Relationship Between Intake of Green Tea and Periodontal Disease

Salivary levels of catalase, total antioxidant capacity and interleukin-1β and oral health-related quality of life after matcha and green tea consumption for patients with gingivitis: A randomized clinical trial

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the changes in salivary levels of catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and IL-1β (primary outcomes) as well as gingival health and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) 1 month after the consumption of matcha and green tea in adult patients with gingivitis.

METHODS

This study was a parallel randomized clinical trial. Forty gingivitis adult patients were randomly assigned to drink either matcha or green tea cup twice daily for a duration of 1 month. They were asked to keep their habitual oral hygiene measures. Plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded. In addition, saliva was collected at baseline and 1 month after tea consumption. Salivary levels of CAT, TAC and IL-1β were determined by ELISA. Each participant was asked to fill OHIP-14 questionnaire before and after tea consumption.

RESULTS

Following tea intake, 40.6% of the study sample had healthy gingiva. Both groups similarly showed reductions in PI (0.32 ± 0.11-0.22 ± 0.08) and BOP (0.24 ± 0.08-0.13 ± 0.07) scores after tea consumption. There was a significant difference between mean TAC before and after matcha tea consumption only. Non-significant reductions in salivary levels of CAT and IL-1β were detected after tea consumption. OHRQOL of participants was improved after tea, both types, consumption.

CONCLUSION

Despite study limitations, daily consumption of matcha and green tea might be beneficial as they potentially enhance OHRQOL of individuals with gingivitis and reduce the extent of gingivitis despite non-significant changes in salivary antioxidants and IL-1β levels.

Exploring the Nonlinear Relationship Between Dietary Flavonoid Intake and Periodontitis

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS

Flavonoids are non-nutrient bioactive substances widely found in plants, possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Periodontitis is a long-term inflammatory disease that impacts the tissues supporting the teeth, poses a substantial burden on public health and individuals alike. This study aims to explore the association between dietary flavonoid intake and periodontitis.

METHODS

This study included 3005 participants from the 2009 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We compared the weighted prevalence of periodontitis across different participant groups. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between dietary flavonoid intake and periodontitis. The restricted cubic spline plot was used to explore nonlinear relationships.

RESULTS

The prevalence of periodontitis among participants with total flavonoid intake in quartiles Q1 to Q4 was 54.95%, 44.11%, 40.62%, and 48.28%, respectively. When compared to the Q1 group of total flavonoid intake, the OR values for Q2 to Q4 groups were 0.58 (95% CI: 0.39-0.86, P = .01), 0.50 (95% CI: 0.35-0.73, P = .001), and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.50-0.91, P = .01), respectively. A significant nonlinear association was observed between ln-transformed total flavonoid intake and the likelihood of developing periodontitis (nonlinearity P < .001). The inflection point was identified at an ln-transformed total flavonoid intake of 4.05, corresponding to a total flavonoid intake of 57.54 mg. Beyond this inflection point, as the total flavonoid intake value continues to rise, there was a diminishing protective effect against periodontitis.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher dietary flavonoid intake is associated with a reduced risk of periodontitis, with the greatest protective effect observed at moderate intake levels.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Understanding the association between flavonoid intake and periodontitis can guide dietary recommendations and interventions aimed at preventing periodontitis. This study supports the potential role of a flavonoid-rich diet in promoting periodontal health, suggesting that dietary modifications could be a viable strategy in periodontal disease prevention and management.

Oral Health and Nutraceutical Agents

Oral health is essential for both overall health and quality of life. The mouth is a window into the body's health, and nutrition can strongly impact the state of general and oral health. A healthy diet involves the synergistic effect of various nutraceutical agents, potentially capable of conferring protective actions against some inflammatory and chronic-degenerative disorders. Nutraceuticals, mostly present in plant-derived products, present multiple potential clinical, preventive, and therapeutic benefits. Accordingly, preclinical and epidemiological studies suggested a protective role for these compounds, but their real preventive and therapeutic effects in humans still await confirmation. Available evidence suggests that plant extracts are more effective than individual constituents because they contain different phytochemicals with multiple pharmacological targets and additive/synergistic effects, maximizing the benefits for oral health. Moreover, nutritional recommendations for oral health should be personalized and aligned with valid suggestions for overall health. This review is aimed to: introduce the basic concepts of nutraceuticals, including their main food sources; examine the logic that supports their relationship with oral health, and summarize and critically discuss clinical trials testing the utility of nutraceuticals in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases.

Clinical efficacy of green tea, aloe vera and chlorhexidine mouthwashes in the treatment of dental biofilm induced gingivitis: A multi-arm, double-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial

OBJECTIVE

This multi-arm, randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial was designed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of 0.5% green tea (GT), 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and aloe vera (AV) mouthwash as compared to the control (CNT) group (scaling and polishing alone with no mouthwash) in the management of dental biofilm induced gingivitis among 18-40-year-old patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Sixty patients with generalized dental biofilm-induced gingivitis were randomly allocated to four study groups (n = 15 each) for treatment, namely Group GT, Group CHX, Group AV and Group CNT after scaling and polishing were administered to all the patients. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and sulcular bleeding index (SBI) were recorded at baseline, 14th and 21st day.

RESULTS

PI, GI and SBI at various time intervals (baseline, 14th and 21st day) showed high statistically significant differences within the group (p < 0.01). Among these, the maximum percentage change was found in the CHX group followed by GT when evaluated from baseline to 21st day. The least percentage change was found in the AV group for PI and GI while the CNT group showed the least percentage change for sulcular index when evaluated from 14th to 21st day. Inter-group results showed high statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) for PI and GI when evaluated between baseline to 14th day and baseline to 21st day. SBI also showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) when evaluated between baselines to 14th day and baseline to 21st day.

CONCLUSION

Green tea mouthwash displayed a significant reduction in plaque index, gingival index and sulcular bleeding index. 0.5% green tea catechin has equivalent anti-plaque efficacy as 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate and can be considered a potent alternative to prevent and treat gingival diseases.

