consequently in cell-cell interaction and adhesion. Loss of StuA led to impaired biofilm production and promoted proinflammatory cytokine secretion in a human keratinocyte cell line. We also observed the StuA-dependent regulation of catalase genes. Altogether, these data demonstrate the multitude of regulatory targets of StuA with a critical role in central metabolism that may ultimately trigger a cascade of secondary effects with substantial impact on fungal physiology and virulence traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires A Bitencourt
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Neves-da-Rocha
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maira P Martins
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Pablo R Sanches
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Elza A S Lang
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Julio C Bortolossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Nilce M Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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17
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Łagowski D, Gnat S, Nowakiewicz A, Trościańczyk A. Real-Time PCR as an Alternative Technique for Detection of Dermatophytes in Cattle Herds. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1662. [PMID: 34199680 PMCID: PMC8229919 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are filamentous fungi with the ability to digest and grow on keratinized substrates. The ongoing improvements in fungal detection techniques give new scope for clinical implementations in laboratories and veterinary clinics, including the monitoring of the disease and carrier status. The technologically advanced methods for dermatophyte detection include molecular methods based on PCR. In this context, the aim of this study was to carry out tests on the occurrence of dermatophytes in cattle herds using qPCR methods and a comparative analysis with conventional methods. Each sample collected from ringworm cases and from asymptomatic cattle was divided into three parts and subjected to the real-time PCR technique, direct light microscopy analysis, and culture-based methods. The use of the real-time PCR technique with pan-dermatophyte primers detected the presence of dermatophytes in the sample with a 10.84% (45% vs. 34.17%) higher efficiency than direct analysis with light microscopy. Moreover, a dermatophyte culture was obtained from all samples with a positive qPCR result. In conclusion, it seems that this method can be used with success to detect dermatophytes and monitor cowsheds in ringworm cases and carriers in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (D.Ł.); (A.N.); (A.T.)
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18
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Dos Santos Porto D, Bajerski L, Donadel Malesuik M, Soldateli Paim C. A Review of Characteristics, Properties, Application of Nanocarriers and Analytical Methods of Luliconazole. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1930-1937. [PMID: 34011234 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1926219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Luliconazole is an imidazole agent, used for the treatment of fungi infection, especially dermatophytes. The mechanism of action of the drug consisting in inhibits sterol 14α-demethylase which interferes with ergosterol biosynthesis. Due to low aqueous solubility and highly lipophilic, there is a need to develop drug delivery systems (nanocarriers) capable to increase the solubility, permeability, and skin retention of luliconazole, and promote a better therapeutic effect. In this context, this review presents characteristics, properties, nanocarriers, and analytical methods used for luliconazole. From the analyzed studies, the majority reports the use of RP-HPLC techniques for luliconazole determination, but also are cited spectrophotometric UV methods. The luliconazole has been qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed in different matrices, such as raw material and pharmaceutical formulations, however, in this review, only one study was found with the luliconazole quantification biological matrix, demonstrating the lack of studies related to the quantification of the drug in biological matrices. The drug quantification in different matrices by analytical methods is of great importance since they assist in the control of the quality, efficacy, and safety of the medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Dos Santos Porto
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade; Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA - Campus Uruguaiana-RS), Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
| | - Lisiane Bajerski
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade; Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA - Campus Uruguaiana-RS), Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
| | - Marcelo Donadel Malesuik
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade; Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA - Campus Uruguaiana-RS), Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA - Campus Uruguaiana-RS), Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
| | - Clésio Soldateli Paim
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento e Controle de Qualidade; Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA - Campus Uruguaiana-RS), Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA - Campus Uruguaiana-RS), Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
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19
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Sardana K, Gupta A, Mathachan SR. Immunopathogenesis of Dermatophytoses and Factors Leading to Recalcitrant Infections. Indian Dermatol Online J 2021; 12:389-399. [PMID: 34211904 PMCID: PMC8202482 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_503_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of dermatophytic infections involves the interplay of three major factors: the dermatophyte, the inherent host defense, and the adaptive host immune response. The fungal virulence factors determine the adhesion and invasion of the skin while the immune response depends on an interaction of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the host, which lead to a differential Th (T helper) 1, Th2, Th17, and Treg response. While anthropophilic dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and now increasingly by T. interdigitale subvert the immune response via mannans, zoophilic species are eliminated due to a brisk immune response. Notably, delayed-type hypersensitivity (Th1) response of T lymphocytes causes the elimination of fungal infection, while chronic disease caused by anthropophilic species corresponds to toll-like receptor 2 mediated IL (interleukin)-10 release and generation of T-regulatory cells with immunosuppressive potential. Major steps that determine the ultimate clinical course and chronicity include genetic susceptibility factors, impaired epidermal and immunological barriers, variations in the composition of sebum and sweat, carbon dioxide tension, skin pH, and topical steroid abuse. It is important to understand these multifarious aspects to surmount the problem of recalcitrant dermatophytosis when the disorder fails conventional therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir Sardana
- Department of Dermatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Aastha Gupta
- Department of Dermatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sinu Rose Mathachan
- Department of Dermatology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
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20
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Mechanism of streptomyces albidoflavus STV1572a derived 1-heneicosanol as an inhibitor against squalene epoxidase of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Microb Pathog 2021; 154:104853. [PMID: 33811987 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An increase in incidences of tinea infections paves the way to discover the novel antifungal drugs from unexplored natural resources. The quality of life in patients with tinea infection may be affected by different factors, including morbidity, length of illness, social and demographic factors. The present investigation explores the functional principle of a bioactive compound isolated from actinomycetes, S. albidoflavus STV1572a by in-silico and in-vitro studies. In continuation of our previous reports on the antidermatophytic potential of S. albidoflavus STV1572a, this study progresses with the in-silico molecular docking study of the seven GC-MS discovered ligands, and six dermatophytic modelled targets. Through virtual screening, it was revealed that a docking score -8.8 between 1-heneicosanol and squalene epoxidase favored partially in understanding the mode of action. Further validation of in-silico study was performed by a sterol quantification assay which confirmed the antidermatophytic mechanism of 1-heneicosanol. Taken together, the evidence from this study suggests that 1-heneicosanol has a potential antidermatophytic compound and can be considered for dermatophytic treatment.
