1
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Salles T, Husson L, Lorcery M, Hadler Boggiani B. Landscape dynamics and the Phanerozoic diversification of the biosphere. Nature 2023; 624:115-121. [PMID: 38030724 PMCID: PMC10700141 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The long-term diversification of the biosphere responds to changes in the physical environment. Yet, over the continents, the nearly monotonic expansion of life started later in the early part of the Phanerozoic eon1 than the expansion in the marine realm, where instead the number of genera waxed and waned over time2. A comprehensive evaluation of the changes in the geodynamic and climatic forcing fails to provide a unified theory for the long-term pattern of evolution of life on Earth. Here we couple climate and plate tectonics models to numerically reconstruct the evolution of the Earth's landscape over the entire Phanerozoic eon, which we then compare to palaeo-diversity datasets from marine animal and land plant genera. Our results indicate that biodiversity is strongly reliant on landscape dynamics, which at all times determine the carrying capacity of both the continental domain and the oceanic domain. In the oceans, diversity closely adjusted to the riverine sedimentary flux that provides nutrients for primary production. On land, plant expansion was hampered by poor edaphic conditions until widespread endorheic basins resurfaced continents with a sedimentary cover that facilitated the development of soil-dependent rooted flora, and the increasing variety of the landscape additionally promoted their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Salles
- School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Laurent Husson
- CNRS, ISTerre, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.
| | - Manon Lorcery
- School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- CNRS, ISTerre, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
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2
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Guo G, Barabás G, Takimoto G, Bearup D, Fagan WF, Chen D, Liao J. Towards a mechanistic understanding of variation in aquatic food chain length. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1926-1939. [PMID: 37696523 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Ecologists have long sought to understand variation in food chain length (FCL) among natural ecosystems. Various drivers of FCL, including ecosystem size, resource productivity and disturbance, have been hypothesised. However, when results are aggregated across existing empirical studies from aquatic ecosystems, we observe mixed FCL responses to these drivers. To understand this variability, we develop a unified competition-colonisation framework for complex food webs incorporating all of these drivers. With competition-colonisation tradeoffs among basal species, our model predicts that increasing ecosystem size generally results in a monotonic increase in FCL, while FCL displays non-linear, oscillatory responses to resource productivity or disturbance in large ecosystems featuring little disturbance or high productivity. Interestingly, such complex responses mirror patterns in empirical data. Therefore, this study offers a novel mechanistic explanation for observed variations in aquatic FCL driven by multiple environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - György Barabás
- Division of Theoretical Biology, Department IFM, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Institute of Evolution, Centre for Ecological Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gaku Takimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel Bearup
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, University of Kent, Parkwood Road, Canterbury, UK
| | - William F Fagan
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Dongdong Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinbao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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3
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Chen W, Wang X, Yang S. Response of phytoplankton community structure to environmental changes in the coastal areas of northern China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 195:115300. [PMID: 37659389 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed high-frequency data pertaining to phytoplankton and environmental factors in Jiaozhou Bay from December 10, 2004, to December 10, 2005 and from July 26, 2020, to August 1, 2021. Compared with 2004-2005, the abundance of phytoplankton during 2020-2021 presented a "two-peak pattern" of annual variation, and the number of species decreased significantly. The ecological types were dominated by eurythermal species, while cold-water species declined. The overall abundance showed a downward trend, and the peak period moved to a time with lower water temperature. This could be attributed to the increase in sea surface temperature. The increase in water temperature and intensification of eutrophication made the emergence of dominant species more inclined to be single; the diversity and stability of the community structure decreased. Generalized additive model (GAM) and network analysis showed that temperature was the main driving factor influencing the phytoplankton community structure, especially during the peak period. In addition, nitrogen and phosphorus were important factors influencing species composition and competitive advantage of phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Chen
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiajie Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shimin Yang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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4
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Novoveská L, Nielsen SL, Eroldoğan OT, Haznedaroglu BZ, Rinkevich B, Fazi S, Robbens J, Vasquez M, Einarsson H. Overview and Challenges of Large-Scale Cultivation of Photosynthetic Microalgae and Cyanobacteria. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:445. [PMID: 37623726 PMCID: PMC10455696 DOI: 10.3390/md21080445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae and cyanobacteria are diverse groups of organisms with great potential to benefit societies across the world. These organisms are currently used in food, feed, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In addition, a variety of novel compounds are being isolated. Commercial production of photosynthetic microalgae and cyanobacteria requires cultivation on a large scale with high throughput. However, scaling up production from lab-based systems to large-scale systems is a complex and potentially costly endeavor. In this review, we summarise all aspects of large-scale cultivation, including aims of cultivation, species selection, types of cultivation (ponds, photobioreactors, and biofilms), water and nutrient sources, temperature, light and mixing, monitoring, contamination, harvesting strategies, and potential environmental risks. Importantly, we also present practical recommendations and discuss challenges of profitable large-scale systems associated with economical design, effective operation and maintenance, automation, and shortage of experienced phycologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Orhan Tufan Eroldoğan
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Türkiye
| | | | | | - Stefano Fazi
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IRSA-CNR), 00015 Roma, Italy
| | - Johan Robbens
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marlen Vasquez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3036, Cyprus
| | - Hjörleifur Einarsson
- Faculty of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Akureyri, 600 Akureyri, Iceland
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5
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Xu Y, Wang L, Tang Q, Naselli-Flores L, Jeppesen E, Han BP. The Relationship Between Phytoplankton Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning Changes with Disturbance Regimes in Tropical Reservoirs. Ecosystems 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-022-00791-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Wild R, Gücker B, Weitere M, Brauns M. Resource supply and organismal dominance are associated with high secondary production in temperate agricultural streams. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romy Wild
- Dept. River Ecology, Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Brückstraße 3a, D‐39114 Magdeburg Germany
- Chair of Aquatic Systems Biology, Department for Ecology and Ecosystem Management Technical University Munich Freising
| | - Björn Gücker
- Applied Limnology Laboratory, Department of Geosciences Federal University of São João del‐Rei Campus Tancredo Neves São João del‐Rei MG Brazil
| | - Markus Weitere
