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Nuñez LFN, Chacón RD, Charlys da Costa A, Santander-Parra SH, da Costa Pereira Innocentini R, Sánchez-Llatas CJ, Cea-Callejo P, Valdeiglesias Ichillumpa S, Astolfi Ferreira CS, de Sá LRM, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Detection and molecular characterization of chicken parvovirus and chicken megrivirus in layer breeders affected by intestinal dilatation syndrome. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:520-532. [PMID: 38916258 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2372486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS IDS presented pathognomonic dilatation of the jejunum up to Meckel's diverticulum.IDS caused weight loss, decreased egg production, and increased culling and mortality.Chicken parvovirus (ChPV) was consistently detected through PCR assays.Chicken megrivirus (ChMV) was consistently detected through viral metagenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fabian N Nuñez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ruy D Chacón
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Silvana H Santander-Parra
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Christian J Sánchez-Llatas
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Cea-Callejo
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefhany Valdeiglesias Ichillumpa
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ganadería y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), Amazonas, Peru
| | - Claudete S Astolfi Ferreira
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian Rose Marques de Sá
- Laboratory of Diagnostic and Environmental Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Piantino Ferreira
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ng DYM, Sun W, Sit THC, Brackman CJ, Tse ACN, Bui CHT, Tang AWY, Wong ANC, Tsang ATL, Koo JCT, Cheng SMS, Peiris M, Chin AWH, Poon LLM. Genetic diversity of astroviruses detected in wild aquatic birds in Hong Kong. Virol J 2024; 21:153. [PMID: 38972989 PMCID: PMC11229208 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02423-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Wild waterfowl serve as a reservoir of some astroviruses. Fecal samples from wild waterfowl collected at Hong Kong's Marshes were tested using pan-astrovirus reverse transcription-PCR. Positive samples underwent subsequent host identification using DNA barcoding. Based on deduced partial sequences, noteworthy samples from three astrovirus groups (mammalian, avian and unclassified astroviruses) were further analyzed by next-generation sequencing. One sample of Avastrovirus 4 clade, MP22-196, had a nearly complete genome identified. The results of ORF2 phylogenetic analysis and genetic distance analysis indicate that Avastrovirus 4 is classified as a distinct subclade within Avastrovirus. MP22-196 has typical astrovirus genome characteristics. The unique characteristics and potential differences of this genome, compared to other avian astrovirus sequences, involve the identification of a modified sgRNA sequence situated near the ORF2 start codon, which precedes the ORF1b stop codon. Additionally, the 3' UTR of MP22-196 is shorter than other avian astroviruses. This study expands our understanding of the Avastrovirus 4 clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Y M Ng
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wanying Sun
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomas H C Sit
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher J Brackman
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anne C N Tse
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christine H T Bui
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amy W Y Tang
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew N C Wong
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew T L Tsang
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joe C T Koo
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Samuel M S Cheng
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alex W H Chin
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leo L M Poon
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China.
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Nuñez LFN, Santander-Parra SH, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Loor-Giler A, Ferreira AJP. Molecular Characterization of the Chicken Parvovirus Based on VP1 Gene Circulating in Brazilian Chicken Flocks. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1065. [PMID: 38930446 PMCID: PMC11205413 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Parvovirus infection affects several animal species, especially young animals. In birds, parvovirus infection has been described in Muscovy ducks, turkeys, and chickens, all of which had enteric diseases characterized by diarrhea. Chicken parvovirus (ChPV) has been detected in poultry around the world in animals affected by enteric problems, showing dwarfism, cloacal pasting, and diarrhea. In Brazil, ChPV was detected in chickens affected by diarrhea fifteen years ago. However, the genetic characteristics of ChPV circulating in chicken flocks were not determined. Therefore, the aim of the present investigation was to determine the genetic characteristics of the VP1 gene from ChPV detected in chickens affected by enteric diseases in Brazil. For this purpose, a molecular approach was used. Specific primers were designed to flank the complete VP1 gene of ChPV and amplify it using PCR. The amplified products from samples of chickens with enteric diseases were sequenced, and 22 complete CDs of the VP1 gene were obtained. These samples, compared to the ABU-P1 sequence, showed 17 sequences with high nucleotide (NT) similarity of 92.7-97.4% and amino acid (AA) similarity of 94.8-99.5% associated with Runting and Stunting syndrome (RSS); there were also five samples associated with hens with diarrhea with unusual jejunal dilatation (JD) that had less similarity than the RSS sequences (NT of 86.5% and AA of 93-93.1%). The phylogenetic analysis determined four groups. Group I had sequences from Korea. The second group included sequences from Korea, China, and Brazil (not included in this work). The third group had studied RSS sequences grouped with the ABU-P1 strain and sequences from China and the United States. Finally, the sequences from JD were clustered in a separate group with a bootstrap of 100%, a group that was denoted as group IV, and included sequences from China. RDP4 and SimPlot analysis showed one point of recombination with the sequences of group III ChPV in the JD sequences. Herein, we show that circulating strains of ChPV exhibit genetic differences in the VP1 gene in Brazilian chicken flocks. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to determine the probability of a new genetic group of ChPV based on the analysis of the complete genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. N. Nuñez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas, Antigua Vía a Nayon S/N, Quito 170124, Ecuador;
- One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Americas, Quito 170124, Ecuador
| | - Silvana H. Santander-Parra
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas, Antigua Vía a Nayon S/N, Quito 170124, Ecuador;
- Avian Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (C.S.A.-F.); (A.J.P.F.)
| | - Claudete S. Astolfi-Ferreira
- Avian Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (C.S.A.-F.); (A.J.P.F.)
| | - Anthony Loor-Giler
- Laboratorios de Investigación, Dirección General de Investigación, Universidad de las Américas (UDLA), Antigua Vía a Nayón S/N, Quito 170124, Ecuador;
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Antigua Vía a Nayón S/N, Quito 170124, Ecuador
| | - Antonio J. P. Ferreira
- Avian Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (C.S.A.-F.); (A.J.P.F.)
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Detection and Molecular Characterization of Enteric Viruses in Poultry Flocks in Hebei Province, China. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202873. [PMID: 36290263 PMCID: PMC9598388 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Enteric viruses act as etiological agents for a series of health disturbances that pose a threat to commercial chickens worldwide. The affected chickens exhibit stunted growth, low feed conversion, etc. On a global scale, research on enteric virus diversity has been performed in countries such as India, South Korea and Brazil, yet at present, there have been no conclusive reports of avian enteric viruses in China. In the present study, the virus species, infection types, clinical symptoms, and relationships among the virus species were studied in 145 positive enteric virus samples. Additionally, the evolutionary relationship and recombination of the viruses were also further studied. The results of this study can be used to define the distribution and infection type of enteric viruses in poultry, and to analyze the classification of and evolutionary relationship between certain viruses. Abstract Enteric viruses, as a potential pathogen, have been found to be vital causes of economic losses in poultry industry worldwide. The enteric viruses widely studied to date mainly include avian nephritis virus (ANV), avian reovirus (ARe), chicken astrovirus (CAstV), chicken parvovirus (ChPV), fowl adenovirus group I (FAdV-1), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and avian rotavirus (ARoV). This paper aimed to identify single and multiple infections of the seven enteric viruses using the data obtained from positive 145 enteric virus samples in poultry flocks from different areas in Hebei Province, throughout the period from 2019 to 2021. Next, the correlation between bird age and clinical signs was investigated using PCR and RT-PCR techniques. Furthermore, the whole genomes of seven parvovirus strains and open reading frame 2 (ORF2) of six CAstV strains and eight ANV strains were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis and recombination analysis, to characterize the viruses and evaluate species correlation and geographic patterns. A total of 11 profiles of virus combinations were detected; 191 viruses were detected in 145 samples; 106 single infections were reported in 73.1% of the samples; and multiple infections were detected in the remaining 26.9%. For viruses, 69% of ChPV was correlated with single infection, while ANV (61.4%) and CAstV (56.1%) were correlated with multiple infections. However, IBV and ARe were not detected in any of the samples. Recombination events were reported in parvovirus, and all CAstV sequences investigated in this paper were included within genotype Bii. The eight ANV strains pertained to different subtypes with significant differences. The above results revealed for the first time the complexity of enteric viruses over the past several years, thus contributing to disease prevention and control in the future.