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21
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Wong-Deyrup SW, Song X, Ng TW, Liu XB, Zeng JG, Qing ZX, Deyrup ST, He ZD, Zhang HJ. Plant-derived isoquinoline alkaloids that target ergosterol biosynthesis discovered by using a novel antifungal screening tool. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111348. [PMID: 33578237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ergosterol pathway is a prime antifungal target as it is required for fungal survival, yet is not involved in human homeostasis. Methods to study the ergosterol pathway, however, are often time-consuming. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay is a simple research tool that determines the lowest concentration at which a novel antimicrobial is active in vitro with limited scope to determine the mechanism of action for a drug. In this study, we show that by adding hydrogen peroxide, an oxidative stressor, or glutathione (GSH), an antioxidant, to modify a commonly performed MIC assay allowed us to screen selectively for new antifungal drugs that target ergosterol biosynthesis in fungi. A human pathogen and dermatophyte, Microsporum gypseum, was used as a test organism. When exposed to ergosterol targeting drugs, the hydrogen peroxide treatment significantly decreased fungal survival by reducing ergosterol in the cell wall, whereas GSH increased survival of M. gypseum. Further, by performing a series of experiments with M. gypseum and Trichophyton rubrum, it was determined that the oxidative stress from hydrogen peroxide causes cell death at different developmental stages based on fungal species. These findings allow us to describe a simple, high-throughput method for simultaneously screening new antifungal drugs for activity and effects on the ergosterol pathway. By using this tool, two isoquinoline alkaloids were discovered to be potent inhibitors of ergosterol biosynthesis in vitro by reducing the amount of ergosterol without affecting the expression of 1,3-β-glucan. Both compounds also significantly reduced the severity of acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, spongiosis and dermal edema in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Wah Wong-Deyrup
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Xun Song
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, PR China; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Tsz-Wai Ng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Xiu-Bin Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and National Chinese Medicinal Herbs Hunan Technology Center, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanicals Functional Ingredients, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, PR China
| | - Jian-Guo Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and National Chinese Medicinal Herbs Hunan Technology Center, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanicals Functional Ingredients, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, PR China
| | - Zhi-Xing Qing
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and National Chinese Medicinal Herbs Hunan Technology Center, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanicals Functional Ingredients, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, PR China
| | - Stephen T Deyrup
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Siena College, Loudonville, NY 12211, USA
| | - Zhen-Dan He
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China.
| | - Hong-Jie Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, PR China.
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22
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Petrucelli MF, de Abreu MH, Cantelli BAM, Segura GG, Nishimura FG, Bitencourt TA, Marins M, Fachin AL. Epidemiology and Diagnostic Perspectives of Dermatophytoses. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E310. [PMID: 33238603 PMCID: PMC7712040 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytoses affect about 25% of the world population, and the filamentous fungus Trichophyton rubrum is the main causative agent of this group of diseases. Dermatomycoses are caused by pathogenic fungi that generally trigger superficial infections and that feed on keratinized substrates such as skin, hair, and nails. However, there are an increasing number of reports describing dermatophytes that invade deep layers such as the dermis and hypodermis and that can cause deep infections in diabetic and immunocompromised patients, as well as in individuals with immunodeficiency. Despite the high incidence and importance of dermatophytes in clinical mycology, the diagnosis of this type of infection is not always accurate. The conventional methods most commonly used for mycological diagnosis are based on the identification of microbiological and biochemical features. However, in view of the limitations of these conventional methods, molecular diagnostic techniques are increasingly being used because of their higher sensitivity, specificity and rapidity and have become more accessible. The most widely used molecular techniques are conventional PCR, quantitative PCR, multiplex PCR, nested, PCR, PCR-RFLP, and PCR-ELISA. Another promising technique for the identification of microorganisms is the analysis of protein profiles by MALDI-TOF MS. Molecular techniques are promising but it is necessary to improve the quality and availability of the information in genomic and proteomic databases in order to streamline the use of bioinformatics in the identification of dermatophytes of clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monise Fazolin Petrucelli
- Biotechnology Unit, Unaerp, Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, Ribeirão Preto SP 14096-900, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (M.H.d.A.); (B.A.M.C.); (G.G.S.); (F.G.N.); (T.A.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Mariana Heinzen de Abreu
- Biotechnology Unit, Unaerp, Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, Ribeirão Preto SP 14096-900, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (M.H.d.A.); (B.A.M.C.); (G.G.S.); (F.G.N.); (T.A.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Bruna Aline Michelotto Cantelli
- Biotechnology Unit, Unaerp, Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, Ribeirão Preto SP 14096-900, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (M.H.d.A.); (B.A.M.C.); (G.G.S.); (F.G.N.); (T.A.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Gabriela Gonzalez Segura
- Biotechnology Unit, Unaerp, Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, Ribeirão Preto SP 14096-900, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (M.H.d.A.); (B.A.M.C.); (G.G.S.); (F.G.N.); (T.A.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Felipe Garcia Nishimura
- Biotechnology Unit, Unaerp, Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, Ribeirão Preto SP 14096-900, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (M.H.d.A.); (B.A.M.C.); (G.G.S.); (F.G.N.); (T.A.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Tamires Aparecida Bitencourt
- Biotechnology Unit, Unaerp, Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, Ribeirão Preto SP 14096-900, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (M.H.d.A.); (B.A.M.C.); (G.G.S.); (F.G.N.); (T.A.B.); (M.M.)
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto SP 14049-900, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Mozart Marins
- Biotechnology Unit, Unaerp, Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, Ribeirão Preto SP 14096-900, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (M.H.d.A.); (B.A.M.C.); (G.G.S.); (F.G.N.); (T.A.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Ana Lúcia Fachin
- Biotechnology Unit, Unaerp, Av. Costábile Romano, 2201, Ribeirão Preto SP 14096-900, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (M.H.d.A.); (B.A.M.C.); (G.G.S.); (F.G.N.); (T.A.B.); (M.M.)
