miR-22 targets YWHAZ to inhibit metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma and its down-regulation predicts a poor survival

Hsa-miR-22-3p inhibits liver cancer cell EMT and cell migration/ invasion by indirectly regulating SPRY2

The general mechanism for microRNAs to play biological function is through their inhibition on the expression of their target genes. In cancer, microRNAs may accelerate cell senescence, block angiogenesis, decrease energy supplies, repress tumor cell cycle and promote apoptosis to function as the tumor repressors. On the other hand, microRNAs can modulate tumor suppressor molecules to activate oncogene relevant signaling pathway to initiate tumorigenesis and promote tumor progression. By targeting different genes, miR-22 can function as either a tumor suppressor or a tumor promoter in different types of cancer. In liver cancer, miR-22 mainly functions as a tumor suppressor via its regulation on different genes. In this study, we demonstrated that miR-22 indirectly regulates SPRY2 by inhibiting CBL, an E3 ligase for SPRY2 that has been confirmed. As one of the modulators of the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) signaling pathway, SPRY2 plays important roles in many developmental and physiological processes, and its deregulation has been reported in different types of cancer and shown to affect cancer development, progression, and metastasis. By inhibiting the expression of CBL, which stabilizes SPRY2, miR-22 indirectly upregulates SPRY2, thereby suppressing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell migration, and invasion and decreasing the expression of liver cancer stem cell (CSC) marker genes. The inhibitory effects of miR-22 on EMT, cell migration, and invasion can be blocked by the knockdown of SPRY2 expression in miR-22 overexpressing cells. Additionally, we demonstrated that miR-22 expression inhibits the ERK signaling pathway and that this effect is due to its upregulation of SPRY2. Overall, our study revealed a novel miR-22-3p/CBL/SPRY2/ERK axis that plays an important role in EMT, cell migration, and invasion of liver cancer cells.

An Immunocompetent Environment Unravels the Proto-Oncogenic Role of miR-22

MiR-22 was first identified as a proto-oncogenic microRNA (miRNA) due to its ability to post-transcriptionally suppress the expression of the potent PTEN (Phosphatase And Tensin Homolog) tumor suppressor gene. miR-22 tumorigenic role in cancer was subsequently supported by its ability to positively trigger lipogenesis, anabolic metabolism, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) towards the metastatic spread. However, during the following years, the picture was complicated by the identification of targets that support a tumor-suppressive role in certain tissues or cell types. Indeed, many papers have been published where in vitro cellular assays and in vivo immunodeficient or immunosuppressed xenograft models are used. However, here we show that all the studies performed in vivo, in immunocompetent transgenic and knock-out animal models, unanimously support a proto-oncogenic role for miR-22. Since miR-22 is actively secreted from and readily exchanged between normal and tumoral cells, a functional immune dimension at play could well represent the divider that allows reconciling these contradictory findings. In addition to a critical review of this vast literature, here we provide further proof of the oncogenic role of miR-22 through the analysis of its genomic locus vis a vis the genetic landscape of human cancer.

MiR-22 Deficiency Fosters Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Fatty Liver

MiR-22 is mostly considered as a hepatic tumor-suppressor microRNA based on in vitro analyses. Yet, whether miR-22 exerts a tumor-suppressive function in the liver has not been investigated in vivo. Herein, in silico analyses of miR-22 expression were performed in hepatocellular carcinomas from human patient cohorts and different mouse models. Diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinomas were then investigated in lean and diet-induced obese miR-22-deficient mice. The proteome of liver tissues from miR-22-deficient mice prior to hepatocellular carcinoma development was further analyzed to uncover miR-22 regulated factors that impact hepatocarcinogenesis with miR-22 deficiency. MiR-22 downregulation was consistently observed in hepatocellular carcinomas from all human cohorts and mouse models investigated. The time of appearance of the first tumors was decreased and the number of tumoral foci induced by diethylnitrosamine was significantly increased by miR-22-deficiency in vivo, two features which were further drastically exacerbated with diet-induced obesity. At the molecular level, we provide evidence that the loss of miR-22 significantly affects the energetic metabolism and mitochondrial functions of hepatocytes, and the expression of tumor-promoting factors such as thrombospondin-1. Our study demonstrates that miR-22 acts as a hepatic tumor suppressor in vivo by restraining pro-carcinogenic metabolic deregulations through pleiotropic mechanisms and the overexpression of relevant oncogenes.

MicroRNA-22-3p and MicroRNA-149-5p Inhibit Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Growth and Metastasis Properties by Regulating Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase

microRNAs are small endogenous noncoding RNAs that have emerged as key negative regulators that target gene expression through RISC. Our previous study showed that the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) plays a key role in one carbon metabolism, which is downregulated by miR-22-3p and miR-149-5p, and that it could exert a potential anti-cancer effect. Whether miR-22-3p/miR-149-5p can regulate MTHFR to exert anti-cancer effects has become the focus of our research. Normal (HL-7702 cells) and cancerous (QGY-7703/HepG2 cells) human hepatocellular cells were transfected with 100 nM hsa-miR-22-3p/hsa-miR-149-5p mimic or controls. After 24, 48, and 72 h, cell proliferation ability was tested using CCK-8. The changes in MTHFR expression at both the transcriptional and translational levels were determined by RT-qPCR and Western blotting, respectively. Cancerous cell invasion and migration ability were confirmed by means of a transwell assay. We found that ectopic miR-22-3p/miR-149-5p inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation but does not inhibit normal human hepatocyte proliferation. The transfection of ectopic miR-22-3p/miR-149-5p downregulated the MTHFR expression in QGY-7703 and HepG2 but not in HL-7702. QGY-7703 and HepG2 migration and invasion were inhibited by ectopic miR-22-3p/miR-149-5p. Additionally, we found that ectopic miR-22-3p/miR-149-5p significantly increased the expression of TP53INP1 and PDCD4 in QGY-7703. The results of the study suggest that miRNA-22-3p and miRNA-149-5p inhibit tumor growth and metastasis properties may be by regulating MTHFR and that they exert anticancer effects in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Lnc524369 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression and predicts poor survival by activating YWHAZ-RAF1 signaling

BACKGROUND

Liver cancer is one of the most highly malignant cancers, characterized by easy metastasis and chemoradiotherapy resistance. Emerging evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs), including Lnc524369, are highly involved in the initiation, progression, radioresistance, and chemoresistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the function of Lnc524369 remains unclear.

