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DA Silva LP, Coutinho AP, Ramos JA, Heleno RH. Anthropogenic forests simplify seed- but not pollen-dispersal networks. Integr Zool 2024. [PMID: 39011657 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Natural native forests are rapidly being replaced by anthropogenic forests often with a strong presence of invasive alien plant species. Eucalypt species are widely planted worldwide, with Eucalyptus globulus plantations being particularly expressive in Portugal. Poor forestry practices often lead to the associated expansion of invasive species, such as Acacia dealbata. However, we still know relatively little about the functioning of anthropogenic forests, such as seed and pollen dispersal services. Here, we compared bird abundance and richness and the seed and pollen dispersal networks in both forest types. Anthropogenic forests presented lower bird abundance, and smaller, more simplified, and more random (abundance-based) seed dispersal services than those of natural forests. Interestingly, the pollen dispersal network was more similar than the seed dispersal network for both forest types and dominated by opportunistic and neutral processes, given the absence of specialized nectarivorous. The proportion of birds transporting seeds decreased, while those carrying pollen significantly increased in the anthropogenic forest compared to the native forest. Our work highlights the impact of anthropogenic forests on bird abundance, with consequences for seed dispersal services and forest regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis P DA Silva
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - António Pereira Coutinho
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jaime A Ramos
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ruben H Heleno
- CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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2
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Ismael-Mohammed K, Bolívar-Prados M, Laguna L, Nuñez Lara A, Clavé P. Exploring Texture and Biomechanics of Food Oral Processing in Fork-Mashable Dishes for Patients with Mastication or Swallowing Impairments. Foods 2024; 13:1807. [PMID: 38928749 PMCID: PMC11202756 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Texture-modified diets (TMDs) are a primary compensatory treatment for hospitalized older patients with swallowing and mastication disorders. Nevertheless, the lack of a protocol for evaluating their objective textural properties hampers their industrialization and optimal patient care. OBJECTIVES This study aimed (a) to evaluate the textural properties (maximum force, cohesiveness, and adhesiveness) and biomechanics of food oral processing (mastication cycles, time, and frequency) of ten fork-mashable dishes (Texture E BDA/IDDSI level 6), (b) to explore the impact of oral processing on texture, and (c) to measure the properties of the ready-to-swallow bolus (RSB) in healthy adults. METHODS The textural properties (maximum force, cohesiveness, and adhesiveness) of ten dishes were analyzed with a texture analyzer before and after oral processing (RSB) in five healthy adults (30 ± 3.9, 3 women). Surface electromyography was used to measure mastication cycles, time, and frequency. RESULTS The pre-mastication Texture Profile Analysis (TPA)-averaged values of maximum force ranged from 0.65 to 2.73 N, cohesiveness was 0.49-0.87, and adhesiveness was 0.01-0.95 N·s. Masticatory Cycles (46.87-19.13 MC) and time (36.73-15.80 S) from whole samples to RSB greatly and significantly differed among dishes, although frequency did not (1.68-1.11 MC/T). Post-mastication RSB TPA-averaged values of maximum force ranged from 0.70 to 2.24 N; cohesiveness, 0.49-0.73; and adhesiveness, 0.01-1.14 N·s. CONCLUSIONS Despite all dishes being classified by the same qualitative descriptor (BDA level E/IDDSI level 6), there was a large and significant variation in their textural properties (maximum force, cohesiveness, and adhesiveness) when measured in SI units. In addition, in healthy adults, the masticatory cycles and time to achieve RSB greatly differed, whereas masticatory frequency remained quite constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kovan Ismael-Mohammed
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08304 Mataró, Spain
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA, CISC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mireia Bolívar-Prados
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08304 Mataró, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), 08304 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Laguna
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA, CISC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Adrian Nuñez Lara
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08304 Mataró, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), 08304 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Clavé
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08304 Mataró, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), 08304 Barcelona, Spain
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Abrham M, Norén K, Bartolomé Filella J, Angerbjörn A, Lecomte N, Pečnerová P, Freire S, Dalerum F. Properties of vertebrate predator-prey networks in the high Arctic. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11470. [PMID: 38826159 PMCID: PMC11137350 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Predation is an important ecological process that can significantly impact the maintenance of ecosystem services. In arctic environments, the relative ecological importance of predation is thought to be increasing due to climate change, partly because of increased productivity with rising temperatures. Therefore, understanding predator-prey interactions in arctic ecosystems is vital for the sustainable management of these northern regions. Network theory provides a framework for quantifying the structures of ecological interactions. In this study, we use dietary observations on mammalian and avian predators in a high arctic region, including isolated peninsulas on Ellesmere Island and north Greenland, to construct bipartite trophic networks. We quantify the complexity, specialization, and nested as well as modular structures of these networks and also determine if these properties varied among the peninsulas. Mammal prey remains were the dominant diet item for all predators, but there was spatial variation in diet composition among peninsulas. The predator-prey networks were less complex, had more specialized interactions, and were more nested and more modular than random expectations. However, the networks displayed only moderate levels of modularity. Predator species had less specialized interactions with prey than prey had with predators. All network properties differed among the peninsulas, which highlights that ecosystems often show complex responses to environmental characteristics. We suggest that gaining knowledge about spatial variation in the characteristics of predator-prey interactions can enhance our ability to manage ecosystems exposed to environmental perturbations, particularly in high arctic environments subject to rapid environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzit Abrham
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Karin Norén
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | | | | | - Nicolas Lecomte
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MonctonMonctonNew BrunswickCanada
| | | | - Susana Freire
- Biodiversity Research InstituteCSIC‐Univ. Oviedo‐PrincMieresSpain
- Biodiversity Research InstituteMieresSpain
| | - Fredrik Dalerum
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Biodiversity Research InstituteCSIC‐Univ. Oviedo‐PrincMieresSpain
- Biodiversity Research InstituteMieresSpain
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
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4
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Moracho E, Klein EK, Oddou-Muratorio S, Hampe A, Jordano P. Highly clustered mating networks in naturally fragmented riparian tree populations. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17285. [PMID: 38288563 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how spatial patterns of mating and gene flow respond to habitat loss and geographical isolation is a crucial aspect of forest fragmentation genetics. Naturally fragmented riparian tree populations exhibit unique characteristics that significantly influence these patterns. In this study, we investigate mating patterns, pollen-mediated gene flow, and genetic diversity in relict populations of Frangula alnus in southern Spain by testing specific hypotheses related to the riparian habitat. We employ a novel approach that combines paternity analysis, particularly suited for small and isolated populations, with complex network theory and Bayesian models to predict mating likelihood among tree pairs. Our findings reveal a prevalence of short-distance pollination, resulting in spatially driven local mating clusters with a distinct subset of trees being highly connected in the mating network. Additionally, we observe numerous pollination events over distances of hundreds of metres and considerable pollen immigration. Local neighbourhood density is the primary factor influencing within-population mating patterns and pollen dispersal; moreover, mating network properties reflect the population's size and spatial configuration. Conversely, among-population pollen dispersal is mainly determined by tree size, which influences floral display. Our results do not support a major role of directional pollen dispersal in longitudinal trends of genetic diversity. We provide evidence that long-term fragmented tree populations persist in unique environments that shape mating patterns and impose constraints to pollen-mediated gene flow. Nevertheless, even seemingly strongly isolated populations can maintain functional connectivity over extended periods, especially when animal-mediated mating networks promote genetic diversity, as in this riparian tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Moracho
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Etienne K Klein
- Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, UR 629, INRA, Avignon, France
- Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux, UR 546, INRA, Avignon, France
| | | | - Arndt Hampe
- INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, Cestas, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1202 BIOGECO, Talence, France
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
- Dept. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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5
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Cristóbal-Perez EJ, Barrantes G, Cascante-Marín A, Hanson P, Picado B, Gamboa-Barrantes N, Rojas-Malavasi G, Zumbado MA, Madrigal-Brenes R, Martén-Rodríguez S, Quesada M, Fuchs EJ. Elevational and seasonal patterns of plant pollinator networks in two highland tropical ecosystems in Costa Rica. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295258. [PMID: 38206918 PMCID: PMC10783733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Many plant species in high montane ecosystems rely on animal pollination for sexual reproduction, however, our understanding of plant-pollinator interactions in tropical montane habitats is still limited. We compared species diversity and composition of blooming plants and floral visitors, and the structure of plant-floral visitor networks between the Montane Forest and Paramo ecosystems in Costa Rica. We also studied the influence of seasonality on species composition and interaction structure. Given the severe climatic conditions experienced by organisms in habitats above treeline, we expected lower plant and insect richness, as well as less specialized and smaller pollination networks in the Paramo than in Montane Forest where climatic conditions are milder and understory plants are better protected. Accordingly, we found that blooming plants and floral visitor species richness was higher in the Montane Forest than in the Paramo, and in both ecosystems species richness of blooming plants and floral visitors was higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. Interaction networks in the Paramo were smaller and more nested, with lower levels of specialization and modularity than those in the Montane Forest, but there were no seasonal differences within either ecosystem. Beta diversity analyses indicate that differences between ecosystems are likely explained by species turnover, whereas within the Montane Forest differences between seasons are more likely explained by the rewiring of interactions. Results indicate that the decrease in species diversity with elevation affects network structure, increasing nestedness and reducing specialization and modularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Jacob Cristóbal-Perez
