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Howell BE, Navarroli G, DePasquale SW, Cooke SJ, Hasler CT. Sex and season influence behaviour and physiology of lake trout following angling. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coae041. [PMID: 38974501 PMCID: PMC11224997 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coae041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Catch-and-release angling exposes fish to challenges that may result in sub-lethal effects or mortality. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) undergo high rates of release because of size-based harvest regulations or voluntary angler behaviour. Here, we examine short-term impairment in lake trout angled during the summer (n = 74) and fall spawning period (n = 33) to inform best practices for angling. Immediately following capture or 0.5 h post-capture, fish underwent reflex and barotrauma assessments, and a small blood sample was collected. Fish were also fitted with an externally mounted biologger equipped with depth, temperature and tri-axial acceleration sensors, that was tethered to allow retrieval of the logger after 14 min. In the summer, reflex impairment and barotrauma at 0 and 0.5 h were significantly correlated. Loss of orientation and bloating were the most observed indicators. Larger fish and those captured at increased depth had higher barotrauma scores, while prolonged fight times decreased the barotrauma score regardless of sampling time. Plasma cortisol, lactate and glucose increased 0.5 h after capture, and extracellular and intracellular pH decreased, all signs that angling was inducing a metabolic response. However, no relationships were found between blood indices and mortality (18.9%). The time required to reach maximum depth after release was longer for fish with increased air exposure but shorter for those with longer fight times. During the fall, fish displayed no mortality or reflex impairment. Anal prolapse was the most observed indicator of barotrauma but only observed in females. Blood indices were most altered 0.5 h after capture, with increased cortisol values for fish that were female, particularly large or captured at deeper depth. Locomotor activity was highest for males and increased with depth. Together, our findings suggest that the effects of catch-and-release angling may be dependent on several factors, including sex, season and angling depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley E Howell
- Fish Biology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Giulio Navarroli
- Fish Biology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Simon W DePasquale
- Fish Biology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Caleb T Hasler
- Fish Biology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
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2
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Lennox RJ, Donaldson MR, Raby GD, Cook KV, LaRochelle L, Madden JC, Cooke SJ, Patterson DA, Hinch SG. Using vitality indicators to predict survival of aquatic animals released from fisheries. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coae034. [PMID: 38827188 PMCID: PMC11140223 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Estimating the survival probability of animals released from fisheries can improve the overall understanding of animal biology with implications for fisheries management, conservation and animal welfare. Vitality indicators are simple visual measures of animal condition that change in response to stressors (like fisheries capture) and can be assessed to predict post-release survival. These indicators typically include immediate reflex responses which are typically combined into a score. Vitality indicators are straight-forward and non-invasive metrics that allow users to quantify how close (or far) an animal is from a normal, 'healthy' or baseline state, which in turn can be correlated with outcomes such as survival probability, given appropriate calibration. The literature on using vitality indicators to predict post-release survival of animals has grown rapidly over the past decade. We identified 136 papers that used vitality indicators in a fisheries context. These studies were primarily focused on marine and freshwater fishes, with a few examples using herptiles and crustaceans. The types of vitality indicators are diverse and sometimes taxa-specific (e.g. pinching leg of turtles, spraying water at nictitating membrane of sharks) with the most commonly used indicators being those that assess escape response or righting response given the vulnerability of animals when those reflexes are impaired. By presenting Pacific salmon fisheries as a case study, we propose a framework for using vitality indicators to predict survival across taxa and fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Lennox
- Ocean Tracking Network, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - M R Donaldson
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - G D Raby
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 2089 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9L 1Z8, Canada
| | - K V Cook
- InStream Fisheries Research, 1121A Enterprise Way, Squamish, BC V8B 0E8, Canada
| | - L LaRochelle
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - J C Madden
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - S J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - D A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - S G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Shartau RB, Harter TS, Baker DW, Aboagye DL, Allen PJ, Val AL, Crossley DA, Kohl ZF, Hedrick MS, Damsgaard C, Brauner CJ. Acute CO 2 tolerance in fishes is associated with air breathing but not the Root effect, red cell βNHE, or habitat. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 274:111304. [PMID: 36049728 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
High CO2 (hypercapnia) can impose significant physiological challenges associated with acid-base regulation in fishes, impairing whole animal performance and survival. Unlike other environmental conditions such as temperature and O2, the acute CO2 tolerance thresholds of fishes are not understood. While some fish species are highly tolerant, the extent of acute CO2 tolerance and the associated physiological and ecological traits remain largely unknown. To investigate this, we used a recently developed ramping assay, termed the Carbon Dioxide maximum (CDmax), that increases CO2 exposure until loss of equilibrium (LOE) is observed. We investigated if there was a relationship between CO2 tolerance and the Root effect, β-adrenergic sodium proton exchanger (βNHE), air-breathing, and fish habitat in 17 species. We hypothesized that CO2 tolerance would be higher in fishes that lack both a Root effect and βNHE, breathe air, and reside in tropical habitats. Our results showed that CDmax ranged from 2.7 to 26.7 kPa, while LOE was never reached in four species at the maximum PCO2 we could measure (26.7 kPa); CO2 tolerance was only associated with air-breathing, but not the presence of a Root effect or a red blood cell (RBC) βNHE, or fish habitat. This study demonstrates that the diverse group of fishes investigated here are incredibly tolerant of CO2 and that although this tolerance is associated with air-breathing, further investigations are required to understand the basis for CO2 tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Shartau
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - T S Harter
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - D W Baker
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada.