- Dept. River Ecology, Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Brückstraße 3a, D‐39114 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Mario Brauns
- Dept. River Ecology, Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Brückstraße 3a, D‐39114 Magdeburg Germany
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7
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Zaret MM, Kuhs MA, Anderson JC, Seabloom EW, Borer ET, Kinkel LL. Seasonal shifts from plant diversity to consumer control of grassland productivity. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1215-1224. [PMID: 35229976 PMCID: PMC9544143 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant biodiversity and consumers are important mediators of energy and carbon fluxes in grasslands, but their effects on within‐season variation of plant biomass production are poorly understood. Here we measure variation in control of plant biomass by consumers and plant diversity throughout the growing season and their impact on plant biomass phenology. To do this, we analysed 5 years of biweekly biomass measures (NDVI) in an experiment manipulating plant species richness and three consumer groups (foliar fungi, soil fungi and arthropods). Positive plant diversity effects on biomass were greatest early in the growing season, whereas the foliar fungicide and insecticide treatments increased biomass most late in the season. Additionally, diverse plots and plots containing foliar fungi reached maximum biomass almost a month earlier than monocultures and plots treated with foliar fungicide, demonstrating the dynamic and interactive roles that biodiversity and consumers play in regulating biomass production through the growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M Zaret
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Molly A Kuhs
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jonathan C Anderson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Linda L Kinkel
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
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8
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How are biodiversity and carbon stock recovered during tropical forest restoration? Supporting the ecological paradigms and political context involved. J Nat Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2021.126115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Rezende F, Antiqueira PAP, Petchey OL, Velho LFM, Rodrigues LC, Romero GQ. Trophic downgrading decreases species asynchrony and community stability regardless of climate warming. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2660-2673. [PMID: 34537987 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Theory and some evidence suggest that biodiversity promotes stability. However, evidence of how trophic interactions and environmental changes modulate this relationship in multitrophic communities is lacking. Given the current scenario of biodiversity loss and climate changes, where top predators are disproportionately more affected, filling these knowledge gaps is crucial. We simulated climate warming and top predator loss in natural microcosms to investigate their direct and indirect effects on temporal stability of microbial communities and the role of underlying stabilising mechanisms. Community stability was insensitive to warming, but indirectly decreased due to top predator loss via increased mesopredator abundance and consequent reduction of species asynchrony and species stability. The magnitude of destabilising effects differed among trophic levels, being disproportionally higher at lower trophic levels (e.g. producers). Our study unravels major patterns and causal mechanisms by which trophic downgrading destabilises large food webs, regardless of climate warming scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Rezende
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil.,Laboratório de Interações Multitróficas e Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Pablo A P Antiqueira
- Laboratório de Interações Multitróficas e Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil
| | - Owen L Petchey
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luiz Felipe M Velho
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), DBI/PEA/NUPÉLIA, Av. Colombo, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Luzia C Rodrigues
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), DBI/PEA/NUPÉLIA, Av. Colombo, Maringá-PR, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Q Romero
- Laboratório de Interações Multitróficas e Biodiversidade, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP, Brazil
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10
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Xu D, Wang H, Han D, Chen A, Niu Y. Phytoplankton community structural reshaping as response to the thermal effect of cooling water discharged from power plant. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117517. [PMID: 34380219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increase of water temperature caused by the thermal effect of cooling water discharged from power plants has become a major environmental problem, especially its influence on phytoplankton community. The change of water temperature usually reshapes the structure of phytoplankton community. A research combining phytoplankton community and thermal discharge of power plants was conducted to identify the potential influences. Results indicated the average annual water temperature of the reservoir increased gradually by 5-11 °C because of the thermal discharge. Through annual diversity analysis, 139 species or taxa from 6 phyla (i.e., Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanobacteria, Euglenophyta, Dinoflagellata, and Cryptophyta) were found in different sampling sites, among which Bacillariophyta was the dominant community. Preliminary experimental results revealed the increasing temperature completely reshaped the phytoplankton community structure, especially during the cold season, and this was confirmed by the results of redundancy analysis. In addition, lots of thermophilic genera (i.e., Synedra, Nitzschia, and Navicula) were detected at sampling station 1 (Spt1) and sampling station 2 (Spt2) where the effect of thermal discharge was the most obvious. The increase in biomass and cell count of Bacillariophyta was the result of thermal effect, especially in cold season. Besides, consequences also revealed some environmental parameters (i.e., dissolved oxygen concentration, chlorophyll a concentration, and transparency) were affected by the thermal discharge. Chlorophyll a concentration exhibited a slow rising trend while dissolved oxygen concentration and transparency gradually decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Xu
- College of Civil and Architectural Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Civil and Architectural Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China
| | - Dongyun Han
- College of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China.
| | - Aiting Chen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology Beijing, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yunxia Niu
- College of Civil and Architectural Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, PR China
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11
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Stygobiont Diversity in the San Marcos Artesian Well and Edwards Aquifer Groundwater Ecosystem, Texas, USA. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13060234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Edwards Aquifer and related Edwards-Trinity Aquifer of Central Texas, USA, is a global hotspot of stygobiont biodiversity. We summarize 125 years of biological investigation at the San Marcos Artesian Well (SMAW), the best studied and most biodiverse groundwater site (55 stygobiont taxa: 39 described and 16 undescribed) within the Edwards Aquifer Groundwater Ecosystem. Cluster analysis and redundancy analysis (RDA) incorporating temporally derived, distance-based Moran’s Eigenvector Mapping (dbMem) illustrate temporal dynamics in community composition in 85 high-frequency samples from the SMAW. Although hydraulic variability related to precipitation and discharge partially explained changes in community composition at the SMAW, a large amount of temporal autocorrelation between samples remains unexplained. We summarize potential mechanisms by which hydraulic changes can affect community structure in deep, phreatic karst aquifers. We also compile information on 12 other Edwards and Edwards-Trinity Aquifer sites with 10 or more documented stygobionts and used distance-based RDA to assess the relative influences of distance and site type on three measures of β-diversity. Distance between sites was the most important predictor of total dissimilarity and replacement, although site type was also important. Species richness difference was not predicted by either distance or site type.
