1
|
Hawley AL, Baum JI. Nutrition as the foundation for successful aging: a focus on dietary protein and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:389-406. [PMID: 37319363 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays a critical role throughout the aging process. People living with sarcopenia, a progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, often experience diminished quality of life, which can be attributed to a long period of decline and disability. Therefore, it is important to identify modifiable factors that preserve skeletal muscle and promote successful aging (SA). In this review, SA was defined as (1) low cardiometabolic risk, (2) preservation of physical function, and (3) positive state of wellbeing, with nutrition as an integral component. Several studies identify nutrition, specifically high-quality protein (eg, containing all essential amino acids), and long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), as positive regulators of SA. Recently, an additive anabolic effect of protein and n-3 PUFAs has been identified in skeletal muscle of older adults. Evidence further suggests that the additive effect of protein and n-3 PUFAs may project beyond skeletal muscle anabolism and promote SA. The key mechanism(s) behind the enhanced effects of intake of protein and n-3 PUFAs needs to be defined. The first objective of this review is to evaluate skeletal muscle as a driver of cardiometabolic health, physical function, and wellbeing to promote SA. The second objective is to examine observational and interventional evidence of protein and n-3 PUFAs on skeletal muscle to promote SA. The final objective is to propose mechanisms by which combined optimal intake of high-quality protein and n-3 PUFAs likely play a key role in SA. Current evidence suggests that increased intake of protein above the Recommended Dietary Allowance and n-3 PUFAs above the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendations for late middle-aged and older adults is required to maintain skeletal muscle mass and to promote SA, potentially through the mechanistical target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aubree L Hawley
- School of Human and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Jamie I Baum
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramser A, Dridi S. Hormonal regulation of visfatin and adiponectin system in quail muscle cells. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 281:111425. [PMID: 37044369 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Visfatin and adiponectin are two adipokines known to regulate energy homeostasis and stress response within different peripheral tissues. Their role and regulation in highly metabolically active tissue such as the muscle is of particular interest. As modern poultry exhibit insulin resistance, obesity, and hyperglycemia along with a lack of insight into the regulation of these avian adipokines, we undertook the present work to determine the regulation of visfatin and adiponectin system by cytokines and obesity-related hormones in a relevant in vitro model of avian muscle, quail muscle (QM7) cells. Cells were treated with pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 (5 and 10 ng/mL) and TNFα (5 and 10 ng/mL), as well as leptin (10 and 100 ng/mL) and both orexin-A and orexin-B (ORX-A/B) (5 and 10 ng/mL). Results showed significant increases in visfatin mRNA abundance under both cytokines (IL-6 and TNFα), and down regulation with ORX-B treatment. Adiponectin expression was also upregulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNFα), but down regulated by leptin, ORX-A, and ORXB. High doses of IL-6 and TNFα up regulated the expression of adiponectin receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, respectively. Leptin and orexin treatments also down regulated both AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 expression. Taken together, this is the first report showing a direct response of visfatin and the adiponectin system to pro-inflammatory and obesity-related hormones in avian muscle cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Ramser
- University of Arkansas, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Sami Dridi
- University of Arkansas, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vraka K, Mytilinaios D, Katsenos AP, Serbis A, Baloyiannis S, Bellos S, Simos YV, Tzavellas NP, Konitsiotis S, Vezyraki P, Peschos D, Tsamis KI. Cellular Localization of Orexin 1 Receptor in Human Hypothalamus and Morphological Analysis of Neurons Expressing the Receptor. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040592. [PMID: 37189339 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The orexin system is related to food behavior, energy balance, wakefulness and the reward system. It consists of the neuropeptides orexin A and B, and their receptors, orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) and orexin 2 receptor (OX2R). OX1R has selective affinity for orexin A, and is implicated in multiple functions, such as reward, emotions, and autonomic regulation. This study provides information about the OX1R distribution in human hypothalamus. The human hypothalamus, despite its small size, demonstrates a remarkable complexity in terms of cell populations and cellular morphology. Numerous studies have focused on various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the hypothalamus, both in animals and humans, however, there is limited experimental data on the morphological characteristics of neurons. The immunohistochemical analysis of the human hypothalamus revealed that OX1R is mainly found in the lateral hypothalamic area, the lateral preoptic nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus, the dorsomedial nucleus, the ventromedial nucleus, and the paraventricular nucleus. The rest of the hypothalamic nuclei do not express the receptor, except for a very low number of neurons in the mammillary bodies. After identifying the nuclei and neuronal groups that were immunopositive for OX1R, a morphological and morphometric analysis of those neurons was conducted using the Golgi method. The analysis revealed that the neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area were uniform in terms of their morphological characteristics, often forming small groups of three to four neurons. A high proportion of neurons in this area (over 80%) expressed the OX1R, with particularly high expression in the lateral tuberal nucleus (over 95% of neurons). These results were analyzed, and shown to represent, at the cellular level, the distribution of OX1R, and we discuss the regulatory role of orexin A in the intra-hypothalamic areas, such as its special role in the plasticity of neurons, as well as in neuronal networks of the human hypothalamus.
Collapse
|
4
|
New Aspects of Corpus Luteum Regulation in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Involvement of Adipokines and Neuropeptides. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060957. [PMID: 35326408 PMCID: PMC8946127 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The corpus luteum is a small gland of great importance because its proper functioning determines not only the appropriate course of the estrous/menstrual cycle and embryo implantation, but also the subsequent maintenance of pregnancy. Among the well-known regulators of luteal tissue functions, increasing attention is focused on the role of neuropeptides and adipose tissue hormones—adipokines. Growing evidence points to the expression of these factors in the corpus luteum of women and different animal species, and their involvement in corpus luteum formation, endocrine function, angiogenesis, cells proliferation, apoptosis, and finally, regression. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge about the expression and role of adipokines, such as adiponectin, leptin, apelin, vaspin, visfatin, chemerin, and neuropeptides like ghrelin, orexins, kisspeptin, and phoenixin in the physiological regulation of the corpus luteum function, as well as their potential involvement in pathologies affecting the luteal cells that disrupt the estrous cycle.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mavanji V, Pomonis B, Kotz CM. Orexin, serotonin, and energy balance. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1536. [PMID: 35023323 PMCID: PMC9286346 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamus is critical for the control of ingestive behavior and spontaneous physical activity (SPA), as lesion or stimulation of this region alters these behaviors. Evidence points to lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons as modulators of feeding and SPA. These neurons affect a broad range of systems, and project to multiple brain regions such as the dorsal raphe nucleus, which contains serotoninergic neurons (DRN) important to energy homeostasis. Physical activity is comprised of intentional exercise and SPA. These are opposite ends of a continuum of physical activity intensity and structure. Non‐goal‐oriented behaviors, such as fidgeting, standing, and ambulating, constitute SPA in humans, and reflect a propensity for activity separate from intentional activity, such as high‐intensity voluntary exercise. In animals, SPA is activity not influenced by rewards such as food or a running wheel. Spontaneous physical activity in humans and animals burns calories and could theoretically be manipulated pharmacologically to expend calories and protect against obesity. The DRN neurons receive orexin inputs, and project heavily onto cortical and subcortical areas involved in movement, feeding and energy expenditure (EE). This review discusses the function of hypothalamic orexin in energy‐homeostasis, the interaction with DRN serotonin neurons, and the role of this orexin‐serotonin axis in regulating food intake, SPA, and EE. In addition, we discuss possible brain areas involved in orexin–serotonin cross‐talk; the role of serotonin receptors, transporters and uptake‐inhibitors in the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity; animal models of obesity with impaired serotonin‐function; single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in the serotonin system and obesity; and future directions in the orexin–serotonin field. This article is categorized under:Metabolic Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Mavanji
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brianna Pomonis
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Catherine M Kotz
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jia MQ, Wang YJ, Fu K, Jiao H, Sun J, Gao Y. Orexin receptor type 2 agonism inhibits thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue by attenuating afferent innervation. J Biomed Res 2022; 36:195-207. [PMID: 35660653 PMCID: PMC9179112 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20220033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin signaling has been associated with energy expenditure and brown adipose tissue (BAT) function. However, conflicting data exist in the field about how orexin signaling regulates BAT thermogenesis. In this study, we show that a specific orexin receptor type 2 (OX2R) agonist [Ala11, D-Leu15]-OxB (OB-Ala) inhibited intrascapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) thermogenesis by reducing sympathetic output to iBAT. This effect is mediated by OX2Rs located on afferent nerve endings innervating iBAT instead of brown adipocyte itself. Microinjection of OB-Ala into iBAT inhibited iBAT thermogenesis in mice upon cold exposure and neuronal activity in the paraventricular nucleus. Findings suggest that OB-Ala could inhibit iBAT thermogenesis by attenuating sensory input thereby inhibiting the sympathetic-sensory iBAT feedback loop. Our study uncovers a novel primary action site of orexin in the regulation of energy balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mo-qiu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Yong-jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Kang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Han Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Jia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Yuanqing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Yuanqing Gao, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China. Tel: +86-25 86868467. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Goldstein N, Tsuneki H, Bhandarkar N, Aimaretti E, Haim Y, Kon K, Sato K, Wada T, Liberty IF, Kirshtein B, Dukhno O, Maixner N, Gepner Y, Sasaoka T, Rudich A. Human adipose tissue is a putative direct target of daytime orexin with favorable metabolic effects: A cross-sectional study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1857-1867. [PMID: 34472713 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Orexin/hypocretin (Ox) and its receptors (OxR), a neuroendocrine system centrally regulating sleep/wakefulness, were implicated in the regulation of peripheral metabolism. It was hypothesized that human adipose tissue constitutes a direct target of the OxA/OxR system that associates with distinct metabolic profile(s). METHODS Serum Ox levels and abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue expression of Ox/HCRT, OxR1/HCRTR1, and OxR2/HCRTR2 were measured in n = 81 patients. RESULTS Higher morning circulating Ox levels were associated with improved lipid profile and insulin sensitivity, independently of BMI (β = -0.363, p = 0.018 for BMI-adjusted homeostatic model of insulin resistance). Adipose HCRT mRNA was detectable in <20% of patients. Visceral HCRT expressers were mostly (80%) males and, compared with nonexpressers, had lower total and LDL cholesterol. HCRTR1 was readily detectable, and HCRTR2 was undetectable. HCRTR1 mRNA and OxR1 protein expression were higher in subcutaneous than visceral adipose tissue, and among nonobese patients, patients with obesity, and patients with obesity and T2DM were 3.4 (1.0), 0.7 (0.1), 0.6 (0.1) (AU) (p < 0.001) and 1.0 (0.2), 0.5 (0.1), 0.4 (0.1) (AU) (p = NS), respectively. Higher visceral HCRTR1 expression was associated with lower fasting insulin and homeostatic model of insulin resistance, also after adjusting for BMI. In human adipocytes, HCRTR1 expression did not exhibit significant oscillation. CONCLUSIONS Human adipose tissue is a putative direct target of the OxA-OxR1 system, with higher morning input being associated with improved metabolic profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nir Goldstein