Multimodal inhibitory effect of matcha on Porphyromonas gingivalis

Porphyromonas gingivalis has been associated with progression of periodontitis, characterized by inflammation and destruction of periodontal tissues. Here, we report that matcha, a product of Camellia sinensis, hampers the adherence and survival of P. gingivalis through multiple tactics. Matcha extract (ME) inhibited the growth not only of P. gingivalis but also of Prevotella nigrescens and Fusobacterium nucleatum, while it did not inhibit growth of nine species of oral streptococci and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. ME-mediated P. gingivalis growth inhibition was characterized by both morphological and physiological changes at the bacterial envelope, which were accompanied by nano-particle formation and decreased membrane fluidity/permeability without loss of membrane integrity. ME also triggered autoaggregation of P. gingivalis in a major fimbriae (FimA)-dependent manner. In addition, adherence of P. gingivalis was dramatically inhibited by ME, irrespective of fimbriae. Furthermore, a structure-activity relationship study tested a series of catechins isolated from ME and identified the pyrogallol-type B-ring of catechins as essential for P. gingivalis growth inhibition. In a clinical study to assess the microbiological and therapeutic effects of matcha mouthwash in patients with periodontitis, the P. gingivalis number in saliva was significantly reduced by matcha mouthwash compared to the pre-intervention level. A tendency toward improvement in probing pocket depth was observed in the matcha group, although the difference was not statistically significant. Taken together, we present a proof of concept, based on the multimodal inhibitory effect of matcha against P. gingivalis, and that matcha may have clinical applicability for prevention and treatment of periodontitis.

IMPORTANCE

Periodontitis, a multifactorial inflammatory disease of the oral cavity, results in alveolar bone destruction, and is a major cause of tooth loss of humans. In addition, emerging evidence has demonstrated associations between periodontitis and a wide range of other chronic inflammation-driven disorders, including diabetes mellitus, preterm birth, cardiovascular disease, aspiration pneumonia, rheumatoid arthritis, cognitive disorder, and cancer. In the present study, we report that matcha, a product of Camellia sinensis, hampers Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major periodontal pathobiont, in not only a series of in vitro experiments but also a pilot intervention clinical trial of patients with periodontitis, in which matcha mouthwash statistically significantly reduced the P. gingivalis number in saliva, as compared to the pre-intervention level. Taken together, we suggest that matcha may have clinical applicability for prevention and treatment of periodontitis.

Green tea extracts alleviate acetic acid-induced oral inflammation and reconstruct oral microbial balance in mice

Oral cavity contains the second largest microbial community in the human body. Due to the highly vascularized feature of mouth, oral microbes could directly access the bloodstream and affect the host healthy systemically. The imbalance of oral microbiota is closely related to various oral and systemic diseases. Green tea extracts (GTE) mainly contain tea polyphenols, alkaloids, amino acid, flavones, and so on, which equipped with excellent anti-inflammatory activities. Previous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of GTE on oral health. However, most researches used in vitro models or focused on limited microorganisms. In this study, the regulatory effect of GTE on oral microbiome and the alleviative effect on oral inflammation in vivo were evaluated. The results showed that GTE could efficiently alleviate the inflammations of the tongue, cheek pouch, as well as throat. GTE effectively inhibited the activation of NF-κB through the upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10, consequently leading to reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. The indexes of spleen and thymus were also elevated by GTE in stomatitis mice. Moreover, GTE promoted the growth of probiotics Lactobacillus and Bacillus, inhibited the reproduction of pathogens Achromobacter, reversing the microbiota disorders in oral cavity. This study not only presents a novel approach for enhancing oral microecology but also facilitates the wider adoption of tea consumption.

Preparation of Ocimum Sanctum-Based Hydrogel and Evaluation of Its Cytotoxicity: An In Vitro Study

INTRODUCTION

While traditional periodontal treatments like scaling and root planing, antibiotics, and surgical intervention remain the primary approaches, herbal medicine is continuously evolving as an alternative for the management of periodontal diseases. This study focused on the evaluation of the cytotoxicity of Ocimum sanctum (OS)-based hydrogel for its use in local drug delivery in periodontitis.

METHODS

OS-based hydrogel was prepared using 50 g of OS powder and 200 ml of ethanol, along with carboxymethyl cellulose gel and sorbitol. The prepared formulation was evaluated for its cytotoxicity by using the MTT assay, cell viability, cell morphology, and brine shrimp egg assessment.

RESULTS

Cell viability was assessed, and it was above 95% for the control and 85% for the OS hydrogel by the 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Brine shrimp egg assessment also showed a survival rate of 80% at low concentrations. The cell morphology test showed round and uniform cells growing in a monolayer shape.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study confirmed that OS-based hydrogel is cytocompatible and, hence, can be used as a local drug delivery agent for periodontitis management, especially in resource-constrained settings where affordable and natural treatment options are highly valued.

Impact of local drug delivery and natural agents as new target strategies against periodontitis: new challenges for personalized therapeutic approach

Periodontitis is a persistent inflammation of the soft tissue around the teeth that affects 60% of the population in the globe. The self-maintenance of the inflammatory process can cause periodontal damage from the alveolar bone resorption to tooth loss in order to contrast the effects of periodontitis, the main therapy used is scaling and root planing (SRP). At the same time, studying the physiopathology of periodontitis has shown the possibility of using a local drug delivery system as an adjunctive therapy. Using local drug delivery devices in conjunction with SRP therapy for periodontitis is a potential tool since it increases drug efficacy and minimizes negative effects by managing drug release. This review emphasized how the use of local drug delivery agents and natural agents could be promising adjuvants for the treatment of periodontitis patients affected or not by cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other system problems. Moreover, the review evidences the current issues and new ideas that can inspire potential later study for both basic research and clinical practice for a tailored approach.

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of natural products in periodontal disease: a comprehensive review

Periodontal diseases (PD) are common chronic inflammatory oral pathologies that are strongly linked to others not found in the mouth cavity. The immune system mediates the host response, which includes the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, metalloproteinases, and reactive oxygen species (ROS); the latter may play an important role in the establishment and progression of inflammatory diseases, particularly periodontal disease, via the development of oxidative stress (OS). Natural antioxidants have powerful anti-inflammatory properties, and some can reduce serum levels of key PD indicators such tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin IL-1. This review compiles, through a thorough literature analysis, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects of a variety of natural products, as well as their therapeutic potential in the treatment of PD.