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12
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Hakkenberg CR, Peet RK, Wentworth TR, Zhu K, Schafale MP. Tree canopy cover constrains the fertility-diversity relationship in plant communities of the southeastern United States. Ecology 2020; 101:e03119. [PMID: 32535899 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The goal of elucidating the primary mechanisms constraining the assembly and distribution of biodiversity remains among the central unresolved challenges facing the field of ecology. Simulation studies and experimental manipulations have focused on how patterns in community assembly result from bivariate relationships along productivity or environmental gradients. However, the joint influence of multiple resource gradients on the distribution of species richness in natural communities remains understudied. Using data from a large network of multiscale vegetation plots across forests and woodlands of the southeastern United States, we find significant evidence for the scale-dependent, joint constraints of forest structure and soil resources on the distribution of vascular plant species richness. In addition to their significant partial effects on species richness, understory light levels and soil fertility positively interact, suggesting a trade-off between the two limiting resources with species richness peaking both in high-light, low-fertility conditions as well as low-light, high-fertility settings. This finding provides a novel perspective on the biodiversity-productivity relationship that suggests a transition in limiting resources from soil nutrients to light availability when enhanced productivity results in reduced light resources for subordinate individuals. Results likewise have meaningful implications for our understanding of scale-dependent community assembly processes as size-asymmetric competition replaces environmental filtering as the primary assembly mechanism structuring temperate forest communities along an increasing soil fertility gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Hakkenberg
- School of Informatics, Computing & Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86001-6372, USA.,Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77251, USA
| | - Robert K Peet
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3280, USA
| | - Thomas R Wentworth
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-7612, USA
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, 95064-1077, USA
| | - Michael P Schafale
- North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, 1651 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27699-1651, USA
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13
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Zhang L, Mi X, Harrison RD, Yang B, Man X, Ren H, Ma K. Resource Heterogeneity, Not Resource Quantity, Plays an Important Role in Determining Tree Species Diversity in Two Species-Rich Forests. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Chen W, Wang J, Meng Z, Xu R, Chen J, Zhang Y, Hu T. Fertility-related interplay between fungal guilds underlies plant richness-productivity relationships in natural grasslands. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1129-1143. [PMID: 31863600 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The plant richness-productivity relationship is a central subject in ecology, yet the mechanisms behind this pattern remain debated. Soil fungi are closely associated with the dynamics of plant communities, however empirical evidence on how fungal communities integrate into the richness-productivity relationships of natural environments is lacking. We used Illumina high-throughput sequencing to identify rhizosphere fungal communities across a natural plant richness gradient at two sites with different fertility conditions, and related the subsequent information to plant richness and productivity to elucidate the role of fungal guilds in integrating the linkages of both plant components. Saprotrophs, mycorrhizal fungi and potential plant pathogens interacted differently between the sites, with saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungal abundances being positively correlated at the high-nutrient site and abundances of mycorrhizal fungi and potential plant pathogens being negatively correlated at the low-nutrient site. The synergistic associations between these fungal guilds with plant richness and productivity operated in concert to promote positive richness-productivity relationships. Our findings provide empirical evidence for the importance of soil fungal guilds in integrating the linkages of plant richness and productivity, and suggest that future work incorporating soil fungal communities into richness-productivity relationships would advance our mechanistic understanding of their linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Chen
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianyu Wang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zexin Meng
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ran Xu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tianming Hu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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15
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Maureaud A, Hodapp D, van Denderen PD, Hillebrand H, Gislason H, Spaanheden Dencker T, Beukhof E, Lindegren M. Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships in fish communities: biomass is related to evenness and the environment, not to species richness. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191189. [PMID: 31288699 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) is a topic of considerable interest to scientists and managers because a better understanding of its underlying mechanisms may help us mitigate the consequences of biodiversity loss on ecosystems. Our current knowledge of BEF relies heavily on theoretical and experimental studies, typically conducted on a narrow range of spatio-temporal scales, environmental conditions, and trophic levels. Hence, whether a relationship holds in the natural environment is poorly understood, especially in exploited marine ecosystems. Using large-scale observations of marine fish communities, we applied a structural equation modelling framework to investigate the existence and significance of BEF relationships across northwestern European seas. We find that ecosystem functioning, here represented by spatial patterns in total fish biomass, is unrelated to species richness-the most commonly used diversity metric in BEF studies. Instead, community evenness, differences in species composition, and abiotic variables are significant drivers. In particular, we find that high fish biomass is associated with fish assemblages dominated by a few generalist species of a high trophic level, who are able to exploit both the benthic and pelagic energy pathway. Our study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms behind marine ecosystem functioning and allows for the integration of biodiversity into management considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Maureaud
- 1 Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua), Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Dorothee Hodapp
- 2 Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB) , Oldenburg , Germany
| | - P Daniël van Denderen
- 1 Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua), Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- 2 Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB) , Oldenburg , Germany.,3 Plankton Ecology Lab, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg , Wilhelmshaven , Germany
| | - Henrik Gislason
- 4 National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua), Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Tim Spaanheden Dencker
- 1 Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua), Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Esther Beukhof
- 1 Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua), Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Martin Lindegren
- 1 Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU Aqua), Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
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16
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Fung T, Xiao S, Chisholm RA. Spatial scaling of species richness–productivity relationships for local communities: analytical results from a neutral model. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-019-0431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Sonkoly J, Kelemen A, Valkó O, Deák B, Kiss R, Tóth K, Miglécz T, Tóthmérész B, Török P. Both mass ratio effects and community diversity drive biomass production in a grassland experiment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1848. [PMID: 30755623 PMCID: PMC6372655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of biodiversity is crucial for ecosystem processes such as plant biomass production, as higher species richness is associated with increased biomass production in plant communities. However, the effects of evenness and functional diversity on biomass production are understudied. We manipulated the composition of an experimental grassland by sowing various seed mixtures and examined the effects of diversity and evenness on biomass production after three years. We found that biomass production increased with greater species and functional richness but decreased with greater species and functional evenness. Standing biomass increased but species number and functional richness decreased with increasing proportion of perennial grasses. Our findings emphasise the importance of productive dominant species, as the proportion of perennial grasses had a positive effect on standing biomass, while species and functional evenness had a negative effect on it. Thus, our findings support the theory that, besides diversity, dominance effects and the so-called mass ratio hypothesis may also play a key role in explaining primary biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Sonkoly
- MTA-DE Lendület Functional and Restoration Ecology Research Group, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
- University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - András Kelemen
- University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
- MTA's Premium Postdoctoral Research Programme, MTA TKI Nádor utca 7, Budapest, H-1051, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Valkó
- University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Balázs Deák
- MTA-DE Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Réka Kiss
- University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Katalin Tóth
- University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Tamás Miglécz
- University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Béla Tóthmérész
- University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Research Group, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary.
| | - Péter Török
- MTA-DE Lendület Functional and Restoration Ecology Research Group, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
- University of Debrecen, Department of Ecology, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
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18
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Beck WS, Markman DW, Oleksy IA, Lafferty MH, Poff NL. Seasonal shifts in the importance of bottom–up and top–down factors on stream periphyton community structure. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney S. Beck
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, 1878 Campus Delivery, Colorado State Univ Fort Collins CO 80526 USA
- Dept of Biology, Colorado State Univ Fort Collins CO USA
| | | | - Isabella A. Oleksy
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, 1878 Campus Delivery, Colorado State Univ Fort Collins CO 80526 USA
- Dept of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability and Natural Resources Ecology Lab, Colorado State Univ Fort Collins CO USA
| | - M. Holliday Lafferty
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, 1878 Campus Delivery, Colorado State Univ Fort Collins CO 80526 USA
- Dept of Biology, Colorado State Univ Fort Collins CO USA
| | - N. LeRoy Poff
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, 1878 Campus Delivery, Colorado State Univ Fort Collins CO 80526 USA
- Dept of Biology, Colorado State Univ Fort Collins CO USA
- Inst. for Applied Ecology, Univ. of Canberra, ACT Canberra Australia
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19