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hiroshi Tsuneki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
| | - Nikhil Bhandarkar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Eleonora Aimaretti
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Yulia Haim
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Kanta Kon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Sato
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Wada
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
| | - Idit F Liberty
- Soroka University Medical Center and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Boris Kirshtein
- Soroka University Medical Center and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Oleg Dukhno
- Soroka University Medical Center and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nitzan Maixner
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yftach Gepner
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Toshiyasu Sasaoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
| | - Assaf Rudich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology and the National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Correa‐da‐Silva F, Fliers E, Swaab DF, Yi C. Hypothalamic neuropeptides and neurocircuitries in Prader Willi syndrome. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12994. [PMID: 34156126 PMCID: PMC8365683 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare and incurable congenital neurodevelopmental disorder, resulting from the absence of expression of a group of genes on the paternally acquired chromosome 15q11-q13. Phenotypical characteristics of PWS include infantile hypotonia, short stature, incomplete pubertal development, hyperphagia and morbid obesity. Hypothalamic dysfunction in controlling body weight and food intake is a hallmark of PWS. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that PWS subjects have abnormal neurocircuitry engaged in the hedonic and physiological control of feeding behavior. This is translated into diminished production of hypothalamic effector peptides which are responsible for the coordination of energy homeostasis and satiety. So far, studies with animal models for PWS and with human post-mortem hypothalamic specimens demonstrated changes particularly in the infundibular and the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, both in orexigenic and anorexigenic neural populations. Moreover, many PWS patients have a severe endocrine dysfunction, e.g. central hypogonadism and/or growth hormone deficiency, which may contribute to the development of increased fat mass, especially if left untreated. Additionally, the role of non-neuronal cells, such as astrocytes and microglia in the hypothalamic dysregulation in PWS is yet to be determined. Notably, microglial activation is persistently present in non-genetic obesity. To what extent microglia, and other glial cells, are affected in PWS is poorly understood. The elucidation of the hypothalamic dysfunction in PWS could prove to be a key feature of rational therapeutic management in this syndrome. This review aims to examine the evidence for hypothalamic dysfunction, both at the neuropeptidergic and circuitry levels, and its correlation with the pathophysiology of PWS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Correa‐da‐Silva
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Neuropsychiatric DisordersNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dick F. Swaab
- Department of Neuropsychiatric DisordersNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Chun‐Xia Yi
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Neuropsychiatric DisordersNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ægidius HM, Kruse L, Christensen GL, Lorentzen MP, Jørgensen NR, Moresco M, Pizza F, Plazzi G, Jennum PJ, Kornum BR. Pre-treatment of blood samples reveal normal blood hypocretin/orexin signal in narcolepsy type 1. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab050. [PMID: 33977264 PMCID: PMC8100001 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypocretin/orexin system regulates arousal through central nervous system mechanisms and plays an important role in sleep, wakefulness and energy homeostasis. It is unclear whether hypocretin peptides are also present in blood due to difficulties in measuring reliable and reproducible levels of the peptides in blood samples. Lack of hypocretin signalling causes the sleep disorder narcolepsy type 1, and low concentration of cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1/orexin-A peptide is a hallmark of the disease. This measurement has high diagnostic value, but performing a lumbar puncture is not without discomfort and possible complications for the patient. A blood-based test to assess hypocretin-1 deficiency would therefore be of obvious benefit. We here demonstrate that heating plasma or serum samples to 65°C for 30 min at pH 8 significantly increases hypocretin-1 immunoreactivity enabling stable and reproducible measurement of hypocretin-1 in blood samples. Specificity of the signal was verified by high-performance liquid chromatography and by measuring blood samples from mice lacking hypocretin. Unspecific background signal in the assay was high. Using our method, we show that hypocretin-1 immunoreactivity in blood samples from narcolepsy type 1 patients does not differ from the levels detected in control samples. The data presented here suggest that hypocretin-1 is present in the blood stream in the low picograms per millilitres range and that peripheral hypocretin-1 concentrations are unchanged in narcolepsy type 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helene M Ægidius
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lars Kruse
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | - Marc P Lorentzen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Niklas R Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Monica Moresco
- Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Ospedale Bellaria, IRCCS Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Pizza
- Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Ospedale Bellaria, IRCCS Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Ospedale Bellaria, IRCCS Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Poul J Jennum
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Birgitte R Kornum
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Greene ES, Zampiga M, Sirri F, Ohkubo T, Dridi S. Orexin system is expressed in avian liver and regulates hepatic lipogenesis via ERK1/2 activation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19191. [PMID: 33154530 PMCID: PMC7645691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins are originally characterized as orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptides in mammals. Subsequent studies found orexin to be expressed and perform pleiotropic functions in multiple tissues in mammals. In avian (non-mammalian) species, however, orexin seemed to not affect feeding behavior and its physiological roles are poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that orexin and its related receptors are expressed in chicken hepatocytes. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that orexin is localized in the ER, Golgi, and in the lysosomes in LMH cells. Brefeldin A treatment reduced orexin levels in the culture media, but increased it in the cell lysates. Administration of recombinant orexins upregulated the expression of orexin system in the liver of 9-day old chicks, but did not affect feed intake. Recombinant orexins increased fatty acid synthase (FASN) protein levels in chicken liver, activated acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCα), and increased FASN, ATP citrate lyase(ACLY), and malic enzyme (ME) protein expression in LMH cells. Blockade ERK1/2 activation by PD98059 attenuated these stimulating effects of orexin on lipogenic factors. Overexpression of ERK1/2 increased the expression of lipogenic genes, and orexin treatment induced the phosphorylated levels of ERK1/2Thr202/Tyr204, but not that of p38 Thr180/Tyr182 or JNK1/2 Thr183/Tyr185 in chicken liver and LMH cells. Taken together, this is the first report evidencing that orexin is expressed and secreted from chicken hepatocytes, and that orexin induced hepatic lipogenesis via activation of ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E S Greene
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - M Zampiga
- Dipartimento Di Scienze E Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Sirri
- Dipartimento Di Scienze E Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - T Ohkubo
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple Street, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Valenzano A, Tartaglia N, Ambrosi A, Tafuri D, Monda M, Messina A, Sessa F, Campanozzi A, Monda V, Cibelli G, Messina G, Polito R. The Metabolic Rearrangements of Bariatric Surgery: Focus on Orexin-A and the Adiponectin System. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9103327. [PMID: 33081283 PMCID: PMC7602946 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of adipose tissue represents one of the characteristics of obesity, increasing the risk of developing correlated obesity diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and immune diseases. Visceral adipose tissue accumulation leads to chronic low inflammation inducing an imbalanced adipokine secretion. Among these adipokines, Adiponectin is an important metabolic and inflammatory mediator. It is also known that adipose tissue is influenced by Orexin-A levels, a neuropeptide produced in the lateral hypothalamus. Adiponectin and Orexin-A are strongly decreased in obesity and are associated with metabolic and inflammatory pathways. The aim of this review was to investigate the involvement of the autonomic nervous system focusing on Adiponectin and Orexin-A after bariatric surgery. After bariatric surgery, Adiponectin and Orexin-A levels are strongly increased independently of weight loss showing that hormone increases are also attributable to a rearrangement of metabolic and inflammatory mediators. The restriction of food intake and malabsorption are not sufficient to clarify the clinical effects of bariatric surgery suggesting the involvement of neuro-hormonal feedback loops and also of mediators such as Adiponectin and Orexin-A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Nicola Tartaglia
- General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonio Ambrosi
- General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Domenico Tafuri
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80133 Naples, Italy;
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Angelo Campanozzi
- Pediatrics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (R.P.); Tel.: +39-0881588095 (G.M.)