AIM

To explore the function of Lnc524369 in HCC.

METHODS

To investigate the effect of Lnc524369, tissue from 41 HCC patients were analyzed using CCK8, migration, and invasion assays. Lnc524369 and YWHAZ (also named 14-3-3ζ) mRNA were detected by qPCR, and YWHAZ and RAF1 proteins were detected by western blot in liver cancer cell lines and human HCC tissues. The Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) databases, STRING database, Human Protein Atlas database, and the TCGA database were used for bioinformatic analysis.

RESULTS

Lnc524369 was significantly upregulated in the nucleus of liver cancer cells and human HCC tissues. Overexpression of Lnc524369 was associated with the proliferation, migration, and invasion of liver cancer cells. YWHAZ and RAF1 proteins and YWHAZ mRNA were overexpressed in liver cancer, which could be attenuated by overexpression of Lnc524369. Lnc524369 and its downstream target YWHAZ and RAF1 proteins were negatively associated with overall survival time.

CONCLUSION

Lnc524369 might be a promising target of HCC as it can enhance liver cancer progression and decrease the overall survival time of HCC by activating the YWHAZ/RAF1 pathway.

MiR-22 regulated T cell differentiation and hepatocellular carcinoma growth by directly targeting Jarid2

MiR-22 has been demonstrated to inhibits tumor growth in several cancers. However, its function in the tumor microenvironment is still unclear, especially for T cell differentiation. Here, miR-22 expression in the circulating T cells from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and healthy controls was analyzed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Diethylnitrosamine (DEN)/phenobarbital (PB)-mediated primary HCC and Hepa1-6 subcutaneous tumor mouse models were established and subjected to lenti-miR-22 injection. Mice immunoreconstituted with miR-22-overexpressing T cells were employed to investigate the antitumor effect of miR-22 in mice. Luciferase assay, immunofluorescent staining, in vitro Th17 cell differentiation assay, and rescue experiments were employed to investigate the mechanism underlying the miR-22-mediated regulation of Th17 cell differentiation and liver tumor growth. Results confirmed the dramatic downregulation of miR-22 expression in malignant tissues and circulating T cells from patients with HCC. MiR-22 expression correlated with good prognosis of patients. Overexpression of miR-22 impaired the DEN/PB-induced primary HCC formation and the growth of Hepa1-6 subcutaneous tumors by promoting Th17 differentiation. Injection of miR-22-overexpressing T cells in irradiated mice resulted in the inhibition of Hepa1-6 subcutaneous tumor growth via Th17 differentiation promotion. MiR-22 could directly bind to Jarid2, which played an important role during the miR-22-mediated regulation of Th17 differentiation. Taken together, our study expands the understanding of miR-22 function and provides a therapy target for HCC.

MicroRNA-22 in female malignancies: Focusing on breast, cervical, and ovarian cancers

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a novelty-defined class of regulatory genes, have revolutionized principles of classical bimolecular. These RNAs regulate the expression of a gene through inhibition of translational initiation or targeting mRNAs for degradation. MiRNAs act in several biological operations, including proliferation, differentiation, and cell death, and their expression is often abnormal in human diseases such as cancer. In recent years, miR-22 has attracted much attention from researchers. Its expression is downregulated in female malignancies such as breast, cervical, and ovarian cancers, exhibiting that miR-22 plays a tumor-suppressive function in these cancers. Also, different reports exist about the involvement of miR-22 in non-tumor diseases. In the present review, we report the results of performed studies on the potential roles of miR-22 in female malignancies with a focus on breast, cervical, and ovarian cancers. Also, we summary its predicted target genes in various cancers. In conclusion, it is effective for researchers to understand the role of miR-22 in different cellular operations.

Long Noncoding RNA MLK7-AS1 Promotes Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Migration and Invasion via the miR-375-3p/YWHAZ Axis

Long noncoding RNAs act essential regulators in lung cancer tumorigenesis. Our research aimed to investigate the potential function and molecular mechanisms of MLK7-AS1 in NSCLC (non-small-cell lung cancer). QRT-PCR results indicated that the MLK7-AS1 expression level was upregulated in NSCLC cells and tissues. MLK7-AS1 strengthened cell migration and invasion in H1299 and A549 cells. Luciferase reporter assay found that MLK7-AS1 functioned as an endogenous sponge for miR-375-3p. Transwell assay results showed that miR-375-3p suppressed cell migration and invasion in H1299 and A549 cells. YWHAZ was confirmed as a target gene of miR-375-3p by Targetscan. YWHAZ overexpression promoted the invasion of H1299 and A549 cells. MLK7-AS1 upregulated YWHAZ expression and enhanced H1299 and A549 cell invasion by sponging miR-375-3p. MLK7-AS1 improved the metastasis ability of A549 in vivo. In conclusion, MLK7-AS1 was identified as a novel oncogenic RNA in NSCLC and can function as a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC treatment.

High GP73 Expression Correlates with Poor Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Survival in Gastric Cancer: A Tissue Microarray Study

Golgi protein 73 (GP73) is a type II Golgi transmembrane protein which is overexpressed in several cancers, however, its role in gastric cancer is still unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate if high GP73 expression is associated with pathological tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and prognosis for patients with gastric cancer. A total of 348 patients with gastric cancer, who had undergone surgery between 1999 and 2011 were retrospectively reviewed, GP73 expression was examined in tumor tissues using tissue microarray and the correlations between its expression and pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy as well as patients prognosis were analyzed. We found that GP73 expression was not associated with clinicopathologic features including tumor size, differentiation and TNM stage. High expression of GP73 was associated with less pathological tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and poor survival in gastric cancer, multivariate analysis showed GP73 expression was an independent predictive factor for pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and for prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Our results suggest that GP73 expression correlates with the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and is a promising biomarker to identify patients with poor prognosis.