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Hammill E, Hawkins CP, Greig HS, Kratina P, Shurin JB, Atwood TB. Landscape heterogeneity strengthens the relationship between β-diversity and ecosystem function. Ecology 2018; 99:2467-2475. [PMID: 30289979 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Consensus has emerged in the literature that increased biodiversity enhances the capacity of ecosystems to perform multiple functions. However, most biodiversity/ecosystem function studies focus on a single ecosystem, or on landscapes of homogenous ecosystems. Here, we investigate how increased landscape-level environmental dissimilarity may affect the relationship between different metrics of diversity (α, β, or γ) and ecosystem function. We produced a suite of simulated landscapes, each of which contained four experimental outdoor aquatic mesocosms. Differences in temperature and nutrient conditions of the mesocosms allowed us to simulate landscapes containing a range of within-landscape environmental heterogeneities. We found that the variation in ecosystem functions was primarily controlled by environmental conditions, with diversity metrics accounting for a smaller (but significant) amount of variation in function. When landscapes were more homogeneous, α, β, and γ diversity was not associated with differences in primary production, and only γ was associated with changes in decomposition. In these homogeneous landscapes, differences in these two ecosystem functions were most strongly related to nutrient and temperature conditions in the ecosystems. However, as landscape-level environmental dissimilarity increased, the relationship between α, β, or γ and ecosystem functions strengthened, with β being a greater predictor of variation in decomposition at the highest levels of environmental dissimilarity than α or γ. We propose that when all ecosystems in a landscape have similar environmental conditions, species sorting is likely to generate a single community composition that is well suited to those environmental conditions, β is low, and the efficiency of diversity-ecosystem function couplings is similar across communities. Under this low β, the effect of abiotic conditions on ecosystem function will be most apparent. However, when environmental conditions vary among ecosystems, species sorting pressures are different among ecosystems, producing different communities among locations in a landscape. These conditions lead to stronger relationships between β and the magnitude of ecosystem functions. Our results illustrate that abiotic conditions and the homogeneity of communities influence ecosystem function expressed at the landscape scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edd Hammill
- Department of Watershed Sciences and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5210 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Charles P Hawkins
- Department of Watershed Sciences and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5210 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Hamish S Greig
- School of Biology and Ecology, 5751 Murray Hall, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Pavel Kratina
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Jonathan B Shurin
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Trisha B Atwood
- Department of Watershed Sciences and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5210 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
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20
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Sanaei A, Ali A, Chahouki MAZ. The positive relationships between plant coverage, species richness, and aboveground biomass are ubiquitous across plant growth forms in semi-steppe rangelands. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 205:308-318. [PMID: 29031134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The positive relationships between biodiversity and aboveground biomass are important for biodiversity conservation and greater ecosystem functioning and services that humans depend on. However, the interaction effects of plant coverage and biodiversity on aboveground biomass across plant growth forms (shrubs, forbs and grasses) in natural rangelands are poorly studied. Here, we hypothesized that, while accounting for environmental factors and disturbance intensities, the positive relationships between plant coverage, biodiversity, and aboveground biomass are ubiquitous across plant growth forms in natural rangelands. We applied structural equation models (SEMs) using data from 735 quadrats across 35 study sites in semi-steppe rangelands in Iran. The combination of plant coverage and species richness rather than Shannon's diversity or species diversity (a latent variable of species richness and evenness) substantially enhance aboveground biomass across plant growth forms. In all selected SEMs, plant coverage had a strong positive direct effect on aboveground biomass (β = 0.72 for shrubs, 0.84 for forbs and 0.80 for grasses), followed by a positive effect of species richness (β = 0.26 for shrubs, 0.05 for forbs and 0.09 for grasses), and topographic factors. Disturbance intensity had a negative effect on plant coverage, whereas it had a variable effect on species richness across plant growth forms. Plant coverage had a strong positive total effect on aboveground biomass (β = 0.84 for shrubs, 0.88 for forbs, and 0.85 for grasses), followed by a positive effect of species richness, and a negative effect of disturbance intensity across plant growth forms. Our results shed light on the management of rangelands that is high plant coverage can significantly improve species richness and aboveground biomass across plant growth forms. We also found that high disturbance intensity due to heavy grazing has a strong negative effect on plant coverage rather than species richness in semi-steppe rangelands. This study suggests that proper grazing systems (e.g. rotational system) based on carrying capacity and stocking rate of a rangeland may be helpful for biodiversity conservation, better grazing of livestock, improvement of plant coverage and enhancement of aboveground biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anvar Sanaei
- Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, Natural Resources Faculty, The University of Tehran, Karaj, P.O.Box: 31585-4314, Iran
| | - Arshad Ali
- Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, Natural Resources Faculty, The University of Tehran, Karaj, P.O.Box: 31585-4314, Iran; School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Mohammad Ali Zare Chahouki
- Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, Natural Resources Faculty, The University of Tehran, Karaj, P.O.Box: 31585-4314, Iran.
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21
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Disturbance disrupts the relation between community similarity and environmental distance at small spatial scale. Ecol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-017-1539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Lewandowska AM, Biermann A, Borer ET, Cebrián-Piqueras MA, Declerck SAJ, De Meester L, Van Donk E, Gamfeldt L, Gruner DS, Hagenah N, Harpole WS, Kirkman KP, Klausmeier CA, Kleyer M, Knops JMH, Lemmens P, Lind EM, Litchman E, Mantilla-Contreras J, Martens K, Meier S, Minden V, Moore JL, Venterink HO, Seabloom EW, Sommer U, Striebel M, Trenkamp A, Trinogga J, Urabe J, Vyverman W, Van de Waal DB, Widdicombe CE, Hillebrand H. The influence of balanced and imbalanced resource supply on biodiversity-functioning relationship across ecosystems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0283. [PMID: 27114584 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies show that increasing species richness leads to higher ecosystem productivity. This effect is often attributed to more efficient portioning of multiple resources in communities with higher numbers of competing species, indicating the role of resource supply and stoichiometry for biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships. Here, we merged theory on ecological stoichiometry with a framework of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning to understand how resource use transfers into primary production. We applied a structural equation model to define patterns of diversity-productivity relationships with respect to available resources. Meta-analysis was used to summarize the findings across ecosystem types ranging from aquatic ecosystems to grasslands and forests. As hypothesized, resource supply increased realized productivity and richness, but we found significant differences between ecosystems and study types. Increased richness was associated with increased productivity, although this effect was not seen in experiments. More even communities had lower productivity, indicating that biomass production is often maintained by a few dominant species, and reduced dominance generally reduced ecosystem productivity. This synthesis, which integrates observational and experimental studies in a variety of ecosystems and geographical regions, exposes common patterns and differences in biodiversity-functioning relationships, and increases the mechanistic understanding of changes in ecosystems productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Lewandowska
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Antje Biermann
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Miguel A Cebrián-Piqueras
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Steven A J Declerck
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32 bus 2439, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Van Donk
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Gamfeldt
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, 41319 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Daniel S Gruner
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Nicole Hagenah
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - W Stanley Harpole
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kevin P Kirkman
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Christopher A Klausmeier
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 USA Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Michael Kleyer
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Johannes M H Knops
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, 211 Manter Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Pieter Lemmens
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32 bus 2439, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric M Lind
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Elena Litchman
- W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MI 49060 USA Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jasmin Mantilla-Contreras
- Institute of Biology and Chemistry, University of Hildesheim, Universitätsplatz 1, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Koen Martens
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINSc), Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandra Meier
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Vanessa Minden
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Joslin L Moore
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Harry Olde Venterink
- Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Ulrich Sommer
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maren Striebel
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Anastasia Trenkamp
- Institute of Biology and Chemistry, University of Hildesheim, Universitätsplatz 1, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Juliane Trinogga
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jotaro Urabe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 982-0011, Japan
| | - Wim Vyverman
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dedmer B Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Helmut Hillebrand
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstraße 1, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
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23
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A decade of insights into grassland ecosystem responses to global environmental change. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:118. [PMID: 28812706 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Earth's biodiversity and carbon uptake by plants, or primary productivity, are intricately interlinked, underlie many essential ecosystem processes, and depend on the interplay among environmental factors, many of which are being changed by human activities. While ecological theory generalizes across taxa and environments, most empirical tests of factors controlling diversity and productivity have been observational, single-site experiments, or meta-analyses, limiting our understanding of variation among site-level responses and tests of general mechanisms. A synthesis of results from ten years of a globally distributed, coordinated experiment, the Nutrient Network (NutNet), demonstrates that species diversity promotes ecosystem productivity and stability, and that nutrient supply and herbivory control diversity via changes in composition, including invasions of non-native species and extinction of native species. Distributed experimental networks are a powerful tool for tests and integration of multiple theories and for generating multivariate predictions about the effects of global changes on future ecosystems.