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Kumar R, Sharafeldin TA, Goyal SM, Mor SK, Porter RE. Infection and transmission dynamics of Turkey arthritis reovirus in different age Turkeys. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105790. [PMID: 36170950 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Turkey arthritis reovirus (TARV) has been established as a cause of lameness in meat type turkeys in the past decade. However, no information is available on the age susceptibility of TARV or its transmission dynamics. We conducted this study to determine the age at which turkey poults are susceptible to TARV infection and whether infected birds can horizontally transmit the virus to their non-infected pen mates (sentinels). Five groups of turkeys were orally inoculated with TARV (∼106 TCID50/ml) at 2, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age (DOA). Two days after each challenge, four uninfected sentinel turkeys of equal age were added to the virus-inoculated groups. At one- and two-weeks post infection, turkeys from each group, including two sentinels, were euthanized followed by necropsy. Inoculated birds in all age groups had TARV replication in the intestine and gastrocnemius tendon with no statistically significant variation at p < 0.5. Furthermore, the inoculated birds at different age groups showed consistently high gastrocnemius tendon histologic lesion scores while birds in the 28-days-old age group had numerically lower lesion scores at 14 days post inoculation (dpi). The sentinels, in turn, also showed virus replication in their intestines and tendons and histologic lesions in gastrocnemius tendons. The findings indicate that turkeys at the age of 28 days or less are susceptible to infection with TARV following oral challenge. It was also found that TARV-infected birds could transmit the infection to naïve sentinel turkeys of the same age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Veterinary Science University and Cattle Research Institute, Mathura, U.P, 281001, India
| | - Tamer A Sharafeldin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511, Egypt
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Robert E Porter
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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Shehata AA, Basiouni S, Sting R, Akimkin V, Hoferer M, Hafez HM. Poult Enteritis and Mortality Syndrome in Turkey Poults: Causes, Diagnosis and Preventive Measures. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072063. [PMID: 34359191 PMCID: PMC8300142 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) causes severe economic losses in turkeys. Several agents were described to be associated with the PEMS; however, a specific etiological agent(s) has not been identified. The diagnosis of PEMS is still a huge challenge for several reasons: (1) no specific clinical signs or pathognomonic lesions, (2) isolation of some enteric viruses still difficult, (3) the pathogenicity of several enteric viruses in turkeys is not fully understood, (4) PEMS is an interaction between several known and might be unknown agents and (5) opportunistic microorganisms also have a role in the pathogenesis of PEMS. Both electron microscopy and molecular techniques can be used for diagnosis of PEMS and might help to discover unknown causes. Until now, no specific vaccines against enteric viruses associated with PEMS. However, biosecurity, maintaining a healthy gut and strengthening the immune system of turkey poults using probiotics, prebiotics and/or phytogenic substances are crucial factors to prevent and/or reduce losses of PEMS in turkeys. This review is a call for scientists to perform further research to investigate the real cause(s) of PEMS and to develop a preventive strategy against it. Abstract Poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) is one of the most significant problem affecting turkeys and continues to cause severe economic losses worldwide. Although the specific causes of PEMS remains unknown, this syndrome might involve an interaction between several causative agents such as enteropathogenic viruses (coronaviruses, rotavirus, astroviruses and adenoviruses) and bacteria and protozoa. Non-infectious causes such as feed and management are also interconnected factors. However, it is difficult to determine the specific cause of enteric disorders under field conditions. Additionally, similarities of clinical signs and lesions hamper the accurate diagnosis. The purpose of the present review is to discuss in detail the main viral possible causative agents of PEMS and challenges in diagnosis and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awad A. Shehata
- Birds and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
- Research and Development Section, PerNaturam GmbH, 56290 Gödenroth, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.A.S.); (H.M.H.)
| | - Shereen Basiouni
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt;
| | - Reinhard Sting
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, 70736 Fellbach, Germany; (R.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Valerij Akimkin
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, 70736 Fellbach, Germany; (R.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Marc Hoferer
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Hafez M. Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.A.S.); (H.M.H.)
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Kang KI, Day JM, Eldemery F, Yu Q. Pathogenic evaluation of a turkey coronavirus isolate (TCoV NC1743) in turkey poults for establishing a TCoV disease model. Vet Microbiol 2021; 259:109155. [PMID: 34197977 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Turkey coronavirus (TCoV) can cause a highly contagious enteric disease in turkeys with severe economic losses in the global turkey industry. To date, no commercial vaccines are available for control of the disease. In the present study, we isolated a field strain (NC1743) of TCoV and evaluated its pathogenicity in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) turkey poults to establish a TCoV disease model. The results showed that the TCoV NC1743 isolate was pathogenic to turkey poults with a minimal infectious dose at 106 EID50/bird. About 50 % of one-day-old SPF turkeys infected with the virus's minimal infectious dose exhibited typical enteric disease signs and lesions from 6 days post-infection (dpi) to the end of the experiment (21 dpi). In contrast, fewer than 20 % of older turkeys (1- or 2-week-old) infected with the same amount of TCoV displayed enteric disease signs, which disappeared after 15-18 dpi. Although all infected turkeys, regardless of age, shed TCoV, the older turkeys shed less virus than the younger birds, and 50 % of the 2-week-old birds even cleared the virus at 21 dpi. Furthermore, the viral infection caused day-old turkeys more body-weight-gain reduction than older birds. The overall data demonstrated that the TCoV NC1743 isolate is a highly pathogenic strain and younger turkeys are more susceptible to TCoV infection than older birds. Thus, one-day-old turkeys infected with the minimal infectious dose of TCoV NC1743 could be used as a TCoV disease model to study the disease pathogenesis, and the TCoV NC1743 strain could be used as a challenge virus to evaluate a vaccine protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Il Kang
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - J Michael Day
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Fatma Eldemery
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Qingzhong Yu
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.
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Occurrence and Role of Selected RNA-Viruses as Potential Causative Agents of Watery Droppings in Pigeons. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121025. [PMID: 33291258 PMCID: PMC7762127 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The diseases with watery droppings (diarrhea and/or polyuria) can be considered some of the most severe health problems in domestic pigeons of various ages. Although they do not always lead to bird death, they can contribute to poor weight gains and hindered development of young pigeons and, potentially, to poor racing results in sports birds. The gastrointestinal tract disorders of pigeons may be of various etiology, but some of the causative agents are viral infections. This review article provides information collected from scientific reports on RNA-viruses belonging to the Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, and Coronaviridae families; the Avulavirinae subfamily; and the Rotavirus genus that might be implicated in such health problems. It presents a brief characterization, and possible interspecies transmission of these viruses. We believe that this review article will help clinical signs of infection, isolation methods, occurrence in pigeons and poultry, systemize and summarize knowledge on pigeon enteropathogenic viruses and raise awareness of the importance of disease control in pigeons.
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Zhang Y, Feng B, Xie Z, Deng X, Zhang M, Xie Z, Xie L, Fan Q, Luo S, Zeng T, Huang J, Wang S. Epidemiological Surveillance of Parvoviruses in Commercial Chicken and Turkey Farms in Guangxi, Southern China, During 2014-2019. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:561371. [PMID: 33134348 PMCID: PMC7579407 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.561371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously unidentified chicken parvovirus (ChPV) and turkey parvovirus (TuPV) strain, associated with runting-stunting syndrome (RSS) and poultry enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS) in turkeys, is now prevalent among chickens in China. In this study, a large-scale surveillance of parvoviruses in chickens and turkeys using conserved PCR assays was performed. We assessed the prevalence of ChPV/TuPV in commercial chicken and turkey farms in China between 2014 and 2019. Parvoviruses were prevalent in 51.73% (1,795/3,470) of commercial chicken and turkey farms in Guangxi, China. The highest frequency of ChPV positive samples tested by PCR occurred in chickens that were broiler chickens 64.18% (1,041/1,622) compared with breeder chickens 38.75% (572/1,476) and layer hens 38.89% (112/288), and TuPV was detected in 70/84 (83.33%). Native and exotic chicken species were both prevalent in commercial farms in southern China, and exotic broiler chickens had a higher positive rate with 88.10% (148/168), while native chickens were 50.00% (1,465/2,930). The environmental samples from poultry houses tested positive for ChPV and TuPV were 47.05% (415/874). Samples from open house flocks had higher prevalence rates of ChPV than those of closed house flocks (Table 5), among which those from the open house showed 84.16% (85/101) positivity, those from litter showed 62.86% (44/70) positivity, and those from drinking water showed 50.00% (56/112) positivity, whereas those from the closed house litter were 53.57% (60/112), those from swabs were 50.18% (138/275), and those from drinking water were 15.69% (32/204). Samples collected during spring were more frequently ChPV/ TuPV positive than those collected during other seasons. This study is the first report regarding the epidemiological surveillance of ChPV and TuPV in chicken/turkey flocks in Guangxi, China. Our results suggest that ChPV and TuPV are widely distributed in commercial fowl in Guangxi. These findings highlight the need for further epidemiological and genetic research on ChPV and TuPV in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Xianwen Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Minxiu Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiqin Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Liji Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Sisi Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Jiaoling Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
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N. Nuñez LF, Santander-Parra SH, De la Torre DI, de Sá LRM, Buim MR, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Molecular Characterization and Pathogenicity of Chicken Parvovirus (ChPV) in Specific Pathogen-Free Chicks Infected Experimentally. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080606. [PMID: 32722416 PMCID: PMC7459526 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken parvovirus (ChPV) is an agent frequently associated with runting stunting syndrome (RSS). This syndrome has been reported in association with ChPV in many countries, including Brazil; however, studies characterizing the virus on a molecular level are scarce, and ChPV pathogenicity in day-old chicks remains unclear. The aim of the present work was to establish the molecular characteristics of ChPV, determine the pathogenicity of ChPV in SPF chicks and detect and quantify ChPV by qPCR in several tissues and chicks of different ages. The experimental challenge was performed at one day of age, and daily and weekly observations were performed and five birds from each experimental group (mock and infected birds) were euthanized to perform the different analysis. ChPV genome copies were detected and quantified by qPCR in gut, spleen, thymus, kidney, pancreas, proventriculus and bursa. Clinically, the infected group presented with diarrhea 24 h post-infection, which persisted until 42 days of age. The small intestine was distended, and its contents were aqueous and foamy. Enteritis and dilated crypts with cyst shapes were observed in intestinal segments. Acute pancreatitis associated with lymphocytic nodules, infiltrating lymphocytes and plasma cells between the pancreatic acinus was observed. Koch’s postulate was demonstrated and the genetic characterization of the VP1 gene showed that the Brazilian ChPV isolate belongs to the ChPV II group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fabian N. Nuñez
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo CEP 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (L.F.N.N.); (S.H.S.-P.); (D.I.D.l.T.); (L.R.M.d.S.); (C.S.A.-F.)