| | - Rita Polito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (R.P.); Tel.: +39-0881588095 (G.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu L, Wang Q, Liu A, Lan X, Huang Y, Zhao Z, Jie H, Chen J, Zhao Y. Physiological Implications of Orexins/Hypocretins on Energy Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Development. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:547-555. [PMID: 31956801 PMCID: PMC6964296 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Orexins/hypocretins and their receptors (OXRs) are ubiquitously distributed throughout the nervous system and peripheral tissues. Recently, various reports have indicated that orexins play regulatory roles in numerous physiological processes involved in obesity, energy homeostasis, sleep-wake cycle, analgesia, alcoholism, learning, and memory. This review aims to outline recent progress in the research and development of orexins used in biochemical signaling pathways, secretion pathways, and the regulation of energy metabolism/adipose tissue development. Orexins regulate a variety of physiological functions in the body by activating phospholipase C/protein kinase C and AC/cAMP/PKA pathways, through receptors coupled to Gq and Gi/Gs, respectively. The secretion of orexins is modulated by blood glucose, blood lipids, hormones, and neuropeptides. Orexins have critical functions in energy metabolism, regulating both feeding behavior and energy expenditure. Increasing the sensitivity of orexin-coupled hypothalamic neurons concurrently enhances spontaneous physical activity, non-exercise activity thermogenesis, white adipose tissue lipolysis, and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. With this comprehensive review of the current literature on the subject, we hope to provide an integrated perspective for the prevention/treatment of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingbin Liu
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
- E-mail: (L.L.)
| | - Qigui Wang
- ChongQing Academy
of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Anfang Liu
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Rongchang Campus, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xi Lan
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yongfu Huang
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhongquan Zhao
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hang Jie
- Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant
Cultivation, Nanchuan, 408435 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Juncai Chen
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yongju Zhao
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
- E-mail: (Y.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Neuroimmunology and immunometabolism are burgeoning topics of study, but the intersection of these two fields is scarcely considered. This interplay is particularly prevalent within adipose tissue, where immune cells and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) have an important role in metabolic homeostasis and pathology, namely in obesity. In the present Review, we first outline the established reciprocal adipose-SNS relationship comprising the neuroendocrine loop facilitated primarily by adipose tissue-derived leptin and SNS-derived noradrenaline. Next, we review the extensive crosstalk between adipocytes and resident innate immune cells as well as the changes that occur in these secretory and signalling pathways in obesity. Finally, we discuss the effect of SNS adrenergic signalling in immune cells and conclude with exciting new research demonstrating an immutable role for SNS-resident macrophages in modulating SNS-adipose crosstalk. We posit that the latter point constitutes the existence of a new field - neuroimmunometabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Larabee
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Oliver C Neely
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Ana I Domingos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Effects of Very Low Calorie Ketogenic Diet on the Orexinergic System, Visceral Adipose Tissue, and ROS Production. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120643. [PMID: 31847149 PMCID: PMC6943716 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Caloric restriction is a valid strategy to reduce the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) content in obese persons. Hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) is a neuropeptide synthesized in the lateral hypothalamus that strongly modulates food intake, thus influencing adipose tissue accumulation. Therapeutic diets in obesity treatment may combine the advantages of caloric restriction and dietary ketosis. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of a very low calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in a population of obese patients. Methods: Adiposity parameters and orexin-A serum profiling were quantified over an 8 week period. The effect of the VLCKD on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell viability was evaluated, in vitro, by culturing Hep-G2 cells in the presence of VLCKD sera. Results: Dietary intervention induced significant effects on body weight, adiposity, and blood chemistry parameters. Moreover, a selective reduction in VAT was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Orexin-A levels significantly increased after dietary treatment. Hep-G2 cell viability was not affected after 24, 48, and 72 h incubation with patients’ sera, before and after the VLCKD. In the same model system, ROS production was not significantly influenced by dietary treatment. Conclusion: The VLCKD exerts a positive effect on VAT decrease, ameliorating adiposity and blood chemistry parameters. Furthermore, short-term mild dietary ketosis does not appear to have a cytotoxic effect, nor does it represent a factor capable of increasing oxidative stress. Finally, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that shows an effect of the VLCKD upon the orexinergic system, supporting the usefulness of such a therapeutic intervention in promoting obesity reduction in the individual burden of this disease.
Collapse
|
15
|
Serum level of orexin A and its correlation with metabolic risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-019-00728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
16
|
Wang P, Wang M, Zhang L, Zhong S, Jiang W, Wang Z, Sun C, Zhang S, Liu Z. Functional characterization of an orexin neuropeptide in amphioxus reveals an ancient origin of orexin/orexin receptor system in chordate. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1655-1669. [PMID: 30945108 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Amphioxus belongs to the subphylum cephalochordata, an extant representative of the most basal chordates, whose regulation of endocrine system remains ambiguous. Here we clearly demonstrated the existence of a functional orexin neuropeptide in amphioxus, which is able to interact with orexin receptor, activate both PKC and PKA pathways, decrease leptin expression, and stimulate lipogenesis. We also showed the transcription level of amphioxus orexin was affected by fasting or temperature, indicating a role of this gene in the regulation of energy balance. In addition, the expression of the amphioxus orexin was detected at cerebral vesicle, which has been proposed to be a homolog of the vertebrate brain. These data collectively suggest that a functional orexin neuropeptide has already emerged in amphioxus, which provide insights into the evolutionary origin of orexin in chordate and the functional homology between the cerebral vesicle and vertebrate brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shenjie Zhong
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wanyue Jiang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ziyue Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chen Sun
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Zhenhui Liu
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Functional cardiac orexin receptors: role of orexin-B/orexin 2 receptor in myocardial protection. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2547-2564. [PMID: 30467191 PMCID: PMC6365625 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Orexins/hypocretins exert cardiovascular effects which are centrally mediated. In the present study, we tested whether orexins and their receptors may also act in an autocrine/paracrine manner in the heart exerting direct effects. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses revealed that the rat heart expresses orexins and orexin receptors (OXR). In isolated rat cardiomyocytes, only orexin-B (OR-B) caused an increase in contractile shortening, independent of diastolic or systolic calcium levels. A specific orexin receptor-2 (OX2R) agonist ([Ala11, d-Leu15]-Orexin B) exerted similar effects as OR-B, whereas a specific orexin receptor-1 (OX1R) antagonist (SB-408124) did not alter the responsiveness of OR-B. Treatment of the same model with OR-B resulted in a dose-dependent increase in myosin light chain and troponin-I (TnI) phosphorylation. Following ischaemia/reperfusion in the isolated Langendorff perfused rat heart model, OR-B, but not OR-A, exerts a cardioprotective effect; mirrored in an in vivo model as well. Unlike OR-A, OR-B was also able to induce extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Akt phosphorylation in rat myocardial tissue and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in human heart samples. These findings were further corroborated in an in vivo rat model. In human subjects with heart failure, there is a significant negative correlation between the expression of OX2R and the severity of the disease clinical symptoms, as assessed by the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification. Collectively, we provide evidence of a distinct orexin system in the heart that exerts a cardioprotective role via an OR-B/OX2R pathway.