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Jonsson M, Burrows RM, Lidman J, Fältström E, Laudon H, Sponseller RA. Land use influences macroinvertebrate community composition in boreal headwaters through altered stream conditions. AMBIO 2017; 46:311-323. [PMID: 27804095 PMCID: PMC5347524 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Land use is known to alter the nature of land-water interactions, but the potential effects of widespread forest management on headwaters in boreal regions remain poorly understood. We evaluated the importance of catchment land use, land cover, and local stream variables for macroinvertebrate community and functional trait diversity in 18 boreal headwater streams. Variation in macroinvertebrate metrics was often best explained by in-stream variables, primarily water chemistry (e.g. pH). However, variation in stream variables was, in turn, significantly associated with catchment-scale forestry land use. More specifically, streams running through catchments that were dominated by young (11-50 years) forests had higher pH, greater organic matter standing stock, higher abundance of aquatic moss, and the highest macroinvertebrate diversity, compared to streams running through recently clear-cut and old forests. This indicates that catchment-scale forest management can modify in-stream habitat conditions with effects on stream macroinvertebrate communities and that characteristics of younger forests may promote conditions that benefit headwater biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micael Jonsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ryan M. Burrows
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111 Australia
| | - Johan Lidman
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Emma Fältström
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Sweden Water Research AB, Ideon Science Park, Scheelevägen 15, 223 70 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ryan A. Sponseller
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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25
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Pu Z, Cortez MH, Jiang L. Predator-Prey Coevolution Drives Productivity-Richness Relationships in Planktonic Systems. Am Nat 2016; 189:28-42. [PMID: 28035895 DOI: 10.1086/689550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between environmental productivity and species richness often varies among empirical studies, and despite much research, simple explanations for this phenomenon remain elusive. We investigated how phytoplankton and zooplankton coevolution shapes productivity-richness relationships in both phytoplankton and zooplankton, using a simple nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton model that incorporates size-dependent metabolic rates summarized from empirical studies. The model allowed comparisons of evolved species richness across productivity levels and at different evolutionary times. Our results show that disruptive selection leads to evolutionary branching of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Both the time required for evolutionary branching and the number of evolved species in phytoplankton and zooplankton tend to increase with productivity, producing a transient unimodal or positive productivity-richness relationship but followed by a positive productivity-richness relationship for both groups over long enough evolutionary time. Our findings suggest that coevolution between phytoplankton and zooplankton can drive the two common forms (unimodal and positive) of productivity-richness relationships in nature.
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26
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Optimizing microalgae cultivation and wastewater treatment in large-scale offshore photobioreactors. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Hutchins BT, Engel AS, Nowlin WH, Schwartz BF. Chemolithoautotrophy supports macroinvertebrate food webs and affects diversity and stability in groundwater communities. Ecology 2016; 97:1530-42. [PMID: 27459783 DOI: 10.1890/15-1129.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The prevailing paradigm in subterranean ecology is that below-ground food webs are simple, limited to one or two trophic levels, and composed of generalist species because of spatio-temporally patchy food resources and pervasive energy limitation. This paradigm is based on relatively few studies of easily accessible, air-filled caves. However, in some subterranean ecosystems, chemolithoautotrophy can subsidize or replace surface-based allochthonous inputs of photosynthetically derived organic matter (OM) as a basal food resource and promote niche specialization and evolution of higher trophic levels. Consequently, the current subterranean trophic paradigm fails to account for variation in resources, trophic specialization, and food chain length in some subterranean ecosystems. We reevaluated the subterranean food web paradigm by examining spatial variation in the isotopic composition of basal food resources and consumers, food web structure, stygobiont species diversity, and chromophoric organic matter (CDOM), across a geochemical gradient in a large and complex groundwater system, the Edwards Aquifer in Central Texas (USA). Mean δ13C values of stygobiont communities become increasingly more negative along the gradient of photosynthetic OM sources near the aquifer recharge zone to chemolithoautotrophic OM sources closer to the freshwater-saline water interface (FWSWI) between oxygenated freshwater and anoxic, sulfide-rich saline water. Stygobiont community species richness declined with increasing distance from the FWSWI. Bayesian mixing models were used to estimate the relative importance of photosynthetic OM and chemolithoautorophic OM for stygobiont communities at three biogeochemically distinct sites. The contribution of chemolithoautotrophic OM to consumers at these sites ranged between 25% and 69% of total OM utilized and comprised as much as 88% of the diet for one species. In addition, the food web adjacent to the FWSWI had greater trophic diversity when compared to the other two sites. Our results suggest that diverse OM sources and in situ, chemolithoautotrophic OM production can support complex groundwater food webs and increase species richness. Chemolithoautotrophy has been fundamental for the long-term maintenance of species diversity, trophic complexity, and community stability in this subterranean ecosystem, especially during periods of decreased photosynthetic production and groundwater recharge that have occurred over geologic time scales.
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28
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Catherine A, Selma M, Mouillot D, Troussellier M, Bernard C. Patterns and multi-scale drivers of phytoplankton species richness in temperate peri-urban lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 559:74-83. [PMID: 27054495 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Local species richness (SR) is a key characteristic affecting ecosystem functioning. Yet, the mechanisms regulating phytoplankton diversity in freshwater ecosystems are not fully understood, especially in peri-urban environments where anthropogenic pressures strongly impact the quality of aquatic ecosystems. To address this issue, we sampled the phytoplankton communities of 50 lakes in the Paris area (France) characterized by a large gradient of physico-chemical and catchment-scale characteristics. We used large phytoplankton datasets to describe phytoplankton diversity patterns and applied a machine-learning algorithm to test the degree to which species richness patterns are potentially controlled by environmental factors. Selected environmental factors were studied at two scales: the lake-scale (e.g. nutrients concentrations, water temperature, lake depth) and the catchment-scale (e.g. catchment, landscape and climate variables). Then, we used a variance partitioning approach to evaluate the interaction between lake-scale and catchment-scale variables in explaining local species richness. Finally, we analysed the residuals of predictive models to identify potential vectors of improvement of phytoplankton species richness predictive models. Lake-scale and catchment-scale drivers provided similar predictive accuracy of local species richness (R(2)=0.458 and 0.424, respectively). Both models suggested that seasonal temperature variations and nutrient supply strongly modulate local species richness. Integrating lake- and catchment-scale predictors in a single predictive model did not provide increased predictive accuracy; therefore suggesting that the catchment-scale model probably explains observed species richness variations through the impact of catchment-scale variables on in-lake water quality characteristics. Models based on catchment characteristics, which include simple and easy to obtain variables, provide a meaningful way of predicting phytoplankton species richness in temperate lakes. This approach may prove useful and cost-effective for the management and conservation of aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Catherine
- UMR7245 MCAM MNHN-CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CC 39, 12 rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France.
| | - Maloufi Selma
- UMR7245 MCAM MNHN-CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CC 39, 12 rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France.
| | - David Mouillot
- UMR 9190 MARBEC UM2-CNRS-IRD-UM1-IFREMER, CC 93, Place Eugène Bataillon, Université de Montpellier 2, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Marc Troussellier
- UMR 9190 MARBEC UM2-CNRS-IRD-UM1-IFREMER, CC 93, Place Eugène Bataillon, Université de Montpellier 2, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Cécile Bernard
- UMR7245 MCAM MNHN-CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CC 39, 12 rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France.