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Antifungal activity of aminoalcohols and diamines against dermatophytes and yeast. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02636-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Costa B, Pippi B, Andrzejewski Kaminski TF, Andrade SF, Fuentefria AM. In vitro antidermatophytic synergism of double and triple combination of clioquinol with ciclopirox and terbinafine. Mycoses 2020; 63:993-1001. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Costa
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do AmbienteUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Bruna Pippi
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Brazil
| | | | - Saulo F. Andrade
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do AmbienteUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Alexandre M. Fuentefria
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do AmbienteUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
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25
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Osińska M, Kopiński Ł. Population differentiation, antifungal susceptibility, and host range of Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates causing recalcitrant infections in humans and animals. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:2099-2113. [PMID: 32607909 PMCID: PMC7561545 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The major problems in determining the causative factors of the high prevalence of dermatophytoses include the lack of a well-standardized antifungal susceptibility testing method, the low consistency of in vitro and clinical minimal inhibitory concentration values, the high genomic diversity of the population, and the unclear mechanism of pathogenicity. These factors are of particular importance when the disease is recalcitrant and relapses. Herein, we identified and characterized Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates obtained from therapy-resistant cases in humans and animals. We used genomic diversity analysis of 17 human and 27 animal clinical isolates with the MP-PCR technique, determined their phenotypic enzymatic activity and host range, and performed antifungal susceptibility testing to currently available antifungal drugs from various chemical groups. Genomic diversity values of 35.3% and 33.3% were obtained for clinical isolates from humans and animals, respectively, yet without any relationship to the host species or antifungal drug to which resistance in therapy was revealed. The highest activity of keratinase enzymes was recorded for fox, guinea pig, and human hairs. These hosts can be considered as the main species in the host range of these isolates. A phenyl morpholine derivative, i.e. amorolfine, exhibited superior activity against strains obtained from both humans and animals with the lowest MIC50. Interestingly, high compliance of terbinafine in vitro resistance with clinical problems in the treatment with this substance was shown as well. The high resistance of dermatophytes to drugs is the main cause of the recalcitrance of the infection, whereas the other features of the fungus are less important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcelina Osińska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kopiński
- Faculty of Agrobioengineering, Department of Management and Marketing, University of Life Sciences, Dobrzanskiego 37, 20-626, Lublin, Poland
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Paryuni AD, Indarjulianto S, Widyarini S. Dermatophytosis in companion animals: A review. Vet World 2020; 13:1174-1181. [PMID: 32801570 PMCID: PMC7396343 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1174-1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytosis, a zoonotic disease, is caused by fungi of three main genera, namely, Micropsorum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. Specific lesions of dermatophyte infections are localized in the face, legs, and/or tail. Skin lesions in infected animals demonstrate localized alopecia, erythema, and crust, which are more commonly known as ringworm. Factors that affect dermatophytosis include the dermatophyte species; virulence factors of the agent; and the immune status, age, and sex of the host. High levels of cortisol and pro-inflammatory cytokines have also been reported to play an important role in dermatophyte infection. This review aims to explore and understand factors that affect dermatophyte infection with an emphasis on the prevalence, clinical signs, pathogenesis, immune response, and the roles of cortisol and cytokines in companion animals infected by a dermatophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsi Dara Paryuni
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Soedarmanto Indarjulianto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Sitarina Widyarini
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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Morphological and Transcriptome Analyses Provide Insights into Growth Inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum Caused by Laser Irradiation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:6052461. [PMID: 32382297 PMCID: PMC7182975 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6052461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is one of the most common types of dermatophyte, causing superficial skin mycosis in human populations. Although laser treatment of onychomycosis has been proven to be effective in the clinic, the underlying mechanism of the effect of the laser on fungal growth is not clear. The objective of the present study was to observe the ultrastructural changes of Trichophyton rubrum following laser irradiation and compare the transcriptome differences between the laser irradiation group and control group. In the present study, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the ultrastructural changes following the laser irradiation of Trichophyton rubrum. We also performed RNA-seq to investigate the effects of laser irradiation on Trichophyton rubrum by comparing the transcriptome pattern with the control. Morphological observation with electron microscopy indicated that laser irradiation resulted in the destruction of the cell membrane system. A significant induction of apoptosis was noted compared with the control group, which was confirmed by the formation of the myeloid body and protein aggregates in the cytoplasm. RNA-seq demonstrated that the expression levels of Acyl-CoA N-acyltransferase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferase were increased in the laser irradiation group. This result indicated that laser irradiation triggered the initiation of the damage repair pathway. In conclusion, the present study suggested that laser irradiation caused physiological injury and therefore inhibited the growth of Trichophyton rubrum.
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Mady OY, Al-Madboly LA, Donia AA. Preparation, and Assessment of Antidermatophyte Activity of Miconazole-Urea Water-Soluble Film. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:385. [PMID: 32308646 PMCID: PMC7145891 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous mycoses, particularly tinea pedis caused by Trichophyton rubrum, are commonly known infections in humans. They are still considered as a major public health problem worldwide affecting the quality of life due to prolonged period of treatment and development of drug resistance, which leads to recurrence of infections. The objective of our study was to assess the effectiveness of miconazole in the presence and absence of urea, as a penetration enhancer, against T. rubrum and to formulate both of them in a water-soluble film to be applied topically for the purpose of treating tinea pedis caused by this fungus. Drug combination revealed synergism where miconazole minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) (0.5 and 1 mg/L) were considerably declined to 0.001 and 0.004 mg/L, respectively, when combined with 20% urea. This enhanced drug interaction activity against the test strain was explained by the alterations raised on the morphology and ultrastructures observed microscopically. Minimal fungicidal dose of miconazole/urea combination displayed plasmolysis and shrink cytoplasm; however, necrotic cells with punctured walls and degraded cytoplasmic content were observed at high fungicidal dose. Water-soluble films, prepared using increasing values of miconazole MFC and urea, were transparent, smooth, uniform, and flexible. Their physicochemical characters showed homogeneity in weight, thickness, drug content, and folding endurances with normal surface pH values, indicating the reproducibility of the preparation method. The novel simulation model for the film mechanism of action supported the idea and the suggested application method of the new dosage form. Evaluation of these films was carried in vitro using disk diffusion assay as well as in vivo using guinea pig dermatophytosis model. The in vitro assessment revealed an increase in the inhibition zone diameters in a concentration-dependent manner upon using 10 or 20% of urea combined with miconazole. In vivo test showed that combination of 0.004 mg/L miconazole with 20% urea (M + U20) showed the highest efficacy percentage (95.83%), which was statistically superior to the infected untreated control (p < 0.001) in fungal burden reduction as well as improvement in clinical scores (p < 0.001). This work supports the hypothesis and suggests a new promising dosage form for the treatment of T. rubrum infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Y Mady
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa A Al-Madboly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Donia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Menoufia University, Shebeen El-Kom, Egypt
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29