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Av. Jose Queri, Quito 170513, Ecuador
| | - Silvana H. Santander-Parra
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo CEP 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (L.F.N.N.); (S.H.S.-P.); (D.I.D.l.T.); (L.R.M.d.S.); (C.S.A.-F.)
| | - David I. De la Torre
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo CEP 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (L.F.N.N.); (S.H.S.-P.); (D.I.D.l.T.); (L.R.M.d.S.); (C.S.A.-F.)
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito CP E170201, Ecuador
| | - Lilian R. M. de Sá
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo CEP 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (L.F.N.N.); (S.H.S.-P.); (D.I.D.l.T.); (L.R.M.d.S.); (C.S.A.-F.)
| | - Marcos R. Buim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Instituto Biológico, Av. Gaspar Ricardo, 1700, Bastos CEP 17690-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Claudete S. Astolfi-Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo CEP 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (L.F.N.N.); (S.H.S.-P.); (D.I.D.l.T.); (L.R.M.d.S.); (C.S.A.-F.)
| | - Antonio J. Piantino Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, São Paulo CEP 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (L.F.N.N.); (S.H.S.-P.); (D.I.D.l.T.); (L.R.M.d.S.); (C.S.A.-F.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Kim HR, Kwon YK, Jang I, Bae YC. Viral metagenomic analysis of chickens with runting-stunting syndrome in the Republic of Korea. Virol J 2020; 17:53. [PMID: 32293477 PMCID: PMC7157833 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Runting-stunting syndrome (RSS) in chickens, also known as malabsorption syndrome, which is characterized by mild to severe enteritis and diagnosed through typical histopathologic examination as well as clinical signs, results in considerable economic losses. Despite the many studies carried out over decades to determine the etiologic agents of RSS involved in the disease, several outbreaks remained without the elucidation of, potentially multiple, etiologies involved. METHODS We performed comparative analysis of viral metagenomes from four chicken flocks affected with RSS using next-generation sequencing. Primers for the detection of chicken enteric viruses were designed from the sequencing data obtained with metagenomics. Multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR were performed to detect a variety of etiological agents previously described in natural cases of RSS. RESULTS The most abundant viral families identified in this study were Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, Parvoviridae, Caliciviridae, Reoviridae and Picobirnaviridae. Chicken astrovirus sequences were present in all four samples, suggesting an association between chicken astrovirus and RSS and chicken astrovirus as a candidate pathogen responsible for RSS. Picobirnavirus and the newly identified chapparvovirus were found in chickens in the Republic of Korea for the first time, and the genetic diversity of enteric viruses and viral communities was showed. CONCLUSIONS Chicken astrovirus was consistently detected in broilers affected with RSS and the result of this study may contribute to knowledge of enteric diseases and viruses in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ryoung Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kuk Kwon
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660 Republic of Korea
| | - Il Jang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660 Republic of Korea
| | - You-Chan Bae
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660 Republic of Korea
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12
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Fletcher OJ, Mansell R, Martin MP, Borst LB, Barnes HJ, Gonzalez LM. Gross Morphometry, Histomorphometry, and Immunohistochemistry Confirm Early and Persistent Jejunal Crypt Hyperplasia in Poults with Enteritis and Depressed Growth. Avian Dis 2019; 62:163-170. [PMID: 29944394 DOI: 10.1637/11759-101717-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated histone 3 (PH3) and cleaved caspase 3 (CCASP3) were used to detect proliferating and apoptotic cells, respectively, in the jejunums of female sibling poults, with and without enteritis and depressed growth, from hatch to day 35. Poults that developed enteritis and depressed growth (SIB flock) were raised on a commercial farm in eastern North Carolina, whereas poults with normal growth and no enteritis (TAU flock) were raised in the Teaching Animal Unit at North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine. Beginning on day 5 through day 35 and at processing, TAU poults were significantly heavier than SIB poults. Jejunal weights, relative jejunal weights, and jejunal densities were greater in SIB poults from day 10 through 35. Jejunal efficiency (body weight /jejunal length) was higher in TAU poults at day 5 and days 10 through 35. Mucosal thickness was greater in SIB poults between days 7 and 21 but greater in TAU poults at days 28 and 35. From day 7 to 35, villus-to-crypt ratios were higher for TAU poults and lower for SIB poults because hyperplastic crypts formed a greater percentage of the mucosa in SIB poults. By day 7, PH3- and CCASP3-positive cells were increased in SIB poults, showing that mucosal changes resulted from combined crypt epithelial hyperplasia and increased apoptosis of villous enterocytes. Findings in this study confirm that enteritis, in the absence of clinical signs, and depressed growth in turkey poults begins by day 7, can be identified microscopically, persists for at least 35 days, is associated with lower processing weights, and has a profound negative effect on turkey growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Fletcher
- A Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - R Mansell
- A Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - M P Martin
- A Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - L B Borst
- A Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - H John Barnes
- A Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - L M Gonzalez
- B Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607
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13
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Viral agents related to enteric disease in commercial chicken flocks, with special reference to Latin America. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933913000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Specific-pathogen-free Turkey model for reoviral arthritis. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:170-179. [PMID: 31383299 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Turkey arthritis reovirus (TARV) infections have been recognized since 2011 to cause disease and significant economic losses to the U.S. turkey industry. Reoviral arthritis has been reproduced in commercial-origin turkeys. However, determination of pathogenesis or vaccine efficacy in these turkeys can be complicated by enteric reovirus strains and other pathogens that ubiquitously exist at subclinical levels among commercial turkey flocks. In this study, turkeys from a specific-pathogen-free (SPF) flock were evaluated for use as a turkey reoviral arthritis model. One-day-old or 1-week-old poults were orally inoculated with TARV (O'Neil strain) and monitored for disease onset and progression. A gut isolate of turkey reovirus (MN1 strain) was also tested for comparison. Disease was observed only in TARV-infected birds. Features of reoviral arthritis in SPF turkeys included swelling of hock joints, tenosynovitis, distal tibiotarsal cartilage erosion, and gait defects (lameness). Moreover, TARV infection resulted in a significant depression of body weights during the early times post-infection. Age-dependent susceptibility to TARV infection was unclear. TARV was transmitted to all sentinel birds, which manifested high levels of tenosynovitis and tibiotarsal cartilage erosion. Simulation of stressful conditions by dexamethasone treatment did not affect the viral load or exacerbate the disease. Collectively, the clinical and pathological features of reoviral arthritis in the SPF turkey model generally resembled those induced in commercial turkeys under field and/or experimental conditions. The SPF turkey reoviral arthritis model will be instrumental in evaluation of TARV pathogenesis and reoviral vaccine efficacy.
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15
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Nuñez LFN, Parra SHS, De la Torre D, Catroxo MH, Buim MR, Chacon RV, Ferreira CSA, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Isolation of avian nephritis virus from chickens showing enteric disorders. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3478-3488. [PMID: 30239960 PMCID: PMC6142861 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Runting-stunting syndrome (RSS) is one of the diseases associated with many detected viruses. In Brazil, there were reports of several enteric disease outbreaks in chickens in which avian nephritis virus (ANV) was detected; however, the role of ANV in the outbreaks and whether the virus was a causative agent of these cases of enteric diseases were not determined. The aim of this study was to isolate ANV in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryonated eggs (CEE) from the enteric contents of chickens showing signs of RSS. For this purpose, 22 samples of chicken enteric contents that were positive only for ANV were inoculated into 7 and 14-day-old SPF-CEE via the yolk sac route and incubated for 5 d, with a total of 3 passages. Virus isolation was confirmed by the presence of embryo injuries, detection of viral RNA by RT-PCR, and visualization of viral particles using electron microscopy. Therefore, the 7-day-old inoculated embryos showed dwarfism, gelatinous consistency, hemorrhage, and edema in the embryos, whereas the 14-day-old did not show any alteration. Viral RNA was detected in the embryos of both ages of inoculation, and the same viral particles were visualized. The embryos from the mock group showed no alteration and were negative for all the tests. The viral cDNA was sequenced, and the molecular and phylogenetic analyses showed that the Brazilian isolates are more related with the ANV-1 serotype group; the sequences of these isolates showed a high percentage of nucleotide (86.4 to 94.9%) and amino acid (92.3 to 98.7%) similarity with other sequences from China, Japan, Australia, and the United States that belong to this serotype previously classified group. In this study, we isolated 8 samples of ANV in SPF-CEE from enteric content samples from chickens with RSS. In doing so, we showed the pathological injuries to the embryo caused by the virus and the molecular characterization of a part of the ORF 1b gene of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fabian N Nuñez
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito EC170521, Ecuador
| | - Silvana H Santander Parra
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - David De la Torre
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Central University of Ecuador, Quito EC170521, Ecuador
| | - Marcia H Catroxo
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Center for Research and Development of Animal Health, Instituto Biológico, Av. Cons. Rodrigues Alves, 1252, 04014-002, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R Buim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Instituto Biológico, Av. Gaspar Ricardo, 1700, CEP 17690-000, Bastos, SP, Brazil, and
| | - Ruy V Chacon
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudete S Astolfi Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Piantino Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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16
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Abstract
The gut has great importance for the commercial success of poultry production. Numerous ion transporters, exchangers, and channels are present on both the apical and the basolateral membrane of intestinal epithelial cells, and their differential expression along the crypt-villus axis within the various intestinal segments ensures efficient intestinal absorption and effective barrier function. Recent studies have shown that intensive production systems, microbial exposure, and nutritional management significantly affect intestinal physiology and intestinal ion transport. Dysregulation of normal intestinal ion transport is manifested as diarrhoea, malabsorption, and intestinal inflammation resulting into poor production efficiency. This review discusses the basic mechanisms involved in avian intestinal ion transport and the impact of development during growth, nutritional and environmental alterations, and intestinal microbial infections on it. The effect of intestinal microbial infections on avian intestinal ion transport depends on factors such as host immunity, pathogen virulence, and the mucosal organisation of the particular intestinal segment.