Green Alternatives as Antimicrobial Agents in Mitigating Periodontal Diseases: A Narrative Review

Periodontal diseases and dental caries are the most common infectious oral diseases impacting oral health globally. Oral cavity health is crucial for enhancing life quality since it serves as the entranceway to general health. The oral microbiome and oral infectious diseases are strongly correlated. Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria have been associated with periodontal diseases. Due to the shortcomings of several antimicrobial medications frequently applied in dentistry, the lack of resources in developing countries, the prevalence of oral inflammatory conditions, and the rise in bacterial antibiotic resistance, there is a need for reliable, efficient, and affordable alternative solutions for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. Several accessible chemical agents can alter the oral microbiota, although these substances also have unfavorable symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and tooth discoloration. Natural phytochemicals generated from plants that have historically been used as medicines are categorized as prospective alternatives due to the ongoing quest for substitute products. This review concentrated on phytochemicals or herbal extracts that impact periodontal diseases by decreasing the formation of dental biofilms and plaques, preventing the proliferation of oral pathogens, and inhibiting bacterial adhesion to surfaces. Investigations examining the effectiveness and safety of plant-based medicines have also been presented, including those conducted over the past decade.

Anticancer Therapeutic Effects of Green Tea Catechins (GTCs) When Integrated with Antioxidant Natural Components

After decades of research and development concerning cancer treatment, cancer is still at large and very much a threat to the global human population. Cancer remedies have been sought from all possible directions, including chemicals, irradiation, nanomaterials, natural compounds, and the like. In this current review, we surveyed the milestones achieved by green tea catechins and what has been accomplished in cancer therapy. Specifically, we have assessed the synergistic anticarcinogenic effects when green tea catechins (GTCs) are combined with other antioxidant-rich natural compounds. Living in an age of inadequacies, combinatorial approaches are gaining momentum, and GTCs have progressed much, yet there are insufficiencies that can be improvised when combined with natural antioxidant compounds. This review highlights that there are not many reports in this specific area and encourages and recommends research attention in this direction. The antioxidant/prooxidant mechanisms of GTCs have also been highlighted. The current scenario and the future of such combinatorial approaches have been addressed, and the lacunae in this aspect have been discussed.

Therapeutic Potential of Flavonoids and Tannins in Management of Oral Infectious Diseases-A Review

Medicinal plants are rich sources of valuable molecules with various profitable biological effects, including antimicrobial activity. The advantages of herbal products are their effectiveness, relative safety based on research or extended traditional use, and accessibility without prescription. Extensive and irrational usage of antibiotics since their discovery in 1928 has led to the increasing expiration of their effectiveness due to antibacterial resistance. Now, medical research is facing a big and challenging mission to find effective and safe antimicrobial therapies to replace inactive drugs. Over the years, one of the research fields that remained the most available is the area of natural products: medicinal plants and their metabolites, which could serve as active substances to fight against microbes or be considered as models in drug design. This review presents selected flavonoids (such as apigenin, quercetin, kaempferol, kurarinone, and morin) and tannins (including oligomeric proanthocyanidins, gallotannins, ellagitannins, catechins, and epigallocatechin gallate), but also medicinal plants rich in these compounds as potential therapeutic agents in oral infectious diseases based on traditional usages such as Agrimonia eupatoria L., Hamamelis virginiana L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Quercus robur L., Rosa gallica L., Rubus idaeus L., or Potentilla erecta (L.). Some of the presented compounds and extracts are already successfully used to maintain oral health, as the main or additive ingredient of toothpastes or mouthwashes. Others are promising for further research or future applications.

Green Tea (Camellia sinensis): A Review of Its Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology

Objectives Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is a kind of unfermented tea that retains the natural substance in fresh leaves to a great extent. It is regarded as the second most popular drink in the world besides water. In this paper, the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of green tea are reviewed systematically and comprehensively. Key findings Green tea has been demonstrated to be good for human health. Nowadays, multiple pharmacologically active components have been isolated and identified from green tea, including tea polyphenols, alkaloids, amino acids, polysaccharides, and volatile components. Recent studies have demonstrated that green tea shows versatile pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anticancer, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, antiviral, and neuroprotective. Studies on the toxic effects of green tea extract and its main ingredients have also raised concerns including hepatotoxicity and DNA damage. Summary Green tea can be used to assist the treatment of diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, oral cancer, and dermatitis. Consequently, green tea has shown promising practical prospects in health care and disease prevention.

Effect of Green Tea on the Level of Salivary Interleukin-1 Beta in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Aim

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is one of the major biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in salivary IL-1β concentration in patients with chronic periodontitis following daily consumption of green tea.

Methods and Materials

Thirty patients with an average age of 45.8 years suffering from chronic periodontitis were randomly assigned into 2 groups (i.e., experimental and control groups). Besides receiving phase 1 periodontal treatment (scaling and root planning (SRP)), the experimental group drank green tea for a period of 6 weeks. To measure the concentration of salivary IL-1β, saliva samples were taken from both groups at 2 time points, i.e., prior to SRP (time point 1 (T0)) and after 6 weeks (time point 2 (T1)). The nonparametric Wilcoxon test was used to examine and compare the changes in the concentration of salivary IL-1β in each group relevant to the 2 time points (T0 and T1). Data were submitted to statistical analysis.

Results

At the end of the study period, a significant reduction (P=0.0001) in the concentration of salivary IL-1β was observed in the experimental group (A). As for the control group (B), however, there was no significant change (P=0.307) in the concentration of salivary IL-1β after 6 weeks following phase 1 periodontal treatment.

Conclusion

Green tea supplementation, in addition to SRP, may reduce salivary IL-1β levels in patients with chronic periodontitis for a period of 6 weeks.