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Bioactivities of Anethole, Astragalin and Cryptochlorogenic Acid Extracted from Anise Oil and Moringa oleifera on the Keratinase Gene Expression of Trichophyton rubrum. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.1.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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30
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A. Major challenges and perspectives in the diagnostics and treatment of dermatophyte infections. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:212-232. [PMID: 32048417 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytes are the aetiological factors of a majority of superficial fungal infections. What distinguishes them from other pathogenic filamentous fungi is their unique ability to degrade keratin. The remarkable ability of this group of fungi to survive in different ecosystems results from their morphological and ecological diversity as well as high adaptability to changing environmental conditions. Paradoxically, despite the progress in medicine, the prevalence of dermatophyte infections is increasing from year to year. At the beginning of the third millennium, practical diagnostic and therapeutic options are still very limited. This review focuses on understanding the major problems in this aspect of dermatophyte infections and indicates future strategies and perspectives for novel approaches to identification and drugs for elimination of dermatophytes. Particular importance is placed on development of a strategy for a diagnostic pathway and implementation of rapid and reliable diagnostics methods designed by international teams. Furthermore, among compounds that currently arouse great interest, representatives of terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and essential oils deserve attention. Many of these compounds are undergoing clinical trials as potential antifungal agents, and future research should focus on attempts at determination of the applicability of tested substances. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages in implementation of new diagnostic paths and medicinal substances for routine use are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gnat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - D Łagowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - A Nowakiewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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31
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Ponte HAS, Lima MIDO, Lima EDO, Pereira FDO. Linalool modulates dermatophyte susceptibility to azole drugs. Med Mycol 2020; 58:272-274. [PMID: 31329906 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the monoterpene linalool and its resistance modulating activity involving ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors (ketoconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole) in strains of Microsporum spp. and Trichophyton spp. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of test-drugs were determined by microdilution. The modulating effect of linalool was evaluated by determining the MIC of the antifungals in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of linalool. We also investigated the association effect (checkerboard) of linalool together with ketoconazole and itraconazole. The fungi became more sensitive to ketoconazole and itraconazole in the presence of linalool. The linalool and azole drug associations presented synergism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Aparecida Silva Ponte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Academic Unit of Health, Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Maria Islaine de Oliveira Lima
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Academic Unit of Health, Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Edeltrudes de Oliveira Lima
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraıba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Fillipe de Oliveira Pereira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Academic Unit of Health, Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
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Flores Dalla Lana D, Neiva Lavorato S, Minussi Giuliani L, Cruz L, Lopes W, Henning Vainstein M, Camargo Fontana I, Rigon Zimmer A, Araújo Freitas M, Andrade SF, José Alves R, Meneghello Fuentefria A. Discovery of a novel and selective fungicide that targets fungal cell wall to treat dermatomycoses: 1,3‐bis(3,4‐dichlorophenoxy)propan‐2‐aminium chloride. Mycoses 2019; 63:197-211. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Flores Dalla Lana
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Stefânia Neiva Lavorato
- Centro das Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia Bahia Brazil
| | - Laura Minussi Giuliani
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Brazil
| | - Letícia Cruz
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Brazil
| | - William Lopes
- Centro de Biotecnologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | | | - Igor Camargo Fontana
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Aline Rigon Zimmer
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Murillo Araújo Freitas
- Centro das Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia Bahia Brazil
| | - Saulo Fernandes Andrade
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Ricardo José Alves
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos Faculdade de Farmácia Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Alexandre Meneghello Fuentefria
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
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Xiao Y, Hu Q, Jiao L, Cui X, Wu P, He P, Xia N, Lv R, Liang Y, Zhao S. Production of anti-Trichophyton rubrum egg yolk immunoglobulin and its therapeutic potential for treating dermatophytosis. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103741. [PMID: 31513894 PMCID: PMC7126877 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the therapeutic potential of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) on dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum. The IgY was produced by immunizing hens with cell wall proteins of T. rubrum, extracted from eggs by PEG precipitation and then purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The cross-reactivity (CR) with other fungi, growth inhibition on T. rubrum in vitro and therapeutic effect on T. rubrum infection in BALB/C mice of the specific IgY were then evaluated. Anti- T. rubrum cell wall proteins IgY (anti-trCWP IgY) presented a certain degree of cross-reactivity with different fungi. In the in vitro and in vivo activity researches, Anti-trCWP IgY showed a significant dose-dependent growth inhibitory effect on T. rubrum in vitro and a significant dose-dependent therapeutic effect on T. rubrum infection in BALB/C mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yire Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qingqing Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Luoying Jiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiping Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Panpan Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Pan He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Nana Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Rui Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuxin Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Suqing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
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Petrucelli MF, Matsuda JB, Peroni K, Sanches PR, Silva WA, Beleboni RO, Martinez-Rossi NM, Marins M, Fachin AL. The Transcriptional Profile of Trichophyton rubrum Co-Cultured with Human Keratinocytes Shows New Insights about Gene Modulation by Terbinafine. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040274. [PMID: 31795354 PMCID: PMC6963840 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum is the main causative agent of dermatophytoses worldwide. Although a superficial mycosis, its incidence has been increasing especially among diabetic and immunocompromised patients. Terbinafine is commonly used for the treatment of infections caused by dermatophytes. However, cases of resistance of T. rubrum to this allylamine were reported even with the efficacy of this drug. The present study is the first to evaluate the effect of terbinafine using a co-culture model of T. rubrum and human keratinocytes, mimicking a fungus-host interaction, in conjunction with RNA-seq technique. Our data showed the repression of several genes involved in the ergosterol biosynthesis cascade and the induction of genes encoding major facilitator superfamily (MFS)- and ATP-binding cassette superfamily (ABC)-type membrane transporter which may be involved in T. rubrum mechanisms of resistance to this drug. We observed that some genes reported in the scientific literature as candidates of new antifungal targets were also modulated. In addition, we found the modulation of several genes that are hypothetical in T. rubrum but that possess known orthologs in other dermatophytes. Taken together, the results indicate that terbinafine can act on various targets related to the physiology of T. rubrum other than its main target of ergosterol biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monise Fazolin Petrucelli
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Av. Costábile Romano 2201, Ribeirão Preto 14960-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (J.B.M.); (R.O.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Josie Budag Matsuda
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Av. Costábile Romano 2201, Ribeirão Preto 14960-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (J.B.M.); (R.O.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Kamila Peroni
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Ribeirão Preto 14051-140, SP, Brazil; (K.P.)
| | - Pablo Rodrigo Sanches
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (P.R.S.); (N.M.M.-R.)
| | - Wilson Araújo Silva
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, Center for Cell-Based Therapy, Ribeirão Preto 14051-140, SP, Brazil; (K.P.)