| | - D L Aboagye
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - P J Allen
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA.
| | - A L Val
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - D A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
| | - Z F Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - M S Hedrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA.
| | - C Damsgaard
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - C J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Twardek WM, Ekström A, Eliason EJ, Lennox RJ, Tuononen E, Abrams AEI, Jeanson AL, Cooke SJ. Field assessments of heart rate dynamics during spawning migration of wild and hatchery-reared Chinook salmon. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200214. [PMID: 34121459 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During spawning, adult Pacific salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) complete challenging upriver migrations during which energy and oxygen delivery must be partitioned into activities such as locomotion, maturation and spawning behaviours under the constraints of an individual's cardiac capacity. To advance our understanding of cardiac function in free-swimming fishes, we implanted migrating adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) collected near the mouth of the Sydenham River, Ontario, with heart rate (fH) biologgers that recorded fH every 3 min until these semelparous fish expired on spawning grounds several days later. Fundamental aspects of cardiac function were quantified, including resting, routine and maximum fH, as well as scope for fH (maximum-resting fH). Predictors of fH were explored using generalized least-squares regression, including water temperature, discharge, fish size and fish origin (wild versus hatchery). Heart rate was positively correlated with water temperature, which aligned closely with daily and seasonal shifts. Wild fish had slower resting heart rates than hatchery fish, which led to significantly higher scope for fH. Our findings suggest that wild salmon may have better cardiac capacity during migration than hatchery fish, potentially promoting migration success in wild fish. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Twardek
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - A Ekström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - R J Lennox
- Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE), Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (LFI), Nygårdsgaten 112, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - E Tuononen
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - A E I Abrams
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - A L Jeanson
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - S J Cooke
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6
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5
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Prystay TS, de Bruijn R, Peiman KS, Hinch SG, Patterson DA, Farrell AP, Eliason EJ, Cooke SJ. Cardiac Performance of Free-Swimming Wild Sockeye Salmon during the Reproductive Period. Integr Org Biol 2019; 2:obz031. [PMID: 33791582 PMCID: PMC7671112 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have surmised that the ability to obtain dominance during reproduction is related to an individual’s ability to better sequester the energy required for reproductive behaviors and develop secondary sexual characteristics, presumably through enhanced physiological performance. However, studies testing this idea are limited. Using sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), we explored the relationship between heart rate and dominance behavior during spawning. We predicted that an individual’s reproductive status and energy requirements associated with dominance can be assessed by relating routine heart rate to changes in spawning status over time (i.e., shifts among aggregation, subordinance, and dominance). Thus, we used routine heart rate as a proxy of relative energy expenditure. Heart rate increased with temperature, as expected, and was higher during the day than at night, a known diel pattern that became less pronounced as the spawning period progressed. Routine heart rate did not differ between sexes and average heart rate of the population did not differ among reproductive behaviors. At the individual level, heart rate did not change as behavior shifted from one state to another (e.g., dominance versus aggregation). No other trends existed between routine heart rate and sex, secondary sexual characteristics, survival duration or spawning success (for females only). Therefore, while our study revealed the complexity of the relationships between cardiac performance and reproductive behaviors in wild fish and demonstrated the importance of considering environmental factors when exploring individual heart rate, we found no support for heart rate being related to specific spawning behavioral status or secondary sexual characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Prystay
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - R de Bruijn
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - K S Peiman
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - S G Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - D A Patterson
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - A P Farrell
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - E J Eliason
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - S J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
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6
