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Hagiwara S, Gohda T, Kantharidis P, Okabe J, Murakoshi M, Suzuki Y. Potential of Modulating Aldosterone Signaling and Mineralocorticoid Receptor with microRNAs to Attenuate Diabetic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:869. [PMID: 38255942 PMCID: PMC10815168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) is a significant complication of diabetes and primary cause of end-stage renal disease globally. The exact mechanisms underlying DKD remain poorly understood, but multiple factors, including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), play a key role in its progression. Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid steroid hormone, is one of the key components of RAAS and a potential mediator of renal damage and inflammation in DKD. miRNAs, small noncoding RNA molecules, have attracted interest due to their regulatory roles in numerous biological processes. These processes include aldosterone signaling and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expression. Numerous miRNAs have been recognized as crucial regulators of aldosterone signaling and MR expression. These miRNAs affect different aspects of the RAAS pathway and subsequent molecular processes, which impact sodium balance, ion transport, and fibrosis regulation. This review investigates the regulatory roles of particular miRNAs in modulating aldosterone signaling and MR activation, focusing on their impact on kidney injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Understanding the complex interaction between miRNAs and the RAAS could lead to a new strategy to target aldosterone signaling and MR activation using miRNAs. This highlights the potential of miRNA-based interventions for DKD, with the aim of enhancing kidney outcomes in individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Hagiwara
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 1138421, Japan; (M.M.); (Y.S.)
- Hagiwara Clinic, Tokyo 2030001, Japan
| | - Tomohito Gohda
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 1138421, Japan; (M.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Phillip Kantharidis
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (P.K.); (J.O.)
| | - Jun Okabe
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; (P.K.); (J.O.)
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Program, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Maki Murakoshi
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 1138421, Japan; (M.M.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 1138421, Japan; (M.M.); (Y.S.)
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2
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Nguyen NH, Brodsky JL. The cellular pathways that maintain the quality control and transport of diverse potassium channels. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194908. [PMID: 36638864 PMCID: PMC9908860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Potassium channels are multi-subunit transmembrane proteins that permit the selective passage of potassium and play fundamental roles in physiological processes, such as action potentials in the nervous system and organismal salt and water homeostasis, which is mediated by the kidney. Like all ion channels, newly translated potassium channels enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and undergo the error-prone process of acquiring post-translational modifications, folding into their native conformations, assembling with other subunits, and trafficking through the secretory pathway to reach their final destinations, most commonly the plasma membrane. Disruptions in these processes can result in detrimental consequences, including various human diseases. Thus, multiple quality control checkpoints evolved to guide potassium channels through the secretory pathway and clear potentially toxic, aggregation-prone misfolded species. We will summarize current knowledge on the mechanisms underlying potassium channel quality control in the secretory pathway, highlight diseases associated with channel misfolding, and suggest potential therapeutic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga H Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, A320 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, A320 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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3
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Vu TA, Lema I, Hani I, Cheval L, Atger-Lallier L, Souvannarath V, Perrot J, Souvanheuane M, Marie Y, Fabrega S, Blanchard A, Bouligand J, Kamenickỷ P, Crambert G, Martinerie L, Lombès M, Viengchareun S. miR-324-5p and miR-30c-2-3p Alter Renal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Signaling under Hypertonicity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091377. [PMID: 35563683 PMCID: PMC9104010 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MR) mediates the sodium-retaining action of aldosterone in the distal nephron, but mechanisms regulating MR expression are still poorly understood. We previously showed that RNA Binding Proteins (RBPs) regulate MR expression at the post-transcriptional level in response to variations of extracellular tonicity. Herein, we highlight a novel regulatory mechanism involving the recruitment of microRNAs (miRNAs) under hypertonicity. RT-qPCR validated miRNAs candidates identified by high throughput screening approaches and transfection of a luciferase reporter construct together with miRNAs Mimics or Inhibitors demonstrated their functional interaction with target transcripts. Overexpression strategies using Mimics or lentivirus revealed the impact on MR expression and signaling in renal KC3AC1 cells. miR-324-5p and miR-30c-2-3p expression are increased under hypertonicity in KC3AC1 cells. These miRNAs directly affect Nr3c2 (MR) transcript stability, act with Tis11b to destabilize MR transcript but also repress Elavl1 (HuR) transcript, which enhances MR expression and signaling. Overexpression of miR-324-5p and miR-30c-2-3p alter MR expression and signaling in KC3AC1 cells with blunted responses in terms of aldosterone-regulated genes expression. We also confirm that their expression is increased by hypertonicity in vivo in the kidneys of mice treated with furosemide. These findings may have major implications for the pathogenesis of renal dysfunctions, sodium retention, and mineralocorticoid resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi An Vu
- Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (T.A.V.); (I.L.); (I.H.); (L.A.-L.); (V.S.); (J.P.); (M.S.); (J.B.); (P.K.); (L.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Ingrid Lema
- Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (T.A.V.); (I.L.); (I.H.); (L.A.-L.); (V.S.); (J.P.); (M.S.); (J.B.); (P.K.); (L.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Imene Hani
- Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (T.A.V.); (I.L.); (I.H.); (L.A.-L.); (V.S.); (J.P.); (M.S.); (J.B.); (P.K.); (L.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Lydie Cheval
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (L.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Laura Atger-Lallier
- Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (T.A.V.); (I.L.); (I.H.); (L.A.-L.); (V.S.); (J.P.); (M.S.); (J.B.); (P.K.); (L.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Vilayvane Souvannarath
- Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (T.A.V.); (I.L.); (I.H.); (L.A.-L.); (V.S.); (J.P.); (M.S.); (J.B.); (P.K.); (L.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Julie Perrot
- Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (T.A.V.); (I.L.); (I.H.); (L.A.-L.); (V.S.); (J.P.); (M.S.); (J.B.); (P.K.); (L.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Mélanie Souvanheuane
- Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (T.A.V.); (I.L.); (I.H.); (L.A.-L.); (V.S.); (J.P.); (M.S.); (J.B.); (P.K.); (L.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Yannick Marie
- Plateforme de Genotypage Séquençage (iGenSeq), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Hôpital Sapêtrière, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Sylvie Fabrega
- Plateforme Vecteurs Viraux et Transfert de Gènes, Structure Federative de Recherche Necker, UMS 24, UMS 3633, Faculté de Santé, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Anne Blanchard
- Inserm, Centre d’Investigations Cliniques 9201, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Jérôme Bouligand
- Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (T.A.V.); (I.L.); (I.H.); (L.A.-L.); (V.S.); (J.P.); (M.S.); (J.B.); (P.K.); (L.M.); (M.L.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Peter Kamenickỷ
- Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (T.A.V.); (I.L.); (I.H.); (L.A.-L.); (V.S.); (J.P.); (M.S.); (J.B.); (P.K.); (L.M.); (M.L.)
- Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Gilles Crambert
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; (L.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Laetitia Martinerie
- Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (T.A.V.); (I.L.); (I.H.); (L.A.-L.); (V.S.); (J.P.); (M.S.); (J.B.); (P.K.); (L.M.); (M.L.)
- Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d’Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Université Paris Cité, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Marc Lombès
- Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (T.A.V.); (I.L.); (I.H.); (L.A.-L.); (V.S.); (J.P.); (M.S.); (J.B.); (P.K.); (L.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Say Viengchareun
- Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (T.A.V.); (I.L.); (I.H.); (L.A.-L.); (V.S.); (J.P.); (M.S.); (J.B.); (P.K.); (L.M.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Eini M, Parsi S, Barati M, Bahramali G, Alizadeh Zarei M, Kiani J, Azarnezhad A, Hosseini A. Bioinformatic Investigation of Micro RNA-802 Target Genes, Protein Networks, and Its Potential Prognostic Value in Breast Cancer. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2022; 14:154-164. [PMID: 35633990 PMCID: PMC9077654 DOI: 10.18502/ajmb.v14i2.8882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An increasing number of studies have suggested that unveiling the molecular network of miRNAs may provide novel therapeutic targets or biomarkers. In this study, we investigated the probable molecular functions that are related to microRNA-802 (miR-802) and evaluated its prognostic value in breast cancer utilizing bioinformatics tools. Methods PPI network, pathway enrichment and transcription factor analysis were applied to obtain hub genes among overlapping genes of four miRNA target prediction databases. Prognosis value assessments and expression analysis of hub genes using bioinformatics tools, as well as their literature validation were performed. Results Our results showed a significant correlation of the miR-802 overexpression with poor patient survival rate (BC, p=2.7e-5). We determined 247 target genes significant for GO and KEGG terms. Analysis of TFs by TRUST showed that RUNX3, FOXO3, and E2F1 are possible TFs that regulate the miR-802 expression and target genes network. According to our analysis; 21 genes might have an important function in miR-802 molecular processes and regulatory networks. The result shows that among these 21 genes, 8 genes (CASC3, ITGA4, AGO3, TARDBP, MED13L, SF1, SNRPE and CRNKL1) are positively correlated with patient survival. Therefore these genes could be considered and experimentally evaluated as a prognostic biomarker for breast cancer. Conclusion The comprehensive bioinformatics study on miR-802 target genes provided insight into miR-802 mediated pathways and processes. Furthermore, representing candidate target genes by prognostic values indicates the potential clinical application of miR-802 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Eini
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Parsi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mahmood Barati
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Jafar Kiani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Assad Azarnezhad
- Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Arshad Hosseini
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Small RNA sequencing evaluation of renal microRNA biomarkers in dogs with X-linked hereditary nephropathy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17437. [PMID: 34465843 PMCID: PMC8408228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs with X-linked hereditary nephropathy (XLHN) are an animal model for Alport syndrome in humans and progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). Using mRNA sequencing (mRNA-seq), we have characterized the gene expression profile affecting the progression of XLHN; however, the microRNA (miRNA, miR) expression remains unknown. With small RNA-seq and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), we used 3 small RNA-seq analysis tools (QIAGEN OmicSoft Studio, miRDeep2, and CPSS 2.0) to profile differentially expressed renal miRNAs, top-ranked miRNA target genes, and enriched biological processes and pathways in CKD progression. Twenty-three kidney biopsies were collected from 5 dogs with XLHN and 4 age-matched, unaffected littermates at 3 clinical time points (T1: onset of proteinuria, T2: onset of azotemia, and T3: advanced azotemia). We identified up to 23 differentially expressed miRNAs at each clinical time point. Five miRNAs (miR-21, miR-146b, miR-802, miR-142, miR-147) were consistently upregulated in affected dogs. We identified miR-186 and miR-26b as effective reference miRNAs for qRT-PCR. This study applied small RNA-seq to identify differentially expressed miRNAs that might regulate critical pathways contributing to CKD progression in dogs with XLHN.
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6
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Butterworth MB. Non-coding RNAs and the mineralocorticoid receptor in the kidney. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 521:111115. [PMID: 33301840 PMCID: PMC7796954 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The final steps in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone signaling System (RAAS) involve binding of the corticosteroid hormone, aldosterone to its mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). The bound MR interacts with response elements to induce or repress the transcription of aldosterone-regulated genes. Along with the classic genomic targets of aldosterone that alter mRNA and protein expression, aldosterone also regulates the expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Short ncRNAs termed microRNAs (miRs) have been shown to play a role in transducing aldosterone's actions via MR signaling. The role of miRs in homeostatic regulation of aldosterone signaling, and the potential for aldosterone-regulated miRs to act as feedback regulators of MR have been recently reported. In this review, the role of miRs in RAAS signaling and feedback regulation of MR in kidney epithelial cells will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Butterworth
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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7
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Panizo S, Martínez-Arias L, Alonso-Montes C, Cannata P, Martín-Carro B, Fernández-Martín JL, Naves-Díaz M, Carrillo-López N, Cannata-Andía JB. Fibrosis in Chronic Kidney Disease: Pathogenesis and Consequences. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E408. [PMID: 33401711 PMCID: PMC7795409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a process characterized by an excessive accumulation of the extracellular matrix as a response to different types of tissue injuries, which leads to organ dysfunction. The process can be initiated by multiple and different stimuli and pathogenic factors which trigger the cascade of reparation converging in molecular signals responsible of initiating and driving fibrosis. Though fibrosis can play a defensive role, in several circumstances at a certain stage, it can progressively become an uncontrolled irreversible and self-maintained process, named pathological fibrosis. Several systems, molecules and responses involved in the pathogenesis of the pathological fibrosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) will be discussed in this review, putting special attention on inflammation, renin-angiotensin system (RAS), parathyroid hormone (PTH), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), Klotho, microRNAs (miRs), and the vitamin D hormonal system. All of them are key factors of the core and regulatory pathways which drive fibrosis, having a great negative kidney and cardiac impact in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Panizo
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Retic REDinREN-ISCIII, Universidad de Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (S.P.); (L.M.-A.); (C.A.-M.); (B.M.-C.); (J.L.F.-M.); (N.C.-L.)
| | - Laura Martínez-Arias
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Retic REDinREN-ISCIII, Universidad de Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (S.P.); (L.M.-A.); (C.A.-M.); (B.M.-C.); (J.L.F.-M.); (N.C.-L.)
| | - Cristina Alonso-Montes
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Retic REDinREN-ISCIII, Universidad de Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (S.P.); (L.M.-A.); (C.A.-M.); (B.M.-C.); (J.L.F.-M.); (N.C.-L.)
| | - Pablo Cannata
- Pathology Department, Fundación Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Retic REDinREN-ISCIII, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Martín-Carro
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Retic REDinREN-ISCIII, Universidad de Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (S.P.); (L.M.-A.); (C.A.-M.); (B.M.-C.); (J.L.F.-M.); (N.C.-L.)
| | - José L. Fernández-Martín
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Retic REDinREN-ISCIII, Universidad de Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (S.P.); (L.M.-A.); (C.A.-M.); (B.M.-C.); (J.L.F.-M.); (N.C.-L.)
| | - Manuel Naves-Díaz
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Retic REDinREN-ISCIII, Universidad de Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (S.P.); (L.M.-A.); (C.A.-M.); (B.M.-C.); (J.L.F.-M.); (N.C.-L.)
| | - Natalia Carrillo-López
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Retic REDinREN-ISCIII, Universidad de Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (S.P.); (L.M.-A.); (C.A.-M.); (B.M.-C.); (J.L.F.-M.); (N.C.-L.)
| | - Jorge B. Cannata-Andía
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Retic REDinREN-ISCIII, Universidad de Oviedo, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; (S.P.); (L.M.-A.); (C.A.-M.); (B.M.-C.); (J.L.F.-M.); (N.C.-L.)