Collapse
|
18
|
Skrzypski M, Billert M, Nowak KW, Strowski MZ. The role of orexin in controlling the activity of the adipo-pancreatic axis. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:R95-R108. [PMID: 29848609 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Orexin A and B are two neuropeptides, which regulate a variety of physiological functions by interacting with central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Biological effects of orexins are mediated through two G-protein-coupled receptors (OXR1 and OXR2). In addition to their strong influence on the sleep-wake cycle, there is growing evidence that orexins regulate body weight, glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, orexins promote energy expenditure and protect against obesity by interacting with brown adipocytes. Fat tissue and the endocrine pancreas play pivotal roles in maintaining energy homeostasis. Since both organs are crucially important in the context of pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of orexins and their receptors in controlling adipocytes as well as the endocrine pancreatic functions. Particularly, we discuss studies evaluating the effects of orexins in controlling brown and white adipocytes as well as pancreatic alpha and beta cell functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Skrzypski
- Department of Animal Physiology and BiochemistryPoznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - M Billert
- Department of Animal Physiology and BiochemistryPoznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - K W Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology and BiochemistryPoznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - M Z Strowski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology & The Interdisciplinary Centre of Metabolism: EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Park-Klinik WeissenseeInternal Medicine - Gastroenterology, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pruszynska-Oszmalek E, Kolodziejski PA, Kaczmarek P, Sassek M, Szczepankiewicz D, Mikula R, Nowak KW. Orexin A but not orexin B regulates lipid metabolism and leptin secretion in isolated porcine adipocytes. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 63:59-68. [PMID: 29413903 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that orexins are involved in the metabolism and endocrine function of rodent adipocytes, but there are no data on other animal species, including pigs. Therefore, in this study, we tested the hypothesis that orexin A (OxA) and orexin B (OxB) modulate the metabolism and endocrine functions of isolated porcine adipocytes and adipose tissue explants. Moreover, we characterized the possible mechanism of OxA action in porcine adipocytes. According to the results, both orexin receptor 1 and orexin receptor 2 were expressed in the porcine adipose tissue. We found that OxA suppressed the release of glycerol from porcine adipocytes both in the absence (basal lipolysis; P < 0.05) and in the presence (stimulated lipolysis; P < 0.05) of isoproterenol. Orexin A increased basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (P < 0.05), as well as it enhanced the rate of glucose incorporation into lipids with insulin (stimulated lipogenesis; P < 0.01) or without insulin (basal; P < 0.05). We have also shown that OxA stimulated the mRNA expression of glucose transporter 4 (P < 0.05) and its translocation into the plasma membrane (P < 0.01). Moreover, OxA upregulated the mRNA expression of leptin in isolated porcine adipocytes (P < 0.05) and increased the secretion of leptin (P < 0.05). We have also demonstrated one of the possible mechanisms of OxA action in adipocytes. In the presence of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) inhibitor, the effect of OxA was not detectable in porcine adipocytes, which indicates that this peptide increased cell viability via ERK1/2 pathway (P < 0.05). However, OxB did not show any effect on the metabolism and endocrine functions of porcine adipocytes. In summary, we have shown for the first time that OxA has a significant impact on the intensity of lipolysis, glucose uptake, lipogenesis, as well as on the expression and secretion of leptin. Therefore, we conclude that OxA but not OxB regulates lipid metabolism in porcine adipose tissue and that this regulation is partly mediated via ERK1/2 pathway. The action of orexins should be further explored to better understand their role in the regulation of adiposity in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Pruszynska-Oszmalek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
| | - P A Kolodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - P Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - M Sassek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - D Szczepankiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - R Mikula
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska Street 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - K W Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska Street 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Global analysis of gene expression mediated by OX1 orexin receptor signaling in a hypothalamic cell line. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188082. [PMID: 29145494 PMCID: PMC5690679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The orexins and their cognate G-protein coupled receptors have been widely studied due to their associations with various behaviors and cellular processes. However, the detailed downstream signaling cascades that mediate these effects are not completely understood. We report the generation of a neuronal model cell line that stably expresses the OX1 orexin receptor (OX1) and an RNA-Seq analysis of changes in gene expression seen upon receptor activation. Upon treatment with orexin, several families of related transcription factors are transcriptionally regulated, including the early growth response genes (Egr), the Kruppel-like factors (Klf), and the Nr4a subgroup of nuclear hormone receptors. Furthermore, some of the transcriptional effects observed have also been seen in data from in vivo sleep deprivation microarray studies, supporting the physiological relevance of the data set. Additionally, inhibition of one of the most highly regulated genes, serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (Sgk1), resulted in the diminished orexin-dependent induction of a subset of genes. These results provide new insight into the molecular signaling events that occur during OX1 signaling and support a role for orexin signaling in the stimulation of wakefulness during sleep deprivation studies.
Collapse
|
21
|
Study of plasma orexin-A level in COPD patients during acute exacerbation. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
22
|
Abstract
Orexin/hypocretin peptide (orexin-A and orexin-B) signaling is believed to take place via the two G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), named OX1 and OX2 orexin receptors, as described in the previous chapters. Signaling of orexin peptides has been investigated in diverse endogenously orexin receptor-expressing cells - mainly neurons but also other types of cells - and in recombinant cells expressing the receptors in a heterologous manner. Findings in the different systems are partially convergent but also indicate cellular background-specific signaling. The general picture suggests an inherently high degree of diversity in orexin receptor signaling.In the current chapter, I present orexin signaling on the cellular and molecular levels. Discussion of the connection to (potential) physiological orexin responses is only brief since these are in focus of other chapters in this book. The same goes for the post-synaptic signaling mechanisms, which are dealt with in Burdakov: Postsynaptic actions of orexin. The current chapter is organized according to the tissue type, starting from the central nervous system. Finally, receptor signaling pathways are discussed across tissues, cell types, and even species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki P Kukkonen
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, POB 66, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Blais A, Drouin G, Chaumontet C, Voisin T, Couvelard A, Even PC, Couvineau A. Impact of Orexin-A Treatment on Food Intake, Energy Metabolism and Body Weight in Mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169908. [PMID: 28085909 PMCID: PMC5235373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Orexin-A and -B are hypothalamic neuropeptides of 33 and 28-amino acids, which regulate many homeostatic systems including sleep/wakefulness states, energy balance, energy homeostasis, reward seeking and drug addiction. Orexin-A treatment was also shown to reduce tumor development in xenografted nude mice and is thus a potential treatment for carcinogenesis. The aim of this work was to explore in healthy mice the consequences on energy expenditure components of an orexin-A treatment at a dose previously shown to be efficient to reduce tumor development. Physiological approaches were used to evaluate the effect of orexin-A on food intake pattern, energy metabolism body weight and body adiposity. Modulation of the expression of brain neuropeptides and receptors including NPY, POMC, AgRP, cocaine- and amphetamine related transcript (CART), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and prepro-orexin (HCRT), and Y2 and Y5 neuropeptide Y, MC4 (melanocortin), OX1 and OX2 orexin receptors (Y2R, Y5R, MC4R, OX1R and OX2R, respectively) was also explored. Our results show that orexin-A treatment does not significantly affect the components of energy expenditure, and glucose metabolism but reduces intraperitoneal fat deposit, adiposity and the expression of several brain neuropeptide receptors suggesting that peripheral orexin-A was able to reach the central nervous system. These findings establish that orexin-A treatment which is known for its activity as an inducer of tumor cell death, do have minor parallel consequence on energy homeostasis control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Blais
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Gaëtan Drouin
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Chaumontet
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Voisin
- INSERM U1149/ Inflammation Research Center (CRI), Paris-Diderot University, DHU UNITY, Faculté de Médecine Site Bichat, 16, rue H. Huchard, Paris, France
| | - Anne Couvelard
- INSERM U1149/ Inflammation Research Center (CRI), Paris-Diderot University, DHU UNITY, Faculté de Médecine Site Bichat, 16, rue H. Huchard, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Christian Even
- UMR Physiologie de la Nutrition et du Comportement Alimentaire, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Alain Couvineau
- INSERM U1149/ Inflammation Research Center (CRI), Paris-Diderot University, DHU UNITY, Faculté de Médecine Site Bichat, 16, rue H. Huchard, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang Z, Wu H, Stone WS, Zhuang J, Qiu L, Xu X, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Han F, Zhao Z. Body weight and basal metabolic rate in childhood narcolepsy: a longitudinal study. Sleep Med 2016; 25:139-144. [PMID: 27823707 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
