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Romm KF, Berg CJ. Disparities in Transitions From E-cigarette Use to Other Tobacco Use Patterns Among Sexual Minority Versus Heterosexual Women and Men in the United States. SUBSTANCE USE & ADDICTION JOURNAL 2024; 45:515-522. [PMID: 38477014 DOI: 10.1177/29767342241232763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite elevated rates of e-cigarette use among sexual minority versus heterosexual young adults, limited research has examined sexual identity in relation to transitions from e-cigarette use to other tobacco use patterns. METHODS We analyzed data from 608 US young adults in a 2-year study (2018-2020) who reported using e-cigarettes in the past 6 months (time period between assessments) but no other tobacco product at baseline (Fall 2018). Multinomial logistic regressions among women and men, separately, examined associations between sexual identity and past 6-month tobacco use in Fall 2020 (nonuse [referent group] vs e-cigarette only, other tobacco product only, e-cigarette and other tobacco product dual use), controlling for age and race/ethnicity. RESULTS Among women (n = 340; mean [M]age = 23.42; n = 147 [43.4%] sexual minority; 29.4% racial/ethnic minority), 34.4% reported nonuse at follow-up, 26.8% e-cigarette only, 10.3% other tobacco product only, and 28.5% e-cigarette and other tobacco product dual use. Sexual minority (vs heterosexual) women displayed greater odds of e-cigarette-only use, as well as dual use relative to nonuse at follow-up. Among men (n = 244; Mage = 24.30; n = 51 [20.9%] sexual minority; 36.1% racial/ethnic minority), 25.4% reported no use, 20.9% e-cigarette only, 17.2% other tobacco product only, and 36.5% dual use at follow-up. Sexual minority (vs heterosexual) men displayed lower odds of e-cigarette only, other tobacco product only, and dual use relative to nonuse at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Research is needed to assess and intervene on tobacco/nicotine product perceptions (eg, harm, social acceptability) and reasons for use (eg, mood regulation) associated with high-risk tobacco use patterns and trajectories, particularly among sexual minority young adult women who may have distinct profiles and risks associated with use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn F Romm
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Carla J Berg
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Wiesmann-Imilowski N, Becker P, Gielisch MW, Ziebolz D, Vermehren F, Bitschnau M, Langguth N, Brieger J, Deschner J, Kämmerer PW. Cytotoxic impact of nicotine products on periodontal ligament cells. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:399. [PMID: 38922383 PMCID: PMC11208192 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05797-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this in vitro experiment was an assessment of proliferative capacity, metabolic activity, and potential cellular detriment of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDL) exposed to cigarette smoke (CS), electronic cigarette vapor (eCV), and heated tobacco product aerosol (HTP), or air (control). MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a CAD/CAM-designed exposition chamber, hPDL were exposed to CS, eCV, HTP, or air (control) based on the Health Canada Intense Smoking Regime. Cell proliferation, metabolic activity, and cellular detriment were assessed at various time points. RESULTS Compared to the control, hPDL exposed to CS exhibited significantly decreased cell numbers at all time points. HTP exposure led to reduced cell numbers 48 h and 72 h post-exposure, while eCV-exposed cells showed no significant decrease. The metabolic activity of eCV-treated hPDL was slightly reduced at 7 h but recovered at 24 h and 48 h. In contrast, CS-treated cells exhibited significantly decreased metabolic activity at 24 h and 48 h, and HTP-exposed cells showed a significant decrease after 48 h. Flow cytometry indicated both apoptotic and necrotic cell death following CS exposure, with necrotic cell death being more pronounced. CONCLUSIONS eCV and HTP demonstrated comparatively reduced detrimental effects on hPDL compared to CS. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The findings suggest that conventional cigarette smoke poses a substantial risk to periodontal health by significantly impairing cell proliferation and metabolic activity. However, alternatives such as eCV and HTP may offer a comparatively reduced risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Wiesmann-Imilowski
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Becker
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Federal Armed Forces Hospital, Ruebenacherstr. 170, 56072, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Matthias W Gielisch
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Ziebolz
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Vermehren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marian Bitschnau
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nils Langguth
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brieger
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peer W Kämmerer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Facial Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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Sharma S, Rousselle D, Parker E, Ekpruke CD, Alford R, Babayev M, Commodore S, Silveyra P. Sensitivity of Mouse Lung Nuclear Receptors to Electronic Cigarette Aerosols and Influence of Sex Differences: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:810. [PMID: 38929056 PMCID: PMC11203813 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21060810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The emerging concern about chemicals in electronic cigarettes, even those without nicotine, demands the development of advanced criteria for their exposure and risk assessment. This study aims to highlight the sensitivity of lung nuclear receptors (NRs) to electronic cigarette e-liquids, independent of nicotine presence, and the influence of the sex variable on these effects. Adult male and female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to electronic cigarettes with 0%, 3%, and 6% nicotine daily (70 mL, 3.3 s, 1 puff per min/30 min) for 14 days, using the inExpose full body chamber (SCIREQ). Following exposure, lung tissues were harvested, and RNA extracted. The expression of 84 NRs was determined using the RT2 profiler mRNA array (Qiagen). Results exhibit a high sensitivity to e-liquid exposure irrespective of the presence of nicotine, with differential expression of NRs, including one (females) and twenty-four (males) in 0% nicotine groups compared to non-exposed control mice. However, nicotine-dependent results were also significant with seven NRs (females), fifty-three NRs (males) in 3% and twenty-three NRs (female) twenty-nine NRs (male) in 6% nicotine groups, compared to 0% nicotine mice. Sex-specific changes were significant, but sex-related differences were not observed. The study provides a strong rationale for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (D.R.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Dustin Rousselle
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (D.R.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Erik Parker
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA;
| | - Carolyn Damilola Ekpruke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (D.R.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Rachel Alford
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (D.R.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Maksat Babayev
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (D.R.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Sarah Commodore
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (D.R.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Patricia Silveyra