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Effects on individual level behaviour in mackerel (Scomber scombrus) of sub-lethal capture related stressors: Crowding and hypoxia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213709. [PMID: 30865714 PMCID: PMC6415853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress to fish during harvest in wild capture fisheries is known to negatively influence subsequent survival in catches that are released. Therefore, if fisheries are to be conducted sustainably, there is a need to promote good fish welfare during the capture process. Purse seine fishing is a widespread and efficient fishing method. However, capture and release of fish from purse seines (a process called "slipping") can result in extremely high mortality in small pelagic schooling species. The objective of this study was to establish behavioural indicators of sub-lethal stress in Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) that may be used to set safe threshold limits for use in commercial purse seine fishing, in order to ensure good fish welfare and thereby minimise slipping mortality. Controlled mesocosm scale experiments with schools of mackerel in net pens were undertaken to determine behavioural responses to simulated purse seine capture stressors of "crowding", "hypoxia" and "crowding & hypoxia". Crowding (at 30 kg.m-3) was achieved by reducing the volume of the net pen, while hypoxia (to 40% oxygen saturation) was achieved by surrounding the net pen with a tarpaulin bag to prevent water exchange. Using video analysis, we investigated behavioural responses in nearest neighbour distances, nearest neighbour angular deviations, tail beat amplitude and tail beat frequency (TBF). Of the metrics considered, only TBF showed a response; a significant increase to "crowding" (42% increase) and "crowding & hypoxia" (38% increase) was found. The increase in TBF in response to "hypoxia" alone (29% increase) was not significant. We therefore conclude that increases in tail beat frequency may be used as an indicator of sub-lethal purse seine capture stress in mackerel that may have utility in minimising post slipping mortality.
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Bouyoucos IA, Talwar BS, Brooks EJ, Brownscombe JW, Cooke SJ, Suski CD, Mandelman JW. Exercise intensity while hooked is associated with physiological status of longline-captured sharks. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 6:coy074. [PMID: 30591841 PMCID: PMC6301290 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Some shark populations face declines owing to targeted capture and by-catch in longline fisheries. Exercise intensity during longline capture and physiological status may be associated, which could inform management strategies aimed at reducing the impacts of longline capture on sharks. The purpose of this study was to characterize relationships between exercise intensity and physiological status of longline-captured nurse sharks (Ginglymostoma cirratum) and Caribbean reef sharks (Carcharhinus perezi). Exercise intensity of longline-captured sharks was quantified with digital cameras and accelerometers, which was paired with blood-based physiological metrics from samples obtained immediately post-capture. Exercise intensity was associated with physiological status following longline capture. For nurse sharks, blood pH increased with capture duration and the proportion of time exhibiting low-intensity exercise. Nurse sharks also had higher blood glucose and plasma potassium concentrations at higher sea surface temperatures. Associations between exercise intensity and physiological status for Caribbean reef sharks were equivocal; capture duration had a positive relation with blood lactate concentrations and a negative relationship with plasma chloride concentrations. Because Caribbean reef sharks did not appear able to influence blood pH through exercise intensity, this species was considered more vulnerable to physiological impairment. While both species appear quite resilient to longline capture, it remains to be determined if exercise intensity during capture is a useful tool for predicting mortality or tertiary sub-lethal consequences. Fisheries management should consider exercise during capture for sharks when developing techniques to avoid by-catch or reduce physiological stress associated with capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Bouyoucos
- Shark Research and Conservation Program, Cape Eleuthera Institute, Rock Sound, The Bahamas
| | - Brendan S Talwar
- Shark Research and Conservation Program, Cape Eleuthera Institute, Rock Sound, The Bahamas
| | - Edward J Brooks
- Shark Research and Conservation Program, Cape Eleuthera Institute, Rock Sound, The Bahamas
| | - Jacob W Brownscombe
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Cory D Suski
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John W Mandelman
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Dermal injuries caused by purse seine capture result in lasting physiological disturbances in coho salmon. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 227:75-83. [PMID: 30292565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fish vitality can be measured by classifying reflex impairments (i.e., a visual impression of the ability to respond to induced stimuli) and visible injuries. These metrics can predict survival probability following release from fisheries, and monitoring physiological disturbances following capture can help understand mechanisms of mortality. To test the hypothesis that severity of injury and reflex impairment influences the time course of physiological recovery, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were held for up to 84-h following capture by purse seine. We classified reflex impairments and visible dermal injuries, and through repeated blood sampling, assessed metrics indicative of stress, exhaustion, and osmoregulatory disturbances. Reflex-impairments and blood lactate levels suggested fish were exhausted upon capture but recovered after 48 h. Conversely, fish with dermal injuries showed disruptions to ion homeostasis that were greater in more severely injured fish and increased over time. While reflex impairments may predict short term post-release mortality, the prolonged physiological disturbances caused by dermal injuries are likely to be responsible for delayed mortality; our results suggest that disruptions to ion homeostasis is a possible mechanism of post-release mortality.