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8
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Hao S, Salzo J, Zhao H, Hao M, Darzynkiewicz Z, Ferreri NR. MicroRNA-133a-Dependent Inhibition of Proximal Tubule Angiotensinogen by Renal TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor). Hypertension 2020; 76:1744-1752. [PMID: 33131307 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We showed that intrarenal suppression of TNF (tumor necrosis factor) production under low salt (LS) conditions increases renal cortical AGT (angiotensinogen) mRNA and protein expression. Intrarenal injection of murine recombinant TNF attenuated increases of AGT in mice ingesting LS. Moreover, AGT mRNA and protein expression increased ≈6-fold and 2-fold, respectively, in mice ingesting LS that also received an intrarenal injection of a lentivirus construct that specifically silenced TNF in the kidney (U6-TNF-ex4). Silencing of TNF under normal salt and high salt (HS) conditions also resulted in increased AGT expression. Since renal TNF production decreases in response to LS and increases in response to HS, the data suggest that alterations in TNF production under these conditions modulate the degree of AGT expression. We also tested the hypothesis that TNF inhibits intrarenal AGT expression by a mechanism involving miR-133a. Expression of miR-133a decreased in mice given LS and increased in response to HS for 7 days. Intrarenal silencing of TNF reversed the effects of HS on miR-133a-dependent AGT expression. In contrast, intrarenal TNF administration increased miR-133a expression in the kidney. Collectively, the data suggest that miR-133a is a salt-sensitive microRNA that inhibits AGT in the kidney and is increased by TNF. The HS-induced increase in blood pressure observed following silencing of TNF was markedly reduced upon intrarenal administration of miR-133a suggesting that intrinsic effects of TNF in the kidney to limit the blood pressure response to HS include an increase in miR-133a, which suppresses AGT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujin Hao
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla
| | - Joseph Salzo
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla
| | - Hong Zhao
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla
| | - Mary Hao
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla
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9
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Estadella I, Pedrós-Gámez O, Colomer-Molera M, Bosch M, Sorkin A, Felipe A. Endocytosis: A Turnover Mechanism Controlling Ion Channel Function. Cells 2020; 9:E1833. [PMID: 32759790 PMCID: PMC7463639 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion channels (IChs) are transmembrane proteins that selectively drive ions across membranes. The function of IChs partially relies on their abundance and proper location in the cell, fine-tuned by the delicate balance between secretory, endocytic, and degradative pathways. The disruption of this balance is associated with several diseases, such as Liddle's and long QT syndromes. Because of the vital role of these proteins in human health and disease, knowledge of ICh turnover is essential. Clathrin-dependent and -independent mechanisms have been the primary mechanisms identified with ICh endocytosis and degradation. Several molecular determinants recognized by the cellular internalization machinery have been discovered. Moreover, specific conditions can trigger the endocytosis of many IChs, such as the activation of certain receptors, hypokalemia, and some drugs. Ligand-dependent receptor activation primarily results in the posttranslational modification of IChs and the recruitment of important mediators, such as β-arrestins and ubiquitin ligases. However, endocytosis is not a final fate. Once internalized into endosomes, IChs are either sorted to lysosomes for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane. Rab proteins are crucial participants during these turnover steps. In this review, we describe the major ICh endocytic pathways, the signaling inputs triggering ICh internalization, and the key mediators of this essential cellular process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Estadella
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.E.); (O.P.-G.); (M.C.-M.); (M.B.)
| | - Oriol Pedrós-Gámez
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.E.); (O.P.-G.); (M.C.-M.); (M.B.)
| | - Magalí Colomer-Molera
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.E.); (O.P.-G.); (M.C.-M.); (M.B.)
| | - Manel Bosch
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.E.); (O.P.-G.); (M.C.-M.); (M.B.)
- Centres Científics i Tecnològics de la Universitat de Barcelona (CCiTUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Sorkin
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Antonio Felipe
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (I.E.); (O.P.-G.); (M.C.-M.); (M.B.)
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review describes studies investigating the role of microRNAs in the signaling pathway of the mineralocorticoid hormone, aldosterone. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging evidence indicates that aldosterone alters the expression of microRNAs in target tissues thereby modulating the expression of key regulatory proteins. SUMMARY The mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone is released by the adrenal glands in a homeostatic mechanism to regulate blood volume. The long-term renal action of aldosterone is to increase the retrieval of sodium from filtered plasma to restore blood pressure. Emerging evidence indicates aldosterone may alter noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) to integrate this hormonal response in target tissue. Expression of the best characterized small ncRNAs, microRNAs, is regulated by aldosterone stimulation. MicroRNAs modulate protein expression at all steps in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-signaling (RAAS) system. In addition to acting as a rheostat to fine-tune protein levels in aldosterone-responsive cells, there is evidence that microRNAs down-regulate components of the signaling cascade as a feedback mechanism. The role of microRNAs is, therefore, as signal integrator, and damper in aldosterone signaling, which has implications in understating the RAAS system from both a physiological and pathophysiological perspective. Recent evidence for microRNA's role in RAAS signaling will be discussed.
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Sun D, Chen J, Wu W, Tang J, Luo L, Zhang K, Jin L, Lin S, Gao Y, Yan X, Zhang C. MiR-802 causes nephropathy by suppressing NF-κB-repressing factor in obese mice and human. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2863-2871. [PMID: 30729676 PMCID: PMC6433720 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with significant microvascular complications including renal injuries and may induce end-stage renal disease. Emerging studies have demonstrated microRNAs (miRNAs) are potential mediators in the pathophysiological process of nephropathy. The present study aimed to investigate the role of miR-802 in obesity-related nephropathy and potential molecular mechanisms. Through utilizing obese mouse model and human subjects, we explored the therapeutic benefits and clinical application of miR-802 in protecting against nephropathy. Renal miR-802 level was positively correlated with functional parameters, including blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in obese mice. Specific silencing of renal miR-802 improved high fat diet (HFD)-induced renal dysfunction, structural disorders and fibrosis. The up-regulated inflammatory response and infiltrated macrophages were also significantly decreased in miR-802 inhibitor-treated obese mice. Mechanistically, miR-802 directly bond to 3'-UTR of NF-κB-repressing factor (NRF) and suppressed its expression. In clinical study, the circulating miR-802 level was significantly increased in obese subjects, and positively correlated with plasma creatinine level but negatively correlated with creatinine clearance. Taken together, our findings provided evidence that miR-802/NRF signalling was an important pathway in mediating obesity-related nephropathy. It is a possible useful clinical approach of treating miR-802 inhibitor to combat nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Sun
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou UniversityWenzhouChina
- Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Pharmaceutical development of Growth Factors, Wenzhou Biomedical Collaborative Innovation CenterWenzhouChina
| | - Jia Chen
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's HospitalChengduChina
| | - Wei Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou UniversityWenzhouChina
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ju Tang
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital Third Military Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Li Luo
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Kun Zhang
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Libo Jin
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Sue Lin
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Yitian Gao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Xiaoqing Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Chi Zhang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityRuianWenzhouChina
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12
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Abstract
The mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone is released by the adrenal glands in a homeostatic mechanism to regulate blood volume. Several cues elicit aldosterone release, and the long-term action of the hormone is to restore blood pressure and/or increase the retrieval of sodium from filtered plasma in the kidney. While the signaling cascade that results in aldosterone release is well studied, the impact of this hormone on tissues and cells in various organ systems is pleotropic. Emerging evidence indicates aldosterone may alter non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) to integrate the hormonal response, and these ncRNAs may contribute to the heterogeneity of signaling outcomes in aldosterone target tissues. The best studied of the ncRNAs in aldosterone action are the small ncRNAs, microRNAs. MicroRNA expression is regulated by aldosterone stimulation, and microRNAs are able to modulate protein expression at all steps in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-signaling system. The discovery and synthesis of microRNAs will be briefly covered followed by a discussion of the reciprocal role of aldosterone/microRNA regulation, including misregulation of microRNA signaling in aldosterone-linked disease states.