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (S.S.); (D.R.); (R.A.); (M.B.); (S.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Santo ANT, Hidayat W, Dewi TS. Vaping as a Risk Factor for Oral Erythema Multiforme: A Case Report and Literature Review. Int Med Case Rep J 2024; 17:535-543. [PMID: 38828364 PMCID: PMC11144004 DOI: 10.2147/imcrj.s455640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Erythema multiforme is a hypersensitivity reaction caused by various factors, such as viruses, chemicals, and drugs. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) or vape is a battery-powered nicotine delivery device that substitutes for traditional cigarettes. The chemical components of vaping, including propylene glycol and nicotine, can cause hypersensitivity reactions. Objective To report a case of oral erythema multiforme in an e-cigarettes user, treatment, and review the literature regarding the impact of these devices on oral health. Clinical Case A 22-year-old woman came to the Oral Medicine Department with complaints of stomatitis causing pain, eating, and drinking difficulty, which started with fever and pimple-like on the lips. She was an active vape user for one year. Extraoral examination revealed no lesions on other body parts. The serosanguinolent crusts on the lips, an erosive area on the labial commissures and tended to bleed. Intraoral examination revealed white ulcers with yellowish edges and irregular, varying sizes in several parts of the oral mucosa. The anti-HSV-1 IgG laboratory results showed non-reactive, leading to a diagnosis of oral erythema multiforme. Management of oral conditions using 0.9% NaCl compress, dexamethasone mouthwash, and hyaluronic acid, applying 2% miconazole cream on labial commissures and vaseline album cream on the dry lips, and stopping vaping. Oral condition improved in a week of therapy. Conclusion Erythema multiforme restricted to the mouth is rare, especially associated with electronic cigarettes. Early identification of oral ulcerative disorders is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment, where clinicians should consider oral erythema multiforme as a possible diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wahyu Hidayat
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Tenny Setiani Dewi
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
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Lei X, Lu T. Single-cell sequencing reveals lung cell fate evolution initiated by smoking to explore gene predictions of correlative diseases. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:369-384. [PMID: 38064719 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2293117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Continuous smoking leads to adaptive regulation and physiological changes in lung tissue and cells, and is an inductive factor for many diseases, making smokers face the risk of malignant and nonmalignant diseases. The impact of research in this area is getting more and more in-depth, but the stimulant effect, mechanism of action and response mechanism of the main cells in the lungs caused by smoke components have not yet been fully elucidated, and the early diagnosis and identification of various diseases induced by smoke toxins have not yet formed a systematic relationship method. In this study, single-cell transcriptome data were generated from three lung samples of smokers and nonsmokers through scRNA-seq technology, revealing the influence of smoking on lung tissue and cells and the changes in immune response. The results show that: through UMAP cell clustering, 16 intermediate cell states of 23 cell clusters of the four main cell types in the lung are revealed, the differences of the main cell groups between smokers and nonsmokers are explained, and the human lung cells are clarified. Components and their marker genes, screen for new marker genes that can be used in the evolution of intermediate-state cells, and at the same time, the analysis of lung cell subgroups reveals the changes in the intermediate state of cells under smoke stimulation, forming a subtype intermediate state cell map. Pseudo-time ordering analysis, to determine the pattern of dynamic processes experienced by cells, differential expression analysis of different branch cells, to clarify the expression rules of cells at different positions, to clarify the evolution process of the intermediate state of cells, and to clarify the response of lung tissue and cells to smoke components mechanism. The development of this study provides new diagnosis and treatment ideas for early disease detection, identification, disease prevention and treatment of patients with smoking-related diseases, and lays a theoretical foundation based on cell and molecular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Lei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Taiying Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Borkar NA, Thompson MA, Bartman CM, Khalfaoui L, Sine S, Sathish V, Prakash YS, Pabelick CM. Nicotinic receptors in airway disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L149-L163. [PMID: 38084408 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00268.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
With continued smoking of tobacco products and expanded use of nicotine delivery devices worldwide, understanding the impact of smoking and vaping on respiratory health remains a major global unmet need. Although multiple studies have shown a strong association between smoking and asthma, there is a relative paucity of mechanistic understanding of how elements in cigarette smoke impact the airway. Recognizing that nicotine is a major component in both smoking and vaping products, it is critical to understand the mechanisms by which nicotine impacts airways and promotes lung diseases such as asthma. There is now increasing evidence that α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs) are critical players in nicotine effects on airways, but the mechanisms by which α7nAChR influences different airway cell types have not been widely explored. In this review, we highlight and integrate the current state of knowledge regarding nicotine and α7nAChR in the context of asthma and identify potential approaches to alleviate the impact of smoking and vaping on the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati A Borkar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Michael A Thompson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Colleen M Bartman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Latifa Khalfaoui
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Steven Sine
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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Alhalafi A. The Use of Electronic Cigarettes in Saudi Arabia: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e54167. [PMID: 38496178 PMCID: PMC10941232 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (or "e-cigarettes") is spreading throughout the world. Population-level data from a number of countries indicate that e-cigarettes are used more by children and young adults than by the overall population. Although extensive research has been conducted in Western nations to better understand many aspects of e-cigarette usage among children and young adults, Middle Eastern nations have little data on this topic. The use of tobacco is detrimental to the health, finances, and national spirit of Saudi Arabia. More than 7,000 of its citizens die each year from diseases caused by tobacco use. Nevertheless, more than 20,000 youngsters and 3,352,000 adults smoke cigarettes each day. Similarly, the use of electronic cigarettes is on the rise, possibly as a result of aggressive publicity and marketing campaigns by manufacturers that appeal to the younger demographic. This review was undertaken through literature research to ascertain the usage and attitudes toward e-cigarette use among the Saudi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alhalafi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, SAU
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Gil-Martín E, Ramos E, López-Muñoz F, Egea J, Romero A. Potential of melatonin to reverse epigenetic aberrations in oral cancer: new findings. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:1280-1310. [PMID: 38234969 PMCID: PMC10792176 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