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México, Costa Rica
| | - Gilbert Barrantes
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alfredo Cascante-Marín
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Paul Hanson
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Beatriz Picado
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Nicole Gamboa-Barrantes
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Geovanna Rojas-Malavasi
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Manuel A. Zumbado
- Investigador Colaborador, Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Ruth Madrigal-Brenes
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Silvana Martén-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva de Plantas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores–Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Mauricio Quesada
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México, Costa Rica
| | - Eric J. Fuchs
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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Graham NR, Krehenwinkel H, Lim JY, Staniczenko P, Callaghan J, Andersen JC, Gruner DS, Gillespie RG. Ecological network structure in response to community assembly processes over evolutionary time. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:6489-6506. [PMID: 36738159 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic structure of ecological communities results from interactions among taxa that change with shifts in species composition in space and time. However, our ability to study the interplay of ecological and evolutionary processes on community assembly remains relatively unexplored due to the difficulty of measuring community structure over long temporal scales. Here, we made use of a geological chronosequence across the Hawaiian Islands, representing 50 years to 4.15 million years of ecosystem development, to sample 11 communities of arthropods and their associated plant taxa using semiquantitative DNA metabarcoding. We then examined how ecological communities changed with community age by calculating quantitative network statistics for bipartite networks of arthropod-plant associations. The average number of interactions per species (linkage density), ratio of plant to arthropod species (vulnerability) and uniformity of energy flow (interaction evenness) increased significantly in concert with community age. The index of specializationH 2 ' has a curvilinear relationship with community age. Our analyses suggest that younger communities are characterized by fewer but stronger interactions, while biotic associations become more even and diverse as communities mature. These shifts in structure became especially prominent on East Maui (~0.5 million years old) and older volcanos, after enough time had elapsed for adaptation and specialization to act on populations in situ. Such natural progression of specialization during community assembly is probably impeded by the rapid infiltration of non-native species, with special risk to younger or more recently disturbed communities that are composed of fewer specialized relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Graham
- Department of Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Henrik Krehenwinkel
- Department of Biogeography, Faculty of Regional and Environmental Sciences, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Jun Ying Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Phillip Staniczenko
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jackson Callaghan
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jeremy C Andersen
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel S Gruner
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Rosemary G Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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7
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Zhang X, Dalsgaard B, Staab M, Zhu C, Zhao Y, Gonçalves F, Ren P, Cai C, Qiao G, Ding P, Si X. Habitat fragmentation increases specialization of multi-trophic interactions by high species turnover. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231372. [PMID: 37876189 PMCID: PMC10598433 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation is altering species interactions worldwide. However, the mechanisms underlying the response of network specialization to habitat fragmentation remain unknown, especially for multi-trophic interactions. We here collected a large dataset consisting of 2670 observations of tri-trophic interactions among plants, sap-sucking aphids and honeydew-collecting ants on 18 forested islands in the Thousand Island Lake, China. For each island, we constructed an antagonistic plant-aphid and a mutualistic aphid-ant network, and tested how network specialization varied with island area and isolation. We found that both networks exhibited higher specialization on smaller islands, while only aphid-ant networks had increased specialization on more isolated islands. Variations in network specialization among islands was primarily driven by species turnover, which was interlinked across trophic levels as fragmentation increased the specialization of both antagonistic and mutualistic networks through bottom-up effects via plant and aphid communities. These findings reveal that species on small and isolated islands display higher specialization mainly due to effects of fragmentation on species turnover, with behavioural changes causing interaction rewiring playing only a minor role. Our study highlights the significance of adopting a multi-trophic perspective when exploring patterns and processes in structuring ecological networks in fragmented landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Bo Dalsgaard
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Michael Staab
- Technical University Darmstadt, Ecological Networks, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Chen Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Yuhao Zhao
- Zhejiang Zhoushan Archipelago Observation and Research Station, Institute of Eco-Chongming, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Fernando Gonçalves
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Peng Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Cai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Gexia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingfeng Si
- Zhejiang Zhoushan Archipelago Observation and Research Station, Institute of Eco-Chongming, Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
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8
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Rizali A, Karindah S, Ainy N, Meiadi MLT, Tawakkal MI, Rahardjo BT, Buchori D. Long-term changes as oil palm plantation age simplify the structure of host-parasitoid food webs. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292607. [PMID: 37816027 PMCID: PMC10564177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding host-parasitoid food webs, as well as the factors affecting species interactions, is important for developing pest management strategies in an agroecosystem. This research aimed to study how the long-term change in oil palm plantations, specifically the tree age, affect the structure of host-parasitoid food webs. The field research was conducted on an oil palm plantation located in Central Kalimantan and Jambi Province, Indonesia. In Central Kalimantan, we conducted observations of lepidopteran larvae and parasitoid wasps at different tree ages, ranging from 3 to 18 years old. For tree ages from 3 to 10 years, observations of host-parasitoid food webs were conducted by collecting the lepidopteran larvae using a hand-collection method in each oil palm tree within a hundred trees and they were later reared in the laboratory for observing the emerging parasitoids. The fogging method was applied for trees aged 12 to 18 years because the tree height was too high, and hand-collection was difficult to perform. To compare host-parasitoid food webs between different regions, we also conducted a hand-collection method in Jambi, but only for trees aged 3 years old. The food-web structure that was analyzed included the species number of lepidopteran larvae and parasitoid wasps, linkage density, and interaction diversity. We found 32 species of lepidopteran pests and 16 species of associated parasitoids in Central Kalimantan and 12 species of lepidopteran pests, and 11 species of parasitoids in Jambi. Based on the GLM analysis, tree age had a negative relationship with the species number of lepidopteran larvae and parasitoids as well as linkage density and interaction diversity. Different geographical regions showed different host-parasitoid food web structures, especially the species number of lepidopteran larvae and interaction diversity, which were higher in Central Kalimantan than in Jambi. However, some parasitoids can be found across different tree ages. For example, Fornicia sp (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was recorded in all ages of oil palm sampled. Results of the GLM analysis showed that the abundance of Fornicia sp and its host (lepidopteran larvae abundance) were not affected by the tree age of the oil palm. In conclusion, the long-term change in oil palm plantations simplifies the structure of host-parasitoid food webs. This highlights the importance of long-term studies across geographical regions for a better understanding of the consequences that wide monoculture oil palm plantations have on biological control services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhmad Rizali
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Sri Karindah
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Nur Ainy
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhamad Luthfie Tri Meiadi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Tawakkal
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, IPB University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Tri Rahardjo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, University of Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Damayanti Buchori
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, IPB University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
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Jackson JA, Bajer A, Behnke-Borowczyk J, Gilbert FS, Grzybek M, Alsarraf M, Behnke JM. Remotely sensed localised primary production anomalies predict the burden and community structure of infection in long-term rodent datasets. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:5568-5581. [PMID: 37548403 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing frequency and cost of zoonotic disease emergence due to global change have led to calls for the primary surveillance of wildlife. This should be facilitated by the ready availability of remotely sensed environmental data, given the importance of the environment in determining infectious disease dynamics. However, there has been little evaluation of the temporal predictiveness of remotely sensed environmental data for infection reservoirs in vertebrate hosts due to a deficit of corresponding high-quality long-term infection datasets. Here we employ two unique decade-spanning datasets for assemblages of infectious agents, including zoonotic agents, in rodents in stable habitats. Such stable habitats are important, as they provide the baseline sets of pathogens for the interactions within degrading habitats that have been identified as hotspots for zoonotic emergence. We focus on the enhanced vegetation index (EVI), a measure of vegetation greening that equates to primary productivity, reasoning that this would modulate infectious agent populations via trophic cascades determining host population density or immunocompetence. We found that EVI, in analyses with data standardised by site, inversely predicted more than one-third of the variation in an index of infectious agent total abundance. Moreover, in bipartite host occupancy networks, weighted network statistics (connectance and modularity) were linked to total abundance and were also predicted by EVI. Infectious agent abundance and, perhaps, community structure are likely to influence infection risk and, in turn, the probability of transboundary emergence. Thus, the present results, which were consistent in disparate forest and desert systems, provide proof-of-principle that within-site fluctuations in satellite-derived greenness indices can furnish useful forecasting that could focus primary surveillance. In relation to the well-documented global greening trend of recent decades, the present results predict declining infection burden in wild vertebrates in stable habitats; but if greening trends were to be reversed, this might magnify the already upwards trend in zoonotic emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Jackson
