1
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Srivastava T, Garola RE, Zhou J, Boinpelly VC, Priya L, Ali MF, Rezaiekhaligh MH, Heruth DP, Novak J, Alon US, Joshi T, Jiang Y, McCarthy ET, Savin VJ, Johnson ML, Sharma R, Sharma M. Prostanoid receptors in hyperfiltration-mediated glomerular injury: Novel agonists and antagonists reveal opposing roles for EP2 and EP4 receptors. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22559. [PMID: 36125047 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200875r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased fluid-flow shear stress (FFSS) contributes to hyperfiltration-induced podocyte and glomerular injury resulting in progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We reported that increased FFSS in vitro and in vivo upregulates PGE2 receptor EP2 (but not EP4 expression), COX2-PGE2 -EP2 axis, and EP2-linked Akt-GSK3β-β-catenin signaling pathway in podocytes. To understand and use the disparities between PGE2 receptors, specific agonists, and antagonists of EP2 and EP4 were used to assess phosphorylation of Akt, GSK3β and β-catenin in podocytes using Western blotting, glomerular filtration barrier function using in vitro albumin permeability (Palb ) assay, and mitigation of hyperfiltration-induced injury in unilaterally nephrectomized (UNX) mice at 1 and 6 months. Results show an increase in Palb by PGE2 , EP2 agonist (EP2AGO ) and EP4 antagonist (EP4ANT ), but not by EP2 antagonist (EP2ANT ) or EP4 agonist (EP4AGO ). Pretreatment with EP2ANT blocked the effect of PGE2 or EP2AGO on Palb . Modulation of EP2 and EP4 also induced opposite effects on phosphorylation of Akt and β-Catenin. Individual agonists or antagonists of EP2 or EP4 did not induce significant improvement in albuminuria in UNX mice. However, treatment with a combination EP2ANT + EP4AGO for 1 or 6 months caused a robust decrease in albuminuria. EP2ANT + EP4AGO combination did not impact adaptive hypertrophy or increased serum creatinine. Observed differences between expression of EP2 and EP4 on the glomerular barrier highlight these receptors as potential targets for intervention. Safe and effective mitigating effect of EP2ANT + EP4AGO presents a novel opportunity to delay the progression of hyperfiltration-associated CKD as seen in transplant donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarak Srivastava
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri at Kansas City-School of Dentistry, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert E Garola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Renal Research Laboratory, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Varun C Boinpelly
- Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Renal Research Laboratory, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Lakshmi Priya
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Mohammed Farhan Ali
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Mohammad H Rezaiekhaligh
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel P Heruth
- Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Uri S Alon
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Department of Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Yuexu Jiang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ellen T McCarthy
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Virginia J Savin
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Mark L Johnson
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri at Kansas City-School of Dentistry, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Ram Sharma
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Mukut Sharma
- Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Renal Research Laboratory, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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2
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de Jong TV, Chen H, Brashear WA, Kochan KJ, Hillhouse AE, Zhu Y, Dhande IS, Hudson EA, Sumlut MH, Smith ML, Kalbfleisch TS, Doris PA. mRatBN7.2: familiar and unfamiliar features of a new rat genome reference assembly. Physiol Genomics 2022; 54:251-260. [PMID: 35543507 PMCID: PMC9236863 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00017.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat genomic tools have been slower to emerge than for those of humans and mice and have remained less thorough and comprehensive. The arrival of a new and improved rat reference genome, mRatBN7.2, in late 2020 is a welcome event. This assembly, like predecessor rat reference assemblies, is derived from an inbred Brown Norway rat. In this "user" survey we hope to provide other users of this assembly some insight into its characteristics and some assessment of its improvements as well as a few caveats that arise from the unique aspects of this assembly. mRatBN7.2 was generated by the Wellcome Sanger Institute as part of the large Vertebrate Genomes Project. This rat assembly has now joined human, mouse, chicken, and zebrafish in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)'s Genome Reference Consortium, which provides ongoing curation of the assembly. Here we examine the technical procedures by which the assembly was created and assess how this assembly constitutes an improvement over its predecessor. We also indicate the technical limitations affecting the assembly, providing illustrations of how these limitations arise and the impact that results for this reference assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan V. de Jong
- 1Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hao Chen
- 1Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Wesley A. Brashear
- 2Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Kelli J. Kochan
- 2Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Andrew E. Hillhouse
- 2Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Yaming Zhu
- 3Center for Human Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas McGovern School of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Isha S. Dhande
- 3Center for Human Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas McGovern School of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Elizabeth A. Hudson
- 4Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Mary H. Sumlut
- 4Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Melissa L. Smith
- 4Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Theodore S. Kalbfleisch
- 5Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Peter A. Doris
- 3Center for Human Genetics, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas McGovern School of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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3
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Molitoris BA, Sandoval RM, Yadav SPS, Wagner MC. Albumin Uptake and Processing by the Proximal Tubule: Physiologic, Pathologic and Therapeutic Implications. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1625-1667. [PMID: 35378997 PMCID: PMC9255719 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For nearly 50 years the proximal tubule (PT) has been known to reabsorb, process, and either catabolize or transcytose albumin from the glomerular filtrate. Innovative techniques and approaches have provided insights into these processes. Several genetic diseases, nonselective PT cell defects, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and acute PT injury lead to significant albuminuria, reaching nephrotic range. Albumin is also known to stimulate PT injury cascades. Thus, the mechanisms of albumin reabsorption, catabolism, and transcytosis are being reexamined with the use of techniques that allow for novel molecular and cellular discoveries. Megalin, a scavenger receptor, cubilin, amnionless, and Dab2 form a nonselective multireceptor complex that mediates albumin binding and uptake and directs proteins for lysosomal degradation after endocytosis. Albumin transcytosis is mediated by a pH-dependent binding affinity to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in the endosomal compartments. This reclamation pathway rescues albumin from urinary losses and cellular catabolism, extending its serum half-life. Albumin that has been altered by oxidation, glycation, or carbamylation or because of other bound ligands that do not bind to FcRn traffics to the lysosome. This molecular sorting mechanism reclaims physiological albumin and eliminates potentially toxic albumin. The clinical importance of PT albumin metabolism has also increased as albumin is now being used to bind therapeutic agents to extend their half-life and minimize filtration and kidney injury. The purpose of this review is to update and integrate evolving information regarding the reabsorption and processing of albumin by proximal tubule cells including discussion of genetic disorders and therapeutic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Molitoris
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Dept.of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Ruben M. Sandoval
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Shiv Pratap S. Yadav
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Mark C. Wagner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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4
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Srivastava T, Joshi T, Heruth DP, Rezaiekhaligh MH, Garola RE, Zhou J, Boinpelly VC, Ali MF, Alon US, Sharma M, Vanden Heuvel GB, Mahajan P, Priya L, Jiang Y, McCarthy ET, Savin VJ, Sharma R, Sharma M. A mouse model of prenatal exposure to Interleukin-6 to study the developmental origin of health and disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13260. [PMID: 34168254 PMCID: PMC8225793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92751-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation in pregnant obese women is associated with 1.5- to 2-fold increase in serum Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and newborns with lower kidney/body weight ratio but the role of IL-6 in increased susceptibility to chronic kidney (CKD) in adult progeny is not known. Since IL-6 crosses the placental barrier, we administered recombinant IL-6 (10 pg/g) to pregnant mice starting at mid-gestation yielded newborns with lower body (p < 0.001) and kidney (p < 0.001) weights. Histomorphometry indicated decreased nephrogenic zone width (p = 0.039) with increased numbers of mature glomeruli (p = 0.002) and pre-tubular aggregates (p = 0.041). Accelerated maturation in IL-6 newborns was suggested by early expression of podocyte-specific protein podocin in glomeruli, increased 5-methyl-cytosine (LC–MS analysis for CpG DNA methylation) and altered expression of certain genes of cell-cycle and apoptosis (RT-qPCR array-analysis). Western blotting showed upregulated pJAK2/pSTAT3. Thus, treating dams with IL-6 as a surrogate provides newborns to study effects of maternal systemic inflammation on future susceptibility to CKD in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarak Srivastava
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA. .,Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City, MO, USA. .,Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri at Kansas City-School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Department of Health Management and Informatics and MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,MU Data Science and Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Daniel P Heruth
- Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad H Rezaiekhaligh
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Robert E Garola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City, MO, USA.,Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Varun C Boinpelly
- Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City, MO, USA.,Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Mohammed Farhan Ali
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Uri S Alon
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Madhulika Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Gregory B Vanden Heuvel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Pramod Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Lakshmi Priya
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Yuexu Jiang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ellen T McCarthy
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Virginia J Savin
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ram Sharma
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Mukut Sharma
- Midwest Veterans' Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City, MO, USA.,Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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5
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Srivastava T, Heruth DP, Duncan RS, Rezaiekhaligh MH, Garola RE, Priya L, Zhou J, Boinpelly VC, Novak J, Ali MF, Joshi T, Alon US, Jiang Y, McCarthy ET, Savin VJ, Sharma R, Johnson ML, Sharma M. Transcription Factor β-Catenin Plays a Key Role in Fluid Flow Shear Stress-Mediated Glomerular Injury in Solitary Kidney. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051253. [PMID: 34069476 PMCID: PMC8159099 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased fluid flow shear stress (FFSS) in solitary kidney alters podocyte function in vivo. FFSS-treated cultured podocytes show upregulated AKT-GSK3β-β-catenin signaling. The present study was undertaken to confirm (i) the activation of β-catenin signaling in podocytes in vivo using unilaterally nephrectomized (UNX) TOPGAL mice with the β-galactosidase reporter gene for β-catenin activation, (ii) β-catenin translocation in FFSS-treated mouse podocytes, and (iii) β-catenin signaling using publicly available data from UNX mice. The UNX of TOPGAL mice resulted in glomerular hypertrophy and increased the mesangial matrix consistent with hemodynamic adaptation. Uninephrectomized TOPGAL mice showed an increased β-galactosidase expression at 4 weeks but not at 12 weeks, as assessed using immunofluorescence microscopy (p < 0.001 at 4 weeks; p = 0.16 at 12 weeks) and X-gal staining (p = 0.008 at 4 weeks; p = 0.65 at 12 weeks). Immunofluorescence microscopy showed a significant increase in phospho-β-catenin (Ser552, p = 0.005) at 4 weeks but not at 12 weeks (p = 0.935) following UNX, and the levels of phospho-β-catenin (Ser675) did not change. In vitro FFSS caused a sustained increase in the nuclear translocation of phospho-β-catenin (Ser552) but not phospho-β-catenin (Ser675) in podocytes. The bioinformatic analysis of the GEO dataset, #GSE53996, also identified β-catenin as a key upstream regulator. We conclude that transcription factor β-catenin mediates FFSS-induced podocyte (glomerular) injury in solitary kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarak Srivastava
- Section of Nephrology, Children’s Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; (M.H.R.); (L.P.); (M.F.A.); (U.S.A.)
- Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (J.Z.); (V.C.B.); (M.S.)
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-816-234-3010; Fax: +1-816-302-9919
| | - Daniel P. Heruth
- Children’s Mercy Research Institute, Children’s Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
| | - R. Scott Duncan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
| | - Mohammad H. Rezaiekhaligh
- Section of Nephrology, Children’s Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; (M.H.R.); (L.P.); (M.F.A.); (U.S.A.)
| | - Robert E. Garola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
| | - Lakshmi Priya
- Section of Nephrology, Children’s Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; (M.H.R.); (L.P.); (M.F.A.); (U.S.A.)
| | - Jianping Zhou
- Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (J.Z.); (V.C.B.); (M.S.)
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (V.J.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Varun C. Boinpelly
- Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (J.Z.); (V.C.B.); (M.S.)
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (V.J.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35487, USA;
| | - Mohammed Farhan Ali
- Section of Nephrology, Children’s Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; (M.H.R.); (L.P.); (M.F.A.); (U.S.A.)
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Department of Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- MU Data Science and Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Uri S. Alon
- Section of Nephrology, Children’s Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; (M.H.R.); (L.P.); (M.F.A.); (U.S.A.)
| | - Yuexu Jiang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ellen T. McCarthy
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
| | - Virginia J. Savin
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (V.J.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Ram Sharma
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (V.J.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Mark L. Johnson
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri at Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
| | - Mukut Sharma
- Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (J.Z.); (V.C.B.); (M.S.)
- Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (V.J.S.); (R.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
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6
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Zhang C, Fang X, Zhang H, Gao W, Hsu HJ, Roman RJ, Fan F. Genetic susceptibility of hypertension-induced kidney disease. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14688. [PMID: 33377622 PMCID: PMC7772938 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the second leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) after diabetes mellitus. The significant differences in the incidence of hypertensive ESRD between different patient populations worldwide and patients with and without family history indicate that genetic determinants play an important role in the onset and progression of this disease. Recent studies have identified genetic variants and pathways that may contribute to the alteration of renal function. Mechanisms involved include affecting renal hemodynamics (the myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback responses); increasing the production of reactive oxygen species in the tubules; altering immune cell function; changing the number, structure, and function of podocytes that directly cause glomerular damage. Studies with hypertensive animal models using substitution mapping and gene knockout strategies have identified multiple candidate genes associated with the development of hypertension and subsequent renal injury. Genome-wide association studies have implicated genetic variants in UMOD, MYH9, APOL-1, SHROOM3, RAB38, and DAB2 have a higher risk for ESRD in hypertensive patients. These findings provide genetic evidence of potential novel targets for drug development and gene therapy to design individualized treatment of hypertension and related renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
- Department of UrologyZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xing Fang
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
| | - Wenjun Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
- Department of UrologyZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Han Jen Hsu
- Department of UrologyZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Richard J. Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
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7
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Bowman SL, Bi-Karchin J, Le L, Marks MS. The road to lysosome-related organelles: Insights from Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome and other rare diseases. Traffic 2020; 20:404-435. [PMID: 30945407 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysosome-related organelles (LROs) comprise a diverse group of cell type-specific, membrane-bound subcellular organelles that derive at least in part from the endolysosomal system but that have unique contents, morphologies and functions to support specific physiological roles. They include: melanosomes that provide pigment to our eyes and skin; alpha and dense granules in platelets, and lytic granules in cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, which release effectors to regulate hemostasis and immunity; and distinct classes of lamellar bodies in lung epithelial cells and keratinocytes that support lung plasticity and skin lubrication. The formation, maturation and/or secretion of subsets of LROs are dysfunctional or entirely absent in a number of hereditary syndromic disorders, including in particular the Hermansky-Pudlak syndromes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of LROs in humans and model organisms and presents our current understanding of how the products of genes that are defective in heritable diseases impact their formation, motility and ultimate secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna L Bowman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jing Bi-Karchin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Linh Le
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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8
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Fan F, Geurts AM, Pabbidi MR, Ge Y, Zhang C, Wang S, Liu Y, Gao W, Guo Y, Li L, He X, Lv W, Muroya Y, Hirata T, Prokop J, Booz GW, Jacob HJ, Roman RJ. A Mutation in γ-Adducin Impairs Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow and Promotes the Development of Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:687-700. [PMID: 32029431 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019080784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genes and mechanisms involved in the association between diabetes or hypertension and CKD risk are unclear. Previous studies have implicated a role for γ-adducin (ADD3), a cytoskeletal protein encoded by Add3. METHODS We investigated renal vascular function in vitro and in vivo and the susceptibility to CKD in rats with wild-type or mutated Add3 and in genetically modified rats with overexpression or knockout of ADD3. We also studied glomeruli and primary renal vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from these rats. RESULTS This study identified a K572Q mutation in ADD3 in fawn-hooded hypertensive (FHH) rats-a mutation previously reported in Milan normotensive (MNS) rats that also develop kidney disease. Using molecular dynamic simulations, we found that this mutation destabilizes a critical ADD3-ACTIN binding site. A reduction of ADD3 expression in membrane fractions prepared from the kidney and renal vascular smooth muscle cells of FHH rats was associated with the disruption of the F-actin cytoskeleton. Compared with renal vascular smooth muscle cells from Add3 transgenic rats, those from FHH rats had elevated membrane expression of BKα and BK channel current. FHH and Add3 knockout rats exhibited impairments in the myogenic response of afferent arterioles and in renal blood flow autoregulation, which were rescued in Add3 transgenic rats. We confirmed these findings in a genetic complementation study that involved crossing FHH and MNS rats that share the ADD3 mutation. Add3 transgenic rats showed attenuation of proteinuria, glomerular injury, and kidney fibrosis with aging and mineralocorticoid-induced hypertension. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report that a mutation in ADD3 that alters ACTIN binding causes renal vascular dysfunction and promotes the susceptibility to kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Mallikarjuna R Pabbidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Shaoxun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Yedan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Wenjun Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Ya Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Longyang Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Xiaochen He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Wenshan Lv
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Yoshikazu Muroya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Takashi Hirata
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jeremy Prokop
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - George W Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Howard J Jacob
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Richard J Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi;
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Abstract
Current understanding of the mechanisms underlying renal disease in humans is incomplete. Consequently, our ability to prevent the occurrence of renal disease or treat established kidney disease is limited. Investigating kidney disease directly in humans poses objective difficulties, which has led investigators to seek experimental animal models that simulate renal disease in humans. Animal models have thus become a tool of major importance in the study of renal physiology and have been crucial in shedding light on the complex mechanisms involved in kidney function and in our current understanding of the pathophysiology of renal disease. Among animal models, the rat has been the preferred and most commonly used species for the investigation of renal disease. This chapter reviews what has been achieved over the years, using the rat as a tool for the investigation of renal disease in humans, focusing on the contribution of rat genetics and genomics to the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of the major types of renal disease, including primary and secondary renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Roman
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.
| | - Fan Fan
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
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11
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Pattaro C. Genome-wide association studies of albuminuria: towards genetic stratification in diabetes? J Nephrol 2017; 31:475-487. [PMID: 28918587 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-017-0437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been very successful in unraveling the polygenic structure of several complex diseases and traits. In the case of albuminuria, despite the large sample size achieved by some studies, results look sparse with a limited number of loci reported so far. This review searched for GWAS studies of albumin excretion, albuminuria, and proteinuria. The resulting picture sets elements of uniqueness for albuminuria GWAS with respect to other complex traits. So far, very few loci associated with albuminuria have been validated by means of genome-wide significant evidence or formal replication. With rare exceptions, the validated loci are ethnicity specific. Within a given ethnicity, variants are common and have relatively large effects, especially in the presence of diabetes. In most cases, the identified variants were functional and a biological involvement of the target genes in renal damage was established. Recently reported variants associated with albuminuria in diabetes may be potentially combined into a genetic risk score, making it possible to rank diabetic patients by increasing risk of albuminuria. Validation of this model is required. To expand the understanding of the biological basis of albumin excretion regulation, future initiatives should achieve larger sample sizes and favor a transethnic study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Pattaro
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.