It is now an accepted principle that epigenetic alterations cause cellular dyshomeostasis and functional changes, both of which are essential for the initiation and completion of the tumor cycle. Oral carcinogenesis is no exception in this regard, as most of the tumors in the different subsites of the oral cavity arise from the cross-reaction between (epi)genetic inheritance and the huge challenge of environmental stressors. Currently, the biochemical machinery is put at the service of the tumor program, halting the cell cycle, triggering uncontrolled proliferation, driving angiogenesis and resistance to apoptosis, until the archetypes of the tumor phenotype are reached. Melatonin has the ability to dynamically affect the epigenetic code. It has become accepted that melatonin can reverse (epi)genetic aberrations present in oral and other cancers, suggesting the possibility of enhancing the oncostatic capacity of standard multimodal treatments by incorporating this indolamine as an adjuvant. First steps in this direction confirm the potential of melatonin as a countermeasure to mitigate the detrimental side effects of conventional first-line radiochemotherapy. This single effect could produce synergies of extraordinary clinical importance, allowing doses to be increased and treatments not to be interrupted, ultimately improving patients' quality of life and prognosis. Motivated by the urgency of improving the medical management of oral cancer, many authors advocate moving from in vitro and preclinical research, where the bulk of melatonin cancer research is concentrated, to systematic randomized clinical trials on large cohorts. Recognizing the challenge to improve the clinical management of cancer, our motivation is to encourage comprehensive and robust research to reveal the clinical potential of melatonin in oral cancer control. To improve the outcome and quality of life of patients with oral cancer, here we provide the latest evidence of the oncolytic activity that melatonin can achieve by manipulating epigenetic patterns in oronasopharyngeal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Gil-Martín
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Eva Ramos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco López-Muñoz
- Faculty of Health, Camilo José Cela University of Madrid (UCJC), 28692 Madrid, Spain
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Egea
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Alrabeah G, Habib SR, Alamro NM, Alzaaqi MA. Evaluation of the Effect of Electronic Cigarette Devices/Vape on the Color of Dental Ceramics: An In Vitro Investigation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3977. [PMID: 37297113 PMCID: PMC10253884 DOI: 10.3390/ma16113977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of vaping or electronic cigarette devices (ECDs) has recently increased as an alternative to conventional tobacco smoking products. By recording the CIELAB coordinates (L*a*b*) and computing the total color difference (ΔE) values using a spectrophotometer, the effect of ECDs on contemporary aesthetic dental ceramics was investigated in this in-vitro study. A total of seventy-five (N = 75) specimens from five different (n = 15) dental ceramic materials (Pressable ceramics (PEmax); Pressed and layered ceramics (LEmax); Layered zirconia (LZr); Monolithic zirconia (MZr) and Porcelain fused to metal (PFM)) were prepared and exposed to aerosols produced by the ECDs. The color assessment was performed using a spectrophotometer at six time intervals (0 = baseline; 250-puff exposures; 500-puff exposures; 750-puff exposures; 1000-puff exposures; 1250-puff exposures; and 1500-puff exposures). By recording L*a*b* and computing total color difference (ΔE) values, the data were processed. A one-way ANOVA and Tukey procedure for pairwise comparisons were used to assess color differences between tested ceramics (p < 0.05). All test materials demonstrated significant color differences (ΔE) after exposure to vaping (p < 0.05). The LZr group displayed noticeably high ΔE values at all the distinct puff exposure intervals, with the highest ΔE value of (13.67) after 1500 puffs. The lowest (ΔE) values were observed in the PFM group after 250 and 500 puffs (0.85 and 0.97, respectively). With the exception of the group PEmax (p = 0.999), all groups produced readings of "ΔE" that indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) at various degrees of puff exposures. ECDs can noticeably alter the color of the dental ceramics affecting the esthetics of the patients. All the materials tested demonstrated significant color changes (ΔE > 3.33) above the clinically acceptable threshold, except for the PFM and PEmax group (ΔE < 3.33) which showed color stability after exposure to the ECDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Alrabeah
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Rashid Habib
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf M. Alamro
- Intern, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia (M.A.A.)
| | - Meshari A. Alzaaqi
- Intern, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia (M.A.A.)
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Su L, Liu J, Yue Q, Zhang S, Zhao C, Sun X, Xu J, Jiang X, Li K, Li B, Zhao L. Evaluation of the effects of e-cigarette aerosol extracts and tobacco cigarette smoke extracts on human gingival epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2023:105605. [PMID: 37164182 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Smoking increases the risk of a number of diseases, including cardiovascular, oral and lung diseases. E-cigarettes are gaining popularity among young people as an alternative to cigarettes, but there is debate over whether they are less harmful to the mouth than e-cigarettes. In this study, human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) were treated with four commercially available e-cigarette aerosol condensates (ECAC) or commercially available generic cigarette smoke condensates (CSC) with different nicotine concentrations. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was observed by acridine orange (AO) and Hoechst33258 staining. The levels of type I collagen, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1, MMP-3), cyclooxygenase 2 and inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA and RT-PCR. Finally, ROS levels were analyzed by ROS staining. The different effects of CSC and ECAC on HGECs were compared. The results showed that higher nicotine concentration of CS significantly reduced the activity of HGECs. By contrast, all ECAC had no significant effect. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase, COX-2, and inflammatory factors were higher in HGECs treated with CSC than those treated with ECAC. In contrast, the level of type I collagen was higher in HGECs treated with ECAC than those treated with CSC. In conclusion, all four flavors of e-cigarettes were less toxic to HGE cells than tobacco, but further clinical studies are needed to determine whether e-cigarettes are less harmful to oral health than conventional cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, PR China; Shengshengxiangrong (Shandong) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan, PR China.
| | - Jilong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Qiulin Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, PR China; Shengshengxiangrong (Shandong) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan, PR China
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Chen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Xin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Jing Xu
- Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Kunlun Li
- Shandong Zhuoran Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan, PR China
| | - Baojun Li
- Shandong Zhuoran Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan, PR China
| | - Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, PR China; Shandong Chenzhang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan, PR China.