LncRNA Neat1 expedites the progression of liver fibrosis in mice through targeting miR-148a-3p and miR-22-3p to upregulate Cyth3

Liver fibrosis is a common response to chronic liver injury, ultimately leading to cirrhosis. The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) plays a dominant role in liver fibrosis. The regulatory roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in multiple human diseases have been observed. This study was dedicated to investigating the regulatory effects of the lncRNA nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (Neat1) on liver fibrosis and HSC activation. Upregulation of Neat1 and cytohesin 3 (Cyth3) and downregulation of miR-148a-3p and miR-22-3p were observed in mouse fibrotic liver tissues. Knockdown of Neat1 or Cyth3 attenuated liver fibrosis and collagen deposition in vivo and the activation of HSCs in vitro. An miR-148a-3p and miR-22-3p inhibitor facilitated HSC activation and collagen fiber expression. Neat1 directly targeted miR-148a-3p and miR-22-3p to modulate Cyth3 expression. Knockdown of Neat1 inhibited Cyth3 expression via the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism of sponging miR-148a-3p and miR-22-3p to regulate liver fibrosis and HSC activation. The ceRNA regulatory network may promote a better understanding of liver fibrogenesis, contribute to an original agreement of liver fibrosis etiopathogenesis and provide insights into the development of a novel domain of lncRNA-directed therapy against liver fibrosis.

MiRNA-1225 Inhibits Osteosarcoma Tumor Growth and Progression by Targeting YWHAZ

Introduction

Osteosarcoma is the most common bone tumor and is characterized by the presence of malignant mesenchymal cells produced in the bone stroma. MiRNAs are known to function as post-transcriptional negative regulators of gene expression. Emerging evidence showed that miR-1225-5P functions as a tumor suppressor in several types of cancers. The detailed mechanisms of which miR-1225-5P suppresses tumor growth are not fully understood. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that miR-1225-5P inhibits osteosarcoma cell growth in vitro and tumor growth in vivo by targeting YWHAZ expression.

Methods

Real-time PCR and Western blot were carried out to test the expression of miR-1225-5P and YWHAZ in osteosarcoma cell lines. Luciferase assay was used to demonstrate whether miR-1225-5P targets YWHAZ 3ʹ UTR. To assess the function of miR-1225-5P in human osteosarcoma cell lines, gain-of-function and loss-of-function of miR-1225-5P were performed by transfecting miR-1225-5P mimic or miR-1225-5P inhibitor into osteosarcoma cell lines. Furthermore, cell cycle analysis was performed to elucidate the possible mechanisms of the action of miR-1225-5P and YWHAZ in human osteosarcoma cells. The potential therapeutic effect of miR-1225-5p was tested in human osteosarcoma xenograft mouse model, by intravenous injection of miR-1225-5P into nude mice. Tumor sizes were measured and lung metastasis was counted after the mice were sacrificed.

Results

The expression of miR-1225-5P was inversely correlated with the expression of YWHAZ in human osteosarcoma cell lines. Database search revealed that miR-1225-5P targeted YWHAZ 3ʹ UTR. Transfection of miR-1225-5P mimic downregulated YWHAZ expression, which was demonstrated by real-time PCR, Western blot and luciferase assay. Over-expression of miR-1225-5P reduced human osteosarcoma cell growth, migration and invasion by downregulating YWHAZ expression. Cell growth, migration and invasion were increased by inhibiting miR-1225-5P in human osteosarcoma cells. The inhibition of cell growth, migration and invasion was rescued by over-expression of YWHAZ in osteosarcoma cells. Cell cycle analysis revealed that miR-1225-5P inhibited G1/G0 phase exit. In vivo xenograft model demonstrated that miR-1225-5P inhibited in vivo osteosarcoma tumor growth and lung metastasis.

Conclusion

Our findings suggested that miR-1225-5P inhibits osteosarcoma cell growth in vitro and tumor growth in vivo by targeting YWHAZ. This study suggested that miR-1225-5P can serve as a potential therapeutic method for treating osteosarcoma.

The possible role of Sirtuins and microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer. Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases that regulate many cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolism. SIRT (silent information regulator)-1, 5, 6 and 7, members of the mammalian Sirtuin family of proteins (SIRT1-SIRT7), are involved in carcinogenesis, prognosis, metastasis, and chemical resistant of HCC. These proteins act through the deacetylation of tumor suppressor or oncogenic factors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that down regulate gene expression by targeting the 3'-untranslated region of miRNAs. MiRNAs can function as tumor suppressors or as oncogenes and are involved in progression, differentiation, apoptosis and drug resistance of tumor cells. The focus of this review is to delineate the relationship between some microRNAs and their target, Sirtuins, and to present an overview of their function in HCC as currently understood.

miR-23b-3p Plays an Oncogenic Role in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Reports show miR-23b to be a cancer-related biomarker in various cancer types. Interestingly, it has a dual role of oncogenic and tumor-suppressive functions, depending on the cancer type. This study focused on the unknown association of miR-23b-3p with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODS

Expression of miR-23b-3p was measured in nine HCC cell lines and 125 resected human HCC samples by TaqMan microRNA assays. To detect its downstream target, miR-23b-3p mimic and inhibitor constructs were transfected and analyzed.

RESULTS

HepG2, a high miR-23b-3p-expressing cell line, was transfected with a miR-23b-3p inhibitor construct, whereas SK-Hep1, a low miR-23b-3p-expressing cell line, was transfected with a mimic construct. Proliferation of HCC cells was activated by miR-23b-3p overexpression and diminished by its knockdown. Then, 125 clinical HCC samples were examined to measure miR-23b-3p expression. Tumor expression of miR-23b-3p was upregulated in 48 cases (38%) and downregulated in 77 cases (62%). The upregulated cases were correlated with elderly patients (P = 0.015). These patients also showed significantly poor overall survival [hazard ratio (HR), 3.10; 95% conflidence interval (CI), 1.57-6.29; P = 0.001] in a multivariate analysis. Furthermore, mitochondrial metabolism-related genes (MICU3 and AUH) were detected as specific binding targets.

CONCLUSION

The study showed that miR-23b-3p functions as an oncogenic microRNA in HCC cell lines. Its overexpression in resected HCC tissues was a significant prognostic factor of overall survival. Both MICU3 and AUH may be candidate gene targets of miR-23b-3p.