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12
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Teumer A, Tin A, Sorice R, Gorski M, Yeo NC, Chu AY, Li M, Li Y, Mijatovic V, Ko YA, Taliun D, Luciani A, Chen MH, Yang Q, Foster MC, Olden M, Hiraki LT, Tayo BO, Fuchsberger C, Dieffenbach AK, Shuldiner AR, Smith AV, Zappa AM, Lupo A, Kollerits B, Ponte B, Stengel B, Krämer BK, Paulweber B, Mitchell BD, Hayward C, Helmer C, Meisinger C, Gieger C, Shaffer CM, Müller C, Langenberg C, Ackermann D, Siscovick D, Boerwinkle E, Kronenberg F, Ehret GB, Homuth G, Waeber G, Navis G, Gambaro G, Malerba G, Eiriksdottir G, Li G, Wichmann HE, Grallert H, Wallaschofski H, Völzke H, Brenner H, Kramer H, Mateo Leach I, Rudan I, Hillege HL, Beckmann JS, Lambert JC, Luan J, Zhao JH, Chalmers J, Coresh J, Denny JC, Butterbach K, Launer LJ, Ferrucci L, Kedenko L, Haun M, Metzger M, Woodward M, Hoffman MJ, Nauck M, Waldenberger M, Pruijm M, Bochud M, Rheinberger M, Verweij N, Wareham NJ, Endlich N, Soranzo N, Polasek O, van der Harst P, Pramstaller PP, Vollenweider P, Wild PS, Gansevoort RT, Rettig R, Biffar R, Carroll RJ, Katz R, Loos RJF, Hwang SJ, Coassin S, Bergmann S, Rosas SE, Stracke S, Harris TB, Corre T, Zeller T, Illig T, Aspelund T, Tanaka T, Lendeckel U, Völker U, Gudnason V, Chouraki V, Koenig W, Kutalik Z, O'Connell JR, Parsa A, Heid IM, Paterson AD, de Boer IH, Devuyst O, Lazar J, Endlich K, Susztak K, Tremblay J, Hamet P, Jacob HJ, Böger CA, Fox CS, Pattaro C, Köttgen A. Genome-wide Association Studies Identify Genetic Loci Associated With Albuminuria in Diabetes. Diabetes 2016; 65:803-17. [PMID: 26631737 PMCID: PMC4764151 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of albumin in the urine, albuminuria, are a hallmark of diabetic kidney disease and are associated with an increased risk for end-stage renal disease and cardiovascular events. To gain insight into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying albuminuria, we conducted meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies and independent replication in up to 5,825 individuals of European ancestry with diabetes and up to 46,061 without diabetes, followed by functional studies. Known associations of variants in CUBN, encoding cubilin, with the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) were confirmed in the overall sample (P = 2.4 × 10(-10)). Gene-by-diabetes interactions were detected and confirmed for variants in HS6ST1 and near RAB38/CTSC. Single nucleotide polymorphisms at these loci demonstrated a genetic effect on UACR in individuals with but not without diabetes. The change in the average UACR per minor allele was 21% for HS6ST1 (P = 6.3 × 10(-7)) and 13% for RAB38/CTSC (P = 5.8 × 10(-7)). Experiments using streptozotocin-induced diabetic Rab38 knockout and control rats showed higher urinary albumin concentrations and reduced amounts of megalin and cubilin at the proximal tubule cell surface in Rab38 knockout versus control rats. Relative expression of RAB38 was higher in tubuli of patients with diabetic kidney disease compared with control subjects. The loci identified here confirm known pathways and highlight novel pathways influencing albuminuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Adrienne Tin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rossella Sorice
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, "Adriano-Buzzati Traverso," Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nan Cher Yeo
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Audrey Y Chu
- Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, MA
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yong Li
- Renal Division, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vladan Mijatovic
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Yi-An Ko
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniel Taliun
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), affiliated to the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Luciani
- Institute of Physiology, Mechanisms of Inherited Kidney Disorders Group, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ming-Huei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - Matthias Olden
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Linda T Hiraki
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), affiliated to the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Aida Karina Dieffenbach
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kópavogur, Iceland Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Allison M Zappa
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Antonio Lupo
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Kollerits
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Belen Ponte
- Nephrology Division, Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bénédicte Stengel
- INSERM U-1018, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP) Team 5, Villejuif, France UMRS 1018, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP) Team 5, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Versailles, St. Quentin, France
| | - Bernhard K Krämer
- Fifth Department of Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bernhard Paulweber
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K
| | - Catherine Helmer
- INSERM U897, Bordeaux University, Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED), Bordeaux, France
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Müller
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Hamburg, Lübeck, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Daniel Ackermann
- University Clinic for Nephrology, Hypertension and Clinical Pharmacology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg B Ehret
- Cardiology, Department of Specialties of Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerjan Navis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Columbus-Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Guo Li
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - H Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Herrmann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - I Mateo Leach
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, U.K
| | - Hans L Hillege
- Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques S Beckmann
- Service of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean Charles Lambert
- INSERM UMR 1167 "Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases," Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jian'an Luan
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, U.K
| | - John Chalmers
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Katja Butterbach
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lyudmyla Kedenko
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Margot Haun
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marie Metzger
- INSERM U-1018, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP) Team 5, Villejuif, France UMRS 1018, Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP) Team 5, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Versailles, St. Quentin, France
| | - Mark Woodward
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD The George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia The George Institute for Global Health, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Matthew J Hoffman
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Matthias Nauck
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Menno Pruijm
- Service of Nephrology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Bochud
- University Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Épalinges, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Rheinberger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Niek Verweij
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K. Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Croatian Centre for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Pim van der Harst
- Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Paul Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), affiliated to the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philipp S Wild
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Mainz, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mainz, Germany
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rainer Rettig
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Reiner Biffar
- Clinic for Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerostomatology and Material Science, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Ronit Katz
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, U.K. Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, MA
| | - Stefan Coassin
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia E Rosas
- Kidney and Hypertension Section, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sylvia Stracke
- Clinic for Internal Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Zeller
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Hamburg, Lübeck, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany Institute for Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thor Aspelund
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kópavogur, Iceland Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| | - Uwe Lendeckel
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kópavogur, Iceland Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vincent Chouraki
- INSERM UMR 1167 "Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases," Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Abteilung Innere II, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland University Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey R O'Connell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Afshin Parsa
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Iris M Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrew D Paterson
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian H de Boer
- Kidney Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Institute of Physiology, Mechanisms of Inherited Kidney Disorders Group, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jozef Lazar
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Karlhans Endlich
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Johanne Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), University of Montreal, CHUM Research Center, Technopìle Angus, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pavel Hamet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), University of Montreal, CHUM Research Center, Technopìle Angus, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Howard J Jacob
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Carsten A Böger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Caroline S Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study and the Center for Population Studies, Framingham, MA Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Cristian Pattaro
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), affiliated to the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD Renal Division, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Fan F, Geurts AM, Pabbidi MR, Smith SV, Harder DR, Jacob H, Roman RJ. Zinc-finger nuclease knockout of dual-specificity protein phosphatase-5 enhances the myogenic response and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in FHH.1BN rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112878. [PMID: 25397684 PMCID: PMC4232417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that the myogenic responses of the renal afferent arteriole (Af-Art) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) and autoregulation of renal and cerebral blood flow (RBF and CBF) were impaired in Fawn Hooded hypertensive (FHH) rats and were restored in a FHH.1BN congenic strain in which a small segment of chromosome 1 from the Brown Norway (BN) containing 15 genes including dual-specificity protein phosphatase-5 (Dusp5) were transferred into the FHH genetic background. We identified 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the Dusp5 gene in FHH as compared with BN rats, two of which altered CpG sites and another that caused a G155R mutation. To determine whether Dusp5 contributes to the impaired myogenic response in FHH rats, we created a Dusp5 knockout (KO) rat in the FHH.1BN genetic background using a zinc-finger nuclease that introduced an 11 bp frame-shift deletion and a premature stop codon at AA121. The expression of Dusp5 was decreased and the levels of its substrates, phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), were enhanced in the KO rats. The diameter of the MCA decreased to a greater extent in Dusp5 KO rats than in FHH.1BN and FHH rats when the perfusion pressure was increased from 40 to 140 mmHg. CBF increased markedly in FHH rats when MAP was increased from 100 to 160 mmHg, and CBF was better autoregulated in the Dusp5 KO and FHH.1BN rats. The expression of Dusp5 was higher at the mRNA level but not at the protein level and the levels of p-ERK1/2 and p-PKC were lower in cerebral microvessels and brain tissue isolated from FHH than in FHH.1BN rats. These results indicate that Dusp5 modulates myogenic reactivity in the cerebral circulation and support the view that a mutation in Dusp5 may enhance Dusp5 activity and contribute to the impaired myogenic response in FHH rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Aron M. Geurts