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Yang I, Rodriguez J, Young Wright C, Hu YJ. Oral microbiome of electronic cigarette users: A cross-sectional exploration. Oral Dis 2023; 29:1875-1884. [PMID: 35285123 PMCID: PMC10909585 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electronic cigarettes have increased in popularity globally. Vaping may be associated with oral symptoms and pathologies including dental and periodontal damage, both of which have an underlying microbial etiology. The primary aim of this pilot study, therefore, was to compare the oral microbiome of vapers and non-vapers. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This secondary data analysis had a cross-sectional comparative descriptive design and included data for 36 adults. Bacterial 16S rRNA genes were extracted and amplified from soft tissue oral swab specimens and taxonomically classified using the Human Oral Microbiome Database. RESULTS Data for 18 vapers and 18 non-vapers were included in this study. Almost 56% of the vapers also smoked conventional cigarettes. Beta diversity differences were identified between vapers and non-vapers. Vapers had a significantly higher relative abundance of an unclassified species of Veillonella compared with non-vapers. Dual users had higher alpha diversity compared with exclusive vapers. Beta diversity was also associated with dual use. Multiple OTUs were identified to be associated with dual use of e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS Vapers exhibit an altered oral microbiome. Dual use of electronic cigarettes and conventional cigarettes is associated with the presence of several known pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Yang
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeannie Rodriguez
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christa Young Wright
- Chemical Insights Research Institute of Underwriters Laboratories, Marietta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yi-Juan Hu
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Camila B, Carlos C, Maria-Jose P, Sergio R, Alejandra C, Adriana R. Genotoxicity and hypomethylation of LINE-1 induced by electronic cigarettes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114900. [PMID: 37054467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the marketing of electronic cigarettes as a safe alternative to smoking has increased, which is associated with greater use of these devices, especially among young people and smokers interested in quitting tobacco cigarettes. Given the growing use of this type of product, there is a need to determine the consequences of electronic cigarettes on human health, especially since many of the compounds contained in the aerosol and liquid of these devices have a high potential to be carcinogenic and genotoxic. Additionally, many of these compounds' aerosol concentrations exceed the safe limits. We have evaluated the levels of genotoxicity and changes in DNA methylation patterns associated with vaping. We analyzed a total of 90 peripheral blood samples from a population of vapers (n = 32), smokers (n = 18), and controls (n = 32), in which the frequencies of genotoxicity were determined by the cytokinesis-blocking micronuclei (CBMN) assay and the patterns of methylation of the repetitive elements of LINE-1 through the Quantitative Methylation Specific PCR (qMSP) assay. Here we show an increase in genotoxicity levels associated with vaping habits. Additionally, the group of vapers showed changes at the epigenetic level specifically associated with the loss of methylation of the LINE-1 elements. These changes in LINE-1 methylation patterns were reflected in its representative RNA expression detected in vapers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernal Camila
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Camero Carlos
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Pinzón Maria-Jose
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rodríguez Sergio
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cañas Alejandra
- Internal Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia; Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rojas Adriana
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
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13
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Maan M, Abuzayeda M, Kaklamanos EG, Jamal M, Dutta M, Moharamzadeh K. Molecular insights into the role of electronic cigarettes in oral carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:1-14. [PMID: 37051806 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2190764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (EC) usage or vaping has seen a significant rise in recent years across various parts of the world. They have been publicized as a safe alternative to smoking; however, this is not supported strongly by robust research evidence. Toxicological analysis of EC liquid and aerosol has revealed presence of several toxicants with known carcinogenicity. Oral cavity is the primary site of exposure of both cigarette smoke and EC aerosol. Role of EC in oral cancer is not as well-researched as that of traditional smoking. However, several recent studies have shown that it can lead to a wide range of potentially carcinogenic molecular events in oral cells. This review delineates the oral carcinogenesis potential of ECs at the molecular level, providing a summary of the effects of EC usage on cancer therapy resistance, cancer stem cells (CSCs), immune evasion, and microbiome dysbiosis, all of which may lead to increased tumor malignancy and poorer patient prognosis. This review of literature indicates that ECs may not be as safe as they are perceived to be, however further research is needed to definitively determine their oncogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Maan
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Moosa Abuzayeda
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Eleftherios G Kaklamanos
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
- School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- School of Dentistry, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mohamed Jamal
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Mainak Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, UAE
| | - Keyvan Moharamzadeh
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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14
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Ebersole JL, Kirakodu S, Gonzalez O. Differential oral microbiome in nonhuman primates from periodontitis-susceptible and periodontitis-resistant matrilines. Mol Oral Microbiol 2023; 38:93-114. [PMID: 35837817 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rhesus monkeys (n = 36) exhibiting a healthy periodontium at baseline were used to induce progressing periodontitis through ligature placement around premolar/molar teeth. Bacterial samples were collected at baseline, 0.5, 1, and 3 months of disease and at 5 months for disease resolution. The animals were distributed into two groups (18/group): 3-7 years (young) and 12-23 years (adult) and stratified based upon matriline susceptibility to periodontitis (PDS, susceptible; PDR, resistant). A total of 444 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with 100 microbes representing a core microbiome present in ≥75% of the samples were identified. Only 48% of the major phylotypes overlapped in the PDS and PDR samples. Different OTU abundance patterns were seen in young animals from the PDS and PDR matrilines, with qualitative similarities during disease and the relative abundance of phylotypes becoming less diverse. In adults, 23 OTUs were increased during disease in PDS samples and 24 in PDR samples; however, only five were common between these groups. Greater diversity of OTU relative abundance at baseline was observed with adult compared to young oral samples from both the PDS and PDR groups. With disease initiation (2 weeks), less diversity of relative abundance and some distinctive increases in specific OTUs were noted. By 1 month, there was considerable qualitative homogeneity in the major OTUs in both groups; however, by 3 months, there was an exacerbation of both qualitative and quantitative differences in the dominant OTUs between the PDS and PDR samples. These results support that some differences in disease expression related to matriline (familial) periodontitis risk may be explained by microbiome features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sreenatha Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Octovio Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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15
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Su L, Liu J, Yue Q, Zhang S, Zhao C, Sun X, Xu J, Jiang X, Li K, Li B, Zhao L. Evaluation of the Effects of E-Cigarette Aerosol Extracts and Tobacco Cigarette Smoke Extracts on Human Gingival Epithelial Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:10919-10929. [PMID: 37008119 PMCID: PMC10061507 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Smoking increases the risk of a number of diseases, including cardiovascular, oral, and lung diseases. E-cigarettes are gaining popularity among young people as an alternative to cigarettes, but there is debate over whether they are less harmful to the mouth than e-cigarettes. In this study, human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) were treated with four commercially available e-cigarette aerosol condensates (ECAC) or commercially available generic cigarette smoke condensates (CSC) with different nicotine concentrations. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was observed by acridine orange (AO) and Hoechst33258 staining. The levels of type I collagen, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1, MMP-3), cyclooxygenase 2, and inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA and RT-PCR. Finally, ROS levels were analyzed by ROS staining. The different effects of CSC and ECAC on HGECs were compared. The results showed that higher nicotine concentration of CS significantly reduced the activity of HGECs. By contrast, all ECAC had no significant effect. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase, COX-2, and inflammatory factors were higher in HGECs treated with CSC than those treated with ECAC. In contrast, the level of type I collagen was higher in HGECs treated with ECAC than those treated with CSC. In conclusion, all four flavors of e-cigarettes were less toxic to HGE cells than tobacco, but further clinical studies are needed to determine whether e-cigarettes are less harmful to oral health than conventional cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Su
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School
of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology,
Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, P.R. China
- Shengshengxiangrong
(Shandong) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan 250000, P.R. China
| | - Jilong Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School
of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology,
Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, P.R. China
| | - Qiulin Yue
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School
of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology,
Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, P.R. China
- Shengshengxiangrong
(Shandong) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan 250000, P.R. China
| | - Song Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School
of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology,
Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, P.R. China
| | - Chen Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School
of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology,
Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, P.R. China
| | - Xin Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School
of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology,
Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- Shenzhen
RELX Tech. Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- Shenzhen
RELX Tech. Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Kunlun Li
- Shandong
Zhuoran Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan 250000, P.R. China
| | - Baojun Li
- Shandong
Zhuoran Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan 250000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School
of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology,
Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, P.R. China
- Shandong
Chenzhang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan 250353, P.R. China
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16
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Luca AC, Curpăn AȘ, Iordache AC, Mîndru DE, Țarcă E, Luca FA, Pădureț IA. Cardiotoxicity of Electronic Cigarettes and Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Products-A Problem for the Modern Pediatric Cardiologist. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11040491. [PMID: 36833024 PMCID: PMC9957306 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11040491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have become increasingly popular among adolescents, either as an alternative to conventional cigarettes (CCs) or as a newly acquired recreational habit. Although considered by most users as a safer option for nicotine intake, these devices pose significant health risks, resulting in multisystem damage. Heat-not-burn products, which, unlike ENDS, contain tobacco, are also alternatives to CCs that consumers use based on the idea that their safety profile is superior to that of cigarettes. Recent studies in the USA and EU show that adolescents are particularly prone to using these devices. Pediatric cardiologists, as well as other healthcare professionals, should be aware of the complications that may arise from acute and chronic consumption of these substances, considering the cardiovascular damage they elicit. This article summarized the known data about the impact of ENDS on the cardiovascular system, with emphasis on the pathophysiological and molecular changes that herald the onset of systemic lesions alongside the clinical cardiovascular manifestations in this scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina-Costina Luca
- Sfânta Maria’ Emergency Children’s Hospital, 700309 Iași, Romania
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gr. T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Alexandrina-Ștefania Curpăn
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași, Bd. Carol I, 20A, 700505 Iași, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.-Ș.C.); (E.Ț.)