MicroRNA-126-5p suppresses cell proliferation, invasion and migration by targeting EGFR in liver cancer

BACKGROUND

The expression status and potential mechanistic involvement of microRNA (miR)-126-5p in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are still elusive currently. Here we set out to address this issue both in cell lines and in patients' tissues.

METHODS

The relative expression levels of endogenous miR-126-5p and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cell viability and proliferation were measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and clonogenic assays, respectively. Cell invasive and migrative capacities were determined by transwell and wound healing assays, respectively. The regulatory action of miR-126-5p on EGFR was interrogated by luciferase reporter assay. Translational level of EGFR was analyzed by Western blotting.

RESULTS

MiR-126-5p was significantly down-regulated in both HCC patients' tissues and cell lines. Forced expression of miR-126-5p greatly compromised cell viability, proliferation, invasion and migration, while miR-126-5p-specific inhibitor promoted these oncogenic phenotypes. MiR-126-5p mimics inhibited endogenous expression of EGFR and suppressed EGFR 3'-untranslated region-fused luciferase activity. Co-expression of EGFR in miR-126-5p-proficient cells completely restored cell migrative and invasive capacities, while co-transfection with EGFR siRNA significantly inhibited miR-126-5p inhibitor-induced cell invasion and migration.

CONCLUSION

MiR-126-5p was aberrantly decreased in HCC and subsequently relieved the suppression on EGFR expression, which consequently contributed to the tumor biology of HCC.

Paclitaxel Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tumorigenesis Through Regulating Circ-BIRC6/miR-877-5p/YWHAZ Axis

Background

Paclitaxel is an effective chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer patients. Accumulating evidence suggests that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play critical roles in the occurrence and development of human cancers. However, there are few studies on interactions between paclitaxel and circRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Materials and Methods

Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and colony formation assay were conducted to determine cell proliferation. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. The expression levels of circRNA baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 6 (circ-BIRC6), microRNA-877-5p (miR-877-5p), and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta (YWHAZ) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The mice xenograft model was established to investigate the roles of circ-BIRC6 and paclitaxel in vivo. The interaction between miR-877-5p and circ-BIRC6 or YWHAZ was predicted by bioinformatics analysis and verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Western blot assay was applied for measuring the protein expression of YWHAZ.

Results

Paclitaxel suppressed HCC tumorigenesis through decreasing cell proliferation and accelerating apoptosis. Circ-BIRC6 and YWHAZ were upregulated, and miR-877-5p was downregulated in HCC tissues and cells. Paclitaxel treatment inhibited the expression of circ-BIRC6 and YWHAZ while promoted the expression of miR-877-5p. Circ-BIRC6 overexpression or miR-877-5p interference reversed the inhibitory effect of paclitaxel on HCC tumorigenesis. Moreover, miR-877-5p could specially bind to YWHAZ, and its knockdown abated the suppressive effect of circ-BIRC6 depletion on HCC tumorigenesis. Additionally, YWHAZ was identified as a direct target of miR-877-5p. Besides, circ-BIRC6 functioned as a molecular sponge of miR-877-5p to regulate YWHAZ expression.

Conclusion

Paclitaxel limited HCC tumorigenesis via modulating circ-BIRC6/miR-877-5p/YWHAZ axis, providing a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of HCC.

Serum miR-22 is a novel prognostic marker for acute myeloid leukemia

Background

It has been demonstrated that aberrant expression of serum microRNAs is potential markers for the prognostic prediction of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, the clinical significance of serum miR‐22 remained uncovered. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential prognostic value of serum miR‐22 for AML.

Methods

Blood samples were collected from 124 patients with AML and 60 healthy individuals. Serum miR‐22 level was detected by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), and its potential clinical value was investigated.

Results

Our results showed that serum miR‐22 expression was significantly downregulated in AML subjects compared to healthy controls. Serum miR‐22 levels were lowest in AML patients with M4/M5 subtypes, and low serum miR‐22 expression occurred more frequently in AML patients with higher white blood cell counts or poor cytogenetic risk. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that serum miR‐22 well differentiated AML cases from healthy controls. In addition, serum miR‐22 downregulation was closely associated with worse clinical features and shorter survival. Low serum miR‐22 expression was confirmed to be an independent predictor for overall survival and relapse‐free survival in AML patients. Moreover, the expression level of serum miR‐22 was dramatically increased following treatment. In addition, serum miR‐22 levels were significantly higher in AML patients achieving complete remission (CR) than those without CR.

Conclusion

Collectively, serum miR‐22 might serve as a novel and promising prognostic biomarker for AML.

Loss of miR-204-5p Promotes Tumor Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion Through Targeting YWHAZ/PI3K/AKT Pathway in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

PURPOSE

MicroRNAs dysregulation has been confirmed in multiple malignancies. This paper reported the molecular mechanism of miR-204-5p in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

METHODS

miR-204-5p expression in 30 ESCC tumor tissues and 10 normal tissues was downloaded from RNA-seq data. ESCC tissues/normal tissues of 97 ESCC patients were collected. TE-1 and KYSE510 cells were transfected by miR-204-5p mimic, inhibitor, siYWHAZ or their corresponding controls. The phenotype of cells was detected by CCK-8 assay, transwell experiment, and flow cytometry. Luciferase reporter gene assay and RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) were performed to verify the targeting relationship between miR-204-5p and YWHAZ. miR-204-5p and YWHAZ expression in tissues/cells was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Xenograft tumor experiment was performed.

RESULTS

miR-204-5p expression was declined in ESCC patients and cells, which was indicated the poor outcome of patients. Compared with siNC group, TE-1 cells in miR-204-5p inhibitor group had higher OD450 value, less cell percentage in G1 phase, and more cell percentage in S phase, lower apoptosis percentage, and higher migration and invasion cell numbers. Moreover, KYSE510 cells of miR-204-5p mimic group showed lower OD450 value, more cell percentage in G1 phase and less cell percentage in S phase, higher apoptosis percentage, and lower migration and invasion cell numbers than control. YWHAZ was directly inhibited by miR-204-5p. Relative to siNC group, TE-1 cells of miR-inhibitor group exhibited higher YWHAZ protein expression, higher OD450 value, less cell percentage in G1 phase and more cell percentage in S phase, lower apoptosis percentage, higher migration and invasion cell numbers, and higher p-PI3K/PI3K and p-AKT/AKT protein expression, while siYWHAZ rescued the effects of miR-inhibitor. miR-204-5p up-regulation inhibited ESCC growth in vivo.