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - Anna Bajer
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Behnke-Borowczyk
- Department of Forest Pathology, Faculty of Forestry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Francis S Gilbert
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Maciej Grzybek
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Mohammed Alsarraf
- Department of Eco-Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy M Behnke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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10
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Cagnolo L, Bernaschini L, Salvo A, Valladares G. Habitat area and edges affect the length of trophic chains in a fragmented forest. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:2067-2077. [PMID: 37649437 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The food chain length represents how much energy reaches different trophic levels in food webs. Environmental changes derived from human activities have the potential to affect chain length. We explore how habitat area and edges affect chain length through: (1) a bottom-up effect of abundance ('pyramid hypothesis'); (2) the truncation of the highest trophic level ('trophic-rank hypothesis'); and (3) changes in species connectivity patterns ('connectivity hypothesis'). We built plant-leaf miner-parasitoid food webs in 19 remnants of a fragmented Chaco forest from central Argentina. On each remnant, we constructed food webs from different locations at the forest interior and edges. For each food web, we registered the abundance of species, the species richness of each trophic level, estimated the connectivity of their networks, and the average food chain length. We used structural equation models to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of habitat area and edge/interior location on food chain length mediated by species richness, abundance and connectivity. We found no direct effects of habitat area on chain length but chains were longer at forest edges than at their interior. The three mechanisms were supported by our results, although they showed different strengths. First, we found that the interior favours a bottom-up abundance effect from herbivores to parasitoids that positively affected chain length; second, we found that the forest area positively affects plant richness, which has a strong effect on the number of resources used by consumers, with a positive effect on chain length. Third, the remnant area and interior position favoured plant richness with a negative effect on the abundance of parasitoids, which had a positive effect on chain length. In general, the strongest effects on chain length were detected through changes in abundance rather than species richness although abundance was less affected by habitat fragmentation. We evaluated for the first time the effects of human-driven habitat fragmentation on the length of trophic chains in highly diverse plant-herbivore-parasitoid networks. Despite the loss of species, small habitat fragments and edges embedded in the agricultural matrix can support interaction networks, making them conservation targets in managed landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Cagnolo
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologı́a Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Bernaschini
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologı́a Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adriana Salvo
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologı́a Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Graciela Valladares
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologı́a Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina
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11
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Chiu CH, Chao A, Vogel S, Kriegel P, Thorn S. Quantifying and estimating ecological network diversity based on incomplete sampling data. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220183. [PMID: 37246386 PMCID: PMC10225855 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An ecological network refers to the ecological interactions among sets of species. Quantification of ecological network diversity and related sampling/estimation challenges have explicit analogues in species diversity research. A unified framework based on Hill numbers and their generalizations was developed to quantify taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity. Drawing on this unified framework, we propose three dimensions of network diversity that incorporate the frequency (or strength) of interactions, species phylogenies and traits. As with surveys in species inventories, nearly all network studies are based on sampling data and thus also suffer from under-sampling effects. Adapting the sampling/estimation theory and the iNEXT (interpolation/extrapolation) standardization developed for species diversity research, we propose the iNEXT.link method to analyse network sampling data. The proposed method integrates the following four inference procedures: (i) assessment of sample completeness of networks; (ii) asymptotic analysis via estimating the true network diversity; (iii) non-asymptotic analysis based on standardizing sample completeness via rarefaction and extrapolation with network diversity; and (iv) estimation of the degree of unevenness or specialization in networks based on standardized diversity. Interaction data between European trees and saproxylic beetles are used to illustrate the proposed procedures. The software iNEXT.link has been developed to facilitate all computations and graphics. This article is part of the theme issue 'Detecting and attributing the causes of biodiversity change: needs, gaps and solutions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Huo Chiu
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Anne Chao
- Institute of Statistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu 30043, Taiwan
| | - Sebastian Vogel
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Biodiversitätszentrum Rhön, Marktplatz 11, 97653 Bischofsheim i.d.R., Germany
| | - Peter Kriegel
- Field Station Fabrikschleichach, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Glashüttenstr. 5, 96181 Rauhenebrach, Germany
| | - Simon Thorn
- Hessian Agency for Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology, Biodiversity Center, Europastraße 10, 35394 Gießen, Germany
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12
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Worthy SH, Acorn JH, Frost CM. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) modify plant-pollinator network structure, but do not alter wild species' interactions. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287332. [PMID: 37440516 PMCID: PMC10343163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are widely used for honey production and crop pollination, raising concern for wild pollinators, as honey bees may compete with wild pollinators for floral resources. The first sign of competition, before changes appear in wild pollinator abundance or diversity, may be changes to wild pollinator interactions with plants. Such changes for a community can be measured by looking at changes to metrics of resource use overlap in plant-pollinator interaction networks. Studies of honey bee effects on plant-pollinator networks have usually not distinguished whether honey bees alter wild pollinator interactions, or if they merely alter total network structure by adding their own interactions. To test this question, we experimentally introduced honey bees to a Canadian grassland and measured plant-pollinator interactions at varying distances from the introduced hives. We found that honey bees increased the network metrics of pollinator and plant functional complementarity and decreased interaction evenness. However, in networks constructed from just wild pollinator interactions, honey bee abundance did not affect any of the metrics calculated. Thus, all network structural changes to the full network (including honey bee interactions) were due only to honey bee-plant interactions, and not to honey bees causing changes in wild pollinator-plant interactions. Given widespread and increasing use of honey bees, it is important to establish whether they affect wild pollinator communities. Our results suggest that honey bees did not alter wild pollinator foraging patterns in this system, even in a year that was drier than the 20-year average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney H. Worthy
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John H. Acorn
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carol M. Frost
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Ma Q, Su M. Herbivore-induced pollinator limitation increases community stability of mutualism-antagonism continuum. Biosystems 2023; 229:104929. [PMID: 37217159 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.104929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants connect both pollinators and herbivores, and motivate the exploration of community structure in ecological networks merging antagonistic and mutualistic interactions. Evidence has shown that the two opposite plant-animal interactions are not independent from each other, in particular, herbivores can affect plant-pollinator pairwise interactions. Here, we explored effects of herbivore-induced pollinator limitation on community stability (including temporal stability and composition stability) of the mutualism-antagonism continuum. Our model demonstrated that pollinator limitation can boost up both temporal stability (i.e., the proportion of stable communities) and composition stability (i.e., species persistence), while the positive effects also depend on the strength of antagonistic and mutualistic interactions. Specifically, a community with higher temporal stability has a higher composition stability. Meanwhile, the correlations between network architecture and composition stability are also affected by pollinator limitation. Therefore, our results highlight that pollinator limitation can enhance community stability and may alter network architecture-composition stability relationship, and further advance the interplay between multiple types of species interactions within ecological networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ma
- School of Mathematics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Min Su
- School of Mathematics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
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14