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17
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Deol P, Kattoor JJ, Sircar S, Ghosh S, Bányai K, Dhama K, Malik YS. Avian Group D Rotaviruses: Structure, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Perspectives on Future Research Challenges. Pathogens 2017; 6:E53. [PMID: 29064408 PMCID: PMC5750577 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1981, a new virus (virus 132) was described for the first time with morphological and biochemical similarities to rotaviruses (RVs), but without antigenic similarity to any of the previously known rotavirus groups. Subsequently, it was re-designated as D/132, and formed a new serogroup among rotaviruses, the group D rotavirus (RVD). Since their identification, RVs are the leading cause of enteritis and diarrhea in humans and various animal species, and are also associated with abridged growth, particularly in avian species. Recently, RVD has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of runting and stunting syndrome (RSS), alongside other viruses such as reovirus, astrovirus, coronavirus, and others, all of which cause colossal economic losses to the poultry industry. RVD has been reported from several countries worldwide, and to date, only one complete genome sequence for RVD is available. Neither an immunodiagnostic nor a vaccine is available for the detection and prevention of RVD infection. Despite our growing understanding about this particular group, questions remain regarding its exact prevalence and pathogenecity, and the disease-associated annual losses for the poultry industry. Here, we describe the current knowledge about the identification, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention of RVD in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Deol
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India.
| | - Jobin Jose Kattoor
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India.
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India.
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungáriakrt. 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India.
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, India.
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Oni OO, Owoade AA, Adeyefa CAO. Design and evaluation of primer pairs for efficient detection of avian rotavirus. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 50:267-273. [PMID: 28963616 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1425-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of molecular methods for rotavirus characterisation provides increased sensitivity for typing and allows the identification of putative reassortant strains. Reagents and methods for genotyping the virus need constant modification because of the reassortant nature of the virus. This study was aimed at designing and evaluating new oligonucleotide degenerate primer pairs that provide increased sensitivity and specificity for detecting avian rotavirus. Gene-specific primer pairs were designed by analysing different rotavirus strains isolated during the last decade by downloading them from the GenBank. The alignments were generated using clustal analysis from the BioEdit program. Degenerate nucleotides were included due to the reassortant nature of rotavirus. The consensus sequences were aligned using the BioEdit program and then treated with the Fast PCR software to derive the primers. The derived primer sequences were submitted for a BLAST search to ensure alignment was exclusive to the desired target genes. The designed primers had specific bands and were efficient in detecting rotavirus in faecal samples than previously published primers. Thus, a successful surveillance of rotaviruses requires that primer pairs be updated regularly in order to detect the emergence of novel or "unusual types", which have occurred by genetic drift causing nucleotide changes at the primer binding sites that result in typing failures. We recommend the use of the proposed primers in molecular surveillance studies for efficient detection of avian rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwole Oyetunde Oni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
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Dhama K, Gowthaman V, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Sachan S, Kumar MA, Palanivelu M, Malik YS, Singh RK, Munir M. Haemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys - current knowledge. Vet Q 2017; 37:31-42. [PMID: 28024457 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1277281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV), an adenovirus associated with acute haemorrhagic gastro-intestinal disease of 6-11-week old turkeys predominantly hampers both humoral and cellular immunity. Affected birds are more prone to secondary complications (e.g. colibacillosis and clostridiosis) and failure to mount an effective vaccine-induced immune response. HEV belongs to the new genus Siadenovirus. Feco-oral transmission is the main route of entry of the virus and it mainly colonizes bursa, intestine and spleen. Both naturally occurring virulent and avirulent strains of HEVs are serologically indistinguishable. Recent findings revealed that ORF1, E3 and fib genes are the key factors affecting virulence. The adoption of suitable diagnostic tools, proper vaccination and biosecurity measures have restrained the occurrence of disease epidemics. For diagnostic purposes, the best source of HEV is either intestinal contents or samples from spleen. For rapid detection highly sensitive and specific tests such as quantitative real-time PCR based on Taq man probe has been designed. Avirulent strains of HEV or MSDV can be effectively used as live vaccines. Novel vaccines include recombinant hexon protein-based subunit vaccines or recombinant virus-vectored vaccines using fowl poxvirus (FPV) expressing the native hexon of HEV. Notably, subunit vaccines and recombinant virus vectored vaccines altogether offer high protection against challenge or field viruses. Herein, we converse a comprehensive analysis of the HEV genetics, disease pathobiology, advancements in diagnosis and vaccination along with appropriate prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Vasudevan Gowthaman
- b Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory , Veterinary College and Research Institute , Namakkal , Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- c Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- d Department of Microbiology , DUVASU , Mathura , India
| | - Swati Sachan
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - M Asok Kumar
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - M Palanivelu
- a Avian Diseases Section, Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- e Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- f Director, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Muhammad Munir
- g Avian Viral Diseases Programme Compton Laboratory , Berkshire , UK
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Alkie TN, Guenther R, Rautenschlein S. Molecular Characterization of Hemorrhagic Enteritis Viruses (HEV) Detected in HEV-Vaccinated Commercial Turkey Flocks in Germany. Avian Dis 2017; 61:96-101. [PMID: 28301232 DOI: 10.1637/11506-092916-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite the application of live hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) vaccines, HEV field outbreaks are suspected to still occur in turkey flocks in Germany. Increasing secondary bacterial infections in HEV-vaccinated flocks suggest that vaccines may be losing efficacy or, possibly, that vaccine strains are causing disease. Thus, the goal of the current study was to investigate the diversity of HEV isolates from fattening turkey flocks between 2008 and 2012 by characterizing the open reading frame (ORF)1 gene at its 5' and 3' ends. Analyses of ORF1 sequences of field isolates and comparison with sequences present in databases revealed that in many cases (13 out of 16 samples), vaccine (avirulent) strains were present. In addition, data indicated the circulation of suspected virulent field isolates and these isolates (3 out of 16) cluster with an early isolate from Germany in the 1980s, but show some mutations in the predicted amino acid (aa) sequences of ORF1 compared to the early isolate. These virulent isolates clearly differ from the spleen-derived avirulent Domermuth vaccine strain used in Germany. In this study, a unique isolate was identified and showed unusual nucleotide mutations that resulted in aa exchanges at the 5' end of ORF1 between aa positions 34 and 174. This genetic drift suggests evolution of HEV including virulent and vaccine-derived strains in the field. This may lead to evasion of vaccinal immunity by drifted viruses and/or an increase in the virulence of field strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiru Negash Alkie
- A Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.,B Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1 Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ronald Guenther
- C Heidemark GmbH, Veterinary Laboratory, 39340 Haldensleben, Germany
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- A Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Domańska-Blicharz K, Bocian Ł, Lisowska A, Jacukowicz A, Pikuła A, Minta Z. Cross-sectional survey of selected enteric viruses in Polish turkey flocks between 2008 and 2011. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:108. [PMID: 28410608 PMCID: PMC5391614 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteric diseases are an important health problem for the intensive poultry industry, resulting in considerable economic losses. Apart from such microbiological agents associated with enteritis as bacteria and parasites, a lot of research has been recently conducted on viral origin of enteric diseases. However, enteric viruses have been identified in intestinal tract of not only diseased but also healthy poultry, so their role in enteritis is still unclear. The present study aimed at determination of the prevalence of four enteric viruses, namely astrovirus, coronavirus, parvovirus and rotavirus in meat-type turkey flocks in Poland as well as at statistical evaluation of the occurrence of the studied viruses and their relationships with the health status and the age of birds. Two hundred and seven flocks of birds aged 1-20 weeks originating from different regions of the country were investigated between 2008 and 2011. Clinical samples (10 individual faecal swabs/flock) were duly processed and examined using molecular methods targeting the conservative regions of viral genomes: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of astrovirus, non-structural 1 gene of parvovirus, non-structural protein 4 gene of rotavirus, and 5′ untranslated region fragment of turkey coronavirus. Different statistical methods (i.e. the independence chi-square test, the correspondence analysis and the logistic regression model) were used to establish any relationships between the analyzed data. Results Overall, 137 (66.2%, 95% CI: 59.3-72.6) of the 207 turkey flocks sampled were infected with one or more enteric viruses. Among the 137 flocks, 74 (54%, 95% CI: 45.3-62.6) were positive for one virus, whereas 54 (39.4%, 9 5% CI: 31.2-48.1) and 9 (6.6%, 95% CI: 3.1-12.1) were co-infected with two or three different enteric viruses, respectively. No flock was simultaneously infected with all four viruses studied. The prevalence of astrovirus infection was 44.9% (95% CI: 38.0-52.0), parvovirus 27.5% (95% CI: 21.6-34.2), rotavirus 18.8% (95% CI: 13.8-24.8), and coronavirus 9.7% (95% CI: 6.0-14.5). Young turkeys aged 1-4 weeks old had the highest (82.1%, 95% CI:71.7-89.8) prevalence of viral infection. Applied statistical methods have indicated the dependence of rotavirus infection as well as the co-infection with multiple viruses and the health status of turkeys. Furthermore, our results statistically confirm that especially young birds are susceptible to infection with rotavirus and astrovirus. Conclusions The study demonstrated the presence of astrovirus, coronavirus, parvovirus and rotavirus infections in Polish turkey farms. These viruses were detected in both healthy and diseased birds. However, the presented results provide valuable feedback which could help to evaluate the role of some enteric viruses in the etiology of enteritis in turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Domańska-Blicharz
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland.