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Marçalo A, Guerreiro PM, Bentes L, Rangel M, Monteiro P, Oliveira F, Afonso CML, Pousão-Ferreira P, Benoît HP, Breen M, Erzini K, Gonçalves JMS. Effects of different slipping methods on the mortality of sardine, Sardina pilchardus, after purse-seine capture off the Portuguese Southern coast (Algarve). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195433. [PMID: 29851955 PMCID: PMC5978792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of two different slipping methods on the survival, physical and physiological response of sardines, Sardina pilchardus, captured in a purse-seine fishery were investigated in southern Portugal. Sardines were collected and transferred into holding tanks onboard a commercial fishing vessel after being captured, crowded and deliberately released using two slipping procedures: standard and modified. The standard slipping procedure aggregated fish at high densities and made them “roll over” the floatline, while the modified procedure aggregated the fish at moderate densities and enabled them to escape through an opening created by adding weights to the floatline. Both slipping methods were compared with minimally harmed non-slipped sardines (sardines collected from the loose pocket of the purse seine). Survival rates were monitored in captivity over 28 days using three replicates for each treatment. The estimated survival of sardines was 43.6% for the non-slipped fish, 44.7% for the modified slipping and 11.7% for the standard slipping treatments. Scale loss indicated the level of physical impact experienced, with dead fish from the non-slipped and modified slipping technique showing significantly lower scale loss than those fish from the standard slipping treatment within the same period. Of the physiological indicators of stress measured, cortisol, glucose, lactate and osmolality attained peak values during slipping and up to the first hours after introduction to captivity. This work indicates that although delayed mortality after release may be substantial, appropriately modified slipping techniques significantly enhance survival of slipped sardines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marçalo
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI.MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Plaza de Falla, Cádiz, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Pedro M. Guerreiro
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Luís Bentes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Rangel
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Monteiro
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Frederico Oliveira
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Carlos M. L. Afonso
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pousão-Ferreira
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere/EPPO - Aquaculture Research Station, Olhão, Portugal
| | - Hugues P. Benoît
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, University Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Mike Breen
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karim Erzini
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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10
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Hasler CT, Bouyoucos IA, Suski CD. Tolerance to Hypercarbia Is Repeatable and Related to a Component of the Metabolic Phenotype in a Freshwater Fish. Physiol Biochem Zool 2017; 90:583-587. [PMID: 28708460 DOI: 10.1086/693376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater fish may be exposed to high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) because of several actions, including anesthesia and high levels of aquatic respiration and potentially as the result of using high-CO2 plumes as a barrier to the movements of invasive fishes. Metabolic phenotype can potentially drive how freshwater fish respond to high CO2. We therefore quantified how tolerance (measured using time to equilibrium loss [ELT]) was driven by metabolic phenotype in a cosmopolitan freshwater fish species, Micropterus salmoides. ELT was repeatable, with 60% of the variance across trials attributable to individual differences. For each fish, standard metabolic rate and maximum metabolic rate were measured using respirometers and time to exhaustion after a chase test was recorded. Fish with high anaerobic performance were less tolerant to elevated CO2, potentially as a result of preexisting metabolic acidosis. Standard metabolic rate and aerobic scope did not predict ELT. Our findings define which fish may be more vulnerable to high CO2, a potential mechanism for this tolerance, and show that tolerance to high CO2 may be acted on by natural selection. Should freshwater ecosystems become elevated in CO2, by either natural means or anthropogenic means, it is possible that there is potential for heritable selection of CO2 tolerance, evidenced by the fact that ELT was found to be repeatable.