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Dzekashu FF, Pirk CWW, Yusuf AA, Classen A, Kiatoko N, Steffan‐Dewenter I, Peters MK, Lattorff HMG. Seasonal and elevational changes of plant-pollinator interaction networks in East African mountains. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10060. [PMID: 37187966 PMCID: PMC10175727 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Across an elevation gradient, several biotic and abiotic factors influence community assemblages of interacting species leading to a shift in species distribution, functioning, and ultimately topologies of species interaction networks. However, empirical studies of climate-driven seasonal and elevational changes in plant-pollinator networks are rare, particularly in tropical ecosystems. Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspots in Kenya, East Africa. We recorded plant-bee interactions at 50 study sites between 515 and 2600 m asl for a full year, following all four major seasons in this region. We analysed elevational and seasonal network patterns using generalised additive models (GAMs) and quantified the influence of climate, floral resource availability, and bee diversity on network structures using a multimodel inference framework. We recorded 16,741 interactions among 186 bee and 314 plant species of which a majority involved interactions with honeybees. We found that nestedness and bee species specialisation of plant-bee interaction networks increased with elevation and that the relationships were consistent in the cold-dry and warm-wet seasons respectively. Link rewiring increased in the warm-wet season with elevation but remained indifferent in the cold-dry seasons. Conversely, network modularity and plant species were more specialised at lower elevations during both the cold-dry and warm-wet seasons, with higher values observed during the warm-wet seasons. We found flower and bee species diversity and abundance rather than direct effects of climate variables to best predict modularity, specialisation, and link rewiring in plant-bee-interaction networks. This study highlights changes in network architectures with elevation suggesting a potential sensitivity of plant-bee interactions with climate warming and changes in rainfall patterns along the elevation gradients of the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fairo F. Dzekashu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe)NairobiKenya
- Social Insects Research Group, Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Christian W. W. Pirk
- Social Insects Research Group, Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Abdullahi A. Yusuf
- Social Insects Research Group, Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Alice Classen
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, BiocenterUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Nkoba Kiatoko
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe)NairobiKenya
| | - Ingolf Steffan‐Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, BiocenterUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Marcell K. Peters
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, BiocenterUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - H. Michael G. Lattorff
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe)NairobiKenya
- Present address:
Department of ChemistryUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
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15
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Shen J, Gu X, Liu R, Feng H, Li D, Liu Y, Jiang X, Qin G, An S, Li N, Leng X. Damming has changed the migration process of microplastics and increased the pollution risk in the reservoirs in the Shaying River Basin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130067. [PMID: 36257106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The impact of damming on river ecosystems has received increasing attention, but a comprehensive understanding of the occurrence, drivers and exposure risks of microplastic (MP) pollution in multigate dam-type rivers is lacking. We investigated the characteristics and abundance of MPs in water, sediment and biological tissues from samples collected in the vicinity of ten dams in the Shaying River basin and analyzed the effect of environmental and food web structural changes on MP accumulation in freshwater animals under the influence of dams. Dam construction affects the transportation, suspension, and deposition of MPs at different dam locations (upstream, reservoir, and downstream) by altering hydrodynamihas changed the migration process of MPs. The dams intercepted a large amount of MPs from upstream sediments in the reservoir but had no significant capturing effect on MPs in water. The structure of the food web in the reservoir was simplified and the animals in the reservoir had the highest risk of MP contamination. A high MP abundance (or high microplastic diversity integrated index (MDII) values) in the environment or simplification of the food web may have led to higher MP accumulation in animals. More effort is needed to monitor MP pollution in reservoirs and control it sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Shen
- School of Life Science and Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; Nanjing University Ecology Research Institute of Changshu (NJUecoRICH), Changshu 215500, China
| | - Xu Gu
- School of Life Science and Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; Nanjing University Ecology Research Institute of Changshu (NJUecoRICH), Changshu 215500, China
| | - Run Liu
- School of Life Science and Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Hongyu Feng
- School of Life Science and Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; Nanjing University Ecology Research Institute of Changshu (NJUecoRICH), Changshu 215500, China
| | - Dianpeng Li
- School of Life Science and Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; Nanjing University Ecology Research Institute of Changshu (NJUecoRICH), Changshu 215500, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Life Science and Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; Nanjing University Ecology Research Institute of Changshu (NJUecoRICH), Changshu 215500, China
| | - Xufei Jiang
- School of Life Science and Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; Nanjing University Ecology Research Institute of Changshu (NJUecoRICH), Changshu 215500, China
| | - Ge Qin
- School of Life Science and Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; Nanjing University Ecology Research Institute of Changshu (NJUecoRICH), Changshu 215500, China
| | - Shuqing An
- School of Life Science and Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; Nanjing University Ecology Research Institute of Changshu (NJUecoRICH), Changshu 215500, China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 210000, China.
| | - Xin Leng
- School of Life Science and Institute of Wetland Ecology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210000, China; Nanjing University Ecology Research Institute of Changshu (NJUecoRICH), Changshu 215500, China.
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16
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Wang G, Huang Y, Yao W, Huang Q, Huang Y, Wei L, Zhou Q. Structure and characteristics of the plant-frugivore bird network from the Guilin Botanical Garden. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15028. [PMID: 36945357 PMCID: PMC10024898 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between plants and frugivores is crucial to ecosystem function and community diversity. However, little is known about the interaction between plants and frugivorous bird species in urban green spaces. We observed interactions between plants and frugivorous birds in the Guilin Botanical Garden for one year and determined the structure and characteristics of the interaction network. We also analyzed the impact of species traits on their network roles. Interactions between 14 frugivorous birds and 13 fruit plant species were recorded in the study area. Autumn interactions comprised 38.79% of the overall network, and winter interactions comprised 33.15%. The modularity (Q, z-score) of the network was higher in autumn; the weighted nestedness (wNODF, z-score) and interaction evenness (E2 , z-score) of the network were higher in winter; the connectance (C, z-score) and interaction diversity (z-score) of the network were higher in spring; and the specialization (H2', z-score) of the network was higher in summer. The observed network showed lower C, lower interaction H2 , lower E2 , lower wNODF, higher H2' and higher Q when compared to the random networks. The bird species most important to network stability were Hemixos castanonotus, Parus venustulus, and Pycnonotus sinensis. The most important plant species were Alocasia macrorrhiza, Cinnamomum camphora, and Machilus nanmu. Of all the bird and plant traits included in this study, only plant color had a significant impact on species strength, with black fruit having a higher species strength. Our results suggest that interaction networks in urban green spaces can be temporally complex and variable and that a network approach can be an important monitoring tool for detecting the status of crucial ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohai Wang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guangxi Normal University for Nationalities, Chongzuo, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiuchan Huang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guangxi Normal University for Nationalities, Chongzuo, Guangxi, China
| | - Yongping Huang
- College of Mathematics, Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Guangxi Normal University for Nationalities, Chongzuo, Guangxi, China
| | - Lijuan Wei
- College of Mathematics, Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Guangxi Normal University for Nationalities, Chongzuo, Guangxi, China
| | - Qihai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
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17
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Scale of effect matters: Forest cover influences on tropical ant-plant ecological networks. FOOD WEBS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2022.e00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Global and regional ecological boundaries explain abrupt spatial discontinuities in avian frugivory interactions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6943. [PMID: 36376314 PMCID: PMC9663448 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34355-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Species interactions can propagate disturbances across space via direct and indirect effects, potentially connecting species at a global scale. However, ecological and biogeographic boundaries may mitigate this spread by demarcating the limits of ecological networks. We tested whether large-scale ecological boundaries (ecoregions and biomes) and human disturbance gradients increase dissimilarity among plant-frugivore networks, while accounting for background spatial and elevational gradients and differences in network sampling. We assessed network dissimilarity patterns over a broad spatial scale, using 196 quantitative avian frugivory networks (encompassing 1496 plant and 1004 bird species) distributed across 67 ecoregions, 11 biomes, and 6 continents. We show that dissimilarities in species and interaction composition, but not network structure, are greater across ecoregion and biome boundaries and along different levels of human disturbance. Our findings indicate that biogeographic boundaries delineate the world's biodiversity of interactions and likely contribute to mitigating the propagation of disturbances at large spatial scales.
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19
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Composition and structure of winter aphid–parasitoid food webs along a latitudinal gradient in Chile. Oecologia 2022; 200:425-440. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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20
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Vagnon C, Rohr RP, Bersier LF, Cattanéo F, Guillard J, Frossard V. Combining food web theory and population dynamics to assess the impact of invasive species. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.913954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impacts of invasive species on resident communities are driven by a tangle of ecological interactions difficult to quantify empirically. Combining a niche model with a population dynamic model, both allometrically parametrized, may represent a consistent framework to investigate invasive species impacts on resident communities in a food web context when empirical data are scarce. We used this framework to assess the ecological consequences of an invasive apex predator (Silurus glanis) in peri-Alpine lake food webs. Both increases and decreases of resident species abundances were highlighted and differed when accounting for different S. glanis body sizes. Complementarily, the prominence of indirect effects, such as trophic cascades, suggested that common approaches may only capture a restricted fraction of invasion consequences through direct predation or competition. By leveraging widely available biodiversity data, our approach may provide relevant insights for a comprehensive assessment and management of invasive species impacts on aquatic ecosystems.