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mallikarjuna R. Pabbidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Stanley V. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - David R. Harder
- Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Howard Jacob
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Yeo NC, O'Meara CC, Bonomo JA, Veth KN, Tomar R, Flister MJ, Drummond IA, Bowden DW, Freedman BI, Lazar J, Link BA, Jacob HJ. Shroom3 contributes to the maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier integrity. Genome Res 2014; 25:57-65. [PMID: 25273069 PMCID: PMC4317173 DOI: 10.1101/gr.182881.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identify regions of the genome correlated with disease risk but are restricted in their ability to identify the underlying causative mechanism(s). Thus, GWAS are useful "roadmaps" that require functional analysis to establish the genetic and mechanistic structure of a particular locus. Unfortunately, direct functional testing in humans is limited, demonstrating the need for complementary approaches. Here we used an integrated approach combining zebrafish, rat, and human data to interrogate the function of an established GWAS locus (SHROOM3) lacking prior functional support for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Congenic mapping and sequence analysis in rats suggested Shroom3 was a strong positional candidate gene. Transferring a 6.1-Mb region containing the wild-type Shroom3 gene significantly improved the kidney glomerular function in FHH (fawn-hooded hypertensive) rat. The wild-type Shroom3 allele, but not the FHH Shroom3 allele, rescued glomerular defects induced by knockdown of endogenous shroom3 in zebrafish, suggesting that the FHH Shroom3 allele is defective and likely contributes to renal injury in the FHH rat. We also show for the first time that variants disrupting the actin-binding domain of SHROOM3 may cause podocyte effacement and impairment of the glomerular filtration barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cher Yeo
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Caitlin C O'Meara
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Jason A Bonomo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Translational Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA; Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | - Kerry N Veth
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Ritu Tomar
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Michael J Flister
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Iain A Drummond
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | - Barry I Freedman
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA; Department of Internal Medicine - Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | - Jozef Lazar
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA; Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
| | - Howard J Jacob
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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15
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Srivastava T, Alon US, Cudmore PA, Tarakji B, Kats A, Garola RE, Duncan RS, McCarthy ET, Sharma R, Johnson ML, Bonewald LF, El-Meanawy A, Savin VJ, Sharma M. Cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2, and prostanoid receptor EP2 in fluid flow shear stress-mediated injury in the solitary kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F1323-33. [PMID: 25234310 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00335.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperfiltration subjects podocytes to increased tensile stress and fluid flow shear stress (FFSS). We showed a 1.5- to 2.0-fold increase in FFSS in uninephrectomized animals and altered podocyte actin cytoskeleton and increased synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) following in vitro application of FFSS. We hypothesized that increased FFSS mediates cellular changes through specific receptors of PGE2. Presently, we studied the effect of FFSS on cultured podocytes and decapsulated isolated glomeruli in vitro, and on solitary kidney in uninephrectomized sv129 mice. In cultured podocytes, FFSS resulted in increased gene and protein expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 but not COX-1, prostanoid receptor EP2 but not EP4, and increased synthesis and secretion of PGE2, which were effectively blocked by indomethacin. Next, we developed a special flow chamber for applying FFSS to isolated glomeruli to determine its effect on an intact glomerular filtration barrier by measuring change in albumin permeability (Palb) in vitro. FFSS caused an increase in Palb that was blocked by indomethacin (P < 0.001). Finally, we show that unilateral nephrectomy in sv129 mice resulted in glomerular hypertrophy (P = 0.006), increased glomerular expression of COX-2 (P < 0.001) and EP2 (P = 0.039), and increased urinary albumin excretion (P = 0.001). Activation of the COX-2-PGE2-EP2 axis appears to be a specific response to FFSS in podocytes and provides a mechanistic basis for alteration in podocyte structure and the glomerular filtration barrier, leading to albuminuria in hyperfiltration-mediated kidney injury. The COX-2-PGE2-EP2 axis is a potential target for developing specific interventions to ameliorate the effects of hyperfiltration-mediated kidney injury in the progression of chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarak Srivastava
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri; Renal Research Laboratory, Research and Development, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri;
| | - Uri S Alon
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Patricia A Cudmore
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Belal Tarakji
- Section of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Alexander Kats
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Robert E Garola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - R Scott Duncan
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Ellen T McCarthy
- Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Ram Sharma
- Renal Research Laboratory, Research and Development, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Mark L Johnson
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, Missouri; and
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, Missouri; and
| | - Ashraf El-Meanawy
- Division of Nephrology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Virginia J Savin
- Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Renal Research Laboratory, Research and Development, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Mukut Sharma
- Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Renal Research Laboratory, Research and Development, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri
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16
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Dickson LE, Wagner MC, Sandoval RM, Molitoris BA. The proximal tubule and albuminuria: really! J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:443-53. [PMID: 24408874 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013090950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data highlight the role of the proximal tubule (PT) in reabsorbing, processing, and transcytosing urinary albumin from the glomerular filtrate. Innovative techniques and approaches have provided exciting insights into these processes, and numerous investigators have shown that selective PT cell defects lead to significant albuminuria, even reaching nephrotic range in animal models. Thus, the mechanisms of albumin reabsorption and transcytosis are undergoing intense study. Working in concert with megalin and cubilin, a nonselective multireceptor complex that predominantly directs proteins for lysosomal degradation, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) located at the brush border of the apical membrane has been implicated as the "receptor" mediating albumin transcytosis. The FcRn pathway facilitates reabsorption and mediates transcytosis by its pH-dependent binding affinity in endosomal compartments. This also allows for selective albumin sorting within the PT cell. This reclamation pathway minimizes urinary losses and catabolism of albumin, thus prolonging its serum half-life. It may also serve as a molecular sorter to preserve and reclaim normal albumin while allowing "altered" albumin to be catabolized via lysosomal pathways. Here, we critically review the data supporting this novel mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon E Dickson
- Indiana University School of Medicine, The Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, Indiana
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17
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Abstract
Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in animal populations has been a successful strategy for identifying genomic regions that play a role in complex diseases and traits. When conducted in an F2 intercross or backcross population, the resulting QTL is frequently large, often encompassing 30 Mb or more and containing hundreds of genes. To narrow the locus and identify candidate genes, additional strategies are needed. Congenic strains have proven useful but work less well when there are multiple tightly linked loci, frequently resulting in loss of phenotype. As an alternative, we discuss the use of highly recombinant outbred models for directly fine-mapping QTL to only a few megabases. We discuss the use of several currently available models such as the advanced intercross (AI), heterogeneous stocks (HS), the diversity outbred (DO), and commercially available outbred stocks (CO). Once a QTL has been fine-mapped, founder sequence and expression QTL mapping can be used to identify candidate genes. In this regard, the large number of alleles found in outbred stocks can be leveraged to identify causative genes and variants. We end this review by discussing some important statistical considerations when analyzing outbred populations. Fine-resolution mapping in outbred models, coupled with full genome sequence, has already led to the identification of several underlying causative genes for many complex traits and diseases. These resources will likely lead to additional successes in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Solberg Woods
- Department of Pediatrics, Human and Molecular Genetics Center and Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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18
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Lazar J, O'Meara CC, Sarkis AB, Prisco SZ, Xu H, Fox CS, Chen MH, Broeckel U, Arnett DK, Moreno C, Provoost AP, Jacob HJ. SORCS1 contributes to the development of renal disease in rats and humans. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:720-8. [PMID: 23780848 PMCID: PMC3742914 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00089.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many lines of evidence demonstrate that genetic variability contributes to chronic kidney disease susceptibility in humans as well as rodent models. Little progress has been made in discovering causal kidney disease genes in humans mainly due to genetic complexity. Here, we use a minimal congenic mapping strategy in the FHH (fawn hooded hypertensive) rat to identify Sorcs1 as a novel renal disease candidate gene. We investigated the hypothesis that genetic variation in Sorcs1 influences renal disease susceptibility in both rat and human. Sorcs1 is expressed in the kidney, and knocking out this gene in a rat strain with a sensitized genome background produced increased proteinuria. In vitro knockdown of Sorcs1 in proximal tubule cells impaired protein trafficking, suggesting a mechanism for the observed proteinuria in the FHH rat. Since Sorcs1 influences renal function in the rat, we went on to test this gene in humans. We identified associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in SORCS1 and renal function in large cohorts of European and African ancestry. The experimental data from the rat combined with association results from different ethnic groups indicates a role for SORCS1 in maintaining proper renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Lazar
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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19