CONCLUSION

miR-204-5p inhibits ESCC progression by targeted inhibition of YWHAZ/PI3K/AKT.

The mechanistic, diagnostic and therapeutic novel nucleic acids for hepatocellular carcinoma emerging in past score years

Despite The Central Dogma states the destiny of gene as 'DNA makes RNA and RNA makes protein', the nucleic acids not only store and transmit genetic information but also, surprisingly, join in intracellular vital movement as a regulator of gene expression. Bioinformatics has contributed to knowledge for a series of emerging novel nucleic acids molecules. For typical cases, microRNA (miRNA), long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA) exert crucial role in regulating vital biological processes, especially in malignant diseases. Due to extraordinarily heterogeneity among all malignancies, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has emerged enormous limitation in diagnosis and therapy. Mechanistic, diagnostic and therapeutic nucleic acids for HCC emerging in past score years have been systematically reviewed. Particularly, we have organized recent advances on nucleic acids of HCC into three facets: (i) summarizing diverse nucleic acids and their modification (miRNA, lncRNA, circRNA, circulating tumor DNA and DNA methylation) acting as potential biomarkers in HCC diagnosis; (ii) concluding different patterns of three key noncoding RNAs (miRNA, lncRNA and circRNA) in gene regulation and (iii) outlining the progress of these novel nucleic acids for HCC diagnosis and therapy in clinical trials, and discuss their possibility for clinical applications. All in all, this review takes a detailed look at the advances of novel nucleic acids from potential of biomarkers and elaboration of mechanism to early clinical application in past 20 years.

Molecule mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum treated hepatocellular carcinoma based on the transcriptional profiles and miRNA-target network

Ganoderma lucidum has salutary effects on tumor treatment, including pancreatic cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Ganoderma lucidum therapy is obscure. In this study, the Hepa1-6-bearing C57 BL/6 mouse model was utilized to explore the therapeutic efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE), documenting that it could effectively inhibit tumor growth. The microRNA (miRNA) profiles of GLE-treated and untreated mice were detected, and 25 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were determined, including 24 up-expressed and one down-expressed miRNAs. Using the ClusterOne algorithm, 8 hub miRNAs were isolated from the established miRNA-target network. The qRT-PCR assay demonstrated that these 8 miRNAs were up-expressed in the GLE treated tumor mice. Furthermore, the mRNA profiles showed that there are 76 DE mRNAs between GLE treated and model groups. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network shows that Cntn1, Irs1, Nfkbia, Rybp and Ywhaz playing important roles, and qRT-PCR further revealed they were down-expressed in GLE treated Hepa1-6-bearing C57 BL/6 mice. The rebuilt miRNA-target network was shown that these 5 mRNAs were regulated by mmu-mir-23a-5p, -3102-3p, -337-3p, and -467a-3p, respectively. This study suggested that these 4 interesting miRNAs were potential biomarkers for evaluation of GLE efficacy, which may down-regulate the expression of Cntn1, Irs1, Nfkbia, Rybp and Ywhaz, and mediate many signaling pathways occurring in tumor treatment.

The role of YWHAZ in cancer: A maze of opportunities and challenges

YWHAZ (also named 14-3-3ζ) is a central hub protein for many signal transduction pathways and plays a significant role in tumor progression. Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that YWHAZ is frequently up-regulated in multiple types of cancers and acts as an oncogene in a wide range of cell activities including cell growth, cell cycle, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Moreover, YWHAZ was reported to be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs) or long non-coding RNAs and exerted its malignant functions by targeting downstream molecules like protein kinase, apoptosis proteins, and metastasis-related molecules. Additionally, YWHAZ may be a potential biomarker of diagnosis, prognosis and chemoresistance in several cancers. Targeting YWHAZ by siRNA, shRNA or miRNA was reported to have great help in suppressing malignant properties of cancer cells. In this review, we perform literature and bioinformatics analysis to reveal the oncogenic role and molecular mechanism of YWHAZ in cancer, and discuss the potential clinical applications of YWHAZ concerning diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy in malignant tumors.

miRNAs and lncRNAs in Echinococcus and Echinococcosis

Echinococcosis are considered to be potentially lethal zoonotic diseases that cause serious damage to hosts. The metacestode of Echinococcus multilocularis and E. granulosus can result in causing the alveolar and cystic echinococcoses, respectively. Recent studies have shown that non-coding RNAs are widely expressed in Echinococcus spp. and hosts. In this review, the two main types of non-coding RNAs—long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs)—and the wide-scale involvement of these molecules in these parasites and their hosts were discussed. The expression pattern of miRNAs in Echinococcus spp. is species- and developmental stage-specific. Furthermore, common miRNAs were detected in three Echinococcus spp. and their intermediate hosts. Here, we primarily focus on recent insights from transcriptome studies, the expression patterns of miRNAs and lncRNAs, and miRNA-related databases and techniques that are used to investigate miRNAs in Echinococcus and echinococcosis. This review provides new avenues for screening therapeutic and diagnostic markers.

Inhibition of miR-22 promotes differentiation of osteoblasts and improves bone formation via the YWHAZ pathway in experimental mice

INTRODUCTION

In senile osteoporosis countering the age-mediated bone loss, promotion of osteoblastogenesis and identification of responsible micro-RNA (miR) would be a successful strategy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

miR microarray screening was carried out to identify the suppressed miRs after real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adult bone marrow during the proliferation to the mineralization stage. The primary calvarial pre-osteoblasts (human) were harvested and received transfection of miR-22's antagomir or agomir in vitro. Bioinformatics study suggested YWHAZ as the favorable target gene. Next, YWHAZ knockdown was studied for its effect on differentiation of osteoblasts. For in vivo studies, ovariectomized or sham mice were injected with miR-22's antagomir for a period of 6 weeks. The stromal cells were isolated in the 6^th week for ex vivo experiments.