25
|
Yan Y, Tian L, Xiang X, Ding W, Song G, Xu J. Chronic gastric electrical stimulation leads to weight loss via modulating multiple tissue neuropeptide Y, orexin, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and oxytocin in obese rats. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016. [PMID: 26199984 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1069391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) has great potential for the treatment of obesity. We investigated the impact of chronic GES on the alteration of adipose tissue and the regulation of neuropeptide Y (NPY), orexin (OX), α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and oxytocin (OXT), and their receptors in several tissues. MATERIAL AND METHODS Most of the experiments included three groups of diet-induced obesity rats: (1) sham-GES (SGES); (2) GL-6mA (GES with 6 mA, 4 ms, 40 Hz, 2 s on, 3 s off at lesser curvature); and (3) SGES-PF (SGES rats receiving pair feeding to match the consumption of GL-6mA rats). Chronic GES was applied for 2 h every day for 4 weeks. During treatment with GES, food intake and body weight were monitored weekly. The alteration of epididymal fat weight, gastric emptying, and expression of peptides and their receptors in several tissues were determined. RESULTS GL-6mA was more potent than SGES-PF in decreasing body weight gain, epididymal fat tissue weight, adipocyte size and gastric emptying. Chronic GES significantly altered NPY, OX, α-MSH and OXT and their receptors in the hypothalamus, adipose tissue and stomach. CONCLUSIONS Chronic GES effectively leads to weight loss by reducing food intake, fat tissue weight and gastric emptying. NPY, α-MSH, orexin and OXT, and their receptors in the hypothalamus, adipose tissue and stomach appear to be involved in the anti-obesity effects of chronic GES.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yan
- a 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lugao Tian
- a 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xuelian Xiang
- a 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wei Ding
- a 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Gengqing Song
- b 2 Internal Medicine Department, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine , El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Junying Xu
- a 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430022, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang C, Sun C, Wang B, Yan P, Wu A, Yang G, Li W. Orexin-A stimulates the expression of GLUT4 in a glucose dependent manner in the liver of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 199:95-104. [PMID: 27264958 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in the central regulation of feeding behavior, sleep-wake cycle and other physiological functions. Orexin-A can regulate energy metabolism and increase glucose uptake, suggesting a role in glucose metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effects of orexin-A on GLUT4 mRNA and protein levels and the intracellular signaling mechanisms mediating orexin-A activity in the hepatocytes of grouper. Our results demonstrate that intraperitoneal injection of orexin-A increased the expression of GLUT4 in the liver, and this effect was significantly enhanced by co-injection of glucose. Treatment of primary cultured hepatocytes with either orexin-A or glucose alone had no effect on the expression of GLUT4, while co-treatment with orexin-A and glucose significantly increased the expression of GLUT4. This stimulatory effect was partially blocked by inhibitors to ERK1/2, JNK or p38 MAPK and was further blocked by an orexin receptor antagonist, which indicates that orexin-A could stimulate the expression of GLUT4 in a glucose dependent manner in primary hepatocytes via ERK1/2, JNK and p38 signaling. Our results suggest that orexin-A could play a pivotal role in stimulating glucose utilization in grouper, for a long-term goal, which might be useful in reducing costs in the aquaculture industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Caiyun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Peipei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Amin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guokun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wensheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wojciechowicz T, Skrzypski M, Szczepankiewicz D, Hertig I, Kołodziejski PA, Billert M, Strowski MZ, Nowak KW. Original Research: Orexins A and B stimulate proliferation and differentiation of porcine preadipocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1786-95. [PMID: 27190275 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216649261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin A (OXA) and B (OXB) are neuropeptides which regulate appetite, energy expenditure, and arousal via G-protein coupled receptors termed as OXR1 and OXR2. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of OXA and OXB on proliferation and differentiation of porcine preadipocytes. Porcine preadipocytes express both OXRs. OXA and OXB enhance porcine preadipocyte proliferation by 54.8% or 63.2 %, respectively. OXA and OXB potentiate differentiation of porcine preadipocytes, as judged by the increased lipid accumulation and expression of proadipogenic genes. Cellular lipid content after exposure of preadipocytes for six days to 100 nM OXA or OXB increased by 82.2% or 59.2%, respectively. OXA and OXB suppressed glycerol release by 23.9% or 24.9% in preadipocytes differentiated for six days. OXA (100 nM) increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression in cells differentiated for 24 h by 100.5%. PPARγ expression was also stimulated in preadipocytes differentiated in the presence of 10 nM (58.3%) or 100 nM OXA (50.6%) for three days. OXB potentiated PPARγ mRNA expression at 1 nM (59%), 10 nM (53.2%), and 100 nM (73.9%) in cells differentiated for three days. OXA increased CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha expression in preadipocytes differentiated for six days by 65%. OXB stimulated CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta expression in preadipocytes differentiated for three days at 10 nM (149.5%) as well as 100 nM (207.2%). Lipoprotein lipase mRNA expression increased in cells treated with 10 nM OXA by 152.6% and 100 nM OXA by 162%. Lipoprotein lipase expression increased by 134% at 100 nM OXB. Furthermore, OXA (100 nM) and OXB (100 nM) increased leptin mRNA expression in preadipocytes differentiated for three days by 49.9% or 71.3%, respectively. These data indicate that orexin receptors may be relevant in the context of white adipose tissue formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Wojciechowicz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-637, Poland
| | - Marek Skrzypski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-637, Poland
| | - Dawid Szczepankiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-637, Poland
| | - Iwona Hertig
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-637, Poland
| | - Paweł A Kołodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-637, Poland
| | - Maria Billert
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-637, Poland
| | - Mathias Z Strowski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology and Interdisciplinary Centre of Metabolism: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Charite-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany Department of Gastroenterology, Medical Clinic, Elblandklinik, Meissen 01662, Germany
| | - Krzysztof W Nowak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-637, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Park JH, Shim HM, Na AY, Bae JH, Im SS, Song DK. Orexin A regulates plasma insulin and leptin levels in a time-dependent manner following a glucose load in mice. Diabetologia 2015; 58:1542-50. [PMID: 25813215 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Orexin A (OXA) is a neuropeptide implicated in the regulation of arousal status and energy metabolism. Orexin receptors are expressed not only in the central nervous system but also in the pancreas and adipose tissue. However, little is known about the physiological function of orexins. This study investigated the role of exogenous OXA in blood glucose control after glucose load in mice. In addition, the effect of OXA on insulin secretion was also identified in mouse pancreatic beta cells. METHODS Insulin secretion and intracellular Ca(2+) levels were measured in perifused mouse islets. To investigate the effects of exogenous OXA on blood glucose levels in vivo, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests were performed after a subcutaneous injection of OXA in normal and high-fat diet-induced diabetic mice. RESULTS OXA significantly potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro, which increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels, mainly through adenylate cyclase and ryanodine receptor activation. This Ca(2+)-dependent insulinotropic effect of OXA was blocked in Epac2 (Rapgef4)-deficient beta cells. After a glucose load in mice, exogenous OXA decreased blood glucose levels, compared with the control, by enhancing plasma insulin and decreasing plasma glucagon levels. Additionally, OXA caused a delayed increase in plasma leptin levels, resulting in lower plasma insulin levels when blood glucose levels fell to baseline. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results suggest that OXA might be a critical regulator of insulin, glucagon and leptin secretion in response to glucose. Thus, exogenous OXA might have therapeutic potential in improving blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyung Park
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeoldae-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 704-701, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zink AN, Perez-Leighton CE, Kotz CM. The orexin neuropeptide system: physical activity and hypothalamic function throughout the aging process. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:211. [PMID: 25408639 PMCID: PMC4219460 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a rising medical need for novel therapeutic targets of physical activity. Physical activity spans from spontaneous, low intensity movements to voluntary, high-intensity exercise. Regulation of spontaneous and voluntary movement is distributed over many brain areas and neural substrates, but the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for mediating overall activity levels are not well understood. The hypothalamus plays a central role in the control of physical activity, which is executed through coordination of multiple signaling systems, including the orexin neuropeptides. Orexin producing neurons integrate physiological and metabolic information to coordinate multiple behavioral states and modulate physical activity in response to the environment. This review is organized around three questions: (1) How do orexin peptides modulate physical activity? (2) What are the effects of aging and lifestyle choices on physical activity? (3) What are the effects of aging on hypothalamic function and the orexin peptides? Discussion of these questions will provide a summary of the current state of knowledge regarding hypothalamic orexin regulation of physical activity during aging and provide a platform on which to develop improved clinical outcomes in age-associated obesity and metabolic syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Zink