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Rangel-Filho A, Lazar J, Moreno C, Geurts A, Jacob HJ. Rab38 modulates proteinuria in model of hypertension-associated renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:283-92. [PMID: 23291471 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012090927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that the fawn-hooded hypertensive (FHH) rat is a natural Rab38 knockout, supported by a congenic animal (FHH.BN-Rab38) having less proteinuria than FHH animals. Because these congenic animals contain Brown Norway (BN) alleles for five other named genes; however, a causal role for Rab38 in the FHH phenotype remains uncertain. Here, we used transgenic and knockout models to validate Rab38 and to exclude other genes within the 1.5 Mb congenic region from involvement in causing the FHH phenotype. Transgenic rats homozygous for the wild-type Rab38 BN allele on the FHH background exhibited phenotypic rescue, having 43% lower proteinuria and 75% lower albuminuria than nontransgenic FHH littermates. Conversely, knockout of the Rab38 gene on the FHH.BN-Rab38 congenic line recapitulated a proteinuric phenotype indistinguishable from the FHH strain. In addition, in cultured proximal tubule LLC-PK1 cells, knockdown of Rab38 mRNA significantly decreased endocytosis of colloidal gold-coupled albumin, supporting the hypothesis that Rab38 modulates proteinuria through effects on tubular re-uptake and not by altering glomerular permeability. Taken together, these findings validate Rab38 as a gene having a causal role in determining the phenotype of the FHH rat, which models hypertension-associated renal disease. Furthermore, our data suggest that Rab38 affects urinary protein excretion via effects in the proximal tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Rangel-Filho
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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20
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Burke M, Pabbidi M, Fan F, Ge Y, Liu R, Williams JM, Sarkis A, Lazar J, Jacob HJ, Roman RJ. Genetic basis of the impaired renal myogenic response in FHH rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 304:F565-77. [PMID: 23220727 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00404.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of substitution of a 2.4-megabase pair (Mbp) region of Brown Norway (BN) rat chromosome 1 (RNO1) between 258.8 and 261.2 Mbp onto the genetic background of fawn-hooded hypertensive (FHH) rats on autoregulation of renal blood flow (RBF), myogenic response of renal afferent arterioles (AF-art), K(+) channel activity in renal vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and development of proteinuria and renal injury. FHH rats exhibited poor autoregulation of RBF, while FHH.1BN congenic strains with the 2.4-Mbp BN region exhibited nearly perfect autoregulation of RBF. The diameter of AF-art from FHH rats increased in response to pressure but decreased in congenic strains containing the 2.4-Mbp BN region. Protein excretion and glomerular and interstitial damage were significantly higher in FHH rats than in congenic strains containing the 2.4-Mbp BN region. K(+) channel current was fivefold greater in VSMCs from renal arterioles of FHH rats than cells obtained from congenic strains containing the 2.4-Mbp region. Sequence analysis of the known and predicted genes in the 2.4-Mbp region of FHH rats revealed amino acid-altering variants in the exons of three genes: Add3, Rbm20, and Soc-2. Quantitative PCR studies indicated that Mxi1 and Rbm20 were differentially expressed in the renal vasculature of FHH and FHH.1BN congenic strain F. These data indicate that transfer of this 2.4-Mbp region from BN to FHH rats restores the myogenic response of AF-art and autoregulation of RBF, decreases K(+) current, and slows the progression of proteinuria and renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Burke
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Univ. of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St. Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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21
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Williams JM, Johnson AC, Stelloh C, Dreisbach AW, Franceschini N, Regner KR, Townsend RR, Roman RJ, Garrett MR. Genetic variants in Arhgef11 are associated with kidney injury in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat. Hypertension 2012; 60:1157-68. [PMID: 22987919 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.199240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A previous genetic analysis comparing the Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rat with the spontaneously hypertensive rat identified a major locus on chromosome 2 that influences proteinuria in the S rat. In the present study, blood pressure, proteinuria, and renal hemodynamics were evaluated in congenic strains with small segments of the protective spontaneously hypertensive rat genome on the S background. Proteinuria and renal function were significantly improved in the congenic strains compared with the S. The causative locus interval was narrowed to <375 kb on the basis of congenic strains, haplotype data, comparative mapping, and concordance with human genetic studies. Sequencing of the coding region of genes in this region identified 36 single nucleotide polymorphisms (13 nonsynonymous and 23 synonymous). Gene expression profiling indicated that only a few genes exhibited differential expression. Arhgef11, Pear1, and Sh2d2 were identified as important candidate genes that may be linked to kidney injury in the S rat. In particular, Arhgef11 plays an important role in the activation of the Rho-ROCK signaling pathway. Inhibition of this pathway using fasudil resulted in a significant reduction of proteinuria in treated S rats (compared with untreated S). However, no difference was observed between treated or untreated spontaneously hypertensive rat or congenic strains. The homologous region in humans was found to be associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate in the Candidate Gene Association Resource population. In summary, these findings demonstrate that allelic variants in Arhgef11, acting through the Rho-ROCK pathway, could influence kidney injury in the S as well as provide insight into human kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Williams
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2500 North State St, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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22
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Schulz A, Kreutz R. Mapping genetic determinants of kidney damage in rat models. Hypertens Res 2012; 35:675-94. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2012.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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O'Meara CC, Lutz MM, Sarkis AB, Xu H, Kothinti RK, Hoffman M, Moreno C, Tabatabai NM, Lazar J, Roman RJ, Jacob HJ. A 4.1-Mb congenic region of Rf-4 contributes to glomerular permeability. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:825-33. [PMID: 22343117 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011080805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The combined transfer of two renal function quantitative trait loci (QTLs), Rf-1 (rat chromosome 1) and Rf-4 (rat chromosome 14), from the Fawn-hooded hypertensive rat onto the August Copenhagen Irish genetic background significantly increases proteinuria and demonstrates an interaction between these QTLs. Because the original Rf-4 congenic region is 61.9 Mbp, it is necessary to reduce this interval to feasibly search for variants responsible for renal susceptibility in this region. Here, we generated a minimal congenic line (Rf-1a+4_a) to identify a 4.1-Mb region of the Rf-4 QTL that significantly contributes to the severity of proteinuria in the Fawn-hooded hypertensive rat. Rf-1a+4_a animals have an increased glomerular permeability to albumin without significant changes in BP, indicating that at least one genetic element in this refined region directly affects renal function. Sequence analysis revealed no variants predicted to damage protein function, implying that regulatory elements are responsible for the Rf-4 phenotype. Multiple human studies, including recent genome-wide association studies, link the homologous human region with susceptibility to renal disease, suggesting that this congenic line is an important model for studying pathways that contribute to the progression of kidney disease.
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24
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Sandoval RM, Wagner MC, Patel M, Campos-Bilderback SB, Rhodes GJ, Wang E, Wean SE, Clendenon SS, Molitoris BA. Multiple factors influence glomerular albumin permeability in rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:447-57. [PMID: 22223875 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011070666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Different laboratories recently reported incongruous results describing the quantification of albumin filtration using two-photon microscopy. We investigated the factors that influence the glomerular sieving coefficient for albumin (GSC(A)) in an effort to explain these discordant reports and to develop standard operating procedures for determining GSC(A). Multiple factors influenced GSC(A), including the kidney depth of image acquisition (10-20 μm was appropriate), the selection of fluorophore (probes emitting longer wavelengths were superior), the selection of plasma regions for fluorescence measurements, the size and molecular dispersion characteristics of dextran polymers if used, dietary status, and the genetic strain of rat. Fasting reduced the GSC(A) in Simonsen Munich Wistar rats from 0.035±0.005 to 0.016±0.004 (P<0.01). Frömter Munich Wistar rats had a much lower GSC(A) in both the fed and the fasted states. Finally, we documented extensive albumin transcytosis with vesicular and tubular delivery to and fusion with the basolateral membrane in S1 proximal tubule cells. In summary, these results help explain the previously conflicting microscopy and micropuncture data describing albumin filtration and highlight the dynamic nature of glomerular albumin permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben M Sandoval
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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25
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Zhang L, Yu K, Robert KW, DeBolt KM, Hong N, Tao JQ, Fukuda M, Fisher AB, Huang S. Rab38 targets to lamellar bodies and normalizes their sizes in lung alveolar type II epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L461-77. [PMID: 21764986 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00056.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab38 is a rat Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome gene that plays an important role in surfactant homeostasis in alveolar type II (ATII) pneumocytes. We examined Rab38 function in regulating lamellar body (LB) morphology in ATII cells. Quantitative electron microscopy revealed that LBs in ATII cells were ∼77% larger in Rab38-null fawn-hooded hypertension (FHH) than control Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Rab38 protein expression was restricted in lung epithelial cells but was not found in primary endothelial cells. In SD ATII cells, Rab38 protein level gradually declined during 5 days in culture. Importantly, endogenous Rab38 was present in LB fractions purified from SD rat lungs, and transiently expressed enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged Rab38 labeled only the limiting membranes of a subpopulation (∼30%) of LBs in cultured ATII cells. This selective targeting was abolished by point mutations to EGFP-Rab38 and was not shared by Rab7 and Rab4b, which also function in the ATII cells. Using confocal microscopy, we established a method for quantitative evaluation of the enlarged LB phenotype temporally preserved in cultured FHH ATII cells. A direct causal relationship was established when the enlarged LB phenotype was reserved and then rescued by transiently reexpressed EGFP-Rab38 in cultured FHH ATII cells. This rescuing effect was associated with dynamic EGFP-Rab38 targeting to and on LB limiting membranes. We conclude that Rab38 plays an indispensible role in maintaining LB morphology and surfactant homeostasis in ATII pneumocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Zhang
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104-6068, USA
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26
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Dwinell MR, Lazar J, Geurts AM. The emerging role for rat models in gene discovery. Mamm Genome 2011; 22:466-75. [PMID: 21732192 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rat models have been used for many decades to study physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. Prior to the release of the rat genome and new technologies for targeting gene manipulation, the rat had been the underdog in the genomics era, despite the abundance of physiological data compared to the mouse. The overarching goal of biomedical research is to improve health and advance medical science. Translating human disease gene discovery and validation in the rat, through the use of emerging technologies and integrated tools and databases, is providing power to understand the genetics, environmental influences, and biology of disease. In this review we briefly outline the rat models, bioinformatics tools, and technologies that are changing the landscape of translational research. The strategies used to translate disease traits to genes to function, and, ultimately, to improve human health is discussed. Finally, our perspective on how rat models will continue to positively impact biomedical research is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda R Dwinell
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226, USA.