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13
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Zhang H, Liu T, Zhou Z, Zhang A, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Pan L, Ma J. miR-137 Affects Vaginal Lubrication in Female Sexual Dysfunction by Targeting Aquaporin-2. Sex Med 2018; 6:339-347. [PMID: 30454615 PMCID: PMC6302129 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a common disease with serious potential hazards, but it has not received much attention. The pathogenesis of FSD is urgently needed for the diagnosis and treatment of FSD. Aim To investigate the role of microribonucleic acid (mRNA, miR)-137 in FSD. Methods Vaginal epithelium tissues from 15 women with lubrication disorder and 15 women with normal function were collected for this study. The expression level of miR-137 in lubrication disorder and normal function women were measured by microarray analysis and Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR, qPCR). miR-137 was overexpressed in vaginal epithelial cells VK2/E6E7 by lentivirus infection. The cell water permeability was measured using the calcein-quenching method. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The potential target of miR-137 was predicted by bioinformatic analysis, then verified by luciferase reporter assays. Main Outcome Measure The expression level of miR-137 and aquaporin-2 (AQP2), cell water permeability, cell apoptosis, and luciferase reporter assays were examined. Results miR-137 was found to be highly expressed in vaginal epithelial tissues of women with lubrication disorder. Additionally, functional in vitro studies suggested that overexpression of miR-137 leads to a decrease in cell permeability. By combining target prediction and examination, we identified AQP2 as the direct mechanistic target of miR-137 that affected the water permeability of vaginal epithelial cells. Conclusion Our results point to a novel role for miR-137 and its downstream effector AQP2 in vaginal lubrication, which can be manipulated as therapeutic targets against lubrication disorder and its related disorders. Zhang H, Liu T, Zhou Z. miR-137 affects vaginal lubrication in female sexual dysfunction by targeting Aquaporin-2. Sex Med 2018;6:339–347.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hepeng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of Yuyao, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianjiao Liu
- Department of Women Health Care, Nanjing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyun Zhou
- Department of Children Health Care, Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Aixia Zhang
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, China
| | - Lianjun Pan
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Jiehua Ma
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China.
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Role of MicroRNAs in Renal Parenchymal Diseases-A New Dimension. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061797. [PMID: 29914215 PMCID: PMC6032378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery in 1993, numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in humans and other eukaryotic organisms, and their role as key regulators of gene expression is still being elucidated. It is now known that miRNAs not only play a central role in the processes that ensure normal development and physiology, but they are often dysregulated in various diseases. In this review, we present an overview of the role of miRNAs in normal renal development and physiology, in maladaptive renal repair after injury, and in the pathogenesis of renal parenchymal diseases. In addition, we describe methods used for their detection and their potential as therapeutic targets. Continued research on renal miRNAs will undoubtedly improve our understanding of diseases affecting the kidneys and may also lead to new therapeutic agents.
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15
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Torrejón B, Cristóbal I, Rojo F, García-Foncillas J. Caveolin-1 is Markedly Downregulated in Patients with Early-Stage Colorectal Cancer. World J Surg 2018; 41:2625-2630. [PMID: 28560511 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-017-4065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caveolin-1 (CAV-1), the main scaffold protein in caveolae, is frequently deregulated in human cancer. Of importance, this protein has been described to show tumor suppressor or oncogenic properties depending on the cell type and the stage of the disease. In fact, its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains to be fully clarified due to discrepancies in the literature. METHODS We analyzed CAV-1 by western blot in a set of early-stage CRC patients with paired tumor tissue and normal colonic mucosa available. CAV-1 mRNA and expression levels of miR-124, 133 and 802 were quantified by real-time PCR. RESULTS We found CAV-1 strongly downregulated in 76.2% of tumor samples and associated with the subgroup of elderly patients (p = 0.027). We observed by real-time PCR a lack of correlation between CAV-1 mRNA and protein levels in some cases with CAV-1 downregulated by western blot, and miR-124 deregulation was identified as a potential contributing alteration to decrease CAV-1 protein expression. CONCLUSION CAV-1 is commonly downregulated in patients with primary CRC, which suggests its tumor suppressor role in early stages of this disease. Moreover, based on our findings, the previous discrepancies observed in different studies to date could be due to a complex posttranscriptional CAV-1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Torrejón
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, University Hospital "Fundación Jiménez Díaz", Avda. Reyes Católicos-2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ion Cristóbal
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, University Hospital "Fundación Jiménez Díaz", Avda. Reyes Católicos-2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Federico Rojo
- Pathology Department, University Hospital "Fundacion Jimenez Diaz", Autonomous University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús García-Foncillas
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, University Hospital "Fundación Jiménez Díaz", Avda. Reyes Católicos-2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Sanders YY, Liu H, Scruggs AM, Duncan SR, Huang SK, Thannickal VJ. Epigenetic Regulation of Caveolin-1 Gene Expression in Lung Fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:50-61. [PMID: 27560128 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0034oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic disorders are associated with tissue accumulation of fibroblasts. We recently showed that caveolin (Cav)-1 gene suppression by a profibrotic cytokine, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, contributes to fibroblast proliferation and apoptosis resistance. Cav-1 has been shown to be constitutively suppressed in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), but mechanisms for this suppression are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that epigenetic processes contribute to Cav-1 down-regulation in IPF lung fibroblasts, and after fibrogenic stimuli. Cav-1 expression levels, DNA methylation status, and histone modifications associated with the Cav-1 promoter were examined by PCR, Western blots, pyrosequencing, or chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in IPF lung fibroblasts, normal fibroblasts after TGF-β1 stimulation, or in murine lung fibroblasts after bleomycin injury. Methylation-specific PCR demonstrated methylated and unmethylated Cav-1 DNA copies in all groups. Despite significant changes in Cav-1 expression, no changes in DNA methylation were observed in CpG islands or CpG island shores of the Cav-1 promoter by pyrosequencing of lung fibroblasts from IPF lungs, in response to TGF-β1, or after bleomycin-induced murine lung injury, when compared with respective controls. In contrast, the association of Cav-1 promoter with the active histone modification mark, H3 lysine 4 trimethylation, correlated with Cav-1 down-regulation in activated/fibrotic lung fibroblasts. Our data indicate that Cav-1 gene silencing in lung fibroblasts is actively regulated by epigenetic mechanisms that involve histone modifications, in particular H3 lysine 4 trimethylation, whereas DNA methylation does not appear to be a primary mechanism. These findings support therapeutic strategies that target histone modifications to restore Cav-1 expression in fibroblasts participating in pathogenic tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Y Sanders
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Hui Liu
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Anne M Scruggs
- 2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Steven R Duncan
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Steven K Huang
- 2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
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Irwandi RA, Vacharaksa A. The role of microRNA in periodontal tissue: A review of the literature. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 72:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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18
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Karnati HK, Panigrahi MK, Gutti RK, Greig NH, Tamargo IA. miRNAs: Key Players in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Epilepsy. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:563-80. [PMID: 26402105 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, ∼22 nucleotide, non-coding RNA molecules that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. miRNA dysregulation has been observed in cancer and in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the neurological disorder, epilepsy. Neuronal degradation and death are important hallmarks of neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, abnormalities in metabolism, synapsis and axonal transport have been associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and frontotemporal dementia. A number of recently published studies have demonstrated the importance of miRNAs in the nervous system and have contributed to the growing body of evidence on miRNA dysregulation in neurological disorders. Knowledge of the expressions and activities of such miRNAs may aid in the development of novel therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the significance of miRNA dysregulation in the development of neurodegenerative disorders and the use of miRNAs as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanuma Kumar Karnati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manas Kumar Panigrahi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gutti
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ian A Tamargo
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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19