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Catherine M Kotz
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA ; GRECC (11G), Minneapolis VA Healthcare System Minneapolis, MN, USA ; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota Saint Paul, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Messina G, Dalia C, Tafuri D, Monda V, Palmieri F, Dato A, Russo A, De Blasio S, Messina A, De Luca V, Chieffi S, Monda M. Orexin-A controls sympathetic activity and eating behavior. Front Psychol 2014; 5:997. [PMID: 25250003 PMCID: PMC4157463 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is extremely important for the health to understand the regulatory mechanisms of energy expenditure. These regulatory mechanisms play a central role in the pathogenesis of body weight alteration. The hypothalamus integrates nutritional information derived from all peripheral organs. This region of the brain controls hormonal secretions and neural pathways of the brainstem. Orexin-A is a hypothalamic neuropeptide involved in the regulation of feeding behavior, sleep-wakefulness rhythm, and neuroendocrine homeostasis. This neuropeptide is involved in the control of the sympathetic activation, blood pressure, metabolic status, and blood glucose level. This minireview focuses on relationship between the sympathetic nervous system and orexin-A in the control of eating behavior and energy expenditure. The “thermoregulatory hypothesis” of food intake is analyzed, underlining the role played by orexin-A in the control of food intake related to body temperature. Furthermore, the paradoxical eating behavior induced orexin-A is illustrated in this minireview.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Messina
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Dalia
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Tafuri
- Faculty of Motor Sciences, Parthenope University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Palmieri
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Amelia Dato
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Russo
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Saverio De Blasio
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Luca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Chieffi
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Section of Human Physiology and Clinical Dietetic Service, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gatta C, Russo F, Russolillo MG, Varricchio E, Paolucci M, Castaldo L, Lucini C, de Girolamo P, Cozzi B, Maruccio L. The orexin system in the enteric nervous system of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). PLoS One 2014; 9:e105009. [PMID: 25144456 PMCID: PMC4140726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides a general approach to the presence and possible role of orexins and their receptors in the gut (three gastric chambers and intestine) of confined environment bottlenose dolphin. The expression of prepro-orexin, orexin A and B and orexin 1 and 2 receptors were investigated by single immunostaining and western blot analysis. The co-localization of vasoactive intestinal peptide and orexin 1 receptor in the enteric nervous system was examined by double immunostaining. Also, orexin A concentration were measured in plasma samples to assess the possible diurnal variation of the plasma level of peptide in this species. Our results showed that the orexin system is widely distributed in bottlenose dolphin enteric nervous system of the all gastrointestinal tract examined. They are very peculiar and partially differs from that of terrestrial mammals. Orexin peptides and prepro-orexin were expressed in the main stomach, pyloric stomach and proximal intestine; while orexin receptors were expressed in the all examined tracts, with the exception of main stomach where found no evidence of orexin 2 receptor. Co-localization of vasoactive intestinal peptide and orexin 1 receptor were more evident in the pyloric stomach and proximal intestine. These data could suggest a possible role of orexin system on the contractility of bottlenose dolphin gastrointestinal districts. Finally, in agreement with several reports, bottlenose dolphin orexin A plasma level was higher in the morning during fasting. Our results emphasize some common features between bottlenose dolphin and terrestrial mammals. Certainly, further functional investigations may help to better explain the role of the orexin system in the energy balance of bottlenose dolphin and the complex interaction between feeding and digestive physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gatta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Finizia Russo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento (BN), Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Ettore Varricchio
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento (BN), Italy
| | - Marina Paolucci
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento (BN), Italy
| | - Luciana Castaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Carla Lucini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Paolo de Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Bruno Cozzi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Lucianna Maruccio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli (NA), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wu F, Song Y, Li F, He X, Ma J, Feng T, Guan B, Wang L, Li S, Liu X, Liu Y, Mao M, Liu J, Bai S, Song C. Wen-dan decoction improves negative emotions in sleep-deprived rats by regulating orexin-a and leptin expression. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2014; 2014:872547. [PMID: 24864160 PMCID: PMC4016855 DOI: 10.1155/2014/872547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Wen-Dan Decoction (WDD), a formula of traditional Chinese medicine, has been clinically used for treating insomnia for approximately 800 years. However, the therapeutic mechanisms of WDD remain unclear. Orexin-A plays a key role in the sleep-wake cycle, while leptin function is opposite to orexin-A. Thus, orexin-A and leptin may be important factors in sleep disorders. In this study, 48 rats were divided into control, model, WDD-treated, and diazepam-treated groups. The model of insomnia was produced by sleep deprivation (SD) for 14 days. The expressions of orexin-A, leptin, and their receptors in blood serum, prefrontal cortex, and hypothalamus were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry, and real time PCR. Open field tests showed that SD increased both crossing movement (Cm) and rearing-movement (Rm) times. Orexin-A and leptin levels in blood serum increased after SD but decreased in brain compared to the control group. mRNA expressions of orexin receptor 1 and leptin receptor after SD were decreased in the prefrontal cortex but were increased in hypothalamus. WDD treatment normalized the behavior and upregulated orexin-A, leptin, orexin receptor 1 and leptin receptor in brain. The findings suggest that WDD treatment may regulate SD-induced negative emotions by regulating orexin-A and leptin expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhi Wu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuehan Song
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Feng Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xin He
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ting Feng
- Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Binghe Guan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Liye Wang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sinai Li
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Meng Mao
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shijing Bai
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Bei Sanhuan Donglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cai Song
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University and CMU Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bays HE. Lorcaserin and adiposopathy: 5-HT2c agonism as a treatment for ‘sick fat’ and metabolic disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 7:1429-45. [DOI: 10.1586/erc.09.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
34
|
Gupta A, Miegueu P, Lapointe M, Poirier P, Martin J, Bastien M, Tiwari S, Cianflone K. Acute post-bariatric surgery increase in orexin levels associates with preferential lipid profile improvement. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84803. [PMID: 24400115 PMCID: PMC3882247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Orexin is a recently identified neuropeptide hormone. Objectives Acute and long-term post-bariatric changes in Orexin and relationship to post-operative metabolic outcomes. Design and Participants Men and women undergoing biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch bariatric surgery (n = 76, BMI≥35 kg/m2) were evaluated for body composition and plasma parameters at baseline, acutely (1 and 5 days) and long-term (6 and 12 months) post-surgery. Setting University Hospital Centre, Canada. Interventions and Main Outcome Measures Groups were subdivided based on acute (average 1 and 5 day) changes in Orexin prior to weight loss: (i)>10% Orexin decrease (n = 33, OrexinDEC) and (ii)>10% Orexin increase (n = 20, OrexinINC), to evaluate impact on long-term changes. Results Both groups had comparable preoperative Orexin levels, BMI, age, sex distribution, diabetes and lipid lowering medication, plasma glucose and lipid parameters except for apolipoproteinB (p<0.007). Orexin increase was rapid and maintained throughout one year, while OrexinDEC subjects remained significantly lower throughout. Over 12 months, changes in BMI, fat mass, and %fat mass were comparable. Fasting glucose and insulin increased immediately 1-day post-operatively, decreasing rapidly (5-day) and declining thereafter with the OrexinINC group remaining lower than the OrexinDEC group throughout (p = 0.001). Similarly, plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C and HDL-C decreased at 1-day, increased slightly (5-day), except HDL-C, then decreased over 1 year, with greater decreases in OrexinINC group relative to OrexinDEC group. Conclusion Rapid postoperative increases in plasma Orexin are associated with better improvement of glucose and lipid profiles following bariatric surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Gupta
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Department of Physiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Pierre Miegueu
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Lapointe