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Grace JB, Anderson TM, Seabloom EW, Borer ET, Adler PB, Harpole WS, Hautier Y, Hillebrand H, Lind EM, Pärtel M, Bakker JD, Buckley YM, Crawley MJ, Damschen EI, Davies KF, Fay PA, Firn J, Gruner DS, Hector A, Knops JMH, MacDougall AS, Melbourne BA, Morgan JW, Orrock JL, Prober SM, Smith MD. Integrative modelling reveals mechanisms linking productivity and plant species richness. Nature 2016; 529:390-3. [PMID: 26760203 DOI: 10.1038/nature16524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
How ecosystem productivity and species richness are interrelated is one of the most debated subjects in the history of ecology. Decades of intensive study have yet to discern the actual mechanisms behind observed global patterns. Here, by integrating the predictions from multiple theories into a single model and using data from 1,126 grassland plots spanning five continents, we detect the clear signals of numerous underlying mechanisms linking productivity and richness. We find that an integrative model has substantially higher explanatory power than traditional bivariate analyses. In addition, the specific results unveil several surprising findings that conflict with classical models. These include the isolation of a strong and consistent enhancement of productivity by richness, an effect in striking contrast with superficial data patterns. Also revealed is a consistent importance of competition across the full range of productivity values, in direct conflict with some (but not all) proposed models. The promotion of local richness by macroecological gradients in climatic favourability, generally seen as a competing hypothesis, is also found to be important in our analysis. The results demonstrate that an integrative modelling approach leads to a major advance in our ability to discern the underlying processes operating in ecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Grace
- US Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 700 Cajundome Boulevard, Lafayette, Louisiana 70506, USA
| | - T Michael Anderson
- Department of Biology, 206 Winston Hall, Wake Forest University, Box 7325 Reynolda Station, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Peter B Adler
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
| | - W Stanley Harpole
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yann Hautier
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, Wilhelmshaven D-26381, Germany
| | - Eric M Lind
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia
| | - Jonathan D Bakker
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 354115, Seattle, Washington 98195-4115, USA
| | - Yvonne M Buckley
- School of Natural Sciences, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michael J Crawley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Ellen I Damschen
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Kendi F Davies
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCB 334, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Philip A Fay
- Grassland Soil and Water Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, 808 East Blackland Road, Temple, Texas 76502, USA
| | - Jennifer Firn
- #15 Queensland University of Technology, School of Earth, Environment and Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Daniel S Gruner
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, 4112 Plant Sciences, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Johannes M H Knops
- School of Biological Sciences, 348 Manter Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Andrew S MacDougall
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Brett A Melbourne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCB 334, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - John W Morgan
- Department of Ecology, Environment, and Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - John L Orrock
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Suzanne M Prober
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag 5, Wembley, Western Australia, 6913, Australia
| | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, 1878 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA
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Smeti E, Roelke DL, Spatharis S. Spatial averaging and disturbance lead to high productivity in aquatic metacommunities. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Smeti
- Dept of Marine Sciences; Univ. of the Aegean, University Hill; GR-81100 Mytilene Greece
| | - Daniel L. Roelke
- Dept of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences; Texas A&M University; 2258 TAMUS College Station TX 77843-2258 USA
| | - Sofie Spatharis
- Inst. of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Univ. of Glasgow; Glasgow G12 8QQ Scotland UK
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Aggregation of Cricket Activity in Response to Resource Addition Increases Local Diversity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139669. [PMID: 26436669 PMCID: PMC4593520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Crickets are often found feeding on fallen fruits among forest litter. Fruits and other sugar-rich resources are not homogeneously distributed, nor are they always available. We therefore expect that crickets dwelling in forest litter have a limited supply of sugar-rich resource, and will perceive this and displace towards resource-supplemented sites. Here we evaluate how sugar availability affects cricket species richness and abundance in old-growth Atlantic forest by spraying sugarcane syrup on leaf litter, simulating increasing availability, and collecting crickets via pitfall trapping. We found an asymptotic positive association between resource addition and species richness, and an interaction between resource addition and species identity on cricket abundance, which indicates differential effects of resource addition among cricket species. Our results indicate that 12 of the 13 cricket species present in forest litter are maintained at low densities by resource scarcity; this highlights sugar-rich resource as a short-term driver of litter cricket community structure in tropical forests. When resource was experimentally increased, species richness increased due to behavioral displacement. We present evidence that the density of many species is limited by resource scarcity and, when resources are added, behavioral displacement promotes increased species packing and alters species composition. Further, our findings have technical applicability for increasing sampling efficiency of local cricket diversity in studies aiming to estimate species richness, but with no regard to local environmental drivers or species-abundance characteristics.