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O'Meara CC, Lazar J, Hoffman M, Moreno C, Jacob HJ. Refined mapping of the renal failure RF-3 quantitative trait locus. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 22:518-25. [PMID: 21127141 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2010060661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rf-3, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on rat chromosome 3, affects the development of CKD in Fawn-Hooded Hypertensive (FHH) rats. This QTL spans 110 Mb and approximately 1400 genes; therefore, narrowing the position of this locus is necessary to elucidate potential candidate genes. Here, we used congenic models and comparative genomics to refine the Rf-3 candidate region. We generated congenic lines carrying smaller intervals (subcongenics) of the Rf-3 region and used these lines to reduce the Rf-3 candidate region by 94% (to 7.1 Mb). We used comparative genomics to identify QTL for both nephropathy and albuminuria in the syntenic region of this interval for both human and mouse. We also used the overlapping homologous regions to reduce the number of likely positional candidate genes to 13 known or predicted genes. By combining congenic models and cross-species studies, we narrowed the list of candidate genes to a level that we could sequence the whole interval to further identify the causative gene in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin C O'Meara
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Williams JM, Burke M, Lazar J, Jacob HJ, Roman RJ. Temporal characterization of the development of renal injury in FHH rats and FHH.1BN congenic strains. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 300:F330-8. [PMID: 21048028 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00261.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the effect of transfer of portions of chromosome 1 that includes (FHH.1(BN) AR(+) strain) or excludes (control FHH.1(BN) AR(-) strain) a 4.3-Mb region from the Brown Norway (BN) rat that restores the autoregulation (AR) of renal blood flow (RBF) on the development of hypertension and renal injury in congenic strains of Fawn Hooded Hypertensive (FHH) rats. FHH and control AR(-) rats exhibited poor autoregulation of RBF, and glomerular capillary pressure (Pgc) rose by 19 ± 2 mmHg in FHH rats when renal perfusion pressure (RPP) was increased from 100 to 150 mmHg. In contrast, RBF was well autoregulated in the AR(+) strain, and Pgc only increased by 3 ± 1 mmHg when RPP was increased over this range. Baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP) at 12 wk of age was similar in all strains and averaged 122 mmHg. MAP increased significantly in FHH rats and was significantly higher by 12 mmHg in 21-wk-old FHH rats than in the FHH.1(BN) congenic strains. Protein excretion rose from 5 ± 1 to 397 ± 29 mg/day in 6- vs. 21-wk-old FHH rats. In contrast, protein excretion only increased to 139 ± 21 mg/day in the control AR(-) strain, and it did not increase significantly in the AR(+) strain. Glomerular permeability to albumin was similar in all strains at 6 wk of age. It increased significantly in 9-wk-old FHH and control AR(-) rats, but not in the AR(+) strain. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 protein were significantly higher in the renal cortex of 9-wk-old FHH rats compared with the levels seen in the AR(+) strain. These data indicate that transfer of a 4.3-Mb region of BN chromosome 1 into the FHH genetic background improves autoregulation of RBF, normalizes Pgc, and slows the progression of renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Michael Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Yagil Y, Hessner M, Schulz H, Gosele C, Lebedev L, Barkalifa R, Sapojnikov M, Hubner N, Yagil C. Geno-transcriptomic dissection of proteinuria in the uninephrectomized rat uncovers a molecular complexity with sexual dimorphism. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42A:301-16. [PMID: 20876844 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00149.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigation of proteinuria, whose pathophysiology remains incompletely understood, is confounded by differences in the phenotype between males and females. We initiated a sex-specific geno-transcriptomic dissection of proteinuria in uninephrectomized male and female Sabra rats that spontaneously develop focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, testing the hypothesis that different mechanisms might underlie the pathophysiology of proteinuria between the sexes. In the genomic arm, we scanned the genome of 136 male and 111 female uninephrectomized F2 populations derived from crosses between SBH/y and SBN/y. In males, we identified proteinuria-related quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on RNO2 and 20 and protective QTLs on RNO6 and 9. In females, we detected proteinuria-related QTLs on RNO11, 13, and 20. The only QTL overlap between the sexes was on RNO20. Using consomic strains, we confirmed the functional significance of this QTL in both sexes. In the transcriptomic arm, we searched on a genomewide scale for genes that were differentially expressed in kidneys of SBH/y and SBN/y with and without uninephrectomy. These studies identified within each sex differentially expressed genes of relevance to proteinuria. Integrating genomics with transcriptomics, we identified differentially expressed genes that mapped within the boundaries of the proteinuria-related QTLs, singling out 24 transcripts in males and 30 in females, only 4 of which (Tubb5, Ubd, Psmb8, and C2) were common to both sexes. Data mining revealed that these transcripts are involved in multiple molecular mechanisms, including immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, matrix deposition, and protease activity, with no single molecular pathway predominating in either sex. These results suggest that the pathophysiology of proteinuria is highly complex and that some of the underlying mechanisms are shared between the sexes, while others are sex specific and may account for the difference in the proteinuric phenotype between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Yagil
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Israeli Rat Genome Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Barzilai Medical Center Campus, Ashkelon, Israel.
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Solberg Woods LC, Stelloh C, Regner KR, Schwabe T, Eisenhauer J, Garrett MR. Heterogeneous stock rats: a new model to study the genetics of renal phenotypes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 298:F1484-91. [PMID: 20219828 PMCID: PMC2886820 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00002.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a growing medical concern, with an estimated 25.6 million people in the United States exhibiting some degree of kidney injury and/or decline in kidney function. Animal models provide great insight into the study of the genetics of complex diseases. In particular, heterogeneous stock (HS) rats represent a unique genetic resource enabling rapid fine-mapping of complex traits. However, they have not been explored as a model to study renal phenotypes. To evaluate the usefulness of HS rats in the genetics of renal traits, a time course evaluation (weeks 8-40) was performed for several renal phenotypes. As expected, a large degree of variation was seen for most renal traits. By week 24, three (of 40) rats exhibited marked proteinuria that increased gradually until week 40 and ranged from 33.7 to 80.2 mg/24 h. Detailed histological analysis confirmed renal damage in these rats. In addition, several rats consistently exhibited significant hematuria (5/41). Interestingly, these rats were not the same rats that exhibited proteinuria, indicating that susceptibility to different types of kidney injury is likely segregating within the HS population. One HS rat exhibited unilateral renal agenesis (URA), which was accompanied by a significant degree of proteinuria and glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury. The parents of this HS rat were identified and bred further. Additional offspring of this pair were observed to exhibit URA at frequency between 40% and 60%. In summary, these novel data demonstrate that HS rats exhibit variation in proteinuria and other kidney-related traits, confirming that the model harbors susceptibility alleles for kidney injury and providing the basis for further genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Solberg Woods
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Gitig D. Rats: an old model made new. Biotechniques 2010; 48:267-71. [DOI: 10.2144/000113396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Both emerging and well-established animal models are providing researchers novel insights into human biology. Diana Gitig explores new genetic approaches being used in the rat to uncover the basis of human disease and finds out just what the naked mole rat could tell us about how we age.
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Garrett MR, Pezzolesi MG, Korstanje R. Integrating human and rodent data to identify the genetic factors involved in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21:398-405. [PMID: 20133484 PMCID: PMC4473253 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2009080881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing numbers of patients with chronic kidney disease combined with no satisfying interventions for preventing or curing the disease emphasize the need to better understand the genes involved in the initiation and progression of complex renal diseases, their interactions with other host genes, and the environment. Linkage and association studies in human, rat, and mouse have been successful in identifying genetic loci for various disease-related phenotypes but have thus far not been very successful identifying underlying genes. The purpose of this review is to summarize the progress in human, rat, and mouse genetic studies to show the concordance between the loci among the different species. The collective utilization of human and nonhuman mammalian datasets and resources can lead to a more rapid narrowing of disease loci and the subsequent identification of candidate genes. In addition, genes identified through these methods can be further characterized and investigated for interactions using animal models, which is not possible in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Garrett
- *Department of Medicine and Kidney Disease Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Marcus G. Pezzolesi
- The Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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Abstract
Current understanding of the mechanisms underlying renal disease in humans is incomplete. Consequently, our ability to prevent the occurrence of renal disease or treat kidney disease once it develops is limited. There are objective difficulties in investigating kidney disease directly in humans, leading investigators to resort to experimental animal models that simulate renal disease in humans. Animal models have thus been a tool of major importance in the study of normal renal physiology and have been crucial in shedding light on the complex mechanisms involved in normal kidney function and in our current understanding of and ability to treat renal disease. Among the animal models, rat has been the preferred and most commonly used species for the investigation of renal disease. This chapter reviews what has been achieved over the years, using rat as a tool for the investigation of renal disease in humans, focusing on the contribution of rat genetics and genomics to the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of the major types of renal disease, including primary and secondary renal diseases.
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Abstract
Genetic mapping and positional cloning of genetically complex traits in the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) has recently led to the identification of various susceptibility genes in different rat models. Rat genetics has benefited from revolutionary advances in molecular biology, genetics, genomics and informatics and provide an unparalleled resource for molecular genetic investigation of mammalian physiopathology and its underlying complex genetic architecture. In this review, we will consider different strategies that are being used in the successful positional cloning of rat complex trait genes in the context of recent progress in rodent and human genetics.
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Charba DS, Wiggins RC, Goyal M, Wharram BL, Wiggins JE, McCarthy ET, Sharma R, Sharma M, Savin VJ. Antibodies to protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (PTPro) increase glomerular albumin permeability (P(alb)). Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F138-44. [PMID: 19403647 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00122.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glomerular capillary filtration barrier characteristics are determined in part by the slit-pore junctions of glomerular podocytes. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-O (PTPro) is a transmembrane protein expressed on the apical surface of podocyte foot processes. Tyrosine phosphorylation of podocyte proteins including nephrin may control the filtration barrier. To determine whether PTPro activity is required to maintain glomerular macromolecular permeability, albumin permeability (P(alb)) was studied after incubation of glomeruli from normal animals with a series of monoclonal (mAb) and polyclonal antibodies. Reagents included mAbs to rabbit and rat PTPro and polyclonal rabbit immune IgG to rat PTPro. mAb 4C3, specific to the amino acid core of PTPro, decreased its phosphatase activity and increased P(alb) of rabbit glomeruli in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, mAb P8E7 did not diminish phosphatase activity and did not alter P(alb). Preincubation of 4C3 with PTPro extracellular domain fusion protein blocked glomerular binding and abolished permeability activity. In parallel experiments, P(alb) of rat glomeruli was increased by two mAbs (1B4 and 1D1) or by polyclonal anti-rat PTPro. We conclude that PTPro interaction with specific antibodies acutely increases P(alb). The identity of the normal ligand for PTPro and of its substrate, as well as the mechanism by which phosphatase activity of this receptor affects the filtration barrier, remain to be determined.