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Jacobs ME, Kathpalia PP, Chen Y, Thomas SV, Noonan EJ, Pao AC. SGK1 regulation by miR-466g in cortical collecting duct cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 310:F1251-7. [PMID: 26911843 PMCID: PMC4935769 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00024.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that bind target mRNA transcripts and modulate gene expression. In the cortical collecting duct (CCD), aldosterone stimulates the expression of genes that increase activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC); in the early phase of aldosterone induction, one such gene is serum and glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1). We hypothesized that aldosterone regulates the expression of miRNAs in the early phase of induction to control the expression of target genes that stimulate ENaC activity. We treated mpkCCDc14 cells with aldosterone or vehicle for 1 h and used a miRNA microarray to analyze differential miRNA expression. We identified miR-466g as a miRNA that decreased by 57% after 1 h of aldosterone treatment. Moreover, we identified a putative miR-466g binding site in the 3'-untranslated region of SGK1. We constructed an SGK1 3'-untranslated region luciferase reporter and found that cotransfection of miR-466g suppressed luciferase activity in human embryonic kidney-293 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Deletion or introduction of point mutations that disrupt the miR-466g target site attenuated miR-466g-directed suppression of luciferase activity. Finally, we generated stably transduced mpkCCDc14 cell lines overexpressing miR-466g. Cells overexpressing miR-466g demonstrated 12.9-fold lower level of SGK1 mRNA compared with control cells after 6 h of aldosterone induction; moreover, cells overexpressing miR-466g exhibited 25% decrease in amiloride-sensitive current after 6 h of aldosterone induction and complete loss of amiloride-sensitive current after 24 h of aldosterone induction. Our findings implicate miR-466g as a novel early-phase aldosterone responsive miRNA that regulates SGK1 and ENaC in CCD cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie E Jacobs
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; and
| | - Paru P Kathpalia
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; and
| | - Yu Chen
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Sheela V Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; and
| | - Emily J Noonan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Alan C Pao
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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20
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Abstract
More than two dozen types of potassium channels, with different biophysical and regulatory properties, are expressed in the kidney, influencing renal function in many important ways. Recently, a confluence of discoveries in areas from human genetics to physiology, cell biology, and biophysics has cast light on the special function of five different potassium channels in the distal nephron, encoded by the genes KCNJ1, KCNJ10, KCNJ16, KCNMA1, and KCNN3. Research aimed at understanding how these channels work in health and go awry in disease has transformed our understanding of potassium balance and provided new insights into mechanisms of renal sodium handling and the maintenance of blood pressure. This review focuses on recent advances in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Welling
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201;
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21
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Pilmore E, Hamilton KL. The Role of MicroRNAs in the Regulation of K(+) Channels in Epithelial Tissue. Front Physiol 2015; 6:352. [PMID: 26648872 PMCID: PMC4664832 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the modulation of proteins has shifted in direction with the discovery of microRNAs (miRs) over twenty years ago. MiRs are now in the “limelight” as these non-coding pieces of RNA (generally ~22 nucleotides long) result in altered translation and function of proteins. Indeed, miRs are now reported to be potential biomarkers of disease. Epithelial K+ channels play many roles in electrolyte and fluid homeostasis of the human body and have been suggested to be therapeutic targets of disease. Interestingly, the role of miRs in modulating K+ channels of epithelial tissues is only emerging now. This minireview focuses on recent novel findings into the role of miRs in the regulation of K+ channels of epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Pilmore
- Department of Physiology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kirk L Hamilton
- Department of Physiology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand
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Kim JD, Lee A, Choi J, Park Y, Kang H, Chang W, Lee MS, Kim J. Epigenetic modulation as a therapeutic approach for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e175. [PMID: 26228095 PMCID: PMC4525299 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare but progressive and currently incurable disease, which is characterized by vascular remodeling in association with muscularization of the arterioles, medial thickening and plexiform lesion formation. Despite our advanced understanding of the pathogenesis of PAH and the recent therapeutic advances, PAH still remains a fatal disease. In addition, the susceptibility to PAH has not yet been adequately explained. Much evidence points to the involvement of epigenetic changes in the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases including cancer, peripheral hypertension and asthma. The knowledge gained from the epigenetic study of various human diseases can also be applied to PAH. Thus, the pursuit of novel therapeutic targets via understanding the epigenetic alterations involved in the pathogenesis of PAH, such as DNA methylation, histone modification and microRNA, might be an attractive therapeutic avenue for the development of a novel and more effective treatment. This review provides a general overview of the current advances in epigenetics associated with PAH, and discusses the potential for improved treatment through understanding the role of epigenetics in the development of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Dae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aram Lee
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihea Choi
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngsook Park
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyesoo Kang
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woochul Chang
- Department of Biology Education, College of Education, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Myeong-Sok Lee
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongmin Kim
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood and adolescence. Despite advances in therapy, patients with histological variant of rhabdomyosarcoma known as alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) have a 5-year survival of less than 30%. Caveolin-1 (CAV1), encoding the structural component of cellular caveolae, is a suggested tumor suppressor gene involved in cell signaling. In the present study we report that compared to other forms of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) CAV1 expression is either undetectable or very low in ARMS cell lines and tumor samples. DNA methylation analysis of the promoter region and azacytidine-induced re-expression suggest the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in the silencing of CAV1. Reintroduction of CAV1 in three of these cell lines impairs their clonogenic capacity and promotes features of muscular differentiation. In vitro, CAV1-expressing cells show high expression of Caveolin-3 (CAV3), a muscular differentiation marker. Blockade of MAPK signaling is also observed. In vivo, CAV1-expressing xenografts show growth delay, features of muscular differentiation and increased cell death. In summary, our results suggest that CAV1 could function as a potent tumor suppressor in ARMS tumors. Inhibition of CAV1 function therefore, could contribute to aberrant cell proliferation, leading to ARMS development.
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Low JY, Nicholson HD. Epigenetic modifications of caveolae associated proteins in health and disease. BMC Genet 2015; 16:71. [PMID: 26112043 PMCID: PMC4482180 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-015-0231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Caveolae are small, “omega-shaped” invaginations at the plasma membrane of the cell which are involved in a variety of processes including cholesterol transport, potocytosis and cell signalling. Within caveolae there are caveolae-associated proteins, and changes in expression of these molecules have been described to play a role in the pathophysiology of various diseases including cancer and cardiovascular disease. Evidence is beginning to accumulate that epigenetic processes may regulate the expression of these caveolae related genes, and hence contribute to disease progression. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of epigenetic modification in regulating the expression of these caveolae related genes and how this relates to changes in cellular physiology and in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yih Low
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Helen D Nicholson
- Department of Anatomy, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
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Dasgupta N, Kumar Thakur B, Ta A, Das S. Caveolin-1 is transcribed from a hypermethylated promoter to mediate colonocyte differentiation and apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 2015; 334:323-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang L, Zhang C, Su X, Lin DH, Wang W. Caveolin-1 Deficiency Inhibits the Basolateral K+ Channels in the Distal Convoluted Tubule and Impairs Renal K+ and Mg2+ Transport. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2678-90. [PMID: 25848073 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014070658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Kcnj10 encodes the inwardly rectifying K(+) channel Kir4.1 in the basolateral membrane of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and is activated by c-Src. However, the regulation and function of this K(+) channel are incompletely characterized. Here, patch-clamp experiments in Kcnj10-transfected HEK293 cells demonstrated that c-Src-induced stimulation of Kcnj10 requires coexpression of caveolin-1 (cav-1), and immunostaining showed expression of cav-1 in the basolateral membrane of parvalbumin-positive DCT. Patch-clamp experiments detected a 40-pS inwardly rectifying K(+) channel, a heterotetramer of Kir4.1/Kir5.1, in the basolateral membrane of the early DCT (DCT1) in both wild-type (WT) and cav-1-knockout (KO) mice. However, the activity of this basolateral 40-pS K(+) channel was lower in KO mice than in WT mice. Moreover, the K(+) reversal potential (an indication of membrane potential) was less negative in the DCT1 of KO mice than in the DCT1 of WT mice. Western blot analysis demonstrated that cav-1 deficiency decreased the expression of the Na(+)/Cl(-) cotransporter and Ste20-proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) but increased the expression of epithelial Na(+) channel-α. Furthermore, the urinary excretion of Mg(2+) and K(+) was significantly higher in KO mice than in WT mice, and KO mice developed hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, and hypokalemia. We conclude that disruption of cav-1 decreases basolateral K(+) channel activity and depolarizes the cell membrane potential in the DCT1 at least in part by suppressing the stimulatory effect of c-Src on Kcnj10. Furthermore, the decrease in Kcnj10 and Na(+)/Cl(-) cotransporter expression induced by cav-1 deficiency may underlie the compromised renal transport of Mg(2+), Ca(2+), and K(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and