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11
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Crossin GT, Heupel MR, Holbrook CM, Hussey NE, Lowerre-Barbieri SK, Nguyen VM, Raby GD, Cooke SJ. Acoustic telemetry and fisheries management. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:1031-1049. [PMID: 28295789 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the use of acoustic telemetry as a tool for addressing issues in fisheries management, and serves as the lead to the special Feature Issue of Ecological Applications titled Acoustic Telemetry and Fisheries Management. Specifically, we provide an overview of the ways in which acoustic telemetry can be used to inform issues central to the ecology, conservation, and management of exploited and/or imperiled fish species. Despite great strides in this area in recent years, there are comparatively few examples where data have been applied directly to influence fisheries management and policy. We review the literature on this issue, identify the strengths and weaknesses of work done to date, and highlight knowledge gaps and difficulties in applying empirical fish telemetry studies to fisheries policy and practice. We then highlight the key areas of management and policy addressed, as well as the challenges that needed to be overcome to do this. We conclude with a set of recommendations about how researchers can, in consultation with stock assessment scientists and managers, formulate testable scientific questions to address and design future studies to generate data that can be used in a meaningful way by fisheries management and conservation practitioners. We also urge the involvement of relevant stakeholders (managers, fishers, conservation societies, etc.) early on in the process (i.e., in the co-creation of research projects), so that all priority questions and issues can be addressed effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn T Crossin
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B4H 4R2, Canada
| | - Michelle R Heupel
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia
| | - Christopher M Holbrook
- U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Hammond Bay Biological Station, 11188 Ray Road, Millersburg, Michigan, 49759, USA
| | - Nigel E Hussey
- Department of Biology, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Susan K Lowerre-Barbieri
- Florida Fish & Wildlife Research Institute, 100 8th Avenue SE, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, USA
- Fisheries and Aquatic Science Program, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, 7922 North West 71st Street, Gainesville, Florida, 32653, USA
| | - Vivian M Nguyen
- Fish Ecology & Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Graham D Raby
- Department of Biology, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology & Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
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Hussey NE, Hedges KJ, Barkley AN, Treble MA, Peklova I, Webber DM, Ferguson SH, Yurkowski DJ, Kessel ST, Bedard JM, Fisk AT. Movements of a deep-water fish: establishing marine fisheries management boundaries in coastal Arctic waters. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:687-704. [PMID: 27984681 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Management boundaries that define populations or stocks of fish form the basis of fisheries planning. In the Arctic, decreasing sea ice extent is driving increasing fisheries development, highlighting the need for ecological data to inform management. In Cumberland Sound, southwest Baffin Island, an indigenous community fishery was established in 1987 targeting Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) through the ice. Following its development, the Cumberland Sound Management Boundary (CSMB) was designated and a total allowable catch (TAC) assigned to the fishery. The CSMB was based on a sink population of Greenland halibut resident in the northern section of the Sound. Recent fishing activities south of the CSMB, however, raised concerns over fish residency, the effectiveness of the CSMB and the sustainability of the community-based winter fishery. Through acoustic telemetry monitoring at depths between 400 and 1200 m, and environmental and fisheries data, this study examined the movement patterns of Greenland halibut relative to the CSMB, the biotic and abiotic factors driving fish movement and the dynamics of the winter fishery. Greenland halibut undertook clear seasonal movements between the southern and northern regions of the Sound driven by temperature, dissolved oxygen, and sea ice cover with most fish crossing the CSMB on an annual basis. Over the lifespan of the fishery, landfast ice cover initially declined and then became variable, limiting accessibility to favored fisher locations. Concomitantly, catch per unit effort declined, reflecting the effect of changing ice conditions on the location and effort of the fishery. Ultimately, these telemetry data revealed that fishers now target less productive sites outside of their favored areas and, with continued decreases in ice, the winter fishery might cease to exist. In addition, these novel telemetry data revealed that the CSMB is ineffective and led to its relocation to the entrance of the Sound in 2014. The community fishery can now develop an open-water fishery in addition to the winter fishery to exploit the TAC, which will ensure the longevity of the fishery under projected climate-change scenarios. Telemetry shows great promise as a tool for understanding deep-water species and for directly informing fisheries management of these ecosystems that are inherently complex to study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel E Hussey
- Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Kevin J Hedges
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Amanda N Barkley
- Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | | | - Iva Peklova
- Za Zahradami 1407, 253 01, Hostivice, Czech Republic
| | - Dale M Webber
- Amirix Systems, 20 Angus Morton Drive, Bedford, Nova Scotia, B4B 0L9, Canada
| | | | - David J Yurkowski
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Steven T Kessel
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Jeannette M Bedard
- School of Earth and Ocean Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Aaron T Fisk