| | - Alin-Constantin Iordache
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine–Pediatric Cardiology, “Grigore T. Popa”, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Str., 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Dana Elena Mîndru
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gr. T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Elena Țarcă
- Sfânta Maria’ Emergency Children’s Hospital, 700309 Iași, Romania
- Department of Surgery II—Pediatric Surgery, Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.-Ș.C.); (E.Ț.)
| | - Florin-Alexandru Luca
- Department BMTM, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iaşi, Romania
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17
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Pajai DD, Paul P, Reche A. Pharmacotherapy in Tobacco Cessation: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e35086. [PMID: 36938244 PMCID: PMC10023046 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A chronic, recurring illness, known as nicotine addiction and dependence, is defined by a person's dependence on the substance up to the extent that their normal day-to-day activities are compromised in the absence of the substance. This paper will highlight first-line smoking cessation treatments, such as nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion, and varenicline, and second-line medications, such as clonidine, nortriptyline, anxiolytics, mecamylamine, naltrexone, and NicVAX (Nabi Biopharmaceuticals, Rockville, MD, USA). NRT offers many options for nicotine delivery methods, comprising nicotine gum, rapid-release gum, lozenges, transdermal patches, high-dose nicotine patches, oral inhalers, nasal sprays, electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), and sublingual tablets. Pharmacotherapies for quitting tobacco should lessen withdrawal symptoms and stop nicotine's reinforcing effects without having too many side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanjali D Pajai
- Public Health Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Priyanka Paul
- Public Health Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Amit Reche
- Public Health Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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18
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Soo J, Easwaran M, Erickson‐DiRenzo E. Impact of Electronic Cigarettes on the Upper Aerodigestive Tract: A Comprehensive Review for Otolaryngology Providers. OTO Open 2023; 7:e25. [PMID: 36998560 PMCID: PMC10046796 DOI: 10.1002/oto2.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The use and effects of electronic (e)-cigarettes (e-cigs) are particularly relevant for otolaryngology providers as tobacco plays a major role in benign and malignant diseases of the upper aerodigestive tract. This review aims to (1) summarize the recent policies regarding e-cigs and important patterns of use and (2) serve as a comprehensive resource for clinical providers on the known biologic and clinical effects of e-cigs on the upper aerodigestive tract. Data Sources PubMed/MEDLINE. Review Methods We conducted a narrative review on (1) general information on e-cig use and informative findings in the lower respiratory system and a comprehensive review on (2) the effects of e-cigs on cell and animal models and the clinical implications of these products on human health as is relevant to otolaryngology. Conclusions Although e-cigs are likely less harmful than conventional cigarettes, preliminary research on e-cigs suggest several deleterious effects including in the upper aerodigestive tract. Due to this, there has been increased interest in restricting e-cig usage, particularly among the adolescent population, and caution in recommending e-cigs to current smokers. Implications for Practice Chronic e-cig use is likely to have clinical implications. It is critical for otolaryngology providers to be aware of the rapidly changing regulations and use patterns regarding e-cigs and how e-cigs influence human health, particularly with regards to the upper aerodigestive tract, to accurately council patients regarding potential risks and benefits of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Soo
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
| | - Meena Easwaran
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
| | - Elizabeth Erickson‐DiRenzo
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
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19
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Ochani A, Ochani S, Ochani K, Ochani S. Awareness on E-Vape amidst increased trend and sales. Health Sci Rep 2022; 6:e1002. [PMID: 36544618 PMCID: PMC9761491 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Ochani
- Department of MedicineJinnah Sindh Medical UniversityKarachiPakistan
| | - Sidhant Ochani
- Department of MedicineKhairpur Medical CollegeKhairpur Mir'sPakistan
| | - Khushi Ochani
- Department of DentistryDow University of Health SciencesKarachiPakistan
| | - Simran Ochani
- Department of MedicineShaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical UniversityLarkanaPakistan
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20
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Santana LADM, Andrade JRG, Souza EDCM, Nogueira DPDS, Nunes FDS, Trento CL, Takeshita WM. Use of electronic cigarette and the risk of developing potentially malignant disorders: What are we really supposed to know? JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2022; 124:101357. [PMID: 36521733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2022.101357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wilton Mitsunari Takeshita
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
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21
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In Vitro effects of alternative smoking devices on oral cells: Electronic cigarette and heated tobacco product versus tobacco smoke. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 144:105550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Electronic Cigarette and Atherosclerosis: A Comprehensive Literature Review of Latest Evidences. Int J Vasc Med 2022; 2022:4136811. [PMID: 36093338 PMCID: PMC9453087 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4136811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery diseases (CAD), also known as coronary heart disease (CHD), are the world’s leading cause of death. The basis of coronary artery disease is the narrowing of the heart coronary artery lumen due to atherosclerosis. The use of electronic cigarettes has increased significantly over the years. However, harmful effects of electronic cigarettes are still not firm. The aim of this article is to review the impact of electronic cigarette and its role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis from recent studies. The results showed that several chemical compounds, such as nicotine, propylene glycol, particulate matters, heavy metals, and flavorings, in electronic cigarette induce atherosclerosis with each molecular mechanism that lead to atherosclerosis progression by formation of ROS, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation. Further research is still needed to determine the exact mechanism and provide more clinical evidence.