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21
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Kennerley JA, Somveille M, Hauber ME, Richardson NM, Manica A, Feeney WE. The overlooked complexity of avian brood parasite-host relationships. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1889-1904. [PMID: 35763605 PMCID: PMC9543277 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between avian brood parasites and their hosts are widely recognised as model systems for studying coevolution. However, while most brood parasites are known to parasitise multiple species of host and hosts are often subject to parasitism by multiple brood parasite species, the examination of multispecies interactions remains rare. Here, we compile data on all known brood parasite-host relationships and find that complex brood parasite-host systems, where multiple species of brood parasites and hosts coexist and interact, are globally commonplace. By examining patterns of past research, we outline the disparity between patterns of network complexity and past research emphases and discuss factors that may be associated with these patterns. Drawing on insights gained from other systems that have embraced a multispecies framework, we highlight the potential benefits of considering brood parasite-host interactions as ecological networks and brood parasitism as a model system for studying multispecies interactions. Overall, our results provide new insights into the diversity of these relationships, highlight the stark mismatch between past research efforts and global patterns of network complexity, and draw attention to the opportunities that more complex arrangements offer for examining how species interactions shape global patterns of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marius Somveille
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark E Hauber
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Andrea Manica
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - William E Feeney
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Starnberg, Germany
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22
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Funes M, Saravia LA, Cordone G, Iribarne OO, Galván DE. Network analysis suggests changes in food web stability produced by bottom trawl fishery in Patagonia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10876. [PMID: 35760984 PMCID: PMC9237026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Demersal fisheries are one of the top anthropic stressors in marine environments. In the long term, some species are more vulnerable to fishery impacts than others, which can lead to permanent changes on the food web. The trophic relationships between predator and prey constitute the food web and it represents a network of the energy channels in an ecosystem. In turn, the network structure influences ecosystem diversity and stability. The first aim of this study was to describe for the first time the food web of the San Jorge Gulf (Patagonia Argentina) with high resolution, i.e. to the species level when information is available. The San Jorge Gulf was subject to intense fisheries thus our second aim is to analyse the food web structure with and without fishery to evaluate if the bottom-trawl industrial fishery altered the network structure and stability. We used several network metrics like: mean trophic level, omnivory, modularity and quasi-sign stability. We included these metrics because they are related to stability and can be evaluated using predator diets that can weight the links between predators and prey. The network presented 165 species organized in almost five trophic levels. The inclusion of a fishery node adds 69 new trophic links. All weighted and unweighted metrics showed differences between the two networks, reflecting a decrease in stability when fishery was included in the system. Thus, our results suggested a probable change of state of the system. The observed changes in species abundances since the fishery was established, could represent the state change predicted by network analysis. Our results suggests that changes in the stability of food webs can be used to evaluate the impacts of human activity on ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Funes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC-CONICET), Rodriguez Peña 4046 Nivel 1, B7602GSD, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo A Saravia
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CADIC-CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, V9410CAB, Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. .,Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, J.M. Gutierrez 1159 (1613), Los Polvorines, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Georgina Cordone
- Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CESIMAR-CONICET), Bv. Almirante Brown 2915, U9120ACV, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Oscar O Iribarne
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC-CONICET), Rodriguez Peña 4046 Nivel 1, B7602GSD, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David E Galván
- Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CESIMAR-CONICET), Bv. Almirante Brown 2915, U9120ACV, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
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23
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Extinction, coextinction and colonization dynamics in plant-hummingbird networks under climate change. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:720-729. [PMID: 35347259 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Climate-driven range shifts may cause local extinctions, while the accompanying loss of biotic interactions may trigger secondary coextinctions. At the same time, climate change may facilitate colonizations from regional source pools, balancing out local species loss. At present, how these extinction-coextinction-colonization dynamics affect biological communities under climate change is poorly understood. Using 84 communities of interacting plants and hummingbirds, we simulated patterns in climate-driven extinctions, coextinctions and colonizations under future climate change scenarios. Our simulations showed clear geographic discrepancies in the communities' vulnerability to climate change. Andean communities were the least affected by future climate change, as they experienced few climate-driven extinctions and coextinctions while having the highest colonization potential. In North America and lowland South America, communities had many climate-driven extinctions and few colonization events. Meanwhile, the pattern of coextinction was highly dependent on the configuration of networks formed by interacting hummingbirds and plants. Notably, North American communities experienced proportionally fewer coextinctions than other regions because climate-driven extinctions here primarily affected species with peripheral network roles. Moreover, coextinctions generally decreased in communities where species have few overlapping interactions, that is, communities with more complementary specialized and modular networks. Together, these results highlight that we should not expect colonizations to adequately balance out local extinctions in the most vulnerable ecoregions.
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24
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Gilpin AM, O'Brien C, Kobel C, Brettell LE, Cook JM, Power SA. Co-flowering plants support diverse pollinator populations and facilitate pollinator visitation to sweet cherry crops. Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Food web rewiring drives long-term compositional differences and late-disturbance interactions at the community level. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117364119. [PMID: 35439049 PMCID: PMC9173581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117364119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple anthropogenic disturbances affect the structure and functioning of communities. Recent evidence highlighted that, after pulse disturbance, the functioning a community performs may be recovered fast due to functional redundancy, whereas community multivariate composition needs a longer time. Yet, the mechanisms that drive the different community recovery times have not been quantified empirically. We use quantitative food-web analysis to assess the influence of species interactions on community recovery. We found species-interactions strength to be the main mechanism driving differences between structural and functional recovery. Additionally, we show that interactions between multiple disturbances appear in the long term only when both species-interaction strength and food-web architecture change significantly. Ecological communities are constantly exposed to multiple natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Multivariate composition (if recovered) has been found to need significantly more time to be regained after pulsed disturbance compared to univariate diversity metrics and functional endpoints. However, the mechanisms driving the different recovery times of communities to single and multiple disturbances remain unexplored. Here, we apply quantitative ecological network analyses to try to elucidate the mechanisms driving long-term community-composition dissimilarity and late-stage disturbance interactions at the community level. For this, we evaluate the effects of two pesticides, nutrient enrichment, and their interactions in outdoor mesocosms containing a complex freshwater community. We found changes in interactions strength to be strongly related to compositional changes and identified postdisturbance interaction-strength rewiring to be responsible for most of the observed compositional changes. Additionally, we found pesticide interactions to be significant in the long term only when both interaction strength and food-web architecture are reshaped by the disturbances. We suggest that quantitative network analysis has the potential to unveil ecological processes that prevent long-term community recovery.
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26
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Couto DR, Francisco TM, Nascimento MT. Commensalistic epiphyte–phorophyte networks in woody vegetation of tropical inselbergs: Patterns of organization and structure. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dayvid Rodrigues Couto
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia Campos dos Goytacazes 28013‐602 Brazil
- Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica (INMA) Avenida José Ruschi, 4, Centro Santa Teresa 29650‐000 Brazil
| | - Talitha Mayumi Francisco
- Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica (INMA) Avenida José Ruschi, 4, Centro Santa Teresa 29650‐000 Brazil
| | - Marcelo Trindade Nascimento
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia Campos dos Goytacazes 28013‐602 Brazil
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27
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Kivlin SN, Mann MA, Lynn JS, Kazenel MR, Taylor DL, Rudgers JA. Grass species identity shapes communities of root and leaf fungi more than elevation. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:25. [PMID: 37938686 PMCID: PMC9723685 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-022-00107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungal symbionts can buffer plants from environmental extremes and may affect host capacities to acclimate, adapt, or redistribute under environmental change; however, the distributions of fungal symbionts along abiotic gradients are poorly described. Fungal mutualists should be the most beneficial in abiotically stressful environments, and the structure of networks of plant-fungal interactions likely shift along gradients, even when fungal community composition does not track environmental stress. We sampled 634 unique combinations of fungal endophytes and mycorrhizal fungi, grass species identities, and sampling locations from 66 sites across six replicate altitudinal gradients in the western Colorado Rocky Mountains. The diversity and composition of leaf endophytic, root endophytic, and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal guilds and the overall abundance of fungal functional groups (pathogens, saprotrophs, mutualists) tracked grass host identity more closely than elevation. Network structures of root endophytes become more nested and less specialized at higher elevations, but network structures of other fungal guilds did not vary with elevation. Overall, grass species identity had overriding influence on the diversity and composition of above- and belowground fungal endophytes and AM fungi, despite large environmental variation. Therefore, in our system climate change may rarely directly affect fungal symbionts. Instead, fungal symbiont distributions will most likely track the range dynamics of host grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Kivlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA.
| | - Michael A Mann
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA
| | - Joshua S Lynn
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA
| | - Melanie R Kazenel
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA
| | - D Lee Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA
| | - Jennifer A Rudgers
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87114, USA
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Hernvann PY, Gascuel D, Kopp D, Robert M, Rivot E. EcoDiet: A hierarchical Bayesian model to combine stomach, biotracer, and literature data into diet matrix estimation. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2521. [PMID: 34918402 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although quantifying trophic interactions is a critical path to understanding and forecasting ecosystem functioning, fitting trophic models to field data remains challenging. It requires flexible statistical tools to combine different sources of information from the literature and fieldwork samples. We present EcoDiet, a hierarchical Bayesian modeling framework to simultaneously estimate food-web topology and diet composition of all consumers in the food web, by combining (1) a priori knowledge from the literature on both food-web topology and diet proportions; (2) stomach content analyses, with frequencies of prey occurrence used as the primary source of data to update the prior knowledge on the topological food-web structure; (3) and biotracers data through a mixing model (MM). Inferences are derived in a Bayesian probabilistic rationale that provides a formal way to incorporate prior information and quantifies uncertainty around both the topological structure of the food web and the dietary proportions. EcoDiet was implemented as an open-source R package, providing a user-friendly interface to execute the model, as well as examples and guidelines to familiarize with its use. We used simulated data to demonstrate the benefits of EcoDiet and how the framework can improve inferences on diet matrix by comparison with classical network MM. We applied EcoDiet to the Celtic Sea ecosystem, and showed how combining multiple data types within an integrated approach provides a more robust and holistic picture of the food-web topology and diet matrices than the literature or classical MM approach alone. EcoDiet has the potential to become a reference method for building diet matrices as a preliminary step of ecosystem modeling and to improve our understanding of prey-predator interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Hernvann
- DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), Ifremer, INRAE, Institut Agro, Lorient, France
- DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), Institut Agro, Ifremer, INRAE, Rennes, France
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Didier Gascuel
- DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), Institut Agro, Ifremer, INRAE, Rennes, France
| | - Dorothée Kopp
- DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), Ifremer, INRAE, Institut Agro, Lorient, France
| | - Marianne Robert
- DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), Ifremer, INRAE, Institut Agro, Lorient, France
| | - Etienne Rivot
- DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), Institut Agro, Ifremer, INRAE, Rennes, France
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29
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Settling moths are the vital component of pollination in Himalayan ecosystem of North-East India, pollen transfer network approach revealed. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2716. [PMID: 35177694 PMCID: PMC8854426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Majority of the pollination related studies are based on the diurnal pollinators, and the nocturnal pollinators received less scientific attention. We reveal the significance of settling moths in pollination of angiosperm families in Himalayan ecosystem of North-East India. The refined and novel method of pollen extraction from the proboscides provides a more robust assessment of the pollen carrying capacity. The study is based on one of the largest data sets (140 pollen transporter moth species (PTMS)), with interpretation based on seasonal as well as altitudinal data. In the present study about 65% moths (91 species) carried sufficient quantities of pollen grains to be considered as potential pollinators (PPMS). Teliphasa sp. (Crambidae) and Cuculia sp. (Noctuidae) are found to carry the highest quantity of pollen. We found pollen grains of 21 plant families and the abundant pollen are from Betulaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae and Ericaceae. Species composition of PTMS and PPMS in pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon revealed the dominance of Geometridae. Maximum diversity of PTMS and PPMS is found from 2000 to 2500 m altitude. The nocturnal pollen transfer network matrices exhibited high degree of selectivity (H2' = 0.86).