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Thompson PL, Davies TJ, Gonzalez A. Ecosystem functions across trophic levels are linked to functional and phylogenetic diversity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117595. [PMID: 25693188 PMCID: PMC4333825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In experimental systems, it has been shown that biodiversity indices based on traits or phylogeny can outperform species richness as predictors of plant ecosystem function. However, it is unclear whether this pattern extends to the function of food webs in natural ecosystems. Here we tested whether zooplankton functional and phylogenetic diversity explains the functioning of 23 natural pond communities. We used two measures of ecosystem function: (1) zooplankton community biomass and (2) phytoplankton abundance (Chl a). We tested for diversity-ecosystem function relationships within and across trophic levels. We found a strong correlation between zooplankton diversity and ecosystem function, whereas local environmental conditions were less important. Further, the positive diversity-ecosystem function relationships were more pronounced for measures of functional and phylogenetic diversity than for species richness. Zooplankton and phytoplankton biomass were best predicted by different indices, suggesting that the two functions are dependent upon different aspects of diversity. Zooplankton community biomass was best predicted by zooplankton trait-based functional richness, while phytoplankton abundance was best predicted by zooplankton phylogenetic diversity. Our results suggest that the positive relationship between diversity and ecosystem function can extend across trophic levels in natural environments, and that greater insight into variation in ecosystem function can be gained by combining functional and phylogenetic diversity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Hillebrand H, Cowles JM, Lewandowska A, Van de Waal DB, Plum C. Think ratio! A stoichiometric view on biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research. Basic Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vallina SM, Follows MJ, Dutkiewicz S, Montoya JM, Cermeno P, Loreau M. Global relationship between phytoplankton diversity and productivity in the ocean. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4299. [PMID: 24980772 PMCID: PMC4102128 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of the productivity-diversity relationship (PDR) for marine phytoplankton has been suggested to be unimodal, that is, diversity peaking at intermediate levels of productivity. However, there are few observations and there has been little attempt to understand the mechanisms that would lead to such a shape for planktonic organisms. Here we use a marine ecosystem model together with the community assembly theory to explain the shape of the unimodal PDR we obtain at the global scale. The positive slope from low to intermediate productivity is due to grazer control with selective feeding, which leads to the predator-mediated coexistence of prey. The negative slope at high productivity is due to seasonal blooms of opportunist species that occur before they are regulated by grazers. The negative side is only unveiled when the temporal scale of the observation captures the transient dynamics, which are especially relevant at highly seasonal latitudes. Thus selective predation explains the positive side while transient competitive exclusion explains the negative side of the unimodal PDR curve. The phytoplankton community composition of the positive and negative sides is mostly dominated by slow-growing nutrient specialists and fast-growing nutrient opportunist species, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Vallina
- Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M. J. Follows
- Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - S. Dutkiewicz
- Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - J. M. Montoya
- Institute of Marine Sciences, CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - P. Cermeno
- Institute of Marine Sciences, CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M. Loreau
- Station d’Ecologie Expérimentale, CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France
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Piñeiro-Guerra JM, Fagúndez-Pachón C, Oesterheld M, Arim M. Biodiversity-productivity relationship in ponds: Community and metacommunity patterns along time and environmental gradients. AUSTRAL ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Piñeiro-Guerra
- Departamento de Ecología y Evolución; Centro Universitario Regional Este (CURE) & Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Análisis Regional y Teledetección (LART); Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA); Facultad de Agronomía; Universidad de Buenos Aires; CONICET, Avenida San Martín 4453 Buenos Aires C1417DSE Argentina
| | - César Fagúndez-Pachón
- Centro Universitario de la Región Este (CURE); Universidad de la República; Rocha Uruguay
| | - Martín Oesterheld
- Laboratorio de Análisis Regional y Teledetección (LART); Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA); Facultad de Agronomía; Universidad de Buenos Aires; CONICET, Avenida San Martín 4453 Buenos Aires C1417DSE Argentina
| | - Matías Arim
- Departamento de Ecología y Evolución; Centro Universitario Regional Este (CURE) & Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
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Are fire, soil fertility and toxicity, water availability, plant functional diversity, and litter decomposition related in a Neotropical savanna? Oecologia 2014; 175:923-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-2937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lehmann CER, Anderson TM, Sankaran M, Higgins SI, Archibald S, Hoffmann WA, Hanan NP, Williams RJ, Fensham RJ, Felfili J, Hutley LB, Ratnam J, San Jose J, Montes R, Franklin D, Russell-Smith J, Ryan CM, Durigan G, Hiernaux P, Haidar R, Bowman DMJS, Bond WJ. Savanna vegetation-fire-climate relationships differ among continents. Science 2014; 343:548-52. [PMID: 24482480 DOI: 10.1126/science.1247355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ecologists have long sought to understand the factors controlling the structure of savanna vegetation. Using data from 2154 sites in savannas across Africa, Australia, and South America, we found that increasing moisture availability drives increases in fire and tree basal area, whereas fire reduces tree basal area. However, among continents, the magnitude of these effects varied substantially, so that a single model cannot adequately represent savanna woody biomass across these regions. Historical and environmental differences drive the regional variation in the functional relationships between woody vegetation, fire, and climate. These same differences will determine the regional responses of vegetation to future climates, with implications for global carbon stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E R Lehmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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39
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Lanari MDO, Coutinho R. Reciprocal causality between marine macroalgal diversity and productivity in an upwelling area. OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Zimmerman EK, Cardinale BJ. Is the relationship between algal diversity and biomass in North American lakes consistent with biodiversity experiments? OIKOS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Alexander AC, Luis AT, Culp JM, Baird DJ, Cessna AJ. Can nutrients mask community responses to insecticide mixtures? ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2013; 22:1085-100. [PMID: 23832151 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ecological effect of simultaneous exposure to two nutrient gradients, three insecticides and different predator intensities was investigated over a 3-week period in 80 outdoor, artificial streams using field-collected benthic invertebrates. The experimental design consisted of a 2 × 5 factorial structure with two nutrient levels (oligotrophic or mesotrophic) and five concentrations of the ternary insecticide mixture consisting of the insecticides (chlorpyrifos, dimethoate and imidacloprid). Equivalent toxic unit doses were summed to create a ternary insecticide dose (e.g., 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.3 TU) resulting in a range of ternary insecticide mixture toxicity (i.e., control groundwater, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 TU). Two genera of insect predators, Gomphus spp. (Odonata) and Agnetina spp. (Plecoptera) were also added into each replicate stream, at densities and sizes comparable to those found at our collection site, to evaluate how the contribution of predators may change in nutrient limited (oligotrophic) versus amended (mesotrophic) systems. We describe a causal mechanism whereby the combined action of nutrients and insecticides reshaped aquatic community structure by interacting through multiple pathways. Specifically, mesotrophic conditions reduced the toxic effects of ternary insecticide mixtures for aquatic insects which, in some cases, appeared to increase abundance of aquatic insects. However, higher levels of insecticides in mesotrophic streams negated this effect and were even more toxic; for example, to aquatic insect grazers than the same insecticide doses in oligotrophic treatment levels. Effects of predators were only significant in oligotrophic streams. Evidence is provided as to how nutrient and contaminant interactions can greatly complicate the assessment of community level responses to insecticide mixtures due to direct and indirect effects of the resulting changes in the density of different genera and functional feeding groups within a community.
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42
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Plant production and alternate prey channels impact the abundance of top predators. Oecologia 2013; 173:331-41. [PMID: 23604861 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
While numerous studies have examined the effects of increased primary production on higher trophic levels, most studies have focused primarily on the grazing food web and have not considered the importance of alternate prey channels. This has happened despite the fact that fertilization not only increases grazing herbivore abundance, but other types of consumers such as detritivores that serve as alternate prey for generalist predators. Alternate prey channels can sustain generalist predators at times when prey abundance in the grazing food web is low, thus increasing predator densities and the potential for trophic cascades. Using arthropod data from a fertilization experiment, we constructed a hierarchical Bayesian model to examine the direct and indirect effects of plant production and alternate prey channels on predators in a salt marsh. We found that increased plant production positively affected the density of top predators via effects on lower trophic level herbivores and mesopredators. Additionally, while the abundance of algivores and detritivores positively affected mesopredators and top predators, respectively, the effects of alternate prey were relatively weak. Because previous studies in the same system have found that mesopredators and top predators rely on alternate prey such as algivores and detritivores, future studies should examine whether fertilization shifts patterns of prey use by predators from alternate channels to the grazing channel. Finally, the hierarchical Bayesian model used in this study provided a useful method for exploring trophic relationships in the salt marsh food web, especially where causal relationships among trophic groups were unknown.