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23
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Mechanistic Effects of E-Liquids on Biofilm Formation and Growth of Oral Commensal Streptococcal Communities: Effect of Flavoring Agents. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10050085. [PMID: 35621538 PMCID: PMC9139693 DOI: 10.3390/dj10050085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vaping has become a global health concern. As research continues, more studies are beginning to question the relative safety of E-liquid flavoring additives. The oral cavity is the first site of exposure to E-liquid aerosol, making it critical for investigation. Because of the importance of commensal bacterial biofilms for oral health, we sought to explore the effects of E-liquids ± flavors on the formation and growth of single- and multi-species biofilms and to investigate the mechanism of inhibition. Methods: Quantitative and confocal biofilm analysis, death curves, and colony-forming units (CFU) were evaluated with flavorless and flavored (tobacco, menthol, cinnamon, strawberry, blueberry) E-liquids using four strains of oral commensal bacteria (Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus oralis). Results: All flavoring agents show a dose-dependent inhibition in the growth of single-species and multi-species biofilms. Furthermore, CFUs, death curves, and light microscopy show that flavoring agents have a bactericidal mode of inhibition on the growth of these oral streptococci. Conclusions: These results show that flavored, rather than unflavored, E-liquids are more detrimental to biofilm formation and growth of oral commensal bacteria. Consequently, E-liquid flavorings agents could pose risks to the oral microenvironment, and by extension, to systemic health.
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24
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Stefaniak AB, Ranpara AC, Virji MA, LeBouf RF. Influence of E-Liquid Humectants, Nicotine, and Flavorings on Aerosol Particle Size Distribution and Implications for Modeling Respiratory Deposition. Front Public Health 2022; 10:782068. [PMID: 35372219 PMCID: PMC8968757 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.782068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette, or vaping, products are used to heat an e-liquid to form an aerosol (liquid droplets suspended in gas) that the user inhales; a portion of this aerosol deposits in their respiratory tract and the remainder is exhaled, thereby potentially creating opportunity for secondhand exposure to bystanders (e.g., in homes, automobiles, and workplaces). Particle size, a critical factor in respiratory deposition (and therefore potential for secondhand exposure), could be influenced by e-liquid composition. Hence, the purposes of this study were to (1) test the influence of laboratory-prepared e-liquid composition [ratio of propylene glycol (PG) to vegetable glycerin (VG) humectants, nicotine, and flavorings] on particle size distribution and (2) model respiratory dosimetry. All e-liquids were aerosolized using a second-generation reference e-cigarette. We measured particle size distribution based on mass using a low-flow cascade impactor (LFCI) and size distribution based on number using real-time mobility sizers. Mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) of aerosol from e-liquids that contained only humectants were significantly larger compared with e-liquids that contained flavorings or nicotine (p = 0.005). Humectant ratio significantly influenced MMADs; all aerosols from e-liquids prepared with 70:30 PG:VG were significantly larger compared with e-liquids prepared with 30:70 PG:VG (p = 0.017). In contrast to the LFCI approach, the high dilution and sampling flow rate of a fast mobility particle sizer strongly influenced particle size measurements (i.e., all calculated MMAD values were < 75 nm). Dosimetry modeling using LFCI data indicated that a portion of inhaled particles will deposit throughout the respiratory tract, though statistical differences in aerosol MMADs among e-liquid formulations did not translate into large differences in deposition estimates. A portion of inhaled aerosol will be exhaled and could be a source for secondhand exposure. Use of laboratory-prepared e-liquids and a reference e-cigarette to standardize aerosol generation and a LFCI to measure particle size distribution without dilution represents an improved method to characterize physical properties of volatile aerosol particles and permitted determination of MMAD values more representative of e-cigarette aerosol in situ, which in turn, can help to improve dose modeling for users and bystanders.
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Wang X, Mi Q, Yang J, Guan Y, Zeng W, Xiang H, Liu X, Yang W, Yang G, Li X, Cui Y, Gao Q. Effect of electronic cigarette and tobacco smoking on the human saliva microbial community. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:991-1000. [PMID: 35229279 PMCID: PMC9151971 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00721-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrated the oral microbial community profile characteristics affected by conventional cigarettes smoking, but few studies focus on oral microbiome in response to electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes). This study aimed to investigate the effect of E-cigarettes on the oral microbiome and to describe the difference of oral community profiles between E-cigarette smokers and tobacco smokers. 16S rRNA V4 gene sequencing was performed to investigate the oral microbial profiles of 5 E-cigarette smokers, 14 tobacco smokers, 8 quitting tobacco smokers, and 6 nonsmokers. The Chao1, ACE, and Shannon diversity indexes increased significantly in saliva samples collected from E-cigarette smokers and tobacco smokers compared to the non-smokers, and no significant difference was found in alpha diversity between E-cigarette smokers and tobacco smokers. The main phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria and major genera Neisseria, Streptococcus, Prevotellaceae, Fusobacterium, and Porphyromonas dominated in the smoking groups, while Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria became the dominant phyla along with the genera Corynebacterium, Neisseria, Streptococcus, Actinomyces, and Porphyromonas in the nonsmokers. The differences in the phylum Actinobacteria and genus Corynebacterium contributed to various functional differences between smokers and nonsmokers. The difference on oral microbial and composition between E-cigarettes and common tobacco were associated with increased Prevotellaceae and decreased Neisseria. Additionally, smoking cessation could lead to re-establishment of the oral microbiome to that of nonsmokers. Our data demonstrate that E-cigarette smoking had different effects on the structure and composition of the oral microbial community compared to tobacco smoking. However, the short- and long-term impact of E-cigarette smoking on microbiome composition and function needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China ,School of Pharmaceutical Science &Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, No. 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650504 China
| | - Qili Mi
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China
| | - Ji Yang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China
| | - Ying Guan
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China
| | - Wanli Zeng
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China
| | - Haiying Xiang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China
| | - Xin Liu
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China
| | - Wenwu Yang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China
| | - Guangyu Yang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106 China
| | - Yinshan Cui
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Qian Gao
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., No. 41 Keyi Road, Kunming, 650106, China.