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (P.R.S.); (N.M.M.-R.)
- Center for Integrative System Biology-CISBi-NAP/USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
- Center for Medical Genomics, University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14015-010, SP, Brazil
| | - Rene Oliveira Beleboni
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Av. Costábile Romano 2201, Ribeirão Preto 14960-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (J.B.M.); (R.O.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Nilce Maria Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (P.R.S.); (N.M.M.-R.)
| | - Mozart Marins
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Av. Costábile Romano 2201, Ribeirão Preto 14960-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (J.B.M.); (R.O.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Ana Lúcia Fachin
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, Av. Costábile Romano 2201, Ribeirão Preto 14960-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.P.); (J.B.M.); (R.O.B.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: or ; Fax: +55-16-36037030
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Alternative Splicing in Heat Shock Protein Transcripts as a Mechanism of Cell Adaptation in Trichophyton rubrum. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101206. [PMID: 31590387 PMCID: PMC6830096 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are involved in critical processes like host tissue invasion, resistance, and pathogenicity in dermatophytes. RNA-Seq analysis of Trichophyton rubrum exposed to undecanoic acid (UDA) revealed intron retention events in HSP transcripts. Because HSPs are modulated in response to various stimuli and as alternative splicing (AS) can result in a broad diversity in the proteome of eukaryotic cells, our objective was to confirm the aforementioned retention events, investigating their consequences and extent. Furthermore, we aimed to determine: (1) the expression profile of HSP genes in an infection-like scenario and (2) the importance of Hsp90 for the keratinolytic potential of T. rubrum. RT and qPCR analyses comparing the exposure to UDA and terbinafine (TRB) confirmed the presence of two mRNA isoforms of the hsp7-like gene, with distinct expression patterns in response to UDA and TRB. The HSP expression profile revealed two upregulated, three downregulated, and four unmodulated transcripts; Hsp90 inhibition by 17-AAG resulted in a significant decrease in keratinolytic potential at 37 °C. Altogether, these results broaden the current knowledge on the importance of HSP-mediated pathways for cell adaptation and other aspects of dermatophyte biology, indicating that HSP network proteins can be potential targets for antifungal therapy.
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Huang H, Huang M, Lv W, Hu Y, Wang R, Zheng X, Ma Y, Chen C, Tang H. Inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum by 420-nm Intense Pulsed Light: In Vitro Activity and the Role of Nitric Oxide in Fungal Death. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1143. [PMID: 31632277 PMCID: PMC6785631 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is a common dermatophyte of the skin. The aim of this experiment was to explore the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the inhibition of T. rubrum growth induced by 420-nm intense pulsed light (IPL). This study found that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and NO levels were increased, whereas asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) level, keratinase activity, and fungal viability were decreased after IPL treatment compared with the control condition in vitro. Moreover, micromorphology was damaged by IPL treatment. Fungal viability was increased, and the damage to the fungal structure was reduced after pretreatment with an NOS inhibitor (L-NMMA) compared with IPL treatment alone. Compared with IPL alone, pretreatment with L-NMMA decreased NOS expression and NO level and increased keratinase activity. We found that 420-nm IPL treatment can inhibit the growth of T. rubrum by regulating NO in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Meiling Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Wenyi Lv
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Ruihua Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Xiufen Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Yuetang Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
| | - Hongfeng Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, China
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Sprenger AB, Purim KSM, Sprenger F, Queiroz-Telles F. A Week of Oral Terbinafine Pulse Regimen Every Three Months to Treat all Dermatophyte Onychomycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:E82. [PMID: 31487828 PMCID: PMC6787629 DOI: 10.3390/jof5030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Terbinafine has proved to treat numerous fungal infections, including onychomycosis, successfully. Due to its liver metabolization and dependency on the cytochrome P450 enzyme complex, undesirable drug interaction are highly probable. Additionally to drug interactions, the treatment is long, rising the chances of the appearance of side effects and abandonment. Pharmacokinetic data suggest that terbinafine maintains a fungicidal effect within the nail up to 30 weeks after its last administration, which has aroused the possibility of a pulse therapy to reduce the side effects while treating onychomycosis. This study's goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of three different oral terbinafine regimens in treating onychomycosis due to dermatophytes. Sixty-three patients with onychomycosis were sorted by convenience in three different groups. Patients from group 1 received the conventional terbinafine dose (250 mg per day for 3 months). Group 2 received a monthly week-long pulse-therapy dose (500 mg per day for 7 days a month, for 4 months) and group 3 received a 500 mg/day dose for 7 days every 3 months, totaling four treatments. There were no statistical differences regarding the effectiveness or side effects between the groups. Conclusion: A quarterly terbinafine pulse regimen can be a possible alternative for treating onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anarosa B Sprenger
- Santa Casa de Curitiba Hospital, Clinic of Diseases and Surgery of the Nail Apparatus, Department of Dermatology, Praça Rui Barbosa, 694, 80.010-030 Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Katia Sheylla Malta Purim
- Hospital de Clínicas de Curitiba-Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Clinic of Dermatology, Rua General Carneiro, 181, 80.060-900 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Flávia Sprenger
- Univerdidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Rua General Carneiro, 181, 80.060-900 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Flávio Queiroz-Telles
- Hospital de Clínicas de Curitiba-Paraná Federal University (UFPR), Department of Public Health, Rua General Carneiro, 181, 80.060-900 Curitiba, Brazil
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Naranjo‐Ortiz MA, Gabaldón T. Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1443-1476. [PMID: 31021528 PMCID: PMC6850671 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from rare, part of the evolutionary success of the group resides in their ability to grow indefinitely as a cylindrical multinucleated cell (hypha). Armed with these morphological traits and with an extremely high metabolical diversity, fungi have conquered numerous ecological niches and have shaped a whole world of interactions with other living organisms. Herein we survey the main evolutionary and ecological processes that have guided fungal diversity. We will first review the ecology and evolution of the zoosporic lineages and the process of terrestrialization, as one of the major evolutionary transitions in this kingdom. Several plausible scenarios have been proposed for fungal terrestralization and we here propose a new scenario, which considers icy environments as a transitory niche between water and emerged land. We then focus on exploring the main ecological relationships of Fungi with other organisms (other fungi, protozoans, animals and plants), as well as the origin of adaptations to certain specialized ecological niches within the group (lichens, black fungi and yeasts). Throughout this review we use an evolutionary and comparative-genomics perspective to understand fungal ecological diversity. Finally, we highlight the importance of genome-enabled inferences to envision plausible narratives and scenarios for important transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Naranjo‐Ortiz
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)08003BarcelonaSpain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