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30
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Inferring the trophic attributes and consequences of co-occurring lake invaders using an allometric niche model. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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31
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Vorburger C. Defensive Symbionts and the Evolution of Parasitoid Host Specialization. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 67:329-346. [PMID: 34614366 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-072621-062042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect host-parasitoid interactions abound in nature and are characterized by a high degree of host specialization. In addition to their behavioral and immune defenses, many host species rely on heritable bacterial endosymbionts for defense against parasitoids. Studies on aphids and flies show that resistance conferred by symbionts can be very strong and highly specific, possibly as a result of variation in symbiont-produced toxins. I argue that defensive symbionts are therefore an important source of diversifying selection, promoting the evolution of host specialization by parasitoids. This is likely to affect the structure of host-parasitoid food webs. I consider potential changes in terms of food web complexity, although the nature of these effects will also be influenced by whether maternally transmitted symbionts have some capacity for lateral transfer. This is discussed in the light of available evidence for horizontal transmission routes. Finally, I propose that defensive mutualisms other than microbial endosymbionts may also exert diversifying selection on insect parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Vorburger
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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32
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Yang F, Liu B, Zhu Y, Desneux N, Liu L, Li C, Wyckhuys KA, Lu Y. Transgenic Cry1Ac + CpTI cotton does not compromise parasitoid-mediated biological control: An eight-year case study. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:240-245. [PMID: 34476893 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The on-farm deployment of genetically modified crops may negatively affect nontarget arthropods, potentially disrupting food web structure and ecosystem functions. Aphid-parasitoid interactions are well-suited to study these potential impacts in agro-ecosystems. Over the span of 8 years, we systematically compared infestation levels of the aphid Aphis gossypii, its associated parasitoid community and overall parasitism rate between transgenic Cry1Ac + CpTI cotton and nontransgenic cotton. Furthermore, we measured the impact of transgenic Cry1Ac + CpTI cotton on structural traits and interspecies interactions within quantitative aphid-parasitoid food webs. RESULTS Transgenic Cry1Ac + CpTI cotton did not affect the abundance of aphids and parasitoids, or in-field parasitism rates. Despite weak interannual variability, transgenic Cry1Ac + CpTI cotton also did not alter food web architecture or biological control services. CONCLUSIONS Our work not only elucidates the impact of transgenic Cry1Ac + CpTI cotton on different nontarget arthropods (i.e. aphids, parasitoids, hyperparasitoids) and their associated ecosystem services or disservices, but also diversifies the ecological risk assessment toolbox for transgenic insecticidal crops. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lituo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caihong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kris Ag Wyckhuys
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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33
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Smith GP, Gardner J, Gibbs J, Griswold T, Hauser M, Yanega D, Ponisio LC. Sex‐associated differences in the network roles of pollinators. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon P. Smith
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior Cornell University W361 Mudd Hall, 215 Tower Road Ithaca New York 14853 USA
- Department of Biology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Oregon 272 Onyx Bridge Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
- Department of Entomology University of California, Riverside 417 Entomology Bldg. Riverside California 92521 USA
| | - Joel Gardner
- Department of Entomology University of Manitoba 12 Dafoe Road Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Jason Gibbs
- Department of Entomology University of Manitoba 12 Dafoe Road Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Terry Griswold
- USDA‐ARS Pollinating Insects Research Unit Utah State University 1410 North 800 East Logan Utah 84322 USA
| | - Martin Hauser
- Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch California Department of Food and Agriculture 3294 Meadowview Road Sacramento California 95832 USA
| | - Doug Yanega
- Department of Entomology University of California, Riverside 417 Entomology Bldg. Riverside California 92521 USA
| | - Lauren C. Ponisio
- Department of Biology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Oregon 272 Onyx Bridge Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
- Department of Entomology University of California, Riverside 417 Entomology Bldg. Riverside California 92521 USA
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34
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O'Connell DP, Fusi M, Djamaluddin R, Rajagukguk BB, Bachmid F, Kitson JJN, Dunnett Z, Trianto A, Tjoa AB, Diele K, Evans DM. Assessing mangrove restoration practices using species‐interaction networks. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren P. O'Connell
- School of Biology and Environmental Science University College Dublin Dublin D04 N2E5 Ireland
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Marco Fusi
- School of Applied Sciences Edinburgh Napier University Edinburg EH11 4BN U.K
| | - Rignolda Djamaluddin
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Sam Ratulangi University Manado North Sulawesi 95115 Indonesia
| | - Bulfrit B. Rajagukguk
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Sam Ratulangi University Manado North Sulawesi 95115 Indonesia
| | - Fihri Bachmid
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science Sam Ratulangi University Manado North Sulawesi 95115 Indonesia
| | - James J. N. Kitson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Zoe Dunnett
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Agus Trianto
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Diponegoro University Semarang Central Java 50275 Indonesia
| | - Aiyen B. Tjoa
- Faculty of Agriculture Tadulako University Palu Central Sulawesi 94148 Indonesia
| | - Karen Diele
- School of Applied Sciences Edinburgh Napier University Edinburg EH11 4BN U.K
| | - Darren M. Evans
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
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35
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Ollivier M, Lesieur V, Tavoillot J, Bénetière F, Tixier M, Martin J. An innovative approach combining metabarcoding and ecological interaction networks for selecting candidate biological control agents. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Ollivier
- CBGP Montpellier SupAgro INRAE CIRAD IRD Univ Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Vincent Lesieur
- CBGP Montpellier SupAgro INRAE CIRAD IRD Univ Montpellier Montpellier France
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity European Laboratory Montferrier sur Lez France
| | - Johannes Tavoillot
- CBGP IRD CIRAD INRAE Montpellier SupAgro Univ Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Fanny Bénetière
- CBGP Montpellier SupAgro INRAE CIRAD IRD Univ Montpellier Montpellier France
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36
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Chesshire PR, McCabe LM, Cobb NS. Variation in Plant-Pollinator Network Structure along the Elevational Gradient of the San Francisco Peaks, Arizona. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121060. [PMID: 34940148 PMCID: PMC8704280 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The structural patterns comprising bimodal pollination networks can help characterize plant-pollinator systems and the interactions that influence species distribution and diversity over time and space. We compare network organization of three plant-pollinator communities along the altitudinal gradient of the San Francisco Peaks in northern Arizona. We found that pollination networks become more nested, as well as exhibit lower overall network specialization, with increasing elevation. Greater weight of generalist pollinators at higher elevations of the San Francisco Peaks may result in plant-pollinator communities less vulnerable to future species loss due to changing climate or shifts in species distribution. We uncover the critical, more generalized pollinator species likely responsible for higher nestedness and stability at the higher elevation environment. The generalist species most important for network stability may be of the greatest interest for conservation efforts; preservation of the most important links in plant-pollinator networks may help secure the more specialized pollinators and maintain species redundancy in the face of ecological change, such as changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige R. Chesshire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Biodiversity Outreach Network (BON), Mesa, AZ 86011, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Neil S. Cobb
- Biodiversity Outreach Network (BON), Mesa, AZ 86011, USA;
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37
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Luna P, Villalobos F, Escobar F, Neves FS, Dáttilo W. Global trends in the trophic specialisation of flower-visitor networks are explained by current and historical climate. Ecol Lett 2021; 25:113-124. [PMID: 34761496 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trophic specialisation is known to vary across space, but the environmental factors explaining such variation remain elusive. Here we used a global dataset of flower-visitor networks to evaluate how trophic specialisation varies between latitudinal zones (tropical and temperate) and across elevation gradients, while considering the environmental variation inherent in these spatial gradients. Specifically, we assessed the role of current (i.e., net primary productivity, temperature, and precipitation) and historical (i.e., temperature and precipitation stability) environmental factors in structuring the trophic specialisation of floral visitors. Spatial variations in trophic specialisation were not explained by latitudinal zones or elevation. Moreover, regardless of network location on the spatial gradient, there was a tendency for higher trophic specialisation in sites with high productivity and precipitation, whereas historical temperature stability was related to lower trophic specialisation. We highlight that both energetic constraints in animal foraging imposed by climate and resource availability may drive the global variation in trophic specialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Luna
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Fabricio Villalobos
- Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Federico Escobar
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Frederico S Neves
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wesley Dáttilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
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38
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Deprá MS, Evans DM, Gaglianone MC. Pioneer herbaceous plants contribute to the restoration of pollination interactions in restinga habitats in tropical Atlantic Forest. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Scaramussa Deprá
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000 Campos dos Goytacazes Rio de Janeiro CEP 28013‐602 Brazil
| | - Darren Mark Evans
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Agriculture Building, King's Road Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU U.K
| | - Maria Cristina Gaglianone
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000 Campos dos Goytacazes Rio de Janeiro CEP 28013‐602 Brazil
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39