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
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13
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Patterson DA, Cooke SJ, Hinch SG, Robinson KA, Young N, Farrell AP, Miller KM. A perspective on physiological studies supporting the provision of scientific advice for the management of Fraser River sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow026. [PMID: 27928508 PMCID: PMC5001150 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The inability of physiologists to effect change in fisheries management has been the source of frustration for many decades. Close collaboration between fisheries managers and researchers has afforded our interdisciplinary team an unusual opportunity to evaluate the emerging impact that physiology can have in providing relevant and credible scientific advice to assist in management decisions. We categorize the quality of scientific advice given to management into five levels based on the type of scientific activity and resulting advice (notions, observations, descriptions, predictions and prescriptions). We argue that, ideally, both managers and researchers have concomitant but separate responsibilities for increasing the level of scientific advice provided. The responsibility of managers involves clear communication of management objectives to researchers, including exact descriptions of knowledge needs and researchable problems. The role of the researcher is to provide scientific advice based on the current state of scientific information and the level of integration with management. The examples of scientific advice discussed herein relate to physiological research on the impact of high discharge and water temperature, pathogens, sex and fisheries interactions on in-river migration success of adult Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and the increased understanding and quality of scientific advice that emerges. We submit that success in increasing the quality of scientific advice is a function of political motivation linked to funding, legal clarity in management objectives, collaborative structures in government and academia, personal relationships, access to interdisciplinary experts and scientific peer acceptance. The major challenges with advancing scientific advice include uncertainty in results, lack of integration with management needs and institutional caution in adopting new research. We hope that conservation physiologists can learn from our experiences of providing scientific advice to management to increase the potential for this growing field of research to have a positive influence on resource management.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Kendra A. Robinson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Nathan Young
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Anthony P. Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Kristina M. Miller
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, BC, Canada V9T 6N7
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14
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Lennox RJ, Chapman JM, Souliere CM, Tudorache C, Wikelski M, Metcalfe JD, Cooke SJ. Conservation physiology of animal migration. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cov072. [PMID: 27293751 PMCID: PMC4772791 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Migration is a widespread phenomenon among many taxa. This complex behaviour enables animals to exploit many temporally productive and spatially discrete habitats to accrue various fitness benefits (e.g. growth, reproduction, predator avoidance). Human activities and global environmental change represent potential threats to migrating animals (from individuals to species), and research is underway to understand mechanisms that control migration and how migration responds to modern challenges. Focusing on behavioural and physiological aspects of migration can help to provide better understanding, management and conservation of migratory populations. Here, we highlight different physiological, behavioural and biomechanical aspects of animal migration that will help us to understand how migratory animals interact with current and future anthropogenic threats. We are in the early stages of a changing planet, and our understanding of how physiology is linked to the persistence of migratory animals is still developing; therefore, we regard the following questions as being central to the conservation physiology of animal migrations. Will climate change influence the energetic costs of migration? Will shifting temperatures change the annual clocks of migrating animals? Will anthropogenic influences have an effect on orientation during migration? Will increased anthropogenic alteration of migration stopover sites/migration corridors affect the stress physiology of migrating animals? Can physiological knowledge be used to identify strategies for facilitating the movement of animals? Our synthesis reveals that given the inherent challenges of migration, additional stressors derived from altered environments (e.g. climate change, physical habitat alteration, light pollution) or interaction with human infrastructure (e.g. wind or hydrokinetic turbines, dams) or activities (e.g. fisheries) could lead to long-term changes to migratory phenotypes. However, uncertainty remains because of the complexity of biological systems, the inherently dynamic nature of the environment and the scale at which many migrations occur and associated threats operate, necessitating improved integration of physiological approaches to the conservation of migratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Lennox
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Jacqueline M. Chapman
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Christopher M. Souliere
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Christian Tudorache
- The Sylvius Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Wikelski
- Department of Migration and Immuno-ecology, Max-Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Julian D. Metcalfe
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft Laboratory, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
- Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