RESULTS

miR-22 was found to be down-regulated in bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. miR-22's antagomir converted the pre-osteoblasts to a more differentiated and mineralized phenotype showing upregulated protein expression of COL1A1, ALP and CBFA1. The miR-22's antagomir suppressed YWHAZ, enhanced stability of CBFA1 and promoted the differentiation of osteoblasts. In vivo, miR-22's antagomir promoted mineralization and osteoblastogenesis, elevated bone strength and reversed the ovariectomy mediated bone loss in sham mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Inhibition of miR-22 may be a potential target for treating osteoporosis clinically. The findings hence suggest that inhibition of miR-22 may be an effective anabolic therapeutic approach in treating osteoporosis clinically.

Reduced miR-203 predicts metastasis and poor survival in esophageal carcinoma

We analyzed data from two non-coding RNA profiling arrays made available by the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and found 17 miRNAs with remarkable differential expression between malignant and normal esophageal tissue. Correlation analysis between expression of these 17 miRNAs and patients’ clinicopathological characteristics showed that miR-203 was down-regulated in esophageal carcinoma (EC) tissues and was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor overall survival. Overexpression of miR-203 significantly attenuated cellular proliferation, migration and invasion by EC cells in culture. Additionally, gene expression profiles and bioinformatics analysis revealed KIF5C to be a direct target of miR-203, and KIF5C overexpression partially counteracted the tumor inhibitory effects of miR-203 on EC cells. We also observed that miR-203, reduced KIFC5 protein levels, promoted cytoplasmic accumulation of Axin2, and reversed the invasive phenotype of EC cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate that miR-203 is a tumor suppressor in EC cells and its expression level could potentially be used as a prognostic indicator for EC patient outcomes.

MicroRNAs in Animal Models of HCC

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Molecular heterogeneity and absence of biomarkers for patient allocation to the best therapeutic option contribute to poor prognosis of advanced stages. Aberrant microRNA (miRNA) expression is associated with HCC development and progression and influences drug resistance. Therefore, miRNAs have been assayed as putative biomarkers and therapeutic targets. miRNA-based therapeutic approaches demonstrated safety profiles and antitumor efficacy in HCC animal models; nevertheless, caution should be used when transferring preclinical findings to the clinics, due to possible molecular inconsistency between animal models and the heterogeneous pattern of the human disease. In this context, models with defined genetic and molecular backgrounds might help to identify novel therapeutic options for specific HCC subgroups. In this review, we describe rodent models of HCC, emphasizing their representativeness with the human pathology and their usefulness as preclinical tools for assessing miRNA-based therapeutic strategies.

Survival advantage and clinicopathological significance of microRNA-22 in cancers: a meta-analysis

An increasing number of studies revealed that microRNA-22 as a biomarker may play a significant role in the cancer patients' prognosis, but the accurate prognosis value of microRNA-22 remains somewhat controversial. Thus, we comprehensively searched the database and performed this study to explicate the accurate value of microRNA-22 in the cancer patients' prognosis. This meta-analysis revealed that elevated expression of microRNA-22 correlated with good overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS)/progression-free survival (PFS)/recurrence-free survival (RFS) in cancers, while no significant association was found in metastasis-free survival (MFS)/distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). Through the subgroup analysis for OS and DFS/PFS/RFS, we found that elevated expression of miR-22 significantly correlated with good prognosis in most subgroups, while it predicted a worse prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma subgroup. And besides that, elevated expression of miR-22 was negatively correlated with TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and recurrence, while no significant association was found between microRNA-22 expression and T stage, tumor differentiation, and lymphatic invasion. Our meta-analysis demonstrated that elevated expression of microRNA-22 predicted a good OS and DFS/PFS/RFS in cancer patients; meanwhile, its high expression also means earlier TNM stage, and lower likelihoods of lymph node metastasis, of distant metastasis and of recurrence. If we regularly monitor miR-22 expression in cancer patients, it might be useful for us to predict cancer prognosis in future clinical applications.

Long non-coding RNA LINC00858 promotes cells proliferation, migration and invasion by acting as a ceRNA of miR-22-3p in colorectal cancer

Though long non-coding RNA LINC00858 (LINC00858) has been shown to be involved in tumours of other tissues, its involvement in colorectal cancer (CRC) is still unknown. We aimed to investigated expression and mechanism LINC00858 in human CRC. In this study, we firstly found that LINC00858 expression was significantly up-regulated in both CRC tissues and cell lines by both online data and RT-PCR assay. Then, clinical assay revealed that high LINC00858 expression was significantly associated with advanced clinical progression and poor prognosis. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that high LINC00858 expression was an independent poor prognostic factor for CRC patients. Moreover, lost-of-function assay indicated that knockdown of LINC00858 suppressed CRC cells proliferation, migration and invasion, and promoted apoptosis. Mechanistically, bioinformatics analysis, dual-luciferase reporter assays, and western blot assays showed that LINC00858 functioned as competing endogenous RNA to repress miR-22-3p, which controlled its down-stream target YWHAZ. Then, we suggested that LINC00858 exerted its function through the miR-22-3p/YWHAZ axis. To our knowledge, this is the first report which showed the role of LINC00858 in the progression of CRC. Our findings indicated that LINC00858 played an important role in CRC, and may serve as a novel prognostic factor and therapeutic target.