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Maciel AJ, Lacerda CP, Danielli LJ, Bordignon SAL, Fuentefria AM, Apel MA. Antichemotactic and Antifungal Action of the Essential Oils from Cryptocarya aschersoniana, Schinus terebinthifolia, and Cinnamomum amoenum. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900204. [PMID: 31298500 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to determine the chemical composition and evaluate the antichemotactic, antioxidant, and antifungal activities of the essential oil obtained from the species Cryptocarya aschersoniana Mez, Cinnamomum amoenum (Ness & Mart.) Kosterm., and Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi, as well as the combination of C. aschersoniana essential oil and terbinafine against isolates of dermatophytes. Allo-aromadendrene, bicyclogermacrene, and germacrene B were identified as major compounds in essential oils. The essential oil of C. aschersoniana shown 100 % inhibitory effect on leukocyte migration at the concentration of 10 μg/mL while S. terebinthifolia oil presented 80.1 % inhibitory effect at the same concentration. Only S. terebinthifolia oil possessed free-radical-scavenging activity which indicates its antioxidant capacity. The essential oils were also tested against fungal isolates of dermatophyte species (Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis and Microsporum gypseum), resulting in MIC ranging from 125 μg/mL to over 500 μg/mL. C. aschersoniana oil combined with terbinafine resulted in an additive interaction effect. In this case, the essential oil may act as a complement to conventional therapy for the topical treatment of superficial fungal infections, mainly because it is associated with an anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana J Maciel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caroline P Lacerda
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Letícia J Danielli
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sérgio A L Bordignon
- Environmental Impact Assessment Graduate Program, La Salle University, Victor Barreto, 2288, 92010-000, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M Fuentefria
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Miriam A Apel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Walser M, Bosshard P. Development and evaluation of a pan‐dermatophyte polymerase chain reaction with species‐level identification using sloppy molecular beacon probes. Br J Dermatol 2019; 180:1489-1497. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Walser
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences University of Zurich Winterthurerstr. 190 CH‐8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - P.P. Bosshard
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Gloriastrasse 31 CH‐8091 Zurich Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine University of Zurich Gloriastrasse 31 CH‐8091 Zurich Switzerland
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Mycoses in northeastern Brazil: epidemiology and prevalence of fungal species in 8 years of retrospective analysis in Alagoas. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:969-978. [PMID: 31140098 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Superficial and cutaneous mycoses are common in tropical countries, caused by dermatophytes, yeast, and non-dermatophyte molds in different clinical specimens. In order to define the epidemiology of mycoses and the profile of their etiological agents in Alagoas (northeastern Brazil) between 2009 and 2016, we obtained data of patients from the main laboratories of Alagoas, by examining clinical samples with direct microscopy and culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar and Chromagar®Candida. A total of 3316 patients were confirmed with mycoses (595 men/2716 women) and 40.25 of average age. Positive samples totaled 3776, mainly vaginal secretion (1593/42.2%), toenails (876/23.2%), and fingernails (589/15.6%). Yeasts were the most isolated (3129/82.9%), including 3012 Candida spp. (79.8%), 57 Malassezia spp. (1.5%), 42 Trichosporon sp. (1.1%), 10 Geotrichum spp. (0.3%), and 8 Rhodotorula spp. (0.2%). Candida albicans was the most frequent species (715/18.9%), followed by C. krusei (194/5.1%), C. tropicalis (24/0.6%), and 2079 unspecified species (55.1%). Among 17.1% filamentous fungi, 14.8% dermatophytes were distributed as 211 Trichophyton sp. (5.6%), 125 T. rubrum (3.3%), 106 T. tonsurans (2.8%), 72 T. mentagrophytes (1.9%), 2 Microsporum sp. (0.1%), 15 M. canis (0.4%), and 26 Epidermophyton sp. (0.7%). Other fungi represented the minority: Fusarium sp. and Aspergillus sp. These are the first clinical data on the Alagoas population affected by fungi pathogens, confirming a higher incidence of candidiasis (mainly vulvovaginal and onychomycosis) and dermatophytes, providing a better understanding of different mycoses in northeastern Brazil.
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Gnat S, Nowakiewicz A, Łagowski D, Zięba P. Host- and pathogen-dependent susceptibility and predisposition to dermatophytosis. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:823-836. [PMID: 31050630 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are a highly specialized group of keratinophilic and keratinolytic filamentous fungi causing a ringworm disease called dermatophytosis or superficial mycoses. Although dermatophyte infections do not threaten the host's life, they lower its quality in humans by causing discomfort related to cosmetic problems and through their epidemiological significance, whereas in farm animals they are responsible for economic losses and constitute a source of the spread of spores. Evidence from countless observational studies that have been conducted over the last 90 years indicates that dermatophytes infect humans of every age, race, gender and socioeconomic status with strikingly high rates, as well as both farmed and wild animals in various health conditions and with various epidemiological statuses. However, the prevalence of superficial fungal infections is highly variable, since it depends on several parameters associated with the infected individual and the dermatophyte, their mutual interactions, and epidemiological and geographical factors. The curious disparity in dermatophyte infection patterns has prompted many investigators to search for a link between the host, the host's predispositions and susceptibility to the disease, and the dermatophyte species and virulence. Thus, the question arises as to whether, in addition to the generally recognized factors predisposing hosts to diseases, there are some other predispositions to dermatophyte infections in a species-specific host. In this review, we describe recent findings about the mechanism of dermatophyte infections, focusing on the adaptation of the fungi to the host and conditions predisposing each side to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- 1 University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- 1 University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- 1 University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Przemysław Zięba
- 2 State Veterinary Laboratory, Droga Męczenników Majdanka 50, 20-325 Lublin, Poland
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Bangia R, Sharma G, Dogra S, Katare OP. Nanotechnological interventions in dermatophytosis: from oral to topical, a fresh perspective. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:377-396. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1593962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Riya Bangia
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gajanand Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology Venereology and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Om Prakash Katare
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Danielli LJ, de Souza TJT, Maciel AJ, Ferrão MF, Fuentefria AM, Apel MA. Influence of Monoterpenes in Biological Activities of Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez Essential Oils. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9030112. [PMID: 30901829 PMCID: PMC6468616 DOI: 10.3390/biom9030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the influence of seasonal variations on biological activities is important for pharmacological studies and metabolic engineering. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the variation of the chemical composition of essential oils obtained from Nectandra megapotamica leaves, collected at different stages of plant development, as well as its influence on the biological activities. A total of 38 compounds were identified that accounted for 97–99.2% of the chemical composition of the oils. Major differences were observed in the monoterpenic fraction, representing 5.1% of the compounds identified in the productive rest phase to 37.1% in the blooming phase. Bicyclogermacrene and germacrene D were the predominant compounds identified in the oil of all collections. Furthermore, limonene, β-pinene, and spathulenol were identified predominantly in the samples of blooming and fruiting phases. The oils exhibited significant antichemotactic activity and different effects in scavenging the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Variations were also observed in the antifungal activity, with the minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 125 to 500 μg/mL. These results demonstrate the influence of monoterpenes, primarily limonene, α-pinene, and β-pinene, on the bioactivities of the oil. Studies investigating the variations in the chemical composition of essential oil may offer a strategy to produce a compound or a group of compounds of interest to industries with a specific pharmacological focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia J Danielli