| | - Ł Bocian
- Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - A Lisowska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - A Jacukowicz
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - A Pikuła
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Z Minta
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
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Skibinska A, Lee A, Wylie M, Smyth VJ, Welsh MD, Todd D. Development of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test for detecting antibodies to chicken astrovirus in chicken sera. Avian Pathol 2016; 44:436-42. [PMID: 26286674 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1084411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serological diagnosis of Group B chicken astrovirus (CAstV) infections is described. The test was based on the use of an affinity-purified capsid antigen, specific to CAstV isolate 11672, produced as a glutathione-S-transferase N-terminal fusion protein by a recombinant baculovirus. Strongly positive ELISA signals were elicited against experimentally produced antisera raised to CAstVs from Group B (subgroups i and ii) but were negative for antisera raised to a Group A CAstV. Using a panel of 240 selected serum samples, 99% agreement was observed when the results obtained by ELISA were compared to those from an indirect immunofluorescence test for CAstV 11672. The ELISA test was applied to 68 serum sets comprising 1864 samples, which were obtained from parent and grandparent flocks originating mainly in the UK. Of the 52 sets containing ELISA-positive samples, 24 sets had >75% samples positive and nine sets had <25% samples positive and were regarded as having high and low seropositivities, respectively. Of the 1864 serum samples tested 1090 (58.5%) were ELISA positive and of these, 234 sera (21.5%) produced strongly positive signals, whereas moderately positive and weakly positive signals were produced by 562 (51.5%) and 294 (27%) sera. When used for flock screening purposes, this ELISA test can be used to (i) investigate the occurrence of first-time CAstV infections of parent flocks during lay and the possible adverse effects caused by vertically transmitted CAstV infections on broiler hatchability and performance and (ii) diagnose Group B CAstV infections within specific pathogen free flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Skibinska
- a Veterinary Sciences Division , Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute , Belfast , UK
| | - A Lee
- b School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast , Belfast , UK
| | - M Wylie
- a Veterinary Sciences Division , Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute , Belfast , UK
| | - V J Smyth
- a Veterinary Sciences Division , Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute , Belfast , UK
| | - M D Welsh
- a Veterinary Sciences Division , Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute , Belfast , UK
| | - D Todd
- a Veterinary Sciences Division , Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute , Belfast , UK
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Falcone E, Busi C, Lavazza A, Monini M, Bertoletti M, Canelli E, Vignolo E, Ruggeri FM, Boniotti MB. Molecular characterization of avian rotaviruses circulating in Italian poultry flocks. Avian Pathol 2016; 44:509-15. [PMID: 26399154 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1096011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Avian rotaviruses are still largely undefined despite being widespread in several avian species and despite the economic impact of rotavirus (RV) enteritis in poultry flocks. In this study, the presence of different avian RV groups was investigated in commercial poultry flocks reared in Northern and Central Italy and with a history of enteric diseases. Faeces or intestinal contents from different avian species previously found to contain RV particles by electron microscopy (EM) were analysed by both RNA-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction specific for groups A, D, F and G RVs. Group D avian RV was detected in 107 of 117 samples tested (91.5%), whereas groups A, F and G avian RVs were present in 70 (59%), 61 (52.1%) and 31 (26.5%) samples, respectively. Multiple presence of different RV groups was detected in 83% of samples. This study provides novel data on the prevalence of genetically different avian RVs in Italian poultry flocks. This information is useful to elucidate the epidemiology of avian RVs circulating in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliana Falcone
- a Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Chiara Busi
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Via Antonio Bianchi, 7/9, 25124 Brescia , Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Via Antonio Bianchi, 7/9, 25124 Brescia , Italy
| | - Marina Monini
- a Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Marco Bertoletti
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Via Antonio Bianchi, 7/9, 25124 Brescia , Italy
| | - Elena Canelli
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Via Antonio Bianchi, 7/9, 25124 Brescia , Italy
| | - Edoardo Vignolo
- a Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Franco Maria Ruggeri
- a Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna , Via Antonio Bianchi, 7/9, 25124 Brescia , Italy
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Day JM, Zsak L. Molecular Characterization of Enteric Picornaviruses in Archived Turkey and Chicken Samples from the United States. Avian Dis 2016; 60:500-5. [PMID: 27309295 DOI: 10.1637/11289-092415-resnote] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recent metagenomic analyses of the enteric viromes in turkeys and chickens have revealed complex viral communities comprised of multiple viral families. Of particular significance are the novel avian picobirnaviruses (family Picobirnaviridae), multiple genera of tailed phages (family Siphoviridae), and undescribed avian enteric picornaviruses (family Picornaviridae). In addition to these largely undescribed-and therefore relatively poorly understood-poultry enteric viral families, these metagenomic analyses have also revealed the presence of well-known groups of enteric viruses such as the chicken and turkey astroviruses (family Astroviridae) and the avian rotaviruses and reoviruses (family Reoviridae). The order Picornavirales is a group of viruses in flux, particularly among the avian picornaviruses, since several new genera have been described recently based upon community analysis of enteric viromes from poultry and other avian species worldwide. Our previous investigation of the turkey enteric picornaviruses suggests the avian enteric picornaviruses may contribute to the enteric disease syndromes and performance problems often observed in turkeys in the Southeastern United States. This report describes our recent phylogenetic analysis of turkey and chicken enteric samples archived at the Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory from 2004 to present and is a first step in placing these novel avian picornaviruses within the larger Picornaviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Day
- A USDA/ARS, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Laszlo Zsak
- A USDA/ARS, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605
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Detection of the VP6 gene of group F and G rotaviruses in broiler chicken fecal samples from the Amazon region of Brazil. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2263-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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26
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Nuñez LFN, Santander Parra SH, Carranza C, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Buim MR, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Detection and molecular characterization of chicken astrovirus associated with chicks that have an unusual condition known as "white chicks" in Brazil. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1262-70. [PMID: 26976903 PMCID: PMC7107173 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken astrovirus (CAstV) is one of many viruses related to enteric diseases in poultry that are associated with Runting-Stunting Syndrome (RSS), which affects young chickens. CAstV was also recently associated with an unusual condition in chicks called “white chicks.” Some hatcheries in certain states of Brazil have reported several incubation problems, mortality, and the presence of chicks with white plumages over the past several months. These chicks were termed locally as “white chicks.” The present work investigated 30 chicks with this unusual condition using a multidisciplinary approach. Postmortem examination of each chick showed enlarged livers and intestines that were full of liquid and gas (30/30). The pancreas, kidneys, and spleen were pale (30/30). The other organs did not show any macroscopic alterations. CAstV, chicken parvovirus (ChPV), avian nephritis virus (ANV), avian rotavirus (ARtV), avian reovirus (AReoV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and fowl adenovirus group I (FAdV-1) were tested in the intestines, pancreas, proventriculus, gizzard, liver, spleen, bursa, kidneys, thymus, lung, heart, brain, and yolk sac in each chick. All organs and yolk sacs were positive for CAstV in different titres and negative for the other tested viruses. The partial molecular characterization of the ORF 1b gene of CAstV using 28 sequences revealed a high similarity of the nucleotides and amino acids with sequences of CAstV from North America, Europe, and Asia, and our CAstV sequences clustered into a unique group that was separate from the other sequences. These results demonstrated that CAstV was associated with the white chick condition in Brazil. The virus was distributed in most organs, including the brain and yolk sac. These results suggest that the virus could be transmitted vertically. The molecular characterization also revealed that the CAstV associated with white chick condition was molecularly related to other CAstV sequences found worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F N Nuñez
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - S H Santander Parra
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C Carranza
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C S Astolfi-Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M R Buim
- Biological Institute, Av. Gaspar Ricardo, 1700, CEP 17690-000, Bastos, SP, Brazil
| | - A J Piantino Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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27
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Shah JD, Desai PT, Zhang Y, Scharber SK, Baller J, Xing ZS, Cardona CJ. Development of the Intestinal RNA Virus Community of Healthy Broiler Chickens. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150094. [PMID: 26914580 PMCID: PMC4767880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several RNA viruses such as astrovirus, rotavirus, reovirus and parvovirus have been detected in both healthy and diseased commercial poultry flocks. The aim of this study was to characterize (a) the development of the RNA viral community in the small intestines of healthy broiler chickens from hatch through 6 weeks of age (market age) and (b) the contribution of the breeder source vs. bird age in development of the community structure. Intestinal tissue samples were harvested from breeders and their progeny, processed for viral RNA extraction and sequenced using Illumina Hiseq sequencing technology resulting in 100 bp PE reads. The results from this study indicated that the breeder source influenced the RNA viral community only at hatch but later environment i.e. bird age had the more significant effect. The most abundant RNA viral family detected at 2, 4 and 6 weeks of age was Astroviridae, which decreased in abundance with age while the abundance of Picornaviridae increased with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigna D. Shah
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Prerak T. Desai
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Ying Zhang
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sarah K. Scharber
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joshua Baller
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zheng S. Xing