The effect of oolong tea as an adjunct to nonsurgical management of chronic periodontitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Introduction: Oolong tea, a functional food, has numerous therapeutic benefits owing to the presence of bioactive polyphenols, theasinensins (TS) and catechins. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of systemic administration of oolong tea as an adjunct to nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) in the management of chronic periodontitis (CP).Methods: A total of 60 subjects with mild to moderate CP were randomly divided into two groups of tests (n = 30) and the controls (n = 30). They underwent NSPT with adjunctive oolong tea supplementation in the test group only. At baseline, 1, and 3 months, their gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), percentage of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP), and lobene stain index (LSI) were recorded. Furthermore, the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidants (TAO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were also estimated in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva and serum. Additionally, colony-forming units (CFUs) of selective supra and subgingival plaque bacteria were estimated in the plaque samples.Results: In both groups, at 1 month, the GI, PI, BOP, GPx, and TAO levels were improved with a reduction in the levels of MDA and CFU’s and no staining of teeth (P < 0.05). The results were maintained in the test group at 3-month recall visit.Conclusion: Adjunctive administration of oolong tea with NSPT reduced the local and systemic oxidative burden and rapidly resolved the inflammation in CP. This would be specifically beneficial in CP subjects with systemic conditions.

The Effects of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Natural Compounds on Chronic Periodontitis: A Clinical Review

The paper aims to review the current clinical evidence of various herbal agents as an adjunct treatment in the management of chronic periodontitis patients. Gingivitis and periodontitis are two common infectious inflammatory diseases of the supporting tissues of the teeth and have a multifactorial etiology. An important concern about chronic periodontitis is its association with certain systemic disease. New treatment strategies for controlling the adverse effects of chronic periodontitis have been extensively assessed and practiced in sub-clinical and clinical studies. It has been shown that the phytochemical agents have various therapeutic properties such as anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects which can be beneficial for the treatment of periodontitis. The findings of this review support the adjunctive use of herbal agents in the management of chronic periodontitis. Heterogeneity and limited data may reduce the impact of these conclusions. Future long-term randomized controlled trials evaluating the clinical efficacy of adjunctive herbal therapy to scaling and root planing are needed.

Efficacy of antioxidants therapy on progression of periodontal disease - A randomized control trial

Background and Aim

Increased oxidative stress has emerged as one of the prime factors in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Hence, antioxidant therapy may become a promising tool in the treatment of periodontal disease. Uric acid is a major salivary antioxidant, levels of which decrease in periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of antioxidant therapy on the progression of periodontal disease.

Material and Methods

This is a randomized controlled clinical trial conducted among 48 systemically healthy participants having generalized gingivitis with probing depth <3 mm, plaque index (PI) <1, and no bone and attachment loss. Participants were randomly assigned equally (n = 24) into two groups (test and control) using the lottery method. Full mouth scaling and root planing were performed in both the groups and oral hygiene instructions were given. Periodontal assessment at baseline 1 h after scaling and root planing was done with clinical parameters by a single examiner. Test group was prescribed; the commercially available anti-oxidant containing natural lycopene with green tea extract. Sample collection was done for both the groups at baseline and at the 45^th day.

Results

It was observed that significantly high results were obtained during intra-group comparison for both modified plaque index and sulcus bleeding index from baseline to 45 days. After treatment, a very highly significant increase (P ≤ 0.001) in the test group and significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in the control group were observed in salivary uric acid levels.

Conclusion

Oral lycopene and green tea extract supplementation is positively associated with salivary uric acid levels and plays an important role in the management of gingivitis.

Therapeutic effects of green tea as an antioxidant on oral health- A review

Green tea has protective effects against various diseases such as malignancies, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Green tea has been suggested to promote periodontal health by reducing inflammation, preventing the resorption of bones and restricting the growth of certain periodontal-related bacteria. Green tea has antioxidant, carcinogenic, antimicrobial and non-inflammatory properties. This traditional drink is also used to treat systemic chronic diseases, including carcinoma. Recent studies have shown that host immuno-inflammatory reactions, in addition to microbial activity, are more likely to destroy oral tissues. In such cases, green tea is considered to be a natural preventive and curative agent. The potential benefits of green tea and its polyphenols in oral health is capturing the interest of the researchers; hence, this review discusses the therapeutic effects of green tea in the prevention of periodontal and oral diseases.

Local Oral Delivery Agents with Anti-Biofilm Properties for the Treatment of Periodontitis and Peri-Implantitis. A Narrative Review

Despite many discoveries over the past 20 years regarding the etiopathogenesis of periodontal and peri-implant diseases, as well as significant advances in our understanding of microbial biofilms, the incidence of these pathologies continues to rise. For this reason, it was clear that other strategies were needed to eliminate biofilms. In this review, the literature database was searched for studies on locally delivered synthetic agents that exhibit anti-biofilm properties and their potential use in the treatment of two important oral diseases: periodontitis and peri-implantitis.

Bioactivity and Delivery Strategies of Phytochemical Compounds in Bone Tissue Regeneration

Plant-derived secondary metabolites represent a reservoir of phytochemicals for regenerative medicine application because of their varied assortment of biological properties including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and tissue remodeling properties. In addition, bioactive phytochemicals can be easily available, are often more cost-effective in large-scale industrialization, and can be better tolerated compared to conventional treatments mitigating the long-lasting side effects of synthetic compounds. Unfortunately, their poor bioavailability and lack of long-term stability limit their clinical impact. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems can overcome these limitations increasing bioactive molecules’ local effectiveness with reduction of the possible side effects on healthy bone. This review explores new and promising strategies in the area of delivery systems with particular emphasis on solutions that enhance bioavailability and/or health effects of plant-derived phytochemicals such as resveratrol, quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and curcumin in bone tissue regeneration.

Circular RNA_0062582 promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via regulation of microRNA-145/CBFB axis

Osteoporosis poses a threat to human health worldwide. To date, there have been few studies regarding targeted treatment of osteoporosis. We aimed to identify the possible molecular mechanism of circular RNA (circ)_0062582 in osteogenic differentiation, and the interactions among circ_0062582, microRNA-145 (miR-145) and core-binding factor subunit β (CBFB). The proliferation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) was tested with a cell counting kit-8 assay. Circ_0062582, miR-145 and CBFB were overexpressed by transient transfection. Dual-luciferase reporter assay system was used to analyze the combination among circ_0062582, miR-145 and CBFB. Additionally, the levels of circ_0062582, miR-145, CBFB, osterix (OSX), osteocalcin (OCN) and collagen type 1 (COL1) were detected by means of RT-qPCR or western blot analysis. Alkaline phosphatase and Alizarin red stainings were performed to analyze the degree of osteogenic differentiation under the control of circ_0062582, miR-145 and CBFB. The results demonstrated that circ_0062582 level was notably elvated during osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. Circ_0062582 overexpression significantly promoted osteogenic differentiation and upregulated the levels of osteogenic differentiation-related proteins, including OSX, OCN and COL1. In addition, miR-145, which was identified as the target gene of circ_0062582, could specifically target CBFB 3′-UTR regions. Next, these changes caused by the overexpression of circ_0062582 were reversed following the addition of miR-145 mimic. Following overexpression of CBFB, osteogenic differentiation was increased. In summary, these results demonstrated that the role of circ_0062582 in osteoporosis is mediated through regulating the expression level of CBFB via miR-145.