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Simões NR, Colares MAM, Lansac-Tôha FA, Bonecker CC. Zooplankton species richness-productivity relationship: Confronting monotonic positive and hump-shaped models from a local perspective. AUSTRAL ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadson R. Simões
- Universidade Federal do Pará; Laboratório de Ecologia; Rua Coronel José Porfírio, 2515 São Sebastião CEP - 68372-040 Altamira Pará Brazil
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aqüicultura (NUPELIA); Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá Paraná Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Mendes Colares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Comparada; Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aqüicultura (NUPELIA); Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá Paraná Brazil
| | - Fábio A. Lansac-Tôha
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aqüicultura (NUPELIA); Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá Paraná Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Comparada; Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aqüicultura (NUPELIA); Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá Paraná Brazil
| | - Claudia C. Bonecker
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aqüicultura (NUPELIA); Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá Paraná Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Comparada; Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aqüicultura (NUPELIA); Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá Paraná Brazil
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Nelson CE, Bennett DM, Cardinale BJ. Consistency and sensitivity of stream periphyton community structural and functional responses to nutrient enrichment. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 23:159-73. [PMID: 23495644 DOI: 10.1890/12-0295.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication remains one of the foremost impacts of industrialization and population expansion on aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Selecting metrics for assessing the manner in which communities and biogeochemical processes respond to nutrient fertilization is an ongoing management challenge critical both for detecting changes and for monitoring recovery of impaired environments. A key limitation to the selection of response variables is the lack of consistent evaluation of metrics under the same conditions in multiple systems across ecoregions. Here we report the results of nutrient-diffusing agar fertilization experiments conducted simultaneously in 30 streams in two distinct ecoregions of California, USA: the mountainous Sierra Nevada and the coastal chaparral of Santa Barbara county. In each experiment we evaluated algal community shifts across five nutrient delivery rates using multiple response variables at the ecosystem process (respiration and primary production), community (biomass and diversity metrics), functional group (nitrogen fixing, growth form, nutrient adaptation), and taxonomic group (indicator species, genera, families) levels of ecological organization. We used mixed-effect general linear models to quantify the magnitude, sensitivity, and consistency of responses among streams within and across ecoregions to provide an objective assessment of the potential for each variable to describe and detect significant changes in algal community characteristics. Our results indicate that ecosystem- and community-level variables showed significant and consistent nutrient responses among diverse streams and across the two ecoregions, while indicator taxa and functional groups were less likely to respond consistently to nutrient enrichment. We discuss the relevance of our findings to the ongoing development of monitoring and bioassessment strategies for aquatic eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Nelson
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA.
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45
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Borer ET, Seabloom EW, Tilman D. Plant diversity controls arthropod biomass and temporal stability. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:1457-64. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T. Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN USA
| | - Eric W. Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN USA
| | - David Tilman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN USA
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46
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Reiskind M, Zarrabi A, Lounibos L. Effects of combination of leaf resources on competition in container mosquito larvae. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 102:424-434. [PMID: 22314102 PMCID: PMC3401315 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485311000861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Resource diversity is critical to fitness in many insect species, and may determine the coexistence of competitive species and the function of ecosystems. Plant material provides the nutritional base for numerous aquatic systems, yet the consequences of diversity of plant material have not been studied in aquatic container systems important for the production of mosquitoes. To address how diversity in leaf detritus affects container-inhabiting mosquitoes, we examined how leaf species affect competition between two container inhabiting mosquito larvae, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, that co-occur in many parts of the world. We tested the hypotheses that leaf species changes the outcome of intra- and interspecific competition between these mosquito species, and that combinations of leaf species affect competition in a manner not predictable based upon the response to each leaf species alone (i.e. the response to leaf combinations is non-additive). We find support for our first hypothesis that leaf species can affect competition, evidence that, in general, leaf combination alters competitive interactions, and no support that leaf combination impacts interspecific competition differently than intraspecific competition. We conclude that combinations of leaves increase mosquito production non-additively such that combinations of leaves act synergistically, in general, and result in higher total yield of adult mosquitoes in most cases, although certain leaf combinations for A. albopictus are antagonistic. We also conclude that leaf diversity does not have a different effect on interspecific competition between A. aegypti and A. albopictus, relative to intraspecific competition for each mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.H. Reiskind
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 127 Noble Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - A.A. Zarrabi
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 127 Noble Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - L.P. Lounibos
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, 200 9th Street SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA
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Mulder C, Boit A, Mori S, Vonk JA, Dyer SD, Faggiano L, Geisen S, González AL, Kaspari M, Lavorel S, Marquet PA, Rossberg AG, Sterner RW, Voigt W, Wall DH. Distributional (In)Congruence of Biodiversity–Ecosystem Functioning. ADV ECOL RES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396992-7.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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48
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Spooner DE, Vaughn CC. Species’ traits and environmental gradients interact to govern primary production in freshwater mussel communities. OIKOS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Adler PB, Seabloom EW, Borer ET, Hillebrand H, Hautier Y, Hector A, Harpole WS, O'Halloran LR, Grace JB, Anderson TM, Bakker JD, Biederman LA, Brown CS, Buckley YM, Calabrese LB, Chu CJ, Cleland EE, Collins SL, Cottingham KL, Crawley MJ, Damschen EI, Davies KF, DeCrappeo NM, Fay PA, Firn J, Frater P, Gasarch EI, Gruner DS, Hagenah N, Hille Ris Lambers J, Humphries H, Jin VL, Kay AD, Kirkman KP, Klein JA, Knops JMH, La Pierre KJ, Lambrinos JG, Li W, MacDougall AS, McCulley RL, Melbourne BA, Mitchell CE, Moore JL, Morgan JW, Mortensen B, Orrock JL, Prober SM, Pyke DA, Risch AC, Schuetz M, Smith MD, Stevens CJ, Sullivan LL, Wang G, Wragg PD, Wright JP, Yang LH. Productivity is a poor predictor of plant species richness. Science 2011; 333:1750-3. [PMID: 21940895 DOI: 10.1126/science.1204498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
For more than 30 years, the relationship between net primary productivity and species richness has generated intense debate in ecology about the processes regulating local diversity. The original view, which is still widely accepted, holds that the relationship is hump-shaped, with richness first rising and then declining with increasing productivity. Although recent meta-analyses questioned the generality of hump-shaped patterns, these syntheses have been criticized for failing to account for methodological differences among studies. We addressed such concerns by conducting standardized sampling in 48 herbaceous-dominated plant communities on five continents. We found no clear relationship between productivity and fine-scale (meters(-2)) richness within sites, within regions, or across the globe. Ecologists should focus on fresh, mechanistic approaches to understanding the multivariate links between productivity and richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Adler
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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Hillebrand H, Lehmpfuhl V. Resource Stoichiometry and Consumers Control the Biodiversity-Productivity Relationship in Pelagic Metacommunities. Am Nat 2011; 178:171-81. [DOI: 10.1086/660831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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