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Pocock MJO, Schmucki R, Bohan DA. Inferring species interactions from ecological survey data: A mechanistic approach to predict quantitative food webs of seed feeding by carabid beetles. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:12858-12871. [PMID: 34594544 PMCID: PMC8462163 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological networks are valuable for ecosystem analysis but their use is often limited by a lack of data because many types of ecological interaction, for example, predation, are short-lived and difficult to observe or detect. While there are different methods for inferring the presence of interactions, they have rarely been used to predict the interaction strengths that are required to construct weighted, or quantitative, ecological networks.Here, we develop a trait-based approach suitable for inferring weighted networks, that is, with varying interaction strengths. We developed the method for seed-feeding carabid ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) although the principles can be applied to other species and types of interaction.Using existing literature data from experimental seed-feeding trials, we predicted a per-individual interaction cost index based on carabid and seed size. This was scaled up to the population level to create inferred weighted networks using the abundance of carabids and seeds from empirical samples and energetic intake rates of carabids from the literature. From these weighted networks, we also derived a novel measure of expected predation pressure per seed type per network.This method was applied to existing ecological survey data from 255 arable fields with carabid data from pitfall traps and plant seeds from seed rain traps. Analysis of these inferred networks led to testable hypotheses about how network structure and predation pressure varied among fields.Inferred networks are valuable because (a) they provide null models for the structuring of food webs to test against empirical species interaction data, for example, DNA analysis of carabid gut regurgitates and (b) they allow weighted networks to be constructed whenever we can estimate interactions between species and have ecological census data available. This permits ecological network analysis even at times and in places when interactions were not directly assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reto Schmucki
- UK Centre for Ecology & HydrologyWallingford, OxfordshireUK
| | - David A. Bohan
- Agroécologie, AgroSup DijonINRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
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40
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Hemprich-Bennett DR, Kemp VA, Blackman J, Struebig MJ, Lewis OT, Rossiter SJ, Clare EL. Altered structure of bat-prey interaction networks in logged tropical forests revealed by metabarcoding. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:5844-5857. [PMID: 34437745 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Habitat degradation is pervasive across the tropics and is particularly acute in Southeast Asia, with major implications for biodiversity. Much research has addressed the impact of degradation on species diversity; however, little is known about how ecological interactions are altered, including those that constitute important ecosystem functions such as consumption of herbivores. To examine how rainforest degradation alters trophic interaction networks, we applied DNA metabarcoding to construct interaction networks linking forest-dwelling insectivorous bat species and their prey, comparing old-growth forest and forest degraded by logging in Sabah, Borneo. Individual bats in logged rainforest consumed a lower richness of prey than those in old-growth forest. As a result, interaction networks in logged forests had a less nested structure. These network structures were associated with reduced network redundancy and thus increased vulnerability to perturbations in logged forests. Our results show how ecological interactions change between old-growth and logged forests, with potentially negative implications for ecosystem function and network stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Hemprich-Bennett
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Victoria A Kemp
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joshua Blackman
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Struebig
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Owen T Lewis
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen J Rossiter
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth L Clare
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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41
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Yang F, Liu B, Zhu Y, Wyckhuys KAG, van der Werf W, Lu Y. Species diversity and food web structure jointly shape natural biological control in agricultural landscapes. Commun Biol 2021; 4:979. [PMID: 34408250 PMCID: PMC8373963 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02509-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Land-use change and agricultural intensification concurrently impact natural enemy (e.g., parasitoid) communities and their associated ecosystem services (ESs), i.e., biological pest control. However, the extent to which (on-farm) parasitoid diversity and food webs mediate landscape-level influences on biological control remains poorly understood. Here, drawing upon a 3-year study of quantitative parasitoid-hyperparasitoid trophic networks from 25 different agro-landscapes, we assess the cascading effects of landscape composition, species diversity and trophic network structure on ecosystem functionality (i.e., parasitism, hyperparasitism). Path analysis further reveals cascaded effects leading to biological control of a resident crop pest, i.e., Aphis gossypii. Functionality is dictated by (hyper)parasitoid diversity, with its effects modulated by food web generality and vulnerability. Non-crop habitat cover directly benefits biological control, whereas secondary crop cover indirectly lowers hyperparasitism. Our work underscores a need to simultaneously account for on-farm biodiversity and trophic interactions when investigating ESs within dynamic agro-landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kris A G Wyckhuys
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wopke van der Werf
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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42
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Arstingstall KA, DeBano SJ, Li X, Wooster DE, Rowland MM, Burrows S, Frost K. Capabilities and limitations of using DNA metabarcoding to study plant-pollinator interactions. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:5266-5297. [PMID: 34390062 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many pollinator populations are experiencing declines, emphasizing the need for a better understanding of the complex relationship between bees and flowering plants. Using DNA metabarcoding to describe plant-pollinator interactions eliminates many challenges associated with traditional methods and has the potential to reveal a more comprehensive understanding of foraging behavior and pollinator life history. Here we use DNA metabarcoding of ITS2 and rbcL gene regions to identify plant species present in pollen loads of 404 bees from three habitats in eastern Oregon. Our specific objectives were to 1) determine whether plant species identified using DNA metabarcoding are consistent with plant species identified using observations, 2) compare characterizations of diet breadth derived from foraging observations to those based on plant species assignments obtained using DNA metabarcoding, and 3) compare plant species assignments produced by DNA metabarcoding using a "regional" reference database to those produced using a "local" database. At the three locations, 31-86% of foraging observations were consistent with DNA metabarcoding data, 8-50% of diet breadth characterizations based on observations differed from those based on DNA metabarcoding data, and 22-25% of plant species detected using the regional database were not known to occur in the study area in question. Plant-pollinator networks produced from DNA metabarcoding data had higher sampling completeness and significantly lower specialization than networks based on observations. Here, we examine some strengths and limitations of using DNA metabarcoding to identify plant species present in bee pollen loads, make ecological inferences about foraging behavior, and provide guidance for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra J DeBano
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis.,Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston
| | - David E Wooster
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis.,Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston
| | - Mary M Rowland
- United States Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, La Grande
| | - Skyler Burrows
- Bee Biology and Systematics Lab, Utah State University, Logan
| | - Kenneth Frost
- Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis
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43
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Syahidah T, Rizali A, Prasetyo LB, Pudjianto, Buchori D. Composition of tropical agricultural landscape alters the structure of host-parasitoid food webs. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07625. [PMID: 34377859 PMCID: PMC8327651 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Land-use change and habitat fragmentation are well-known to affect host-parasitoid interactions. However, the study of the effects of landscape composition, as a result of habitat fragmentation, on host-parasitoid food webs is still limited especially in a tropical agricultural landscape. This research was aimed to study the effect of agricultural landscape composition on the structure of host-parasitoid food webs. Field research was conducted in sixteen long-bean fields located in Bogor Regency, West Java, Indonesia. In each long-bean field, sampling of insect pests and their parasitoids was carried out using direct observation within a plot size of 25 m × 50 m. The collected insects were brought to the laboratory for rearing and observed for emerging parasitoids. Landscape composition of each long-bean field was measured by digitizing the whole patch within a radius of 500 m from the long-bean field as a center of landscape, and landscape parameters were then quantified by focusing on number of patches and class area of both semi-natural habitats and crop fields. In total, we found 51 morphospecies of insect pests and 110 morphospecies of associated parasitoids from all research locations. Lepidopteran pests are the most abundant and species-rich with 35 morphospecies and with 76 morphospecies of parasitoids. Based on the generalized linear models, landscape composition especially class area of natural habitat and crop field showed a positive relationship with host-parasitoid food-web structure especially on connectance and compartment diversity. In conclusion, landscape composition contributes to shaping the host-parasitoid food-webs in a tropical agricultural landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tazkiyatul Syahidah
- Department of Plant Protection, IPB University, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Akhmad Rizali
- Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Lilik Budi Prasetyo
- Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry, IPB University, Dramaga, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Pudjianto
- Department of Plant Protection, IPB University, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Damayanti Buchori
- Department of Plant Protection, IPB University, Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia.,Center for Transdisciplinary and Sustainability Science, IPB University, Jl. Pajajaran, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
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44
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López-López L, Genner MJ, Tarling GA, Saunders RA, O’Gorman EJ. Ecological Networks in the Scotia Sea: Structural Changes Across Latitude and Depth. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Menezes Pinto Í, Emer C, Cazetta E, Morante-Filho JC. Deforestation Simplifies Understory Bird Seed-Dispersal Networks in Human-Modified Landscapes. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.640210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Global biodiversity is threatened by land-use changes through human activities. This is mainly due to the conversion of continuous forests into forest fragments surrounded by anthropogenic matrices. In general, sensitive species are lost while species adapted to disturbances succeed in altered environments. However, whether the interactions performed by the persisting species are also modified, and how it scales up to the network level throughout the landscape are virtually unknown in most tropical hotspots of biodiversity. Here we evaluated how landscape predictors (forest cover, total core area, edge density, inter-patch isolation) and local characteristics (fruit availability, vegetation complexity) affected understory birds seed-dispersal networks in 19 forest fragments along the hyperdiverse but highly depauperate northeast distribution of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Also, our sampled sites were distributed in two regions with contrasting land cover changes. We used mist nets to obtain samples of understory bird food contents to identify the plant species consumed and dispersed by them. We estimated network complexity on the basis of the number of interactions, links per species, interaction evenness, and modularity. Our findings showed that the number of interactions increased with the amount of forest cover, and it was significantly lower in the more deforested region. None of the other evaluated parameters were affected by any other landscape or local predictors. We also observed a lack of significant network structure compared to null models, which we attribute to a pervasive impoverishment of bird and plant communities in these highly modified landscapes. Our results demonstrate the importance of forest cover not only to maintain species diversity but also their respective mutualistic relationships, which are the bases for ecosystem functionality, forest regeneration and the provision of ecological services.