| | - Chengbiao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Su
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and
| | - Dao-Hong Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and
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Butterworth MB. MicroRNAs and the regulation of aldosterone signaling in the kidney. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 308:C521-7. [PMID: 25673770 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00026.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The role of small noncoding RNAs, termed microRNAs (miRs), in development and disease has been recognized for many years. The number of miRs and regulated targets that reinforce a role for miRs in human disease and disease progression is ever-increasing. However, less is known about the involvement of miRs in steady-state, nondisease homeostatic pathways. In the kidney, much of the regulated ion transport is under the control of hormonal signaling. Evidence is emerging that miRs are involved in the hormonal regulation of kidney function and, particularly, in ion transport. In this short review, the production and intra- and extracellular signaling of miRs and the involvement of miRs in kidney disease are discussed. The discussion also focuses on the role of these small biological molecules in the homeostatic control of ion transport in the kidney. MiR regulation of and by corticosteroid hormones, in particular the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone, is considered. While information about the role of aldosterone-regulated miRs in the kidney is limited, an increase in the research in this area will undoubtedly highlight the involvement of miRs as central mediators of hormonal signaling in normal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Butterworth
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Cao ZQ, Shen Z, Huang WY. MicroRNA-802 promotes osteosarcoma cell proliferation by targeting p27. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 14:7081-4. [PMID: 24460254 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs have been demonstrated to regulate proliferation and apoptosis in many types of cancers, but biological functions in osteosarcomas remain relatively unknown. Here, we found expression of miR-802 to be up-regulated in osteosarcoma tissues in comparison with adjacent normal tissues. Enforced expression of miR-802 was able to promote cell proliferation in U2OS and MG63 cells, while miR-802 antisense oligonucleotides (antisense miR-802) inhibited cell proliferation. At the molecular level, our results further revealed that expression of p27, a negative cell-cycle regulator, was negatively regulated by miR-802. Therefore, the data reported here indicate that miR-802 is an important regulator in osteosarcoma, our findings contributing to a better understanding of important mis-regulated miRNAs in this tumour type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Qing Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, St. Luke's Hospital, Shanghai, China E-mail :
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Edinger RS, Coronnello C, Bodnar AJ, Labarca M, Bhalla V, LaFramboise WA, Benos PV, Ho J, Johnson JP, Butterworth MB. Aldosterone regulates microRNAs in the cortical collecting duct to alter sodium transport. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2445-57. [PMID: 24744440 PMCID: PMC4214524 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013090931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A role for microRNAs (miRs) in the physiologic regulation of sodium transport in the kidney has not been established. In this study, we investigated the potential of aldosterone to alter miR expression in mouse cortical collecting duct (mCCD) epithelial cells. Microarray studies demonstrated the regulation of miR expression by aldosterone in both cultured mCCD and isolated primary distal nephron principal cells. Aldosterone regulation of the most significantly downregulated miRs, mmu-miR-335-3p, mmu-miR-290-5p, and mmu-miR-1983 was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. Reducing the expression of these miRs separately or in combination increased epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)-mediated sodium transport in mCCD cells, without mineralocorticoid supplementation. Artificially increasing the expression of these miRs by transfection with plasmid precursors or miR mimic constructs blunted aldosterone stimulation of ENaC transport. Using a newly developed computational approach, termed ComiR, we predicted potential gene targets for the aldosterone-regulated miRs and confirmed ankyrin 3 (Ank3) as a novel aldosterone and miR-regulated protein. A dual-luciferase assay demonstrated direct binding of the miRs with the Ank3-3' untranslated region. Overexpression of Ank3 increased and depletion of Ank3 decreased ENaC-mediated sodium transport in mCCD cells. These findings implicate miRs as intermediaries in aldosterone signaling in principal cells of the distal kidney nephron.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John P Johnson
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael B Butterworth
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Han H, Rosenhouse-Dantsker A, Gnanasambandam R, Epshtein Y, Chen Z, Sachs F, Minshall RD, Levitan I. Silencing of Kir2 channels by caveolin-1: cross-talk with cholesterol. J Physiol 2014; 592:4025-38. [PMID: 25038242 PMCID: PMC4198012 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.273177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies show that different types of ion channels localize in caveolae and are regulated by the level of membrane cholesterol. Furthermore, it has been proposed that cholesterol-induced regulation of ion channels might be attributed to partitioning into caveolae and association with caveolin-1 (Cav-1). We tested, therefore, whether Cav-1 regulates the function of inwardly rectifying potassium channels Kir2.1 that play major roles in the regulation of membrane potentials of numerous mammalian cells. Our earlier studies demonstrated that Kir2.1 channels are cholesterol sensitive. In this study, we show that Kir2.1 channels co-immunoprecipitate with Cav-1 and that co-expression of Kir2.1 channels with Cav-1 in HEK293 cells results in suppression of Kir2 current indicating that Cav-1 is a negative regulator of Kir2 function. These observations are confirmed by comparing Kir currents in bone marrow-derived macrophages isolated from Cav-1(-/-) and wild-type animals. We also show, however, that Kir2 channels maintain their sensitivity to cholesterol in HEK293 cells that have very low levels of endogenous Cav-1 and in bone marrow-derived macrophages isolated from Cav-1(-/-) knockout mice. Thus, these studies indicate that Cav-1 and/or intact caveolae are not required for cholesterol sensitivity of Kir channels. Moreover, a single point mutation of Kir2.1, L222I that abrogates the sensitivity of the channels to cholesterol also abolishes their sensitivity to Cav-1 suggesting that the two modulators regulate Kir2 channels via a common mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazhi Han
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Avia Rosenhouse-Dantsker
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | | | - Yulia Epshtein
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Zhenlong Chen
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Frederick Sachs
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Richard D Minshall
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Irena Levitan
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Genetic markers for diagnosis and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Gene 2014; 545:185-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Rezaei M, Andrieu T, Neuenschwander S, Bruggmann R, Mordasini D, Frey FJ, Vogt B, Frey BM. Regulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 by microRNA. Hypertension 2014; 64:860-6. [PMID: 24980668 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) is selectively expressed in aldosterone target tissues, conferring aldosterone selectivity for the mineralocorticoid receptor. A diminished activity causes salt-sensitive hypertension. The mechanism of the variable and distinct 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 gene (HSD11B2) expression in the cortical collecting duct is poorly understood. Here, we analyzed for the first time whether the 11β-HSD2 expression is modulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). In silico analysis revealed 53 and 27 miRNAs with potential binding sites on human or rat HSD11B2 3'-untranslated region. A reporter assay demonstrated 3'-untranslated region-dependent regulation of human and rodent HSD11B2. miRNAs were profiled from cortical collecting ducts and proximal convoluted tubules. Bioinformatic analyses showed a distinct clustering for cortical collecting ducts and proximal convoluted tubules with 53 of 375 miRNAs, where 13 were predicted to bind to the rat HSD11B2 3'-untranslated region. To gain insight into potentially relevant miRNAs in vivo, we investigated 2 models with differential 11β-HSD2 activity linked with salt-sensitive hypertension. (1) Comparing Sprague-Dawley with low and Wistar rats with high 11β-HSD2 activity revealed rno-miR-20a-5p, rno-miR-19b-3p, and rno-miR-190a-5p to be differentially expressed. (2) Uninephrectomy lowered 11β-HSD2 activity in the residual kidney with differentially expressed rno-miR-19b-3p, rno-miR-29b-3p, and rno-miR-26-5p. In conclusion, miRNA-dependent mechanisms seem to modulate 11β-HSD2 dosage in health and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Rezaei
- From the Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Clinical Pharmacology (M.R., T.A., D.M., F.J.F., B.V., B.M.F.) and Department of Biology and Bioinformatics (S.N., R.B.), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.N.); and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (B.M.F.)
| | - Thomas Andrieu
- From the Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Clinical Pharmacology (M.R., T.A., D.M., F.J.F., B.V., B.M.F.) and Department of Biology and Bioinformatics (S.N., R.B.), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.N.); and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (B.M.F.)
| | - Samuel Neuenschwander
- From the Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Clinical Pharmacology (M.R., T.A., D.M., F.J.F., B.V., B.M.F.) and Department of Biology and Bioinformatics (S.N., R.B.), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.N.); and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (B.M.F.)