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610 000 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Tiago J T de Souza
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610 000 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Ana J Maciel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610 000 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Marco F Ferrão
- Departament of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501 970 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre M Fuentefria
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610 000 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Miriam A Apel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, 90610 000 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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do Prado AC, Garces HG, Bagagli E, Rall VLM, Furlanetto A, Fernandes Junior A, Furtado FB. Schinus molle essential oil as a potential source of bioactive compounds: antifungal and antibacterial properties. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 126:516-522. [PMID: 30431699 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The study was focused on the evaluation of antimicrobial activity in vitro of the essential oil (EO) of leaves from Schinus molle against bacteria and fungi of clinical importance in the search for the discovery of new active compounds. METHODS AND RESULTS The chemical composition of the S. molle EO was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and its antimicrobial effect was verified by broth microdilution method. The major compounds found were β-pinene (25·23%), epi-α-cadinol (21·29%), α-pinene (18·72%), myrcene (11·54%) and sabinene (5·02%). The EO showed significant antifungal activity against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (39·06 μg ml-1 ), weak action against Cryptococcus neoformans (625 μg ml-1 ) and Trichophyton quinckeanum (625 μg ml-1 ) and was inactive against Candida sp. In the analysis of the antibacterial action, the micro-organisms tested did not show sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS This study showed a promising result of S. molle volatiles against the fungus P. brasiliensis, which causes paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a systemic mycosis of great clinical importance in Latin America. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results found here are novel and encourage investigations of the compounds present in this EO, which represents a source of molecules with potential use in the treatment of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C do Prado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology - Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H G Garces
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology - Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E Bagagli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology - Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V L M Rall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology - Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Furlanetto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology - Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Fernandes Junior
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology - Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F B Furtado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology - Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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46
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Liu X, Liu J, Jiang T, Zhang L, Huang Y, Wan J, Song G, Lin H, Shen Z, Tang C. Analysis of chemical composition and in vitro antidermatophyte activity of ethanol extracts of Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 226:36-43. [PMID: 30063973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott is a deciduous perennial herb, which has been used traditionally for treatment of ringworm infections and others skin diseases in the north of China. AIM OF THE STUDY To characterize the chemical composition, evaluate the antifungal activity and explore possible mechanisms about action of ethanol extracts of D. fragrans. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical components in the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization and quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS). The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC) of the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans were determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M38-A2 method against 62 isolates of dermatophytes. The kinetics of fungal kill, synergy testing by checkerboard dilution and quantitation of sterol by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) on Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes were also investigated. RESULTS Fourteen derivatives of phloroglucinol were identified in the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans. The MIC of the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans ranged from 0.059 to 3.780 mg/mL while MFC ranged from 0.118 to 3.780 mg/mL. The ethanol extracts of D. fragrans exerted fungicidal activity after 12 h of incubation against Trichophyton rubrum while it required 36 h of incubation against Trichophyton mentagrophytes at concentrations of 8 × MIC. In synergy testing, the interaction between miconazole (MCZ) and terbinafine (TBF) with the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans proved to be indifferent by testing fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) values. Sterol in samples of fungal cells treated with the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans was significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS The ethanol extracts of D. fragrans had antifungal and fungicidal activity against dermatophytes and was likely a strain-dependent fungicidal agent. Interaction between drugs was indifferent on tested isolates. The inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis was one of the antifungal mechanisms of the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans. These results showed that the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans could be explored for promising antifungal drugs. Dozens of phloroglucinol derivatives may contribute to high antifungal activity of the ethanol extracts of D. fragrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayuan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yixi Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiangfan Wan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoqiang Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoqi Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhibin Shen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chunping Tang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
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47
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Dalla Lana DF, Giuliani LM, Reolon JB, Lopes W, Vainstein MH, Danielli LJ, Bergamo VZ, Pippi B, Apel MA, Teixeira ML, de Oliveira LFS, Machado MM, de Andrade SF, Sá MM, Ferreira M, Munaretto LS, Cruz L, Silveira GP, Elayne E, Fuentefria AM. Nanoemulsion Improves the Antifungal Activity of Allylic Thiocyanates against Yeasts and Filamentous Pathogenic Fungi. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiane F. Dalla Lana
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology; Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS; Brazil
| | - Laura M. Giuliani
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS; Brazil
| | - Jéssica B. Reolon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS; Brazil
| | - William Lopes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS; Brazil
| | - Marilene H. Vainstein
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS; Brazil
| | - Letícia J. Danielli
- Department of Raw Materials Production; Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS; Brazil
| | - Vanessa Z. Bergamo
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology; Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS; Brazil
| | - Bruna Pippi
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology; Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS; Brazil
| | - Miriam A. Apel
- Department of Raw Materials Production; Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS; Brazil
| | - Mário L. Teixeira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology; Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina, Concordia, SC; Brazil
| | - Luis F. S. de Oliveira
- Center for Studies in Biochemistry; Immunology and Toxicology; Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS; Brazil
| | - Michel M. Machado
- Center for Studies in Biochemistry; Immunology and Toxicology; Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS; Brazil