Impact of Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis) on periodontitis and caries. Systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

The oral health-promoting effects of green tea are attributed to its polyphenol components. Aim of this work was to systematically review the literature in search for clinical trials assessing green tea for managing periodontitis and caries.

Methods

Randomized clinical trials comparing the efficacy of green tea versus control groups in oral hygiene and gingival health; periodontitis; caries; periodontal pathogens number; Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp. Meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis were performed.

Literature searches were carried out using MedLine (PubMed), Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. Eighteen studies (870 subjects) were included.

Results

Green tea treatment had medium positive effect size in reducing GI (SMD: 0.50; 95%CI: −0.02/1.01); PI (SMD: 0.54; 95%CI: 0.14/0.95); GBI (SMD: 0.58; 95%CI: −0.41/1.56) and BOP (SMD: 0.52; 95%CI: −0.57/1.60) in respect to the control group. Splitting to subgroups, green tea showed a small negative effect in the chlorhexidine control groups. Green tea treatment had medium positive effect size in reducing CAL (SMD 0.58; 95%CI: −0.49/1.65) and large positive effect size in reducing PPD (SMD:1.02; 95%CI: 0.45/1.59).

Conclusion

Even if the results are encouraging, there is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of green tea formulation as first choice treatment for gingivitis, periodontitis and caries.

Different applications forms of green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) for the treatment of periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Scaling and root planning (SRP) is the gold standard for non-surgical periodontal treatment. Green tea as a supporting alternative in non-surgical periodontal treatment has been suggested as a therapeutic option in the treatment of periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE

To analyse the comparative effectiveness of green tea (Camellia sinensis) in its different forms and applications for the treatment of periodontitis.

METHODS

We included randomized clinical trials evaluating green tea as an adjuvant therapeutic agent to scaling and root planning (SRP) in the treatment of periodontitis. For the meta-analysis, we calculated standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95%CI comparing green tea and control (only SRP). We subgrouped by types of application forms of green tea. The certainty of the evidence was assessed through GRADE.

RESULTS

Nine studies were included. The follow-up time of treatments varied from 21 days to 6 months. The subgroup meta-analysis showed that the green tea as sachet reduced probing bleeding (SMD = -0.71; 95%CI) and the gingival index (SMD = -0.78; 95%CI) compared to SRP with very low certainty of evidence. The sachet (SMD = -0.29; 95%CI) and dentifrice (SMD = -1.31; 95%CI) reduced plaque index with very low certainty compared to the control. All forms of application of green tea showed very low certainty of evidence (SMD = -0.27; 95% CI) in reducing the probing depth, as well as for the loss of clinical insertion (SMD = -0.42; 95% CI) with low certainty of evidence.

CONCLUSION

There was not a difference in the effectiveness of green tea isolated or in combination with SRP to reduce probing depth. Green tea adjunct to periodontal therapy showed very low certainty of effectiveness for the treatment of periodontal disease.

Evaluation of the Relationship between Drink Intake and Periodontitis Using KoGES Data

It was hypothesized that periodontal diseases could be influenced by nutrition and food types. However, the role of nutritional factors in the risk of periodontal disease has not been clearly elucidated. This study was aimed at investigating the relationship between coffee, green tea, or soft drink intake and periodontitis. This prospective cohort study used epidemiological data from 2004 to 2016 from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Among 173,209 participants, 9,933 with periodontitis and 124,922 controls were selected. The frequency histories of coffee/green tea/soft drink intake among the participants were analyzed, and intake was categorized as no drink, mild drink (one time a month through six times a week), and heavy drink (one or more times a day). Variable factors were adjusted using logistic regression analysis (adjusted model). The chi-square test and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis. Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for coffee or green tea intake and periodontitis were not statistically significant. The aOR was 1.16 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.11–1.21, P < 0.001) for mild soft drink intake and 1.02 (95%CI = 0.96–1.09, P = 0.518) for heavy soft drink intake. Subgroup analysis showed that mild soft drink intake was significant across all groups (P < 0.05), whereas coffee and green tea intakes were not significant in any subgroup. Overall, the study elucidated an association between mild soft drink intake and periodontitis.

Argeloside I inhibits the pathogenicity of Porphyromonas gingivalis TDC60

Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen associated with chronic periodontitis, produces several virulence agents in the outer cell membrane, including gingipains and hemagglutinins. These virulence factors enable the bacteria to adhere to periodontal tissue and degrade host proteins to obtain the nutrients needed for dental plaque formation. P. gingivalis TDC60 was recently identified as the most aggressive P. gingivalis strain to dates. In this study, we isolated a known pregnane glycoside, argeloside I, from the aqueous extract of Solenostemma argel leaves. Argeloside I completely hindered the growth of P. gingivalis TDC60 and inhibited the production of hemagglutinins as well as Arg- and Lys-specific gingipains. Our results demonstrate a new function of pregnane glycosides. Argeloside I may be a candidate for reducing the risk associated with P. gingivalis TDC60 and its adhesion factors.

Dietary flavonoid intake and risk of periodontitis

BACKGROUND

The anti-inflammatory effect associated with flavonoid-containing foods and beverages could potentially impact the risk of periodontal disease. We prospectively investigate the associations between habitual flavonoid intake and incidence of periodontitis.

METHODS

The study population was 34,940 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, who were healthy and free of periodontal disease at baseline (1986). Participants in the study provided medical and dental history through mailed questionnaires biennially, and provided dietary data through semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires every 4 years. We examined the associations between total flavonoids and six flavonoid subclasses (flavonoid polymers, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavanones, flavones, and flavonols) and incidence of periodontitis using Cox proportional hazard models. We adjusted for age, smoking, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol consumption, Alternative Healthy Eating Index, and diabetes.