MicroRNA-22 Suppresses Breast Cancer Cell Growth and Increases Paclitaxel Sensitivity by Targeting NRAS

In recent study, microRNAs have various important functions in diverse biological processes and progression of cancer. In human breast cancer, microRNA-22 has been reported to be downregulated. However, molecular mechanism of microRNA-22 in breast cancer progression and chemosensitivity has not been well studied. In our study, these results demonstrated that microRNA-22 expression levels were significantly reduced in 40 pairs of human breast cancer tissues when compared to normal tissues. Enforced expression of microRNA-22 inhibited activity of cell proliferation and cell migration in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, microRNA-22 targeted NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase (NRAS) in breast cancer cells. The expression levels of NRAS in human clinical specimens were higher in breast cancer tissues when compared to normal tissues. Moreover, microRNA-22 sensitized breast cancer cells to paclitaxel by regulation of NRAS. Our results then demonstrated that microRNA-22 functioned as a tumor suppressor microRNA and indicated potential application for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in the future.

microRNAs: Key players in virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is known as one of the major health problems worldwide. Pathological analysis indicated that a variety of risk factors including genetical (i.e., alteration of tumor suppressors and oncogenes) and environmental factors (i.e., viruses) are involved in beginning and development of HCC. The understanding of these risk factors could guide scientists and clinicians to design effective therapeutic options in HCC treatment. Various viruses such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) via targeting several cellular and molecular pathways involved in HCC pathogenesis. Among various cellular and molecular targets, microRNAs (miRNAs) have appeared as key players in HCC progression. miRNAs are short noncoding RNAs which could play important roles as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in several malignancies such as HCC. Deregulation of many miRNAs (i.e., miR-222, miR-25, miR-92a, miR-1, let-7f, and miR-21) could be associated with different stages of HCC. Besides miRNAs, exosomes are other particles which are involved in HCC pathogenesis via targeting different cargos, such as DNAs, RNAs, miRNAs, and proteins. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of miRNAs and exosomes as important players in HCC pathogenesis. Moreover, we highlighted HCV- and HBV-related miRNAs which led to HCC progression.

miR-22-Notch Signaling Pathway Is Involved in the Regulation of the Apoptosis and Autophagy in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells

microRNA-22 (miR-22) is a brain-enriched regulatory gene which has been reported to be involved in the development of cancers. The Notch signaling pathway exerts important functions in cell growth. This study is designed to investigate the mechanisms of miR-22-Notch signaling pathway in apoptosis and autophagy of human ovarian cancer cells. After over-expressing miR-22 in human ovarian cancer cell lines OVCAR-3 and SKOV3, cell viability is determined by 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) method, cell apoptosis is observed by Flow cytometry (FCM), mRNA expression of miR-22 is measured by RNA preparation and RT-PCR, protein expression of Notch1, Hes1, Beclin1 and LC3B-II is analyzed by Western blot. It is suggested that miR-22 expression is heavily decreased in human ovarian cancer cell lines OVCAR-3 and SKOV3. Over-expression of miR-22 potently suppresses cell viability and authophagy while promotes the percentage of apoptotic cancer cells. In addition, the decreased expression level of Notch1 and its targeted gene is detected in miR-22-over-expressed cells. Moreover, followed by the block of the Notch signaling pathway using Notch1 small interference RNA (siRNA), the effects of miR-22 on the apoptosis and autophagy of human ovarian cancer cell lines OVCAR-3 and SKOV3 are obviously blocked. Together, miR-22 inhibits apoptosis and promotes autophagy of human ovarian cancer cells through the suppression of the Notch signaling pathway, indicating a potential use of miR-22 in the ovarian cancer treatment.

14-3-3ζ delivered by hepatocellular carcinoma-derived exosomes impaired anti-tumor function of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes

Increasing evidence shows that the anti-tumor functions of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) were inhibited significantly, but the underlying mechanisms remain not fully understood. In this study, we found that 14-3-3ζ expression was up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and in TILs. TILs with 14-3-3ζ high-expression (14-3-3ζhigh) exhibited impaired activation (CD69), proliferation (Ki67) and anti-tumor functions compared to 14-3-3ζ low expression (14-3-3ζlow) TILs. Flow cytometry assay showed that compared with 14-3-3ζlow CD8+T cells, 14-3-3ζhigh ones exhibited higher frequency of exhausted phenotypes as measured by inhibitory receptors such as PD-1, TIM-3, LAG3, and CTLA-4. 14-3-3ζ overexpression inhibited the activity and proliferation of peripheral blood CD3+ T cells, deviated the differentiation of naive T cells from effector T cells to regulatory T cells. Moreover, we found that 14-3-3ζ expression levels in TILs correlated positively with those in HCC cells. Naive T cells co-cultured with HCC cells or the visible components of culture medium of HCC cells exhibited increased 14-3-3ζ expression. Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) and confocal assay showed that 14-3-3ζ-containing exosomes derived from HCC cells could be swallowed by T cells, suggesting that 14-3-3ζ might be transmitted from HCC cells to TILs at least partially through exosomes. In conclusion, our study for the first time demonstrated that 14-3-3ζ is up-regulated in and inhibited the anti-tumor functions of tumor-infiltrating T cells in HCC microenvironment and that 14-3-3ζ might be transmitted from HCC cells to T cells at least partially through exosomes.

Gelatin Nanoparticle-Coated Silicon Beads for Density-Selective Capture and Release of Heterogeneous Circulating Tumor Cells with High Purity

Background: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a burgeoning topic in cancer biomarker discovery research with minimal invasive blood draws. CTCs can be used as potential biomarkers for disease prognosis, early cancer diagnosis and pharmacodynamics. However, the extremely low abundance of CTCs limits their clinical utility because of technical challenges such as the isolation and subsequent detailed molecular and functional characterization of rare CTCs from patient blood samples.

Methods: In this study, we present a novel density gradient centrifugation method employing biodegradable gelatin nanoparticles coated on silicon beads for the isolation, release, and downstream analysis of CTCs from colorectal and breast cancer patients.

Results: Using clinical patient/spiked samples, we demonstrate that this method has significant CTC-capture efficiency (>80%) and purity (>85%), high CTC release efficiency (94%) and viability (92.5%). We also demonstrate the unparalleled robustness of our method in downstream CTC analyses such as the detection of PIK3CA mutations.

Conclusion: The efficiency and versatility of the multifunctional density microbeads approach provides new opportunities for personalized cancer diagnostics and treatments.

MiR-488 suppresses cell proliferation and invasion by targeting ADAM9 and lncRNA HULC in hepatocellular carcinoma

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as regulators of tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the current study, we determined the clinical significance and biological role of miR-488 in HCC. Our results demonstrated that the expression of miR-488 was notably downregulated in HCC tissues compared with paired adjacent normal tissues. Lower miR-488 expression was positively associated with tumor size, vascular invasion, and shorter overall survival (OS) in HCC patients. Furthermore, gain-and-lost function assays showed that upregulation of miR-488 significantly inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, cell invasion, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. We showed that ADAM9 served as a direct target for miR-488 and mediated lower miR-488 expression, thus inducing cell proliferation and invasion in HCC. Moreover, we found that lncRNA HULC is a target of miR-488 in HCC cells and miR-488 inhibited the expression of HULC by sponging to HULC in HCC. Thus, our results suggest that miR-488 functions as a tumor suppressor in HCC and may be a potential target for HCC treatment.