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul Poirier
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Martin
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marjorie Bastien
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sunita Tiwari
- Department of Physiology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Katherine Cianflone
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Leonard CS, Kukkonen JP. Orexin/hypocretin receptor signalling: a functional perspective. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:294-313. [PMID: 23848055 PMCID: PMC3904253 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple homeostatic systems are regulated by orexin (hypocretin) peptides and their two known GPCRs. Activation of orexin receptors promotes waking and is essential for expression of normal sleep and waking behaviour, with the sleep disorder narcolepsy resulting from the absence of orexin signalling. Orexin receptors also influence systems regulating appetite/metabolism, stress and reward, and are found in several peripheral tissues. Nevertheless, much remains unknown about the signalling pathways and targets engaged by native receptors. In this review, we integrate knowledge about the orexin receptor signalling capabilities obtained from studies in expression systems and various native cell types (as presented in Kukkonen and Leonard, this issue of British Journal of Pharmacology) with knowledge of orexin signalling in different tissues. The tissues reviewed include the CNS, the gastrointestinal tract, the pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, adipose tissue and the male reproductive system. We also summarize the findings in different native and recombinant cell lines, especially focusing on the different cascades in CHO cells, which is the most investigated cell line. This reveals that while a substantial gap exists between what is known about orexin receptor signalling and effectors in recombinant systems and native systems, mounting evidence suggests that orexin receptor signalling is more diverse than originally thought. Moreover, rather than being restricted to orexin receptor 'overexpressing' cells, this signalling diversity may be utilized by native receptors in a site-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C S Leonard
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Steiner MA, Sciarretta C, Pasquali A, Jenck F. The selective orexin receptor 1 antagonist ACT-335827 in a rat model of diet-induced obesity associated with metabolic syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:165. [PMID: 24416020 PMCID: PMC3874552 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The orexin system regulates feeding, nutrient metabolism and energy homeostasis. Acute pharmacological blockade of orexin receptor 1 (OXR-1) in rodents induces satiety and reduces normal and palatable food intake. Genetic OXR-1 deletion in mice improves hyperglycemia under high-fat (HF) diet conditions. Here we investigated the effects of chronic treatment with the novel selective OXR-1 antagonist ACT-335827 in a rat model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Rats were fed either standard chow (SC) or a cafeteria (CAF) diet comprised of intermittent human snacks and a constant free choice between a HF/sweet (HF/S) diet and SC for 13 weeks. Thereafter the SC group was treated with vehicle (for 4 weeks) and the CAF group was divided into a vehicle and an ACT-335827 treatment group. Energy and water intake, food preference, and indicators of MetS (abdominal obesity, glucose homeostasis, plasma lipids, and blood pressure) were monitored. Hippocampus-dependent memory, which can be impaired by DIO, was assessed. CAF diet fed rats treated with ACT-335827 consumed less of the HF/S diet and more of the SC, but did not change their snack or total kcal intake compared to vehicle-treated rats. ACT-335827 increased water intake and the high-density lipoprotein associated cholesterol proportion of total circulating cholesterol. ACT-335827 slightly increased body weight gain (4% vs. controls) and feed efficiency in the absence of hyperphagia. These effects were not associated with significant changes in the elevated fasting glucose and triglyceride (TG) plasma levels, glucose intolerance, elevated blood pressure, and adiposity due to CAF diet consumption. Neither CAF diet consumption alone nor ACT-335827 affected memory. In conclusion, the main metabolic characteristics associated with DIO and MetS in rats remained unaffected by chronic ACT-335827 treatment, suggesting that pharmacological OXR-1 blockade has minimal impact in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel A Steiner
- CNS Pharmacology Neurobiology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Carla Sciarretta
- Immunology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Anne Pasquali
- Cardiology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Francois Jenck
- CNS Pharmacology Neurobiology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Allschwil, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xu TR, Yang Y, Ward R, Gao L, Liu Y. Orexin receptors: Multi-functional therapeutic targets for sleeping disorders, eating disorders, drug addiction, cancers and other physiological disorders. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2413-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
38
|
Shen Y, Zhao Y, Zheng D, Chang X, Ju S, Guo L. Effects of orexin A on GLUT4 expression and lipid content via MAPK signaling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:376-83. [PMID: 23907013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Orexin A regulates food intake, energy metabolism and gastrointestinal function; it also increases glucose uptake and inhibits lipolysis, suggesting a role for orexin A in glucose and lipid metabolism. In this study, the effects of orexin A on glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) mRNA level and lipid content were explored in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes. Orexin receptor 1 (OX1R) protein expression was determined in the adipose tissue of normal and obese rats. In addition, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated with different concentrations of orexin A (10(-9) to 10(-7)M), without or with OX1R specific antagonist, then the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 (PPARγ2) mRNA expression was analyzed. Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were exposed to orexin A, without or with MAPK and OX1R antagonist, after which the GLUT4 and ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK activation, and triglyceride (TG) content were measured. We observed that OX1R protein expression was decreased in obese rats, and OX1R protein level was negatively correlated with body fat, Lee's index, TG, total cholesterol, and fasting insulin levels. Orexin A enhanced PPARγ2 mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes through OX1R. In differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, orexin A significantly increased GLUT4 mRNA levels, which was blocked by the ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK inhibitors as well as OX1R antagonist. Furthermore, orexin A increased cellular TG content via ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK as well as OX1R. Thus, orexin A increases GLUT4 mRNA expression and lipid accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes via ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK signaling. In addition, orexin A increases PPARγ2 mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the impact of orexin A in metabolic disorders and adipocyte differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Perez-Leighton CE, Billington CJ, Kotz CM. Orexin modulation of adipose tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:440-5. [PMID: 23791983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The orexins are neuropeptides with critical functions in the central nervous system. These neuropeptides have important roles in energy balance and obesity, and therefore on the accumulation of adipose tissue. Rodents lacking orexins, typically through genetic knockouts, experience increased weight gain and accumulation of adipose tissue. Evidence indicates that the lack of the orexins increase adiposity as a result of decreased energy expenditure, principally through a reduction of physical activity. Different lines of evidence suggest that other mechanisms are likely also in play, and neural influences on both white and brown adipose tissues remain to be fully and functionally defined. In addition, the orexin peptides and their receptors are expressed in adipose tissue, with little available information as to their significance. This review summarizes our current understanding of how the orexin peptides affect adipose tissue. We provide a brief introduction to the physiology of orexins and their effects on white and brown adipose tissues in the context of energy balance. We conclude this review by integrating this information in the context of the known physiology of the orexins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio E Perez-Leighton
- Veterans Health Care System, GRECC, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA; University of Minnesota, MN Obesity Center, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 183, Santiago, 8370071, Chile.
| | - Charles J Billington
- Veterans Health Care System, Endocrinology, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA; University of Minnesota, MN Obesity Center, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; University of Minnesota, Graduate Program in Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Catherine M Kotz
- Veterans Health Care System, GRECC, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA; University of Minnesota, MN Obesity Center, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; University of Minnesota, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; University of Minnesota, Graduate Program in Nutrition, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA; University of Minnesota, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hormonal changes in menopause and orexin-a action. Obstet Gynecol Int 2013; 2013:209812. [PMID: 23840215 PMCID: PMC3693173 DOI: 10.1155/2013/209812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Menopause is a period of significant physiological changes that may be associated with increased body weight and obesity-related diseases. Many researches were conducted to assess the contribution of factors such as estrogen depletion, REE decline, and aging to weight gain. An increase in orexin-A plasma levels, paralleling lower estrogen levels, was found during menopause. Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides recently discovered, involved in the regulation of feeding behaviour, sleep-wakefulness rhythm, and neuroendocrine homeostasis. Orexins might offer the missing link between postmenopausal hypoestrogenism and other manifestations of the menopausal syndrome, including appetite and weight changes and increase in cardiovascular risk.