RESULTS

There was no association between total flavonoids and the risk of periodontitis. The hazard ratio comparing the highest quintile of total flavonoid to the lowest quintile was 0.97 (95% confidence interval: 0.87 to 1.08, P-value for trend = 0.61). Similar comparisons for flavonoids subclasses also did not show significant associations.

CONCLUSION

No association was detected between habitual flavonoid intake and risk of periodontitis in the study population.

Is the Association between Green Tea Consumption and the Number of Remaining Teeth Affected by Social Networks?: A Cross-Sectional Study from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study Project

Consumption of green tea without sugar, as well as social networks, are associated with a lower risk of tooth loss. There is a possibility of confounding both factors because tea is often drunk with friends. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine whether green tea consumption is beneficially associated with the number of remaining teeth, while considering social networks. This cross-sectional study was based on the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES) in 2016. Self-administered questionnaires containing questions about green tea consumption were mailed to 34,567 community-dwelling residents aged ≥ 65 years. We used the number of remaining teeth as a dependent variable, and green tea consumption and the number of friends met over the past month (social network size) as independent variables. Linear regression models with multiple imputation were used. A total of 24,147 people responded (response rate = 69.9%), and 22,278 valid data were included into our analysis. Participants’ mean age was 74.2 years (standard deviation = 6.3), and 45.9% were men. Among the participants, 52.2% had ≥ 20 teeth, 34.2% drank 2–3 cups of green tea per day, and 32.6% met ≥ 10 people over the past month. After adjusting for all potential confounders, both higher green tea consumption and a larger social network size were associated with more remaining teeth (both p for trend < 0.001). The association of green tea was greater among those with smaller social networks (p for interaction < 0.05). The protective association of green tea was remarkable among people with smaller social networks.

The Potential Role of Tea in Periodontal Therapy: An Updated Review

Periodontal diseases are highly prevalent and can affect high percentage of the worlds' population. Oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Nowadays, more attention has been focused on the herbal remedies in the field of drug discovery. Green tea is an important source of polyphenol antioxidants. It has long been used as a beverage worldwide. The most interesting polyphenol components of green tea leaves that are related with health benefits are the catechins. Taken together, this review suggested that green tea, with its wide spectrum of activities, could be a healthy alternative for controlling the damaging reactions seen in periodontal diseases.

Effect of herbal mouthrinses on dental plaque formation and gingival inflammation: A systematic review

To evaluate the effect of herbal mouthrinses as an adjuvant to oral hygiene on dental plaque and gingival inflammation in subjects with gingivitis. Searches were conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane-CENTRAL, EMBASE, Web of Science, LILACS/BIREME, Clinical Trials Registry and grey literature for Randomised Clinical Trials (RCTs) published up to April 2018 without language restrictions. From 4,013 paper found, 20 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included. The herbal mouthrinses achieved significant reductions in dental plaque and gingival inflammation compared to placebo rinses. Five herbal products (Camelia sinensis, Azadirachta indica, Anacardium occidentale Linn, Schinus terebinthifolius and Curcuma longa) showed better results than chlorhexidine in dental plaque and gingival inflammation reductions. However, the unclear risk of bias of most included RCTs precludes definitive conclusions. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the design of future RCT in other reduced potential bias that may affect the degree of precision of treatment outcomes in order to evaluate the effect size and clinical relevance of herbal mouthrinses.

Tolerability of a green tea-based mouth rinse: A pilot study

Introduction

Mouth rinse containing essential oil is one of the most popular, over the counter dental products which has been promoted to have anti-inflammatory, anti-plaque and anti-microbial properties. An essential oil alcohol-free mouth rinse with green tea has been introduced recently and promoted for management of periodontitis and gingivitis. As the role of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) mouth rinse in management of periodontal disease has been evaluated previously, the aim of this study is to compare the tolerability of none-alcohol containing green tea-based (NAGT) mouth rinse with CHX mouth rinse.

Methods

Forty healthy subjects were enrolled in September 2018 at King Abdulaziz University and allocated randomly to two study arms: NAGT mouth rinse and chlorhexidine gluconate mouth rinse. Study subjects were instructed to follow the manufacturer instructions and rinse twice daily for two weeks. Collected data included age, gender, smoking history in addition to subjective assessment using a validated questionnaire. Intraoral clinical examination was completed at baseline and 2-weeks time point.

Results

The data of 36 patients were included in this study and analyzed. At 2 weeks, NAGT group reported higher burning sensation score compared to chlorhexidine group (mean: 4.33 and 0.6 respectively; P < 0.05). Reported mucosal dryness was more evident in NAGT group (mean: 1.9 Vs 1.7 for chlorhexidine group). Oral examination revealed significant mucosal desquamation (27.8%) in NAGT group. However, oral ulceration was reported equally in both groups (5.6%).

Conclusion

The current data demonstrates an overall less tolerability of a non-alcohol containing green tea-based mouth rinse compared to chlorhexidine gluconate. Further long term randomized clinical trials are recommended to confirm our findings.

Comparison of Periodontal Status According to the Additives of Coffee: Evidence from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2015)

It is well known that periodontal disease is highly related to dietary habits. As coffee is a typical beverage consumed worldwide, the relationship between coffee and periodontal disease was analyzed in this study using the data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES) 2013–2015. Complex-samples chi square tests were performed for the comparison of the demographic characteristics of the 6528 study subjects and coffee components. Poisson linear regression analysis was performed for the analysis of the periodontal condition and coffee component effects, while complex-samples logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the demographic characteristics and coffee component effects. Over the years, the proportion of people drinking coffee with syrup or drinking a coffee mix containing both syrup and cream has decreased significantly. The results of the analysis, conducted by integrating the study subjects’ demographic characteristics and the coffee components, showed that the prevalence of periodontal disease was 0.83-times lower when drinking coffee with cream than when drinking black coffee. Coffee is the world’s second largest trade commodity following oil, and about 70%–80% of the world’s population drinks coffee. Drinking coffee with milk or cream can have a beneficial impact on periodontal disease.