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- From the Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Clinical Pharmacology (M.R., T.A., D.M., F.J.F., B.V., B.M.F.) and Department of Biology and Bioinformatics (S.N., R.B.), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.N.); and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (B.M.F.)
| | - David Mordasini
- From the Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Clinical Pharmacology (M.R., T.A., D.M., F.J.F., B.V., B.M.F.) and Department of Biology and Bioinformatics (S.N., R.B.), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.N.); and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (B.M.F.)
| | - Felix J Frey
- From the Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Clinical Pharmacology (M.R., T.A., D.M., F.J.F., B.V., B.M.F.) and Department of Biology and Bioinformatics (S.N., R.B.), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.N.); and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (B.M.F.)
| | - Bruno Vogt
- From the Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Clinical Pharmacology (M.R., T.A., D.M., F.J.F., B.V., B.M.F.) and Department of Biology and Bioinformatics (S.N., R.B.), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.N.); and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (B.M.F.)
| | - Brigitte M Frey
- From the Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Clinical Pharmacology (M.R., T.A., D.M., F.J.F., B.V., B.M.F.) and Department of Biology and Bioinformatics (S.N., R.B.), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (S.N.); and Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland (B.M.F.)
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Yang Y, Xin Z, Chu J, Li N, Sun T. Involvement of Caveolin-1 in CD83 Internalization in Mouse Dendritic Cells. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:1395-404. [PMID: 24898475 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x682116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To become potent T-cell stimulators, DCs need to mature. Treatment with soluble CD83 (sCD83) induces immune tolerance and protects against transplant rejection by maintaining dendritic cells in an immature, tolerogenic state. Until now, the mechanism through which sCD83 keeps DCs immature has not been investigated. The internalizing pathway of CD83 was screened by Western blot, and the direct interactions between internalized proteins were verified through coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). CD83 plasma membrane levels were detected by Western blot using a plasma membrane protein extraction protocol. The changes in CD83 surface levels in DCs were detected by flow cytometry. Caveolin-1 function was detected in a kidney transplant model. In this study, we demonstrated that caveolin-1 could affect CD83 level during endocytosis in mouse DCs. Caveolin-1 coprecipitates with CD83, as demonstrated by co-IP analysis. TEM morphometric analysis of the entire CD83 distribution associated with internalized caveolin-1 demonstrated a significant interaction in cellular vesicles. sCD83 reduces endogenous CD83 plasma membrane levels, and caveolin-1 knockdown reverts CD83 levels in plasma membrane. sCD83 treatment decreases CD83 surface levels in DCs. siRNA to caveolin-1 in DCs inhibits this effect of sCD83. The effects of sCD83-treated DCs were proved in CD1 mice. Knocking down caveolin-1 in DCs obstructs the effects of sCD83 on kidney transplant. In conclusion, our data indicated that a caveolin-dependent endocytic pathway is involved in CD83 internalization in DCs and that caveolin-1 is involved in the activity of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejing Yang
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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MicroRNAs: potential regulators of renal development genes that contribute to CAKUT. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:565-74. [PMID: 23996519 PMCID: PMC3944105 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the leading cause of childhood chronic kidney disease (CKD). While mutations in several renal development genes have been identified as causes for CAKUT, most cases have not yet been linked to known mutations. Furthermore, the genotype-phenotype correlation is variable, suggesting that there might be additional factors that have an impact on the severity of CAKUT. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, and are involved in many developmental processes. Although little is known about the function of specific miRNAs in kidney development, several have recently been shown to regulate the expression of, and/or are regulated by, crucial renal development genes present in other organ systems. In this review, we discuss how miRNA regulation of common developmental signaling pathways may be applicable to renal development. We focus on genes that are known to contribute to CAKUT in humans, for which miRNA interactions in other contexts have been identified, with miRNAs that are present in the kidney. We hypothesize that miRNA-mediated processes might play a role in kidney development through similar mechanisms, and speculate that genotypic variations in these small RNAs or their targets could be associated with CAKUT.
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CLOCK-controlled polyphonic regulation of circadian rhythms through canonical and noncanonical E-boxes. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:1776-87. [PMID: 24591654 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01465-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian circadian clockwork, the CLOCK-BMAL1 complex binds to DNA enhancers of target genes and drives circadian oscillation of transcription. Here we identified 7,978 CLOCK-binding sites in mouse liver by chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-Seq), and a newly developed bioinformatics method, motif centrality analysis of ChIP-Seq (MOCCS), revealed a genome-wide distribution of previously unappreciated noncanonical E-boxes targeted by CLOCK. In vitro promoter assays showed that CACGNG, CACGTT, and CATG(T/C)G are functional CLOCK-binding motifs. Furthermore, we extensively revealed rhythmically expressed genes by poly(A)-tailed RNA-Seq and identified 1,629 CLOCK target genes within 11,926 genes expressed in the liver. Our analysis also revealed rhythmically expressed genes that have no apparent CLOCK-binding site, indicating the importance of indirect transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulations. Indirect transcriptional regulation is represented by rhythmic expression of CLOCK-regulated transcription factors, such as Krüppel-like factors (KLFs). Indirect posttranscriptional regulation involves rhythmic microRNAs that were identified by small-RNA-Seq. Collectively, CLOCK-dependent direct transactivation through multiple E-boxes and indirect regulations polyphonically orchestrate dynamic circadian outputs.
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Wei Q, Mi QS, Dong Z. The regulation and function of microRNAs in kidney diseases. IUBMB Life 2014; 65:602-14. [PMID: 23794512 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are endogenous short noncoding RNAs, which regulate virtually all major cellular processes by inhibiting target gene expression. In kidneys, miRNAs have been implicated in renal development, homeostasis, and physiological functions. In addition, miRNAs play important roles in the pathogenesis of various renal diseases, including renal carcinoma, diabetic nephropathy, acute kidney injury, hypertensive nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, and others. Furthermore, miRNAs may have great values as biomarkers in different kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wei
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University and Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Lin DH, Yue P, Zhang C, Wang WH. MicroRNA-194 (miR-194) regulates ROMK channel activity by targeting intersectin 1. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 306:F53-60. [PMID: 24197061 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00349.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to explore the role of miR-194 in mediating the effect of high-K (HK) intake on ROMK channel. Northern blot analysis showed that miR-194 was expressed in kidney and that HK intake increased while low-K intake decreased the expression of miR-194. Real-time PCR analysis further demonstrated that HK intake increased the miR-194 expression in the cortical collecting duct. HK intake decreased the expression of intersectin 1 (ITSN1) which enhanced With-No-Lysine Kinase (WNK)-induced endocytosis of ROMK. Expression of miR-194 mimic decreased luciferase reporter gene activity in HEK293 T cells transfected with ITSN-1-3'UTR containing the complementary seed sequence for miR-194. In contrast, transfection of miR-194 inhibitor increased the luciferase activity. This effect was absent in the cells transfected with mutated 3'UTR of ITSN1 in which the complimentary seed sequence was deleted. Moreover, the inhibition of miR-194 expression increased the protein level of endogenous ITSN1 in HEK293T cells. Expression of miR-194 mimic also decreased the translation of exogenous ITSN1 in the cells transfected with the ITSN1 containing 3'UTR but not with 3'UTR-free ITSN1. Expression of pre-miR-194 increased K currents and ROMK expression in the plasma membrane in ROMK-transfected cells. Coexpression of ITSN1 reversed the stimulatory effect of miR-194 on ROMK channels. This effect was reversed by coexpression of ITSN1. We conclude that miR-194 regulates ROMK channel activity by modulating ITSN1 expression thereby enhancing ITSN1/WNK-dependent endocytosis. It is possible that miR-194 is involved in mediating the effect of a HK intake on ROMK channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Hong Lin
- Dept. of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, 15 Dana Rd., Valhalla, NY 10595.