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46
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Zuim V, Marques VM, Godoi CTD, Gontijo LM, Haro MM, Guedes RNC. Does refuge spillover affect arthropod food webs associated with Bt maize? PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:3088-3098. [PMID: 33798281 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high dose/refuge combination is the main tactic recommended for mitigating resistance selection of target herbivore species in crops expressing insecticidal proteins of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (i.e. Bt proteins). The tactic consists of the simultaneous use of Bt crops expressing high levels of the Bt protein associated with neighboring areas of refuge of the same non-Bt crop species. Nonetheless, the approach faces controversy regarding its effectiveness and scale of adoption, at least in some regions. One concern focuses on its potential impact on the arthropod community, including its short-term and spatially dependent impact considering the likely biota spillover effect between Bt and non-Bt neighboring areas. Thus, the eventual spillover of Bt maize targeted and non-targeted arthropods was surveyed along transects extending from the refuge border to the center of the Bt maize area. RESULTS Arthropods were collected throughout the maize vegetative and reproductive stages. A total of 85 arthropod species were collected, but their richness and abundance did not vary with distance from the refuge. By contrast, cultivation season played a significant role in distinguishing the arthropod communities. Refuge distance from the sampling point within Bt-fields did not significantly affect the food web metrics, unlike season, which affected the number of nodes integrating each food web. Winter maize cultivation exhibited higher arthropod diversity and combined values of species numeric abundance and biomass at each trophic level. CONCLUSIONS No arthropod spillover was evident between the refuge edge and Bt maize, adding further controversy to the tactic currently subjected to lower usage in the region with a disputed cost-benefit relationship, because not even the target and its interdependent species were affected. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Zuim
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Vinicius M Marques
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Departamento de Manejo e Conservação de Ecossistemas Naturais e Agrários, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - Campus Florestal, Florestal, Brazil
| | - Carolina Tavares D Godoi
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Departamento de Manejo e Conservação de Ecossistemas Naturais e Agrários, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - Campus Florestal, Florestal, Brazil
| | - Lessando M Gontijo
- Departamento de Manejo e Conservação de Ecossistemas Naturais e Agrários, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - Campus Florestal, Florestal, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Haro
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina (Epagri), Estação Experimental de Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
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47
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González‐Castro A, Morán‐López T, Nogales M, Traveset A. Changes in the structure of seed dispersal networks when including interaction outcomes from both plant and animal perspectives. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aarón González‐Castro
- Canary Islands Ornithology and Natural History Group (GOHNIC) Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (CSIC‐IPNA) Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Teresa Morán‐López
- Grupo de ecología cuantitativa, INIBIOMA‐CONICET San Carlos De Bariloche Rio Negro Argentina
| | - Manuel Nogales
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (CSIC‐IPNA) Tenerife Canary Islands Spain
| | - Anna Traveset
- Global Change Research Group, Inst. Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC‐UIB) Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain
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48
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Schwarz B, Dormann CF, Vázquez DP, Fründ J. Within-day dynamics of plant-pollinator networks are dominated by early flower closure: an experimental test of network plasticity. Oecologia 2021; 196:781-794. [PMID: 34081202 PMCID: PMC8292255 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Temporal variability of plant–pollinator interactions is important for fully understanding the structure, function, and stability of plant–pollinator networks, but most network studies so far have ignored within-day dynamics. Strong diel dynamics (e.g., a regular daily cycle) were found for networks with Cichorieae, which typically close their flowers around noon. Here, we experimentally prevented early flower closure to test whether these dynamics are driven by the temporally limited availability of Cichorieae, or by timing of pollinator activity. We further tested if the dynamics involving Cichorieae and their pollinators also affect the dynamics on other plants in the network. Finally, we explored the structure of such manipulated networks (with Cichorieae available in the morning and afternoon) compared to unmanipulated controls (Cichorieae available only in the morning). We found that flower closure of Cichorieae is indeed an important driver of diel network dynamics, while other drivers of pollinator timing appeared less important. If Cichorieae flowers were available in the afternoon, they were visited by generalist and specialist pollinators, which overall decreased link turnover between morning and afternoon. Effects of afternoon availability of Cichorieae on other plants in the network were inconclusive: pollinator switching to and from Cichorieae tended to increase. On the level of the aggregated (full-day) network, the treatment resulted in increased dominance of Cichorieae, reducing modularity and increasing plant generality. These results highlight that network dynamics can be predicted by knowledge of diel or seasonal phenology, and that fixed species timing assumptions will misrepresent the expected dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schwarz
- Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Carsten F Dormann
- Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Diego P Vázquez
- Argentine Institute for Dryland Research, CONICET, Av. Ruiz Leal s/n, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina.,Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, National University of Cuyo, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300, M5502JMA, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Jochen Fründ
- Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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49
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Stock M, Hoebeke L, De Baets B. Disentangling the Information in Species Interaction Networks. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23060703. [PMID: 34199402 PMCID: PMC8227248 DOI: 10.3390/e23060703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Shannon's entropy measure is a popular means for quantifying ecological diversity. We explore how one can use information-theoretic measures (that are often called indices in ecology) on joint ensembles to study the diversity of species interaction networks. We leverage the little-known balance equation to decompose the network information into three components describing the species abundance, specificity, and redundancy. This balance reveals that there exists a fundamental trade-off between these components. The decomposition can be straightforwardly extended to analyse networks through time as well as space, leading to the corresponding notions for alpha, beta, and gamma diversity. Our work aims to provide an accessible introduction for ecologists. To this end, we illustrate the interpretation of the components on numerous real networks. The corresponding code is made available to the community in the specialised Julia package EcologicalNetworks.jl.
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50
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Vagnon C, Cattanéo F, Goulon C, Grimardias D, Guillard J, Frossard V. An allometric niche model for species interactions in temperate freshwater ecosystems. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Vagnon
- Univ. Savoie Mont‐Blanc INRAE, CARRTEL Thonon‐les‐Bains74200France
| | | | - Chloé Goulon
- Univ. Savoie Mont‐Blanc INRAE, CARRTEL Thonon‐les‐Bains74200France
| | | | - Jean Guillard
- Univ. Savoie Mont‐Blanc INRAE, CARRTEL Thonon‐les‐Bains74200France
| | - Victor Frossard
- Univ. Savoie Mont‐Blanc INRAE, CARRTEL Thonon‐les‐Bains74200France
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