Dose-dependent green tea effect on decrease of inflammation in human oral gingival epithelial keratinocytes: in vitro study

Objectives

This in vitro study aimed to analyze the anti-inflammatory and wound healing potential of green tea extract (GTE) in human gingival epithelial keratinocytes (HGEK) treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS).

Materials and methods

A cell viability assay was conducted using MTT to determine nontoxic levels of GTE on immortalized HGEK. Cells were concomitantly treated with LPS (1 μg/ml) and GTE (1 mg/ml, 2.5 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, and 10 mg/ml) to assess inflammation. Gene expression levels of inflammatory markers IL-β1, IL-6, and TNFα were measured by RT-PCR and their protein production was assessed by ELISA. The scratch wound healing assay was used to investigate the effects of different concentrations of GTE on cell migration. We also explored the effect of GTE on the induction of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in the cells with or without LPS.

Results

GTE at concentrations of 2.5 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, and 10 mg/ml significantly enhanced cell viability (p < 0.05). And IL-β1, IL-6, and TNFα gene expression presented up to 10-fold decrease compared with LPS-treated cells, which was also similarly found on the protein levels. At the same concentrations, cell migration increased.

Conclusions

The mechanism results showed that GTE produced the anti-inflammatory response by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway and increasing the level of anti-oxidant protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1).

Clinical relevance

GTE may be potentially used as oral rinse anti-inflammatory drug for treatment and prevention of oral inflammatory diseases, which is shown here by the ability to reduce the inflammation and increase in cell migration in a dose-dependent manner.

Catechin ameliorates Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced inflammation via the regulation of TLR2/4 and inflammasome signaling

BACKGROUND

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major periodontopathogen found in patients with chronic periodontitis that can lead to alveolar bone or tooth loss. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a proinflammatory cytokine, is most relevant to the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Catechin is one of the main polyphenol compounds found in green tea and possesses a range of health benefits. This study examined the anti-inflammatory effects of catechin in THP-1-derived macrophages infected with P. gingivalis as well as its effects on P. gingivalis-induced periodontitis in a mouse model.

METHODS

The cytokine levels and relevant protein expression in THP-1 cells were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis, respectively. An apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) pyroptosome formation was measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Micro-computed tomography was used to determine the level of bone loss induced by a P. gingivalis oral infection.

RESULTS

Catechin attenuated the production of IL-1β by inhibiting pro-IL-1β expression via the downregulation of nuclear factor-κB, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Toll-like receptor signaling. In addition, catechin inhibited the activation of inflammasomes induced by P. gingivalis, but did not affect the growth of P. gingivalis. Catechin reduced the level of alveolar bone loss in a P. gingivalis-induced periodontitis mouse model.

CONCLUSION

Catechin possesses anti-inflammatory properties by reducing the level of IL-1β production, suggesting that it can potentially be used for the prevention and treatment of periodontal inflammation caused by P. gingivalis.

Influence of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in promoting proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells

BACKGROUND

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was recently proposed to have the potential to regulate bone metabolism, however, its influence on osteogenesis remains controversial. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of EGCG on the proliferation and osteogenesis of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs).

METHODS

Cells were cultured in osteogenic medium and treated with EGCG at various concentrations. Cell proliferation was analyzed using a CCK-8 assay and acridine orange (AO)/ethidium bromide (EB) staining. Flow cytometry was used to measure the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) potential of hPDLCs. The expression levels of osteogenic marker genes and proteins in hPDLCs, including type I collagen (COL1), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteopontin (OPN), and osterix (OSX), were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis. In addition, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was monitored both quantitatively and qualitatively. Extracellular matrix mineralization was further analyzed by alizarin red S staining.

RESULTS

The results showed that EGCG concentrations from 6 to 10 μM increased the ROS level and inhibited the cell proliferation of hPDLCs. EGCG concentrations from 2 to 8 μM effectively increased extracellular matrix mineralization, in which 4 and 6 μM EGCG generated the most mineralizing nodules. The ALP activity and the mRNA and protein expression levels of the tested osteogenic markers were most strongly up-regulated by treatment with 4 and 6 μM EGCG.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study demonstrated that EGCG might promote the osteogenesis of hPDLCs in a dose-dependent manner, with concentrations of 4 and 6 μM EGCG showing the strongest osteogenic enhancement without cytotoxicity, indicating a promising role for EGCG in periodontal regeneration in patients with deficient alveolar bone in the future.

Antioxidant therapy (lycopene and green tea extract) in periodontal disease: A promising paradigm

Background

Increased oxidative stress has emerged as one of the prime factors in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Hence, antioxidant therapy may become a promising tool in the treatment of periodontal disease. Uric acid (UA) being a major antioxidant in saliva can be used as a marker to assess the total antioxidant capacity.

Aim

The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of orally administered antioxidants (lycopene and green tea extract) on periodontal health and salivary UA levels in gingivitis patients as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP).

Materials and Methods

Thirty systemically healthy participants having generalized gingivitis were randomly distributed into two groups. Control group participants received full mouth oral prophylaxis, while test group participants received oral lycopene and green tea extract (CLIK^®) for 45 days along with complete oral prophylaxis. Plaque index (PI), sulcular bleeding index (SBI), and salivary UA levels were evaluated at baseline and 45 days after SRP. Data were analyzed with t-test, using SPSS software (PASW, Windows version 18.0).

Results

Both treatment groups demonstrated statistically highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) reduction in plaque and SBI. After treatment, a highly significant increase (P ≤ 0.001) in the test group and significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in the control group was observed for salivary UA levels. Posttreatment comparison between test and control group delineated statistically significant results in PI (P ≤ 0.001), SBI (P ≤ 0.001), and salivary UA levels (P ≤ 0.01).

Conclusion

Lycopene with green tea extract may prove to be a promising adjunctive prophylactic and therapeutic modality in the treatment of gingivitis patients. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the additive effect of antioxidants with routine oral prophylaxis therapy.