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Packard M, Saad Y, Gunning WT, Gupta S, Shapiro J, Garrett MR. Investigating the effect of genetic background on proteinuria and renal injury using two hypertensive strains. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F839-46. [PMID: 19176703 PMCID: PMC3973645 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90370.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An earlier linkage analysis conducted on a population derived from the Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive (S) and the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) identified 10 genomic regions linked to several renal and/or cardiovascular traits. In particular, loci on rat chromosomes (RNO) 8 and 13 were linked to proteinuria, albuminuria, and renal damage. At both loci, the S allele was associated with increased proteinuria and renal damage. The current study aimed to confirm the linkage analysis and to evaluate the effect of genetic background on the ability of each locus (either RNO8 or RNO13) to exert a phenotypic difference when placed on a genetic background either susceptible (S rat) or resistant (SHR) to the development of renal disease. Congenic strains developed to transfer genomic segments from either RNO8 or RNO13 from the SHR onto the S genetic background [S.SHR(8) or S.SHR(13)] demonstrated significantly reduced proteinuria and improved renal function. Both congenic strains demonstrated significantly reduced glomerular and tubular injury, with renal interstitial fibrosis as the predominant pathological difference compared with the S. In contrast, transfer of RNO8 or RNO13 genomic regions from the S onto the resistant SHR genetic background [SHR.S(8) or SHR.S(13)] yielded no significant difference in proteinuria or glomerular, tubular, or interstitial injury compared with SHR. These findings demonstrate that genetic context plays a significant and important role in the phenotypic expression of genes influencing proteinuria on RNO8 and RNO13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Packard
- Dept. of Medicine and Kidney Disease Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., HRC 4150, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The fawn-hooded hypertensive (FHH) rat has a mutation in the Rab38 gene that is associated with a platelet dense granule storage pool disease. OBJECTIVE To better characterize the expression and function of Rab38 in FHH rat and human megakaryocytes and platelets. PATIENTS AND METHODS Rab38 expression in FHH rat and normal tissues was demonstrated by western blotting. Platelet and megakaryocyte morphology and Rab38 expression were examined by transmission electron microscopy and by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Platelet surface glycoprotein and P-selectin expression and total serotonin content were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Rab38 was not expressed in FHH rat tissues, and FHH rat platelets and megakaryocytes lacked dense granules. FHH rat platelets had normal expression of surface glycoproteins and of surface P-selectin in response to thrombin. The total serotonin content in FHH rat platelets was similar to that in Brown Norway rat platelets. In a megakaryocyte cell line, Rab38 was expressed in a granular perinuclear and cytoplasmic pattern. There was partial colocalization with serotonin, and minimal colocalization with von Willebrand factor and lysosomal proteins. CONCLUSIONS The lack of Rab38 expression in the FHH rat results in the absence of normal dense granules in the megakaryocytes and platelets, which have otherwise normal structure and function. Rab38 may play a role in the development of dense granules in the megakaryocytes and platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ninkovic
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Huang TH, Shui HA, Ka SM, Tang BL, Chao TK, Chen JS, Lin YF, Chen A. Rab 23 is expressed in the glomerulus and plays a role in the development of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 24:743-54. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Adamovic T, McAllister D, Rowe JJ, Wang T, Jacob HJ, Sugg SL. Genetic mapping of mammary tumor traits to rat chromosome 10 using a novel panel of consomic rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 186:41-8. [PMID: 18786441 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Identification of novel breast cancer susceptibility and resistance genes in genetically diverse human populations is challenging, and so inbred rats have been used to identify novel mammary cancer susceptibility quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with conventional mapping approaches. An alternative approach for QTL mapping is to use chromosome substitution (consomic) rat strains, which has the advantage of rapid generation of congenic from consomic animals. Using a novel rat strain pair, SS and BN, we identified rat mammary cancer QTLs in one of two consomic rat strains tested. Female rats of inbred parental (SS and BN) and two consomic (SS-10 BN and SS-12 BN) strains were treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene orally. The phenotypes of tumor incidence, latency, and multiplicity were evaluated. SS rats were highly susceptible to mammary adenocarcinoma development, whereas BN rats were completely resistant. Statistical comparison of the phenotypes between the susceptible parental and the two consomic strains identified QTLs residing within chromosome 10 controlling mammary tumor latency and multiplicity. The study shows that SS-BN consomic rat strains can be used to map mammary tumor QTLs. This novel approach should accelerate positional cloning of mammary cancer susceptibility and resistant genes in the rat and the identification of homologous genes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Adamovic
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226-0509, USA.
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Ijpelaar DHT, Schulz A, Aben J, van der Wal A, Bruijn JA, Kreutz R, de Heer E. Genetic predisposition for glomerulonephritis-induced glomerulosclerosis in rats is linked to chromosome 1. Physiol Genomics 2008; 35:173-81. [PMID: 18682577 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00268.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors influence renal disease progression, and several loci have been linked to the spontaneous development of proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in animal models. However, the role of genetic susceptibility in glomerulonephritis-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis is unknown. In a rat model of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, anti-Thy-1 glomerulonephritis (antiThy1GN), Lewis/Maastricht (Lew/Maa) rats exhibit progression to glomerulosclerosis, whereas in genetically related Lewis/Møllegard (Lew/Moll) rats, glomerular lesions are repaired within 3 wk. The genetic factors underlying this strain-related difference are not known. To identify novel quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in progression or repair in Lewis rats, 145 female backcross rats [F1(Lew/Maa x Lew/Moll) x Lew/Maa] were studied. After induction of antiThy1GN proteinuria, we determined mesangial activation, the percentage of microaneurysms, and the glomerular damage score for each animal; a genome scan using 187 microsatellite markers was performed. QTL mapping revealed a significant QTL for glomerular damage score on chromosome 1 with a logarithm of odds (LOD) score of 3.9. Homozygosity for Lew/Maa DNA in this region was associated with a higher percentage of damaged glomeruli on day 21. Furthermore, suggestive linkage was found for the percentage of glomeruli with microaneurysms on day 3 on chromosome 1, 6, and 11; for mesangial activation on day 7 on chromosome 18, while proteinuria was suggestively linked to chromosome 5 (day 0), 4 (day 3), and 6 (day 7). This study identifies a QTL on rat chromosome 1 that is significantly linked to progressive glomerulosclerosis after acute glomerulonephritis.
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Schulz A, Hänsch J, Kuhn K, Schlesener M, Kossmehl P, Nyengaard JR, Wendt N, Huber M, Kreutz R. Nephron deficit is not required for progressive proteinuria development in the Munich Wistar Frömter rat. Physiol Genomics 2008; 35:30-5. [PMID: 18647879 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90270.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Munich Wistar Frömter (MWF) rat represents a genetic model with an inherited nephron deficit and exhibits mild hypertension and progressive albuminuria, which is more pronounced in males than females. Previously, we demonstrated in a consomic strain that replacement of a quantitative trait locus on chromosome 6 normalized the nephron deficit and suppressed albuminuria development, suggesting a link between the two findings. Here we tested the role of a second major locus linked to albuminuria in MWF on chromosome 8 and generated the consomic strain MWF-8(SHR) by transfer of chromosome 8 from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) into MWF. The early onset of albuminuria at 8 wk of age in MWF (>50-fold increase compared with SHR) was significantly suppressed in consomic animals, and the development of marked proteinuria at 32 wk significantly diminished. Total nephron number in consomic rats (23,771 +/- 1,352) and MWF (27,028 +/- 1,322) were similar and significantly lower (-36%) compared with SHR (36,979 +/- 1,352, P < 0.0001). The development of mild albuminuria in female MWF was also significantly diminished in MWF-8(SHR). Thus, the development of overt and mild albuminuria in male and female MWF rats is not a mandatory consequence of the inherited nephron deficit. The locus on chromosome 8 appears of interest, because its exchange between MWF and SHR protects against the development of albuminuria in MWF-8(SHR) animals despite their inherited nephron deficit and higher systolic blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Schulz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, CharitéCentrum für Therapieforschung, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Comper WD, Hilliard LM, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Russo LM. Disease-dependent mechanisms of albuminuria. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295:F1589-600. [PMID: 18579704 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00142.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of albuminuria is perhaps one of the most complex yet important questions in renal physiology today. Recent studies have directly demonstrated that the normal glomerulus filters substantial amounts of albumin and that charge selectivity plays little or no role in preventing this process. This filtered albumin is then processed by proximal tubular cells by two distinct pathways; dysfunction in either one of these pathways gives rise to discrete forms of albuminuria. Most of the filtered albumin is returned to the peritubular blood supply by a retrieval pathway. Albuminuria in the nephrotic range would arise from retrieval pathway dysfunction. The small quantities of filtered albumin that are not retrieved undergo obligatory lysosomal degradation before urinary excretion as small peptide fragments. This degradation pathway is sensitive to metabolic factors responsible for hypertrophy and fibrosis, particularly molecules such as angiotensin II and transforming growth factor-beta1, whose production is stimulated by hyperglycemic and hypertensive environments. Dysfunction in this degradation pathway leads to albuminuria below the nephrotic range. These new insights into albumin filtration and processing argue for a reassessment of the role of podocytes and the slit diaphragm as major direct determinants governing albuminuria, provide information on how glomerular morphology and "tubular" albuminuria may be interrelated, and offer a new rationale for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne D Comper
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Univ., Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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ISHIKAWA N, HARADA Y, MARUYAMA R, MASUDA J, NABIKA T. Genetic Effects of Blood Pressure Quantitative Trait Loci on Hypertension-Related Organ Damage: Evaluation Using Multiple Congenic Strains. Hypertens Res 2008; 31:1773-9. [DOI: 10.1291/hypres.31.1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Akiyama K, Morita H, Suetsugu S, Kuraba S, Numata Y, Yamamoto Y, Inui K, Ideura T, Wakisaka N, Nakano K, Oniki H, Takenawa T, Matsuyama M, Yoshimura A. Actin -related protein 3 (Arp3) is mutated in proteinuric BUF/Mna rats. Mamm Genome 2007; 19:41-50. [PMID: 18064521 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-007-9078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The BUF/Mna strain of rat is a model of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in which a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for proteinuria, Pur1, has been identified. The aim of the present study was to identify candidates for the Pur1 gene. To narrow the Pur1 QTL, we performed fine QTL mapping and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping. To identify candidate genes, sequencing and gene-expression analyses of all genes contained in the narrowed locus were conducted. The narrowed Pur1 region contained 25 genes. Among these genes, only the Arp3 gene was mutated in the BUF/Mna strain; it contained a missense mutation that caused an (L)111(F) substitution. This leucine is conserved across species. Gene-expression analysis failed to identify any other candidate genes for Pur1. Arp3-mediated actin assembly abnormalities were visible in immunohistochemical and electron microscopic examinations of podocytes in old BUF/Mna rats. Taken together, these data suggest that Arp3 is a candidate for the Pur1 gene. This observation is consistent with our growing recognition that abnormal signaling-induced assembly of actin in podocytes leads to the development of FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Akiyama
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
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Garrett MR, Joe B, Yerga-Woolwine S. Genetic linkage of urinary albumin excretion in Dahl salt-sensitive rats: influence of dietary salt and confirmation using congenic strains. Physiol Genomics 2007; 25:39-49. [PMID: 16534143 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00150.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported a linkage analysis for urinary albumin excretion (UAE) from a backcross population derived from the Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rat and the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) raised on a low-salt diet. The present study sought to examine the effect of salt loading on the observation of UAE quantitative trait loci (QTL) using a F1(S x SHR) x S backcross population (n = 228) raised on a 2% NaCl diet. Parental strain data demonstrated that S rats have significantly higher blood pressure (BP) and UAE compared with either F1(S x SHR) or SHR at 8 wk of age, and this difference was exacerbated by 12 wk of age in response to a high-salt diet (2% NaCl). Genome scans done at 8, 12, and 16 wk of age yielded eight QTL for UAE. At week 8 (low salt), QTL for UAE were observed on rat chromosomes (RNO) 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, and 19. Week 8 linkage analysis confirmed previous linkage data and provided a baseline to examine the effect of salt loading at subsequent time points. At weeks 12 and 16 (after salt- loading), QTL for UAE were observed on RNO1, -6, -8, -9, and -13. Surprisingly, UAE QTL were no longer observed on RNO2, -11, and -19 after salt loading, suggesting that these QTL are attenuated by increased salt intake. The effects of UAE QTL on RNO2, -6, -9, -11, and -13 were examined using congenic strains whereby the SHR alleles at each QTL were placed on the S background. These congenic strains demonstrated large and significant effects on UAE compared with the S rat, proving that QTL for UAE reside on these chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Garrett
- Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Genomics, Medical University of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio 43614-5804, USA.