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Thomas SC, Xu F, Pushalkar S, Lin Z, Thakor N, Vardhan M, Flaminio Z, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Vasconcelos R, Akapo A, Queiroz E, Bederoff M, Janal MN, Guo Y, Aguallo D, Gordon T, Corby PM, Kamer AR, Li X, Saxena D. Electronic Cigarette Use Promotes a Unique Periodontal Microbiome. mBio 2022; 13:e0007522. [PMID: 35189698 PMCID: PMC8903898 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00075-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) have become prevalent as an alternative to conventional cigarette smoking, particularly in youth. E-cig aerosols contain unique chemicals which alter the oral microbiome and promote dysbiosis in ways we are just beginning to investigate. We conducted a 6-month longitudinal study involving 84 subjects who were either e-cig users, conventional smokers, or nonsmokers. Periodontal condition, cytokine levels, and subgingival microbial community composition were assessed, with periodontal, clinical, and cytokine measures reflecting cohort habit and positively correlating with pathogenic taxa (e.g., Treponema, Saccharibacteria, and Porphyromonas). α-Diversity increased similarly across cohorts longitudinally, yet each cohort maintained a unique microbiome. The e-cig microbiome shared many characteristics with the microbiome of conventional smokers and some with nonsmokers, yet it maintained a unique subgingival microbial community enriched in Fusobacterium and Bacteroidales (G-2). Our data suggest that e-cig use promotes a unique periodontal microbiome, existing as a stable heterogeneous state between those of conventional smokers and nonsmokers and presenting unique oral health challenges. IMPORTANCE Electronic cigarette (e-cig) use is gaining in popularity and is often perceived as a healthier alternative to conventional smoking. Yet there is little evidence of the effects of long-term use of e-cigs on oral health. Conventional cigarette smoking is a prominent risk factor for the development of periodontitis, an oral disease affecting nearly half of adults over 30 years of age in the United States. Periodontitis is initiated through a disturbance in the microbial biofilm communities inhabiting the unique space between teeth and gingival tissues. This disturbance instigates host inflammatory and immune responses and, if left untreated, leads to tooth and bone loss and systemic diseases. We found that the e-cig user's periodontal microbiome is unique, eliciting unique host responses. Yet some similarities to the microbiomes of both conventional smokers and nonsmokers exist, with strikingly more in common with that of cigarette smokers, suggesting that there is a unique periodontal risk associated with e-cig use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Thomas
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fangxi Xu
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Smruti Pushalkar
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ziyan Lin
- Applied Bioinformatics Labs, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nirali Thakor
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mridula Vardhan
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zia Flaminio
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Rebeca Vasconcelos
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adenike Akapo
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Erica Queiroz
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria Bederoff
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Malvin N. Janal
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Promotion, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yuqi Guo
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Deanna Aguallo
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Patricia M. Corby
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Angela R. Kamer
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
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The Effects of e-Cigarette Aerosol on Oral Cavity Cells and Tissues: A Narrative Review. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10020074. [PMID: 35202260 PMCID: PMC8878056 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A wealth of research has comprehensively documented the harmful effects of traditional cigarette smoking and nicotine on human health. The lower rate of exposure to harmful chemicals and toxic substances offered by alternative electronic smoking devices (e-cigarettes, vaping, etc.) has made these methods of smoking popular, especially among adolescents and young adults, and they are regarded frequently as safer than regular cigarettes. During vaporization of these so-called e-liquids, toxins, carcinogens and various other chemical substances may be released and inhaled by the user. Data on the potential human health effect attendant on exposure to e-vapor are based mainly on animal and in vitro studies. The oral tissues are the first locus of direct interaction with the components of the inhaled vapor. However, the short-term as well as long-term effects of the exposure are not known. The aim of the review is to briefly present data on the effects of the chemical components and toxins of e-cigarette vapor on oral cavity cells and tissues of oral health.
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Heller ZA, MS ECA, DMD JEP. Implications of Electronic Cigarettes on the Safe Administration of Sedation and General Anesthesia in the Outpatient Dental Setting. Anesth Prog 2022; 69:41-52. [PMID: 35849811 PMCID: PMC9301538 DOI: 10.2344/anpr-69-02-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Today the number of electronic cigarette users continues to rise as electronic cigarettes slowly, yet steadily overtake conventional cigarettes in popularity. This shift is often attributed to the misconception that electronic cigarettes are "safer" or "less dangerous" than conventional cigarettes. Recent studies have shown that electronic cigarettes are far from safe and that the inhaled agents and byproducts within vaping aerosols can have adverse effects on systemic and oral health like combustible tobacco products. The first electronic cigarettes were originally introduced as a tool for smoking cessation. However, newer iterations of electronic cigarette devices have been modified to allow the user to consume tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis, in addition to nicotine. As the popularity of these devices continues to rise, the number of patients seeking dental treatment who also consume electronic cigarettes will too. This article aims to shed light on the deleterious effects electronic cigarettes can have on systemic and oral health, as well as the special considerations for sedation and anesthesia providers treating patients who use electronic cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A. Heller
- Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Broward Health Medical Center, Nova Southeastern University College of Dental Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | - Edward C. Adlesic MS
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason E. Portnof DMD
- Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nova Southeastern University College of Dental Medicine, Davie, Florida; Private Practice Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Surgical Arts of Boca Raton, Boca Raton, Florida
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Guo J, Ikuemonisan J, Hatsukami DK, Hecht SS. Liquid Chromatography-Nanoelectrospray Ionization-High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Sites in Oral Cell DNA of Cigarette Smokers, e-Cigarette Users, and Nonsmokers. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2540-2548. [PMID: 34846846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for oral cancer. The health effects of e-cigarettes are still under investigation but may disturb oral cavity homeostasis and cause lung and cardiovascular diseases. Carcinogens and toxicants in tobacco products and e-cigarettes may damage DNA, resulting in the formation of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites and initiation of the carcinogenic process. In this study, we optimized a liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry method to analyze AP sites in buccal cell DNA of 35 nonsmokers, 30 smokers, and 30 e-cigarette users. AP sites in e-cigarette users (median 3.3 per 107 nts) were significantly lower than in smokers (median 5.7 per 107 nts) and nonsmokers (median 6.0 per 107 nts). AP sites in smokers were not significantly different from nonsmokers (p > 0.05). The e-cigarette vaporizing solvents propylene glycol and glycerin were tested and did not protect against AP site formation in in vitro control and carcinogen exposed rat liver homogenates. However, propylene glycol may inhibit bacteria in oral cells, resulting in reduced inflammation and related effects, and reduced AP site levels in e-cigarette user DNA. This is the first study to examine AP site formation in e-cigarette users and to evaluate AP sites in human oral cell DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehong Guo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, 2-210 CCRB, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joshua Ikuemonisan