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Carol J. Cardona
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Singh A, Mor SK, Jindal N, Patnayak D, Sobhy NM, Luong NT, Goyal SM. Detection and molecular characterization of astroviruses in turkeys. Arch Virol 2016; 161:939-46. [PMID: 26780891 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of turkey astrovirus 1 (TAstV-1) and avian nephritis virus (ANV) in turkeys with light turkey syndrome (LTS), which is characterized by lower body weight in market-age turkeys than their standard breed character. We collected pools of fecal samples from four LTS and two non-LTS turkey flocks in Minnesota at 2, 3, 5 and 8 weeks of age. Of the 80 LTS pools tested, 16 (20.0 %) and 11 (13.8 %) were positive for TAstV-1 and ANV, respectively. For non-LTS flocks, these numbers were 8 (20.0 %) and 5 (12.5 %), respectively. The maximum number of birds was positive at five weeks of age. We also tested 130 fecal samples of poult enteritis syndrome (PES) cases submitted to the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and found 19 and 11 positive for TAstV-1 and ANV, respectively. RdRp gene sequences were determined for a total of 29 TAstV-1 and 22 ANV samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the RdRp gene revealed 92-100 % and 88-100 % nucleotide sequence identity among TAstV-1 and ANV sequences, respectively. A large number of nucleotide and amino acid substitutions were observed in LTS and PES flocks than in non-LTS flocks. One of the PES sequences grouped with ANV-like sequences detected in chickens, indicating that regular screening of birds should be continued. Further, complete genome analysis should be conducted to determine whether this virus is a novel divergent strain or a recombinant of chicken and turkey ANV-like viruses. The detection of TAstV-1 and ANV in a considerable number of non-LTS cases emphasizes the need for further studies on the transmission pattern and pathogenesis of these viruses to determine their role as pathogens of turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azad Singh
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Sunil K Mor
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Devi Patnayak
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Nader M Sobhy
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Nhungoc Ti Luong
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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Nuñez LFN, Santander Parra SH, Mettifogo E, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Isolation and molecular characterisation of chicken parvovirus from Brazilian flocks with enteric disorders. Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:39-47. [PMID: 25633520 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.981797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
1. The presence of parvovirus in chickens with enteric disease was investigated in commercial flocks in Brazil. 2. The intestinal contents of chickens exhibiting clinical signs of diarrhoea, weight loss or mortality were examined, and chicken parvovirus (chPV) was identified using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The samples were sequenced and inoculated into specific-pathogen-free (SPF) embryonated eggs to isolate the virus. 3. Necropsies showed that the embryos were dwarfish, haemorrhagic and oedematous. The presence of chPV was confirmed by PCR and DNA sequencing. 4. The molecular characterisation of chPV strains circulating in the Brazilian flocks showed that they were genetically related to sequences from North America, Europe and Asia. Phylogenetic analyses clustered the Brazilian chPV sequences with those from Europe (Croatia, Hungary) and Asia (South Korea). 5. This study is the first report of the molecular characterisation of chPV circulating in the commercial flocks in Brazil and indicates high genetic similarity with chPV sequences from around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F N Nuñez
- a Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine (FMVZ) , University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo , SP , Brazil
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Day JM, Zsak L. Investigating Turkey Enteric Picornavirus and Its Association with Enteric Disease in Poults. Avian Dis 2015; 59:138-42. [PMID: 26292547 DOI: 10.1637/10940-092414-regr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Previous research into the viral community in the poultry gastrointestinal tract has revealed a number of novel and partially described enteric viruses. It is evident that the poultry gut viral community remains minimally characterized and incompletely understood. Investigations into the microbiome of the poultry gut have provided some insight into the geographical distribution and the rapidly evolving taxonomy of the avian enteric picornaviruses. The present investigation was undertaken to produce a comparative metagenomic analysis of the gut virome from a healthy turkey flock versus a flock placed in the field. This investigation revealed a number of enteric picornavirus sequences that were present in the commercial birds in the field that were completely absent in the healthy flock. A novel molecular diagnostic assay was used to track the shedding of field strains of turkey enteric picornavirus in commercial poults inoculated with picornavirus-positive intestinal homogenates prepared from turkeys that were experiencing moderate enteric disease. The propagation of this novel enteric picornavirus in commercial poults resulted in significant reduction in weight gain, and suggests that this common inhabitant of the turkey gut may result in performance problems or enteric disease in the field.
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Awe OO, Kang KI, Ibrahim M, Ali A, Elaish M, Saif YM, Lee CW. Age-Related Susceptibility of Turkeys to Enteric Viruses. Avian Dis 2015; 59:207-12. [DOI: 10.1637/10907-071514-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Dhama K, Saminathan M, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Shabbir MZ, Kumar N, Malik YS, Singh RK. Avian rotavirus enteritis - an updated review. Vet Q 2015; 35:142-58. [PMID: 25917772 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2015.1046014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are among the leading causes of enteritis and diarrhea in a number of mammalian and avian species, and impose colossal loss to livestock and poultry industry globally. Subsequent to detection of rotavirus in mammalian hosts in 1973, avian rotavirus (AvRV) was first reported in turkey poults in USA during 1977 and since then RVs of group A (RVA), D (RVD), F (RVF) and G (RVG) have been identified around the globe. Besides RVA, other AvRV groups (RVD, RVF and RVG) may also contribute to disease. However, their significance has yet to be unraveled. Under field conditions, co-infection of AvRVs occurs with other infectious agents such as astroviruses, enteroviruses, reoviruses, paramyxovirus, adenovirus, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, cryptosporidium and Eimeria species prospering severity of disease outcome. Birds surviving to RV disease predominantly succumb to secondary bacterial infections, mostly E. coli and Salmonella spp. Recent developments in molecular tools including state-of-the-art diagnostics and vaccine development have led to advances in our understanding towards AvRVs. Development of new generation vaccines using immunogenic antigens of AvRV has to be explored and given due importance. Till now, no effective vaccines are available. Although specific as well as sensitive approaches are available to identify and characterize AvRVs, there is still need to have point-of-care detection assays to review disease burden, contemplate new directions for adopting vaccination and follow improvements in public health measures. This review discusses AvRVs, their epidemiology, pathology and pathogenesis, immunity, recent trends in diagnostics, vaccines, therapeutics as well as appropriate prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- a Division of Pathology , Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , Bareilly 243122 , India
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Mor SK, Sharafeldin TA, Abin M, Kromm M, Porter RE, Goyal SM, Patnayak DP. The occurrence of enteric viruses in Light Turkey Syndrome. Avian Pathol 2015; 42:497-501. [PMID: 24066896 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.832145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to determine the role of enteric viruses in Light Turkey Syndrome (LTS), which is characterized by lower weight in market age turkeys than their standard breed character. In the surveillance study, we selected four LTS and two non-LTS turkey flocks in Minnesota and collected faecal samples at 2, 3, 5 and 8-weeks of age. Astrovirus, rotavirus, and reovirus were detected alone or in various combinations in both LTS and non-LTS flocks. No coronavirus was detected in LTS flocks and no corona- or reovirus was detected in non-LTS flocks. In the second study, 2-week-old turkey poults were divided into two groups; Group A (challenged) was inoculated orally with 10% pooled faecal suspension from LTS flocks and group B (control) was inoculated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Clinical signs of depression, huddling, and lack of uniform size were observed in the challenged group but not in the control group. diarrhoea was observed in both groups but was more severe in the challenged group than in the control group. Birds in the challenged group shed astrovirus, rotavirus and reovirus, while the control group shed only astrovirus. Virus shedding in both groups was observed for up to nine weeks of age. Significantly lower body weights were seen in the challenged group starting at seven weeks of age and lasting until 20 weeks of age. These findings suggest that viral enteritis at an early age may set up conditions for the development of LTS in adult turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Mor
- a Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota , 1333 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108
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Nuñez LFN, Parra SHS, Mettifogo E, Catroxo MHB, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Isolation of chicken astrovirus from specific pathogen-free chicken embryonated eggs. Poult Sci 2015; 94:947-54. [PMID: 25805833 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses have been associated with enteric disorders in many animal species, including chickens. Here, we describe the isolation, propagation, and pathological characteristics of chicken astrovirus (CAstV) in specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken embryonated eggs (CEE) from chickens with diarrhea and runting-stunting syndrome. The CEE were inoculated via the yolk sac route. Viral confirmation was carried out using PCR techniques and transmission electron microscopy negative staining with ammonium molybdate. The intestinal contents were screened for CAstV, and differential diagnostic testing was performed for avian nephritis virus, avian rotavirus, avian reovirus, chicken parvovirus, infectious bronchitis virus, and fowl adenovirus Group I to detect co-infection with other infectious agents. Seven- or 14-day-old CEEs presented with hemorrhages, edema, a gelatinous aspect, deformities, and dwarfism. The supporting membranes did not show any alterations. Here, we have described the isolation of CAstV and its pathological characteristics in SPF CEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fabian N Nuñez
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvana H Santander Parra
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elena Mettifogo
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Helena B Catroxo