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Mattson DL, Dwinell MR, Greene AS, Kwitek AE, Roman RJ, Cowley AW, Jacob HJ. Chromosomal mapping of the genetic basis of hypertension and renal disease in FHH rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F1905-14. [PMID: 17898042 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00012.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the genetic basis for hypertension and renal disease phenotypes in Fawn Hooded hypertensive (FHH) rats using chromosome substitution strains (consomic rats) in which each of the 20 autosomes as well as the X and Y chromosomes were transferred from the normal Brown Norway (BN) rat onto the FHH genetic background. Male and female rats of each of the parental and consomic strains were maintained for 2 wk on high-salt (8.0% NaCl) chow with N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) in the drinking water (12.5 mg/l) to induce hypertension and renal disease. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was significantly higher (by over 60 mmHg) in the male FHH compared with BN rats. Urinary protein and albumin excretion rates were increased by 15- and 40-fold, respectively, in the male FHH compared with the BN. Plasma renin activity was 10-fold higher in the FHH than the BN. Similar significant differences were observed between the female FHH and BN, but the degree of hypertension and proteinuria was of a lesser magnitude. Substitution of chromosome 20 from the BN to the FHH attenuated the development of l-NAME-induced hypertension, normalized plasma renin activity, and decreased plasma creatinine in male rats. In female rats, substitution of chromosome 15 decreased MAP and urinary protein excretion. Urinary excretion of albumin in males was decreased by substitution of chromosomes 1, 15, 16, and 18 from the BN into the FHH genetic background. The present data indicate that genes that can modify l-NAME-induced hypertension and proteinuria are on chromosomes 1, 15, 16, 18, and 20.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Mattson
- Dept. of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Garrett MR, Gunning WT, Radecki T, Richard A. Dissection of a genetic locus influencing renal function in the rat and its concordance with kidney disease loci on human chromosome 1q21. Physiol Genomics 2007; 30:322-34. [PMID: 17504948 PMCID: PMC3153419 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00001.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we conducted a genome scan on a population derived from the Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive (S) and the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) using urinary albumin excretion (UAE) as our primary measure of renal function. We identified 10 quantitative trait loci (QTL) linked to several renal and/or cardiovascular traits. In particular, linkage and subsequent congenic strain analysis demonstrated that the loci on chromosome 2 had a large and significant effect on UAE compared with the S rat. The present work sought to characterize the chromosome 2 congenic strain [S.SHR] by conducting a time-course analysis (week 4-20), including evaluating additional renal parameters, histology, electron microscopy, and gene expression/ pathway analysis. Throughout the time course the congenic strain consistently maintained a threefold reduction in UAE compared with S rats and was supported by the histological findings of significantly reduced glomerular, tubular and interstitial changes. Gene expression/pathway analysis performed at week 4, 12, and 20 revealed that pathways involved in cellular assembly and organization, cellular movement, and immune response were controlled differently between the S and congenic. When all the data are considered, the chromosome 2 congenic appears to attenuate renal damage primarily through an altered fibrotic response. Recombinant progeny testing was employed to reduce the QTL to approximately 1.5 cM containing several interesting candidate genes. The concordance of this rat QTL with renal disease loci on human chromosome 1q21 demonstrate that elucidating the causative gene and mechanism of the rat QTL may be of particular importance for understanding kidney disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Garrett
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
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Schulz A, Weiss J, Schlesener M, Hänsch J, Wehland M, Wendt N, Kossmehl P, Sietmann A, Grimm D, Stoll M, Nyengaard JR, Kreutz R. Development of overt proteinuria in the Munich Wistar Frömter rat is suppressed by replacement of chromosome 6 in a consomic rat strain. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 18:113-21. [PMID: 17167120 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006030206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In a cross between the Munich Wistar Frömter (MWF) rat and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) was identified on rat chromosome 6 (RNO6) that demonstrated the strongest linkage to albuminuria among several QTL identified. The QTL represented the only locus that is linked to both early-onset albuminuria and increased renal interstitial fibrosis in adult animals. A consomic MWF-6(SHR) strain in which chromosome 6 from SHR was introgressed into the MWF background therefore was generated to test the relevance of this QTL. Phenotype analysis at 8 wk of age revealed that early onset of albuminuria in MWF with a 55-fold elevation of urinary albumin excretion compared with SHR (P < 0.0001) was completely abolished in MWF-6(SHR). Time-course analysis until week 24 demonstrated only a moderate increase of urinary albumin excretion in MWF-6(SHR), whereas MWF reached levels in the nephrotic range (16.6 +/- 3.5 versus 162.6 +/- 16.0 mg/24 h; P < 0.0001). At this age, analysis of glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial damage, renal interstitial fibrosis, and renal collagen III mRNA expression revealed a significant improvement of all parameters in MWF-6(SHR) compared with MWF (P < 0.05). At 32 wk, MWF but not MWF-6(SHR) demonstrated overt proteinuria (354.6 +/- 37.6 versus 48.8 +/- 13.2; P < 0.0001), whereas serum urea, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations were lower and creatinine clearance was higher in MWF-6(SHR) compared with MWF (P < 0.05). Therefore, although albuminuria in MWF is determined by a complex interplay of several QTL, our data demonstrate that genetic exchange of one locus on RNO6 leads to marked suppression of early-onset albuminuria and renal damage in MWF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Schulz
- Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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López B, Ryan RP, Moreno C, Sarkis A, Lazar J, Provoost AP, Jacob HJ, Roman RJ. Identification of a QTL on chromosome 1 for impaired autoregulation of RBF in fawn-hooded hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 290:F1213-21. [PMID: 16303858 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00335.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated whether the impairment in autoregulation of renal blood flow (RBF) in the fawn-hooded Hypertensive (FHH) rat colocalizes with the Rf-1 region on chromosome 1 that has been previously linked to the development of proteinuria in this strain. Autoregulation of RBF was measured in FHH and a consomic strain (FHH.1BN) in which chromosome 1 from the Brown-Norway (BN) rat was introgressed into the FHH genetic background. The autoregulation indexes (AI) averaged 0.80 ± 0.08 in the FHH and 0.19 ± 0.05 in the FHH.1BNrats. We next performed a genetic linkage analysis for autoregulation of RBF in 85 F2 rats generated from a backcross of FHH.1BNconsomic and FHH rats. The results revealed a significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) with a peak logarithm of the odds score of 6.3 near marker D1Rat376. To confirm the existence of this QTL, five overlapping congenic strains were created that spanned the region from markers D1Rat234 to D1Mit14. Transfer of a region of BN chromosome 1 from markers D1Mgh13 to D1Rat89 into the FHH genetic background improved autoregulation of RBF (AI = 0.23 ± 0.04) and reduced protein excretion. In contrast, RBF was poorly autoregulated and the rats were not protected from proteinuria in congenic strains in which other regions of chromosome 1 that exclude the D1Rat376 marker were transferred. These results indicate that there is a gene(s) that influences autoregulation of RBF and proteinuria between markers D1Mgh13 and D1Rat89 on chromosome 1 that lies within the confidence interval of the Rf-1 QTL previously linked to the development of proteinuria in FHH rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo López
- Dept. of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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