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Raby GD, Donaldson MR, Hinch SG, Clark TD, Eliason EJ, Jeffries KM, Cook KV, Teffer A, Bass AL, Miller KM, Patterson DA, Farrell AP, Cooke SJ. Fishing for Effective Conservation: Context and Biotic Variation are Keys to Understanding the Survival of Pacific Salmon after Catch-and-Release. Integr Comp Biol 2015. [PMID: 26199324 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute stressors are commonly experienced by wild animals but their effects on fitness rarely are studied in the natural environment. Billions of fish are captured and released annually around the globe across all fishing sectors (e.g., recreational, commercial, subsistence). Whatever the motivation, release often occurs under the assumption of post-release survival. Yet, capture by fisheries (hereafter "fisheries-capture") is likely the most severe acute stressor experienced in the animal's lifetime, which makes the problem of physiological recovery and survival of relevance to biology and conservation. Indeed, fisheries managers require accurate estimates of mortality to better account for total mortality from fishing, while fishers desire guidance on strategies for reducing mortality and maintaining the welfare of released fish, to maximize current and future opportunities for fishing. In partnership with stakeholders, our team has extensively studied the effects of catch-and-release on Pacific salmon in both marine and freshwater environments, using biotelemetry and physiological assessments in a combined laboratory-based and field-based approach. The emergent theme is that post-release rates of mortality are consistently context-specific and can be affected by a suite of interacting biotic and abiotic factors. The fishing gear used, location of a fishery, water temperature, and handling techniques employed by fishers each can dramatically affect survival of the salmon they release. Variation among individuals, co-migrating populations, and between sexes all seem to play a role in the response of fish to capture and in their subsequent survival, potentially driven by pre-capture pathogen-load, maturation states, and inter-individual variation in responsiveness to stress. Although some of these findings are fascinating from a biological perspective, they all create unresolved challenges for managers. We summarize our findings by highlighting the patterns that have emerged most consistently, and point to areas of uncertainty that require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham D Raby
- *Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S5B6, Canada;
| | - Michael R Donaldson
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Timothy D Clark
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada; Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville MC, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Erika J Eliason
- *Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S5B6, Canada; Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Kenneth M Jeffries
- Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Katrina V Cook
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Amy Teffer
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada; Biology Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P5C2, Canada
| | - Arthur L Bass
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9R5K6, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- **Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Steven J Cooke
- *Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S5B6, Canada
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16
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Raby GD, Wilson SM, Patterson DA, Hinch SG, Clark TD, Farrell AP, Cooke SJ. A physiological comparison of three techniques for reviving sockeye salmon exposed to a severe capture stressor during upriver migration. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 3:cov015. [PMID: 27293700 PMCID: PMC4778444 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Capture of fish in commercial and recreational fisheries causes disruption to their physiological homeostasis and can result in delayed mortality for fish that are released. For fish that are severely impaired, it may be desirable to attempt revival prior to release to reduce the likelihood of post-release mortality. In this study, male sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) undergoing their upriver migration were used to examine short-term physiological changes during the following three revival treatments after beach seine capture and air exposure: a pump-powered recovery box that provided ram ventilation at one of two water flow rates; and a cylindrical, in-river recovery bag, which ensured that fish were oriented into the river flow. Beach seine capture followed by a 3 min air exposure resulted in severe impairment of reflexes such that fish could not maintain positive orientation or properly ventilate. All three revival treatments resulted in significant reductions in reflex impairment within 15 min, with full recovery of reflex responses observed within 60-120 min. For most variables measured, including plasma lactate, cortisol and osmolality, there were no significant differences among revival treatments. There was some evidence for impaired recovery in the low-flow recovery box, in the form of higher haematocrit and plasma sodium. These data mirror published recovery profiles for a recovery box study in the marine environment where a survival benefit occurred, suggesting that the methods tested here are viable options for reviving salmon caught in freshwater. Importantly, with most of the benefit to animal vitality accrued in the first 15 min, prolonging recovery when fish become vigorous may not provide added benefit because the confinement itself is likely to serve as a stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham D. Raby
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Samantha M. Wilson
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - David A. Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Timothy D. Clark
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Anthony P. Farrell
- Department of Zoology and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada K1S 5B6
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