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Center for Research and Development of Animal Health, InstitutoBiológico, Av. Cons. Rodrigues Alves, 1252, 04014-002, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudete S Astolfi-Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio J Piantino Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando M. Paiva, 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Zsak L, Cha RM, Li F, Day JM. Host Specificity and Phylogenetic Relationships of Chicken and Turkey Parvoviruses. Avian Dis 2015; 59:157-61. [DOI: 10.1637/10939-092414-resnote] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Day JM, Oakley BB, Seal BS, Zsak L. Comparative analysis of the intestinal bacterial and RNA viral communities from sentinel birds placed on selected broiler chicken farms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117210. [PMID: 25635690 PMCID: PMC4311960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a great deal of interest in characterizing the complex microbial communities in the poultry gut, and in understanding the effects of these dynamic communities on poultry performance, disease status, animal welfare, and microbes with human health significance. Investigations characterizing the poultry enteric virome have identified novel poultry viruses, but the roles these viruses play in disease and performance problems have yet to be fully characterized. The complex bacterial community present in the poultry gut influences gut development, immune status, and animal health, each of which can be an indicator of overall performance. The present metagenomic investigation was undertaken to provide insight into the colonization of specific pathogen free chickens by enteric microorganisms under field conditions and to compare the pre-contact intestinal microbiome with the altered microbiome following contact with poultry raised in the field. Analysis of the intestinal virome from contact birds ("sentinels") placed on farms revealed colonization by members of the Picornaviridae, Picobirnaviridae, Reoviridae, and Astroviridae that were not present in pre-contact birds or present in proportionally lower numbers. Analysis of the sentinel gut bacterial community revealed an altered community in the post-contact birds, notably by members of the Lachnospiracea/Clostridium and Lactobacillus families and genera. Members of the avian enteric Reoviridae and Astroviridae have been well-characterized and have historically been implicated in poultry enteric disease; members of the Picobirnaviridae and Picornaviridae have only relatively recently been described in the poultry and avian gut, and their roles in the recognized disease syndromes and in poultry performance in general have not been determined. This metagenomic analysis has provided insight into the colonization of the poultry gut by enteric microbes circulating in commercial broiler flocks, and has identified enteric viruses and virus communities that warrant further study in order to understand their role(s) in avian gut health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Day
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Brian B. Oakley
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Bruce S. Seal
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Laszlo Zsak
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, United States of America
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Biđin M, Biđin Z, Majnarić D, Tišljar M, Lojkić I. Circulation and phylogenetic relationship of chicken and turkey-origin astroviruses detected in domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus). Avian Pathol 2014; 41:555-62. [PMID: 23237368 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.733340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The natural occurrence of chicken and turkey-origin astroviruses in domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) is described. Twenty-two duck flocks were covered by this research. The liver, spleen, kidney and intestines were sampled and tested by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for the presence of avian nephritis virus (ANV), chicken astrovirus (CAstV), turkey astrovirus (TAstV)-1, TAstV-2 and duck astrovirus. The astrovirus infection was confirmed in multiple organ samples from 59.1% of tested flocks. CAstV was detected in one flock, TAstV-2 in three flocks and ANV in 10 flocks. The molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the small open reading frame (ORF) 1b fragment (130 nucleotides) of all chicken and turkey-origin astroviruses detected in ducks showed that ANV-sequence group was more distant from CastV, TAstV-1 and TAstV-2 sequences, which formed a separate, more related group. ANV sequences were divided into three subgroups, suggesting that several types of ANV were circulating in Croatian duck flocks. The comparison of the partial ORF 1b (254 nucleotides) duck ANV sequences with 21 ANVs detected in various avian species (chickens, turkeys, geese, guinea fowl and pigeons) revealed they shared the higher nucleotide (95.6 to 97.2%) and amino acid (98.8 to 100%) identity with two ANV-2-like sequences from chickens (GA-SEP-A451-05 and GA-CK-SEP ANV-364-2005). Phylogenetic neighbour-joining tree analysis based on the same nucleotide alignment, and performed using the Jukes-Cantor method, clustered the compared sequences into three groups. All analysed duck ANV sequences showed a close phylogenetic relationship with chicken-origin ANVs. Additional work is required to determine the significance and pathogenicity of chicken and turkey-origin astroviruses in domestic ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Biđin
- Department of Poultry Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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38
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Boros Á, Pankovics P, Reuter G. Avian picornaviruses: molecular evolution, genome diversity and unusual genome features of a rapidly expanding group of viruses in birds. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:151-66. [PMID: 25278047 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Picornaviridae is one of the most diverse families of viruses infecting vertebrate species. In contrast to the relative small number of mammal species compared to other vertebrates, the abundance of mammal-infecting picornaviruses was significantly overrepresented among the presently known picornaviruses. Therefore most of the current knowledge about the genome diversity/organization patterns and common genome features were based on the analysis of mammal-infecting picornaviruses. Beside the well known reservoir role of birds in case of several emerging viral pathogens, little is known about the diversity of picornaviruses circulating among birds, although in the last decade the number of known avian picornavirus species with complete genome was increased from one to at least 15. However, little is known about the geographic distribution, host spectrum or pathogenic potential of the recently described picornaviruses of birds. Despite the low number of known avian picornaviruses, the phylogenetic and genome organization diversity of these viruses were remarkable. Beside the common L-4-3-4 and 4-3-4 genome layouts unusual genome patterns (3-4-4; 3-5-4, 3-6-4; 3-8-4) with variable, multicistronic 2A genome regions were found among avian picornaviruses. The phylogenetic and genomic analysis revealed the presence of several conserved structures at the untranslated regions among phylogenetically distant avian and non-avian picornaviruses as well as at least five different avian picornavirus phylogenetic clusters located in every main picornavirus lineage with characteristic genome layouts which suggests the complex evolution history of these viruses. Based on the remarkable genetic diversity of the few known avian picornaviruses, the emergence of further divergent picornaviruses causing challenges in the current taxonomy and also in the understanding of the evolution and genome organization of picornaviruses will be strongly expected. In this review we would like to summarize the current knowledge about the taxonomy, pathogenic potential, phylogenetic/genomic diversity and evolutional relationship of avian picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Boros
- Regional Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Laboratory of Gastroenteric Viruses, ÁNTSZ Regional Institute of State Public Health Service, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Pankovics
- Regional Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Laboratory of Gastroenteric Viruses, ÁNTSZ Regional Institute of State Public Health Service, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Reuter
- Regional Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Laboratory of Gastroenteric Viruses, ÁNTSZ Regional Institute of State Public Health Service, Pécs, Hungary.
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Alavarez JM, Ferreira CSA, Ferreira AJP. Enteric viruses in turkey flocks: a historic review. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x1603225-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Day JM, Gonder E, Jennings S, Rives D, Robbins K, Tilley B, Wooming B. Investigating turkey enteric coronavirus circulating in the Southeastern United States and Arkansas during 2012 and 2013. Avian Dis 2014; 58:313-7. [PMID: 25055640 DOI: 10.1637/10674-092313-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Periodic monitoring of poultry flocks in the United States via molecular diagnostic methods has revealed a number of potential enteric viral pathogens in continuous circulation in turkeys and chickens. Recently turkey integrators in the Southeastern United States and Arkansas experienced an outbreak of moderate to severe enteritis associated with turkey enteric coronavirus (TCoV), and numerous enteric samples collected from turkey flocks in these areas tested positive for TCoV via real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR (RRT-PCR). This report details the subsequent sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the TCoV spike glycoprotein and the comparison of outbreak-associated isolates to sequences in the public database. TCoVs investigated during the present outbreak grouped geographically based upon state of origin, and the RRT-PCR assay was a good indicator of subsequent seroconversion by TCoV-positive turkey flocks.
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Abstract
A previous metagenomic analysis of the turkey gut RNA virus community identified novel enteric viruses that may play roles in poultry enteric diseases or in performance problems noted in the field. As part of the molecular characterization of these novel enteric viruses, a reverse transcriptase-PCR diagnostic assay was developed, targeting a novel turkey-origin picobirnavirus (PBV) initially identified in a pooled intestinal sample from turkey poults in North Carolina. Little detailed molecular information exists regarding the family Picobirnaviridae, particularly for the PBVs that have been described in avian species. This diagnostic assay targets the turkey PBV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene and produces an 1135-bp amplicon. This assay was validated using in vitro transcribed RNA and was tested using archived enteric samples collected from turkey flocks in the southeastern United States. Further, a phylogenetic analysis suggests the turkey PBV is unique because it does not group closely with the recognized PBV genogroups circulating in mammalian hosts.
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Domańska-Blicharz K, Jacukowicz A, Bocian L, Minta Z. Astroviruses in Polish commercial turkey farms in 2009-2012. Avian Dis 2014; 58:158-64. [PMID: 24758130 DOI: 10.1637/10611-070813-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian astrovirus infections are widespread in many countries, and infections have been connected with enteritis and increased mortality in young birds. In the present study, fecal samples were collected during 2009-2012 from a total of 156 meat turkey flocks. Astrovirus presence and type differentiation was performed with the use of two molecular diagnostic approaches. Out of 156 flocks, 48.7% were found to be TAstV positive. Depending on the method used for type differentiation, TAstV-2 and TAstV-1 prevalence was between 31.4%-41% and 9.6%-15.4%, respectively. No avian nephritis virus was detected. About 30% of astrovirus-positive flocks were infected with both types of TAstV. Phylogenetic analysis based on the partial polymerase gene sequence revealed the genetic variability of isolated TAstV, and most of the detected TAstV-2 belonged to the European lineage of astroviruses. Statistical analysis suggested the positive but weak correlation between the presence of astrovirus and health status (slightly more frequent detection of TAstV in sick, diarrheic birds) and also negative medium correlation between age and astrovirus occurrence.