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, 2-210 CCRB, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, 2-210 CCRB, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, 2-210 CCRB, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Verma A, Anand K, Bhargava M, Kolluri A, Kumar M, Palve DH. Comparative Evaluation of Salivary Biomarker Levels in e-Cigarette Smokers and Conventional Smokers. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2021; 13:S1642-S1645. [PMID: 35018046 PMCID: PMC8686896 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_393_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cigarette smoking and its effect on the inflammatory cytokine levels in the smoker's saliva depicted the influence of electronic cigarettes on oral cytokine levels in oral fluids are scarce in the literature. OBJECTIVES The present trial was conducted to compare and determine the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in whole stimulated saliva samples of electronic cigarette smokers, conventional smokers, and participants with no smoke exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty adult participants were divided into the following four groups of nonsmokers, current smokers, smokers smoking both conventional and e-cigarettes, and e-cigarette smokers. The saliva samples were assessed for Interleukins (IL-1B, 6, 8, 10, and IL-1RA), C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plaque scores and Gingival Index, and body mass index were also calculated. RESULTS Statistically significant (P < 0.05) and remarkable relationship was seen in plaque scores and IL 1RA, 1 β, and 10 with the respective values as-0.285, 0.268, and 0.267. Regarding anti-inflammatory cytokines, CRP, IL-10, and IL-RA had the P-value of 0.073, 0.945, and 0.834 respectively. When these values were evaluated for proinflammatory cytokines, the P values were 0.0001, 0.019, 0.991, and 903 for TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-6, and IL-8, respectively. These results were statistically significant for TNF-α (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Within its limitations, the present study concludes that smoking e-cigarettes whether solely or in combination with conventional smoking increases the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1 β with decreased counter IL-1RA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Verma
- Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Buddha Institute of Dental Science and Hospital, Patna, bihar, India
| | - Kumar Anand
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Patna, bihar, India
| | - Manish Bhargava
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Amulya Kolluri
- Department of Periodontology and Implantalogy, Meghna Institute of Dental Sciences, Nizamabad, Telangana, India
| | - Madhuresh Kumar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Buddha Institute of Dental Science and Hospital, Patna, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Madhuresh Kumar, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Buddha Institute of Dental Science and Hospital, Patna, Bihar, India. E-mail:
| | - Devendra H. Palve
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra. India
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Campbell R, Suresh V, Burrowes K. ECAM: A low-cost vaping device for generating and collecting electronic cigarette condensate for in vitro studies. HARDWAREX 2021; 10:e00225. [PMID: 35607680 PMCID: PMC9123434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2021.e00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (ECs) has become widespread despite many unknowns around their long-term health impact. ECs work by vapourising a liquid, known as an e-liquid, typically consisting of propylene glycol, glycerol, flavourings and nicotine. The chemical constituents and resultant impact on cells and tissue are dependent on several factors, including the flavourings used, the vaping topography/use pattern, and the device used. ECAM (Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Machine) is an open source, portable device for creating EC aerosol - for condensate collection and in vitro studies - using a controlled methodology. ECAM was developed as a low cost, automated, and customisable alternative to commercial devices. ECAM consists of a micro diaphragm gas pump to draw air/EC aerosol through the system. The device is automated using an Arduino and solenoid pinch valves are used to alternate between air and EC vapour. Condensate is collected in a vial within a cold-water bath. Each ECAM unit uses a temperature/humidity sensor to measure ambient air conditions and a differential pressure sensor to determine the pressure within the system. ECAM is programmed to adhere to International Standards Organisation 20768:2018. The design files, source code, and build instructions for this device can be found at https://dx.doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/3NGU4.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.T. Campbell
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - V. Suresh
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - K.S. Burrowes
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Lozano FR. World Oral Health Day 2021. Tob Prev Cessat 2021; 7:21. [PMID: 33768188 PMCID: PMC7970763 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/134441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Oyapero A, Olatosi O, Olagundoye O. Are Nigerian oral health workers overlooking opportunities to promote interventions for tobacco smoking cessation? POPULATION MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.18332/popmed/132292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Vardavas CI, Girvalaki C, Odani S, Nikitara K, de Vries I, van Riel A, van Sommeren-de Potter I, Grass JN, Grassi MC, Deim S, Balázs A, Fosztó S, Schiel H, Arif T, Eronen AK, Alonso AA, Menor JLC, Arrieta RM, Babić Ž, Turk R, Vardavas AI, Tsatsakis A. Profile of incidental exposures to e-cigarette liquids in Europe, 2018-2019. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:1045-1050. [PMID: 33272061 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120975828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following the implementation of the European Union Tobacco Product Directive (EU TPD) regulations on e-cigarette products in 2016, we assessed the current profile of e-cigarette liquid exposure incidents and their associated health outcomes. METHODS De-identified data were received from poison centers in eight EU Member States (Sweden, the Netherlands, Italy, Hungary Austria, Finland, Spain and Croatia) reporting on e-cigarette liquid exposure incidents between August 2018 to December 2019. Descriptive analysis was conducted to present incident characteristics and health outcomes. Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to test associations. RESULTS Of the 223 e-liquid exposure incidents recorded by poison centers in multiple EU MS, 64.7% of the cases were unintentional exposures, ranging from 48.4% among adults aged ≥19 years to 100.0% among children aged 0-5 years (p < 0.05). The most frequent route of exposure was ingestion (73.5%) while55.2% experienced any clinical symptoms, including nausea (16.6%), vomiting (11.1%), and dizziness (9.0%). 57.8% of the cases were treated at the residence or on-site. CONCLUSION Further monitoring is warranted, using uniform reporting requirements, to ensure the continued compliance to the EU TPD and assess its long-term impact on related incident characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine I Vardavas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, 37778Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Charis Girvalaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, 37778Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Satomi Odani
- Laboratory of Toxicology, 37778Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Katerina Nikitara
- Laboratory of Toxicology, 37778Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Irma de Vries
- Dutch Poisons Information Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoinette van Riel
- Dutch Poisons Information Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Maria Caterina Grassi
- Clinical Toxicology-Poison Control Centre and Drug Dependence Unit, Policlinico Umberto I-"Sapienza University of Rome", Rome, Italy
| | - Szilvia Deim
- National Public Health Center, Department for Chemical Safety and Competent Authority, Unit for Health Toxicological Information Service and Notification, Hungary
| | - Andrea Balázs
- National Public Health Center, Department for Chemical Safety and Competent Authority, Unit for Health Toxicological Information Service and Notification, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Fosztó
- National Public Health Center, Department for Chemical Safety and Competent Authority, Unit for Health Toxicological Information Service and Notification, Hungary
| | | | - Tara Arif
- Poisons Information Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Željka Babić
- Croatian Poison Control Centre at Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rajka Turk
- Croatian Poison Control Centre at Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alexander I Vardavas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, 37778Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, 37778Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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