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Yang S, Liu X, Li X, Sun S, Sun F, Fan B, Zhao S. MicroRNA-124 reduces caveolar density by targeting caveolin-1 in porcine kidney epithelial PK15 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 384:213-9. [PMID: 24000013 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Caveolin-1 is the principal component of caveolae, and it is implicated in endocytosis, cholesterol homeostasis, signal transduction and tumorigenesis. MicroRNAs play key regulatory roles in many cellular processes. However, the molecular mechanism by which porcine caveolin-1 is regulated by microRNAs remains unclear. In the present study, we found that miR-124 could directly target caveolin-1 in porcine kidney epithelial cells (PK15). A luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR-124 directly bound to Cav1 mRNA. Ectopic expression of miR-124 decreased porcine Cav1 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, we used transmission electron microscopy to count caveolae in the cytosolic space next to the membrane and we found that the overexpression of miR-124 in PK15 cells reduced the density of the caveolae. Our results suggested that miR-124 reduced caveolar density by targeting caveolin-1 in PK15 cells; therefore, miR-124 could play an important role in the caveolae-mediated endocytosis of pathogens and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China,
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Dorval V, Nelson PT, Hébert SS. Circulating microRNAs in Alzheimer's disease: the search for novel biomarkers. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:24. [PMID: 24009553 PMCID: PMC3757537 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly. While advancements have been made in understanding the genetic and molecular basis of AD, the clinical diagnosis of AD remains difficult, and post-mortem confirmation is often required. Furthermore, the onset of neurodegeneration precedes clinical symptoms by approximately a decade. Consequently, there is a crucial need for an early and accurate diagnosis of AD, which can potentially lead to strategies that can slow down or stop the progression of neurodegeneration and dementia. Recent advances in the non-coding RNA field have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) can function as powerful biomarkers in human diseases. Studies are emerging suggesting that circulating miRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood serum have characteristic changes in AD patients. Whether miRNAs can be used in AD diagnosis, alone or in combination with other AD biomarkers (e.g., amyloid and tau), warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Dorval
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval), Québec QC, Canada ; Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec QC, Canada
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Meyer C, Liu Y, Dooley S. Caveolin and TGF-β entanglements. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:2097-102. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Meyer
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II; Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
| | - Yan Liu
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II; Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Centre for Biomedical Genetics; Leiden University Medical Center; RC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Steven Dooley
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II; Heidelberg University; Mannheim Germany
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Hou J, Zhao D. MicroRNA regulation in renal pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13078-92. [PMID: 23799361 PMCID: PMC3742175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate a considerable amount of human genes on the post-transcriptional level, and participate in many key biological processes. MicroRNA deregulation has been found associated with major kidney diseases. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the role of microRNAs in renal glomerular and tubular pathologies, with emphasis on the mesangial cell and podocyte dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy, the proximal tubular cell survival in acute kidney injury, the transport function of the thick ascending limb in Ca++ imbalance diseases, and the regulation of salt, K+ and blood pressure in the distal tubules. Identification of microRNAs and their target genes provides novel therapeutic candidates for treating these diseases. Manipulation of microRNA function with its sense or antisense oligonucleotide enables coordinated regulation of the entire downstream gene network, which has effectively ameliorated several renal disease phenotypes. The therapeutic potentials of microRNA based treatments, though promising, are confounded by major safety issues related to its target specificity, which remain to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Hou
- Renal Division and Center for Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-314-362-5685; Fax: +1-314-362-8237
| | - Dan Zhao
- Division of Pharmacology, PLA 85th Hospital, 1328 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai 20052, China; E-Mail:
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Mladinov D, Liu Y, Mattson DL, Liang M. MicroRNAs contribute to the maintenance of cell-type-specific physiological characteristics: miR-192 targets Na+/K+-ATPase β1. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 41:1273-83. [PMID: 23221637 PMCID: PMC3553948 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in biological development and disease. Much less is known about their role in normal adult physiology. The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and the medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL) in the kidney consist of epithelial cells with different transport activities. We identified 55 possible miRNA-target pairs of which the miRNAs and their predicted target proteins, many of which are involved in epithelial transport, were inversely enriched in PCT and mTAL. Some miRNAs appeared to have synergistic effects on shared targets. miR-192 and its predicted target the β-1 subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase (Atp1b1), an enzyme providing the driving force for tubular transport, were inversely enriched in kidney regions. In mice, knockdown of miR-192 led to up-regulation of Atp1b1 protein. When mice were fed with a high-salt diet, knockdown of miR-192 blunted the adaptational increase of urine output. Interestingly, miR-192 appeared to target Atp1b1 through the 5′-, rather than 3′-untranslated region. The study suggests a novel physiological mechanism in which miR-192 suppresses Na+/K+-ATPase and contributes to renal handling of fluid balance. It supports an important role of miRNAs in determining cellular characteristics that may appear subtle yet are physiologically critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domagoj Mladinov
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Angiogenesis, for its fundamental role in cancer growth and metastasis, has become an appealing target in cancer therapy. A number of angiogenesis-related microRNAs (miRNAs) are under investigation and they can affect the cancerous phenotype of malignant cells. AREAS COVERED The authors review the recent advances in angiogenesis-related miRNAs in human colon cancer. They also envisage future developments toward potential miRNA-based applications to cancer treatment. EXPERT OPINION Angiogenesis-related miRNAs may reasonably be considered as a valuable cancer therapeutic tool. More investigations should be performed to promote therapeutic-clinical research of miRNAs in patients with colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Hong
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Abstract
The central goal of this overview article is to summarize recent findings in renal epithelial transport,focusing chiefly on the connecting tubule (CNT) and the cortical collecting duct (CCD).Mammalian CCD and CNT are involved in fine-tuning of electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and secretion. Specific transporters and channels mediate vectorial movements of water and solutes in these segments. Although only a small percent of the glomerular filtrate reaches the CNT and CCD, these segments are critical for water and electrolyte homeostasis since several hormones, for example, aldosterone and arginine vasopressin, exert their main effects in these nephron sites. Importantly, hormones regulate the function of the entire nephron and kidney by affecting channels and transporters in the CNT and CCD. Knowledge about the physiological and pathophysiological regulation of transport in the CNT and CCD and particular roles of specific channels/transporters has increased tremendously over the last two decades.Recent studies shed new light on several key questions concerning the regulation of renal transport.Precise distribution patterns of transport proteins in the CCD and CNT will be reviewed, and their physiological roles and mechanisms mediating ion transport in these segments will also be covered. Special emphasis will be given to pathophysiological conditions appearing as a result of abnormalities in renal transport in the CNT and CCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Staruschenko
- Department of Physiology and Kidney Disease Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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