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Moura-Alvarez J, Nuñez LFN, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Knöbl T, Chacón JL, Moreno AM, Jones RC, Ferreira AJP. Detection of enteric pathogens in Turkey flocks affected with severe enteritis, in Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:1051-8. [PMID: 24817479 PMCID: PMC7089275 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-two flocks of turkeys affected by enteric problems, with ages between 10 and 104 days and located in the Southern region of Brazil, were surveyed for turkey by PCR for turkey astrovirus type 2 (TAstV-2), turkey coronavirus (TCoV), hemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV), rotavirus, reovirus, Salmonella spp., and Lawsonia intracellularis (Li) infections. Eleven profiles of pathogen combination were observed. The most frequently encountered pathogen combinations were TCoV-Li, followed by TCoV-TAstV-2-Li, TCoV-TastV-2. Only TCoV was detected as the sole pathogen in three flocks. Eight and 19 flocks of the 22 were positive for TAstV-2 and TCoV, respectively. Six were positive for Salmonella spp. and L. intracellularis was detected in 12 turkey flocks. Reovirus and HEV were not detected in this survey. These results throw new light on the multiple etiology of enteritis in turkeys. The implications of these findings and their correlation with the clinical signs are comprehensively discussed, illustrating the complexity of the enteric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelma Moura-Alvarez
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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44
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Abstract
Gut health is very important to get maximum returns in terms of weight gain and egg production. Enteric diseases such as poult enteritis complex (PEC) in turkeys do not allow their production potential to be achieved to its maximum. A number of viruses, bacteria, and protozoa have been implicated but the primary etiology has not been definitively established. Previously, electron microscopy was used to detect the presence of enteric viruses, which were identified solely on the basis of their morphology. With the advent of rapid molecular diagnostic methods and next generation nucleic acid sequencing, researchers have made long strides in identification and characterization of viruses associated with PEC. The molecular techniques have also helped us in identification of pathogens which were previously not known. Regional and national surveys have revealed the presence of several different enteric viruses in PEC including rotavirus, astrovirus, reovirus and coronavirus either alone or in combination. There may still be unknown pathogens that may directly or indirectly play a role in enteritis in turkeys. This review will focus on the role of turkey coronavirus, rotavirus, reovirus, and astrovirus in turkey enteritis.
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45
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Emergence of enteric viruses in production chickens is a concern for avian health. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:450423. [PMID: 24578633 PMCID: PMC3919086 DOI: 10.1155/2014/450423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viruses have been identified in recent years in the intestinal contents of chickens and turkeys with enteric problems, which have been observed in commercial farms worldwide, including Brazil. Molecular detection of these viruses in Brazil can transform to a big threat for poultry production due to risk for intestinal integrity. This disease is characterized by severely delayed growth, low uniformity, lethargy, watery diarrhea, delayed feed consumption, and a decreased conversion rate. Chicken astrovirus (CAstV), rotavirus, reovirus, chicken parvovirus (ChPV), fowl adenovirus of subgroup I (FAdV-1), and avian nephritis virus (ANV) were investigated using the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), which may play a role in enteric disease, was included. The viruses most frequently detected, either alone or in concomitance with other viruses, were IBV, ANV, rotavirus, and CAstV followed by parvovirus, reovirus, and adenovirus. This study demonstrates the diversity of viruses in Brazilian chicken flocks presenting enteric problems characterized by diarrhea, growth retard, loss weight, and mortality, which reflects the multicausal etiology of this disease.
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Rosa ACG, Ferreira HL, Gomes DE, Táparo CV, Cardoso TC. Isolation and molecular characterization of Brazilian turkey reovirus from immunosuppressed young poults. Arch Virol 2013; 159:1453-7. [PMID: 24327096 PMCID: PMC7086608 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated turkey reovirus (TReoV) in tissue samples from young birds, aged 15 days. RT-PCR for TReoV detected 3.3 % positive samples and TReoV was successfully isolated in Vero cells. Histological analysis of positive bursa of Fabricius (BF) revealed atrophied follicles and lymphocyte depletion. The number of CD8+, CD4+ and IgM+ cells was lower in infected BF. Phylogenetic analysis based on S3 gene showed that the Brazilian TReoV isolates clustered in a single group with 98-100 % similarity to TReoV strains circulating in the United States. This is the first indication that TReoV infection may be a contributing factor to immunosuppression in young birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina G. Rosa
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, University of São Paulo State, Rua Clóvis Pestana, 793, Araçatuba, SP CEP 16050-680 Brazil
| | - Helena Lage Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, FZEA-USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, SP CEP 13635-900 Brazil
| | - Deriane Elias Gomes
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, University of São Paulo State, Rua Clóvis Pestana, 793, Araçatuba, SP CEP 16050-680 Brazil
| | - Cilene Vidovix Táparo
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, University of São Paulo State, Rua Clóvis Pestana, 793, Araçatuba, SP CEP 16050-680 Brazil
| | - Tereza Cristina Cardoso
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, University of São Paulo State, Rua Clóvis Pestana, 793, Araçatuba, SP CEP 16050-680 Brazil
- Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Rua Clóvis Pestana, 793, Araçatuba, SP CEP 16050-680 Brazil
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47
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48
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Abstract
Previously we identified a novel parvovirus from enteric contents of chickens that were affected by enteric diseases. Comparative sequence analysis showed that the chicken parvovirus (ChPV) represented a new member in the Parvoviridae family. Here, we describe some of the pathogenic characteristics of ChPV in young broilers. Following experimental infection, 2-day-old broiler chickens showed characteristic signs of enteric disease. Runting-stunting syndrome (RSS) was observed in four of five experimental groups with significant growth retardation between 7 and 28 days postinoculation (DPI). Viral growth in small intestine and shedding was detected at early times postinoculation, which was followed by viremia and generalization of infection. ChPV could be detected in most of the major tissues for 3 to 4 wk postinoculation. Immunohistochemistry staining revealed parvovirus-positive cells in the duodenum of inoculated birds at 7 and 14 DPI. Our data indicate that ChPV alone induces RSS in broilers and is important determinant in the complex etiology of enteric diseases of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Zsak
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605. USA.
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49
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Moura-Alvarez J, Chacon JV, Scanavini LS, Nuñez LFN, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Jones RC, Piantino Ferreira AJ. Enteric viruses in Brazilian turkey flocks: single and multiple virus infection frequency according to age and clinical signs of intestinal disease. Poult Sci 2013; 92:945-55. [PMID: 23472018 PMCID: PMC7107160 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poult enteritis complex has been associated with enteritis and reduction in growth rates in commercial turkeys worldwide. Intestinal samples from 76 turkey flocks from different Brazilian states affected or not with intestinal disorders were evaluated for the presence of adenovirus groups 1 and 2 (TAV), astrovirus types 1 and 2 (TAstV-1 and TAstV-2), turkey coronavirus (TCoV), reovirus, rotavirus, and avian nephritis virus (ANV) using PCR. The percentage of positive samples was categorized according to the geographic origin, age of the flocks, and presence of clinical signs of intestinal disease. The percentage of samples that were positive for at least one virus was 93.4%, whereas the percentage of samples that were positive for more than one virus was 69.7%. An average of 3.20 viruses per sample was detected in turkeys in the growing phase of the production cycle (1 to 4 wk of age). The TAstV-1 and TCoV were the most frequently observed viruses in growing phase turkeys and occurred simultaneously in 85% of these samples. In turkeys in the finishing phase of development (5 to 18 wk), a lower average number of viruses was observed (2.41), and the most frequent viruses isolated in these turkeys were TAstV-1 (57.1%) and rotavirus (51.8%). Overall, every virus was detected more frequently in growing phase turkeys than in finishing phase turkeys with the exception of TAV. Samples from flocks exhibiting clinical signs of intestinal disease showed a higher rate of positivity, and TAstV-1, TAstV-2, and TCoV were the most frequently occurring viruses in this cohort. Birds without clinical signs most frequently harbored TAstV-1 and rotavirus. Future studies should focus on the description and elucidation of the role of each virus, as well as the pathogenic and immunological implications of the different combinations of viruses in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Moura-Alvarez
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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50
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Boros Á, Nemes C, Pankovics P, Kapusinszky B, Delwart E, Reuter G. Genetic characterization of a novel picornavirus in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) distinct from turkey galliviruses and megriviruses and distantly related to the members of the genus Avihepatovirus. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1496-1509. [PMID: 23559479 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.051797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the metagenomic detection and complete genome characterization of a novel turkey picornavirus from faecal samples of healthy (1/3) and affected (6/8) commercial turkeys with enteric and/or stunting syndrome in Hungary. The virus was detected at seven of the eight farms examined. The turkey/M176-TuASV/2011/HUN genome (KC465954) was genetically different from the currently known picornaviruses of turkey origin (megriviruses and galliviruses), and showed distant phylogenetic relationship and common genomic features (e.g. uncleaved VP0 and three predicted and unrelated 2A polypeptides) to duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV) of the genus Avihepatovirus. The complete genome analysis revealed multiple distinct genome features like the presence of two in-tandem aphthovirus 2A-like sequence repeats with DxExNPG/P 'ribosome-skipping' sites (76 %, 23/30 amino acids identical), with the first aphthovirus 2A-like sequence being located at the end of the VP1 capsid protein (VP1/2A1 'ribosome-skipping' site). The phylogenetic analyses, low sequence identity (33, 32 and 36 % amino acid identity in P1, P2 and P3 regions) to DHAV, and the type II-like internal ribosome entry site suggests that this turkey picornavirus is related to, but distinct from the genus Avihepatovirus and it could be the founding member of a novel Avihepatovirus sister-clade genus. This is the third, taxonomically highly distinct picornavirus clade identified from turkeys exhibiting varied symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos Boros
- Regional Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Laboratory of Gastroenteric Viruses, ÁNTSZ Regional Institute of State Public Health Service, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Csaba Nemes
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate of the Central Agricultural Office, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Péter Pankovics
- Regional Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Laboratory of Gastroenteric Viruses, ÁNTSZ Regional Institute of State Public Health Service, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Eric Delwart
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gábor Reuter
- Regional Laboratory of Virology, National Reference Laboratory of Gastroenteric Viruses, ÁNTSZ Regional Institute of State Public Health Service, Pécs, Hungary
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