Prognostic value of microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis

Background

Numerous articles reported that dysregulated expression levels of miRNAs correlated with survival time of HCC patients. However, there has not been a comprehensive meta-analysis to evaluate the accurate prognostic value of miRNAs in HCC.

Design

Meta-analysis.

Materials and Methods

Studies, published in English, estimating expression levels of miRNAs with any survival curves in HCC were identified up until 15 April, 2017 by performing online searches in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews by two independent authors. The pooled hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to estimate the correlation between miRNA expression and overall survival (OS).

Results

54 relevant articles about 16 miRNAs, with 6464 patients, were ultimately included. HCC patients with high expression of tissue miR-9 (HR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.46–3.76), miR-21 (HR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.29–2.41), miR-34c (HR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.05–2.57), miR-155 (HR = 2.84, 95% CI = 1.46–5.51), miR-221 (HR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.02–3.04) or low expression of tissue miR-22 (HR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.63–3.21), miR-29c (HR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.10–1.65), miR-34a (HR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.30–2.59), miR-199a (HR = 2.78, 95% CI = 1.89–4.08), miR-200a (HR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.86–3.77), miR-203 (HR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.61–3.00) have significantly poor OS (P < 0.05). Likewise, HCC patients with high expression of blood miR-21 (HR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.07–2.80), miR-192 (HR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.15–5.10), miR-224 (HR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.14–2.12) or low expression of blood miR-148a (HR = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.11–4.59) have significantly short OS (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

In conclusion, tissue miR-9, miR-21, miR-22, miR-29c, miR-34a, miR-34c, miR-155, miR-199a, miR-200a, miR-203, miR-221 and blood miR-21, miR-148a, miR-192, miR-224 demonstrate significantly prognostic value. Among them, tissue miR-9, miR-22, miR-155, miR-199a, miR-200a, miR-203 and blood miR-148a, miR-192 are potential prognostic candidates for predicting OS in HCC.

Tensor decomposition-based unsupervised feature extraction applied to matrix products for multi-view data processing

In the current era of big data, the amount of data available is continuously increasing. Both the number and types of samples, or features, are on the rise. The mixing of distinct features often makes interpretation more difficult. However, separate analysis of individual types requires subsequent integration. A tensor is a useful framework to deal with distinct types of features in an integrated manner without mixing them. On the other hand, tensor data is not easy to obtain since it requires the measurements of huge numbers of combinations of distinct features; if there are m kinds of features, each of which has N dimensions, the number of measurements needed are as many as N^m, which is often too large to measure. In this paper, I propose a new method where a tensor is generated from individual features without combinatorial measurements, and the generated tensor was decomposed back to matrices, by which unsupervised feature extraction was performed. In order to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed strategy, it was applied to synthetic data, as well as three omics datasets. It outperformed other matrix-based methodologies.

HOXC10 Promotes the Metastasis of Human Lung Adenocarcinoma and Indicates Poor Survival Outcome

Background: As master regulator of embryonic morphogenesis, homeodomain-containing gene 10 (HOXC10) has been found to promote progression of human cancers and indicates poor survival outcome. However, the role of HOXC10 in lung adenocarcinoma still unclear. Methods: HOXC10 expression was evaluated in 63 primary lung adenocarcinoma tissues from our local hospital, and further systematically confirmed in lung cancer tissues from six GEO datasets (GSE19188, GSE31210, GSE10072, GSE7670, GSE32863, GSE30219), and Kaplan-Meier plotter database. The role of HOXC10 in lung cancer metastasis was further validated by cellular and molecular studies. Results: The expression of HOXC10 was significantly increased in human lung adenocarcinoma samples from Wuhu No.2 People's Hospital, about 4.219 times compared with normal tissues, and significantly correlated with TNM stage, lymph node, and distal metastasis. Upregulation of HOXC10 indicated a poor overall/relapse free survival of lung cancer patients from Wuhu No.2 People's Hospital, GEO datasets, and Kaplan-Meier plotter database, especially in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Knockdown or ectopic expression assays confirmed that HOXC10 enhanced the phosphorylation of PI3K, regulated the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers: MMP2/9, VCAM-1, vimentin and E-cadherin. Cellular study further confirmed that HOXC10 was required for migration, invasion and adhesion of lung cancer cells. Conclusion: These findings suggest that HOXC10 plays a pivotal role in the metastasis of human lung cancer and highlight its usefulness as a potential prognostic marker or therapeutic target in human lung adenocarcinoma.

MiR-218 suppresses the metastasis and EMT of HCC cells via targeting SERBP1

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although many efforts for treating HCC have been made, the survival rate remains unsatisfied. Accumulating evidence indicates that microRNA-218 (miR-218) functions as a tumor suppressor and involves in many biological processes such as tumor initiation, development, and metastasis in certain types of human cancers. However, the potential function and underlying molecular mechanism of miR-218 in HCC still remains to be elucidated. Since HCC is a genetic disease, exploring the mechanisms of the pathogeny and integration are essential for the discovery of novel treatment targets for HCC. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the abnormal expression level of miR-218 in clinical HCC tissues and HCC cells, and to evaluate its function and underlying mechanisms in HCC. Our results revealed that miR-218 expression was significantly downregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function assays indicated that forced expression of miR-218 in HCC cells inhibited cell migration/invasion and reversed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), while deletion of miR-218 promoted cell migration/invasion and contributed to the EMT phenotype formation. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay confirmed that serpine mRNA binding protein 1 (SERBP1) was a target gene of miR-218 and rescue assay further confirmed that SERBP1 involved in the function of miR-218 in HCC. All these results suggested that miR-218/SERBP1 signal pathway could inhibit the malignant phenotype formation and that targeting this pathway may be a potential novel way for HCC therapeutics.