Collapse
|
41
|
Gong Y, Wang D, Zhang X, Qu Z, Liu P, Zou H. The potential biological mechanisms of obesity effects on depression: A systematic review of the literature and knowledge mining. Health (London) 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2013.511244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
42
|
Skrzypski M, Kaczmarek P, Le TT, Wojciechowicz T, Pruszyńska-Oszmalek E, Szczepankiewicz D, Sassek M, Arafat A, Wiedenmann B, Nowak KW, Strowski MZ. Effects of orexin A on proliferation, survival, apoptosis and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:4157-64. [PMID: 23123090 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic activities of orexin A (OXA) in mature adipocytes are mediated via PI3K/PKB and PPARγ. However, the effects of OXA on preadipocytes are largely unknown. We report here that OXA stimulates the proliferation and viability of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and protects them from apoptosis via ERK1/2, but not through PKB. OXA reduces proapoptotic activity of caspase-3 via ERK1/2. Inhibition of ERK1/2 prevents the differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes. Unlike insulin, neither short-term nor prolonged exposure of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to OXA induces preadipocyte differentiation to adipocytes, despite increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Unlike insulin, OXA fails to activate PKB, which explains its inability to induce the differentiation of preadipocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Skrzypski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology & Interdisciplinary Centre of Metabolism: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kukkonen JP. Physiology of the orexinergic/hypocretinergic system: a revisit in 2012. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 304:C2-32. [PMID: 23034387 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00227.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptides orexins and their G protein-coupled receptors, OX(1) and OX(2), were discovered in 1998, and since then, their role has been investigated in many functions mediated by the central nervous system, including sleep and wakefulness, appetite/metabolism, stress response, reward/addiction, and analgesia. Orexins also have peripheral actions of less clear physiological significance still. Cellular responses to the orexin receptor activity are highly diverse. The receptors couple to at least three families of heterotrimeric G proteins and other proteins that ultimately regulate entities such as phospholipases and kinases, which impact on neuronal excitation, synaptic plasticity, and cell death. This article is a 10-year update of my previous review on the physiology of the orexinergic/hypocretinergic system. I seek to provide a comprehensive update of orexin physiology that spans from the molecular players in orexin receptor signaling to the systemic responses yet emphasizing the cellular physiological aspects of this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyrki P Kukkonen
- Dept. of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Faedo S, Perdonà E, Antolini M, di Fabio R, Merlo Pich E, Corsi M. Functional and binding kinetic studies make a distinction between OX1 and OX2 orexin receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 692:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
45
|
Kirsz K, Szczesna M, Molik E, Misztal T, Wojtowicz AK, Zieba DA. Seasonal changes in the interactions among leptin, ghrelin, and orexin in sheep1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:2524-31. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. Kirsz
- Agricultural University, Department of Swine and Small Ruminant Breeding, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, 31-274 Krakow, Poland
| | - M. Szczesna
- Agricultural University, Department of Swine and Small Ruminant Breeding, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, 31-274 Krakow, Poland
| | - E. Molik
- Agricultural University, Department of Swine and Small Ruminant Breeding, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, 31-274 Krakow, Poland
| | - T. Misztal
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Department of Endocrinology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jablonna, Poland
| | - A. K. Wojtowicz
- Agricultural University, Department of Swine and Small Ruminant Breeding, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, 31-274 Krakow, Poland
| | - D. A. Zieba
- Agricultural University, Department of Swine and Small Ruminant Breeding, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Genomics, 31-274 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The orexins/hypocretins are endogenous, modulatory and multifunctional neuropeptides with prominent influence on several physiological processes. The influence of orexins on energy expenditure is highlighted with focus on orexin action on individual components of energy expenditure. As orexin stabilizes and maintains normal states of arousal and the sleep/wake cycle, we also highlight orexin mediation of sleep and how sleep interacts with energy expenditure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Teske
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona and Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Townsend K, Tseng YH. Brown adipose tissue: Recent insights into development, metabolic function and therapeutic potential. Adipocyte 2012; 1:13-24. [PMID: 23700507 PMCID: PMC3661118 DOI: 10.4161/adip.18951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is currently a global pandemic, and is associated with increased mortality and co-morbidities including many metabolic diseases. Obesity is characterized by an increase in adipose mass due to increased energy intake, decreased energy expenditure, or both. While white adipose tissue is specialized for energy storage, brown adipose tissue has a high concentration of mitochondria and uniquely expresses uncoupling protein 1, enabling it to be specialized for energy expenditure and thermogenesis. Although brown fat was once considered only necessary in babies, recent morphological and imaging studies have provided evidence that, contrary to prior belief, this tissue is present and active in adult humans. In recent years, the topic of brown adipose tissue has been reinvigorated with many new studies regarding brown adipose tissue differentiation, function and therapeutic promise. This review summarizes the recent advances, discusses the emerging questions and offers perspective on the potential therapeutic applications targeting this tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Townsend
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute; Harvard University; Cambridge, MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kishida M, Ishige K, Horibe T, Tada N, Koibuchi N, Shoda J, Kita K, Kawakami K. Orexin 2 receptor as a potential target for immunotoxin and antibody-drug conjugate cancer therapy. Oncol Lett 2011; 3:525-529. [PMID: 22740944 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting tumor-specific receptors is a promising approach for cytotoxic agents. The orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) has reportedly been expressed in a few types of cancer, but not in normal, cells. This study aimed to explore and assess the expression levels of OX2R in a wide range of cancer cell lines and clinical samples to identify its localization. To analyze OX2R expression, we developed a polyclonal antibody specific to OX2R by immunizing two rabbits with a peptide cocktail. A total of 36 cancer cell lines were employed for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis, and 221 samples from various tissue arrays were used for the immunohistochemistry of OX2R expression. OX2R was identified in three cancerous cell lines, from the gallbladder, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and glioblastoma. With clinical samples of tissue arrays, 69/221 (31.2%) samples reacted positively with the OX2R antibody. We confirmed its presence on the cell membrane. In conclusion, OX2R was identified on several cancer cells as well as clinical samples. Further studies with larger numbers of clinical samples are required to confirm the statistical significance of the presence and relationships of OX2R with tumor histology. Results of the current study suggested that OX2R is a potent target for immunotoxin or antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) cancer therapy on OX2R-positive cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kishida
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sokołowska P, Urbańska A, Namiecińska M, Biegańska K, Zawilska JB. Orexins promote survival of rat cortical neurons. Neurosci Lett 2011; 506:303-6. [PMID: 22138089 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Orexin A and B (hypocretin-1 and -2) are hypothalamic peptides that exert their biological functions by stimulation of two specific, membrane-bound receptors, OX(1)R and OX(2)R. Recently, we have demonstrated the expression of both types of orexin receptors in rat cortical neurons, with the OX(2)R level being markedly higher compared to OX(1)R. In the present study we investigated the receptor-mediated effects of orexin A, an agonist of OX(1)R and OX(2) R, orexin B and [Ala(11)-D-Leu(15)]orexin B, preferential agonists of OX(2)R, on survival of cultured neurons derived from rat cerebral cortex. The three tested peptides markedly increased neuronal viability in a concentration-dependent manner. The pro-survival properties of orexins were associated with an attenuation of caspase-3 activity. Comparable potency of orexin A, orexin B and [Ala(11)-D-Leu(15)]orexin B suggests a predominant role of OX(2)R in the studied phenomenon. Our findings provide new insights into the role of orexins in CNS as potential neuroprotective factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sokołowska
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, PL 93-232 Łódź, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Skrzypski M, T Le T, Kaczmarek P, Pruszynska-Oszmalek E, Pietrzak P, Szczepankiewicz D, Kolodziejski PA, Sassek M, Arafat A, Wiedenmann B, Nowak KW, Strowski MZ. Orexin A stimulates glucose uptake, lipid accumulation and adiponectin secretion from 3T3-L1 adipocytes and isolated primary rat adipocytes. Diabetologia 2011; 54:1841-52. [PMID: 21505958 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Orexin A (OXA) modulates body weight, food intake and energy expenditure. In vitro, OXA increases PPARγ (also known as PPARG) expression and inhibits lipolysis, suggesting direct regulation of lipid metabolism. Here, we characterise the metabolic effects and mechanisms of OXA action in adipocytes. METHODS Isolated rat adipocytes and differentiated murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes were exposed to OXA in the presence or absence of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors. Pparγ expression was silenced using small interfering RNA. Glucose uptake, GLUT4 translocation, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate production, lipogenesis, lipolysis, and adiponectin secretion were measured. Adiponectin plasma levels were determined in rats treated with OXA for 4 weeks. RESULTS OXA PI3K-dependently stimulated active glucose uptake by translocating the glucose transporter GLUT4 from cytoplasm into the plasma membrane. OXA increased cellular triacylglycerol content via PI3K. Cellular triacylglycerol accumulation resulted from increased lipogenesis as well as from a decrease of lipolysis. Adiponectin levels in chow- and high-fat diet-fed rats treated chronically with OXA were increased. OXA stimulated adiponectin expression and secretion in adipocytes. Both pharmacological blockade of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activity or silencing Pparγ expression prevented OXA from stimulating triacylglycerol accumulation and adiponectin production. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study demonstrates that OXA stimulates glucose uptake in adipocytes and that the evolved energy is stored as lipids. OXA increases lipogenesis, inhibits lipolysis and stimulates the secretion of adiponectin. These effects are conferred via PI3K and PPARγ2. Overall, OXA's effects on lipids and adiponectin secretion resemble that of insulin sensitisers, suggesting a potential relevance of this peptide in metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Skrzypski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology and Interdisciplinary Centre of Metabolism: Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|