| | - Saulo F. de Andrade
- Department of Raw Materials Production; Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS; Brazil
| | - Marcus M. Sá
- Department of Chemistry; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC; Brazil
| | - Misael Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC; Brazil
| | - Laiéli S. Munaretto
- Department of Chemistry; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC; Brazil
| | - Letícia Cruz
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS; Brazil
| | - Gustavo P. Silveira
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS; Brazil
| | - Edilma Elayne
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Institute of Chemistry; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS; Brazil
| | - Alexandre M. Fuentefria
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology; Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS; Brazil
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48
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Tolnaftate–graphene composite-loaded nanoengineered electrospun scaffolds as efficient therapeutic dressing material for regimen of dermatomycosis. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-018-0850-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Graphene “The novel carbon nano-trope” tailors auspicious platform for designing antimicrobial regimen by virtue of its conspicuous molecular interaction with the microorganism. In this work, Tolnaftate (Tf), an antifungal drug, was mingled with Graphene nanoplatelets (Gn) to develop composite (Tf–Gn) via the wet chemical route, embedded in a biocompatible polymeric blend of Eudragit RL100/Eudragit RS100 (EuRL100/EuRS100) and subjected to electrospinning to obtain nonwoven nanoengineered scaffolds (nanofibers) for enhanced anti-dermatophytic virtue. Pursuing cluster of optimization experiments, 20% w/v EuRL100/EuRS 100 was found to be adequate for formation of smooth, defect-free, and regular fibers. Field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) acknowledged zestfully fabrication of smooth, shiny, nano-range, and mesh-like architecture, comprising distinct pockets within their structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) conceded formation of the composite Tf–Gn, its physical compatibility with polymers, and improved thermal behavior. Exceptional swelling capacity, significant hydrophilicity, and immense drug entrapment efficiency were obtained of nanofibers fabricated from 3:1 ratio of EuRL100/EuRS100 polymers blend owing to relatively higher permeability which gratified essential benchmark for fabrication of nanofibrous scaffold to alleviate fungal infections caused by dermatophytes. In vitro drug release interpreted controlled liberation of Tf in dissolution media, following Korsmeyer–Peppas model kinetics, and suggested a diffusion-based mechanism. Microdilution broth method was performed for in vitro antifungal efficacy against extremely devastating dermatophytes, i.e., anthropophilic Trichophyton rubrum and zoophilic Microsporum canis, exhibited preeminent growth inhibition against T.rubrum and scanty for M.canis. Findings revealed the superior antifungal activity of Tf–Gn-loaded nanofibers as compared to Tf-loaded nanofibers and recommended potential dressing materials for an effective regimen of dermatomycosis.
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49
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Petrucelli MF, Peronni K, Sanches PR, Komoto TT, Matsuda JB, Silva Junior WAD, Beleboni RO, Martinez-Rossi NM, Marins M, Fachin AL. Dual RNA-Seq Analysis of Trichophyton rubrum and HaCat Keratinocyte Co-Culture Highlights Important Genes for Fungal-Host Interaction. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9070362. [PMID: 30029541 PMCID: PMC6070946 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum is the major fungal pathogen of skin, hair, and nails that uses keratinized substrates as the primary nutrients during infection. Few strategies are available that permit a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction of T. rubrum with the host because of the limitations of models mimicking this interaction. Dual RNA-seq is a powerful tool to unravel this complex interaction since it enables simultaneous evaluation of the transcriptome of two organisms. Using this technology in an in vitro model of co-culture, this study evaluated the transcriptional profile of genes involved in fungus-host interactions in 24 h. Our data demonstrated the induction of glyoxylate cycle genes, ERG6 and TERG_00916, which encodes a carboxylic acid transporter that may improve the assimilation of nutrients and fungal survival in the host. Furthermore, genes encoding keratinolytic proteases were also induced. In human keratinocytes (HaCat) cells, the SLC11A1, RNASE7, and CSF2 genes were induced and the products of these genes are known to have antimicrobial activity. In addition, the FLG and KRT1 genes involved in the epithelial barrier integrity were inhibited. This analysis showed the modulation of important genes involved in T. rubrum–host interaction, which could represent potential antifungal targets for the treatment of dermatophytoses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamila Peronni
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics, Regional Hemotherapy Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto 2501, Brazil.
| | - Pablo Rodrigo Sanches
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Josie Budag Matsuda
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, São Paulo 2201, Brazil.
| | - Wilson Araújo da Silva Junior
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Bioinformatics, Regional Hemotherapy Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto 2501, Brazil.
| | | | - Nilce Maria Martinez-Rossi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - Mozart Marins
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, São Paulo 2201, Brazil.
| | - Ana Lúcia Fachin
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto-UNAERP, São Paulo 2201, Brazil.
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50
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Danielli LJ, Pippi B, Duarte JA, Maciel AJ, Lopes W, Machado MM, Oliveira LFS, Vainstein MH, Teixeira ML, Bordignon SAL, Fuentefria AM, Apel MA. Antifungal mechanism of action of Schinus lentiscifolius Marchand essential oil and its synergistic effect in vitro with terbinafine and ciclopirox against dermatophytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 70:1216-1227. [PMID: 29956331 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal, antichemotactic and antioxidant activities of Schinus lentiscifolius essential oil, as well as its combined effect with terbinafine and ciclopirox, against dermatophytes. METHODS Essential oil was analysed by GC-MS. The antifungal activity and the mechanism of action were determined by broth microdilution, sorbitol and ergosterol assays, as well as scanning electron microscopy. The checkerboard method was used for evaluating the interactions with commercial antifungal agents. The antioxidant and antichemotactic activities were measured using the DPPH and the modified Boyden chamber methods, respectively. KEY FINDINGS Chemical analysis revealed the presence of 33 compounds, the primary ones being γ-eudesmol (12.8%) and elemol (10.5%). The oil exhibited 97.4% of antichemotactic activity and 37.9% of antioxidant activity. Antifungal screening showed effect against dermatophytes with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 125 and 250 μg/ml. Regarding the mechanisms of action, the assays showed that the oil can act on the fungal cell wall and membrane. Synergistic interactions were observed using the combination with antifungals, primarily terbinafine. CONCLUSIONS Schinus lentiscifolius essential oil acted as a chemosensitizer of the fungal cell to the drug, resulting in an improvement in the antifungal effect. Therefore, this combination can be considered as an alternative for the topical treatment of dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia J Danielli
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Pippi
- Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jonathaline A Duarte
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Ana J Maciel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - William Lopes
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Michel M Machado
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Luis Flávio S Oliveira
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Marilene H Vainstein
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mário L Teixeira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Institute Federal of Santa Catarina, Concórdia, Brazil
| | - Sérgio A L Bordignon
- Environmental Impact Assessment Graduate Program, La Salle University Center, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M Fuentefria
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Miriam A Apel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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