Novel Approaches to the Control of Oral Microbial Biofilms

Effective management of biofilm-related oral infectious diseases is a global challenge. Oral biofilm presents increased resistance to antimicrobial agents and elevated virulence compared with planktonic bacteria. Antimicrobial agents, such as chlorhexidine, have proven effective in the disruption/inhibition of oral biofilm. However, the challenge of precisely and continuously eliminating the specific pathogens without disturbing the microbial ecology still exists, which is a major factor in determining the virulence of a multispecies microbial consortium and the consequent development of oral infectious diseases. Therefore, several novel approaches are being developed to inhibit biofilm virulence without necessarily inducing microbial dysbiosis of the oral cavity. Nanoparticles, such as pH-responsive enzyme-mimic nanoparticles, have been developed to specifically target the acidic niches within the oral biofilm where tooth demineralization readily occurs, in effect controlling dental caries. Quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) such as dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM), when incorporated into dental adhesives or resin composite, have also shown excellent and durable antimicrobial activity and thus could effectively inhibit the occurrence of secondary caries. In addition, custom-designed small molecules, natural products and their derivatives, as well as basic amino acids such as arginine, have demonstrated ecological effects by modulating the virulence of the oral biofilm without universally killing the commensal bacteria, indicating a promising approach to the management of oral infectious diseases such as dental caries and periodontal diseases. This article aims to introduce these novel approaches that have shown potential in the control of oral biofilm. These methods may be utilized in the near future to effectively promote the clinical management of oral infectious diseases and thus benefit oral health.

The effect of green tea as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in non-surgical periodontitis therapy: a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

To provide a systematic overview on the efficacy of green tea catechin as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in terms of probing pocket depth (PPD).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic literature search was performed using electronic databases in PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Web of Science on randomized clinical trials up to January 2017. The research question was posed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.

RESULTS

The search provided 234 studies. After analyzing the full texts, five studies were included, with four studies qualifying for meta-analysis. Mean PPD reduction was significantly higher (α = 0.05) when green tea catechin was used as an adjunct to SRP (test group) than with SRP alone (control group). The difference in the reduction was 0.74 mm [0.35-1.13; 95% CI].

CONCLUSION

The local application of green tea catechin as an adjunct to SRP may result in a beneficial reduction in PPD. Due to the highly heterogeneous data and some risk of bias, however, this data still needs to be interpreted with caution.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The finding suggests that green tea catechin may be a topical adjunct to SRP without negative side effects.

Effects of blue-light irradiation during dental treatment

In dentistry, blue light is widely used for tooth bleaching and restoration procedures involving composite resin. In addition, many dentists use magnification loupes to enable them to provide more accurate dental treatment. Therefore, the use of light is indispensable in dental treatment. However, light can cause various toxicities, and thermal injuries caused by light irradiation are regarded as particularly important. In recent years, the eye damage and non-thermal injuries caused by blue light, the so-called "blue light hazard", have gained attention. Unfortunately, much of the research in this field has just begun, but our recent findings demonstrated that blue-light irradiation generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces oxidative stress in oral tissue. However, they also showed that such oxidative stress is inhibited by antioxidants. There have not been any reports that suggested that the ROS-induced phototoxicity associated with blue-light irradiation causes direct clinical damage, but some disorders are caused by the accumulation of ROS. Therefore, it is presumed that it is necessary to suppress the accumulation of oxidative stressors in oral tissues during treatment. In the future, we have to promote discussion about the suppression of phototoxicity in dentistry, including concerning the use of antioxidants to protect against phototoxic damage.

Green Tea Catechins: Their Use in Treating and Preventing Infectious Diseases

Green tea is one of the most popular drinks consumed worldwide. Produced mainly in Asian countries from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant, the potential health benefits have been widely studied. Recently, researchers have studied the ability of green tea to eradicate infectious agents and the ability to actually prevent infections. The important components in green tea that show antimicrobial properties are the catechins. The four main catechins that occur in green tea are (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Of these catechins, EGCG and EGC are found in the highest amounts in green tea and have been the subject of most of the studies. These catechins have been shown to demonstrate a variety of antimicrobial properties, both to organisms affected and in mechanisms used. Consumption of green tea has been shown to distribute these compounds and/or their metabolites throughout the body, which allows for not only the possibility of treatment of infections but also the prevention of infections.

Consumption of green tea but not coffee is associated with the oral health-related quality of life among an older Japanese population: Kyoto-Kameoka cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The consumption of both green tea and coffee is known to induce positive health effects; however, it remains unclear whether there is an association between the consumption of these beverages and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). Thus, the present study investigated the relationship between the consumption of green tea and coffee and OHRQoL.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

We analyzed cross-sectional baseline data in 2012. The subjects were 7514 Japanese participants (3563 men, 3951 women; ≥65 years of age). Each subject completed a validated self-administered questionnaire that included items on the frequency of the consumption of green tea and coffee. OHRQoL was evaluated using the self-reported General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI), which assesses oral health problems in older adults. A GOHAI score <50 points was defined as a poor OHRQoL.

RESULTS

Following adjustment for age, body mass index, total energy intake, alcohol, smoking, medication use, coffee, and fruit and vegetable consumption, increased consumption of green tea showed a strong positive association with the GOHAI score in both men and women (P_trend < 0.001 in both). In contrast, after adjusting for all factors, no statistically significant association was observed between coffee consumption and the GOHAI score in men (P_trend = 0.538) or women (P_trend = 0.607). The respective multivariate-odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for a poor OHRQoL associated with green tea consumption frequencies of none, <1 cup/day, 1-2 cups/day, and ≥3 cups/day were 1.00, 1.01 (0.80-1.27), 0.95 (0.74-1.21), and 0.78 (0.61-0.99) (P_trend = 0.024) in men, and 1.00, 1.19 (0.90-1.57), 0.98 (0.74-1.29), and 0.86 (0.67-1.12) (P_trend = 0.014) in women.

CONCLUSIONS

Regardless of sex, green tea consumption was positively associated with the GOHAI score. Therefore, ≥3 cups/day of green tea may reduce the risk of a poor OHRQoL, especially in men.

Impact of green tea intake on clinical improvement in chronic periodontitis: A randomized clinical trial

PURPOSE

To investigate the effects of daily consuming of green tea on clinical criteria in Periodontitis.

METHODS

Thirty patients with chronic periodontitis were randomly divided into control and experimental groups after scaling and root planning (SRP). Experimental group consumed green tea herbal for 6 weeks and the control group received no intervention. Clinical indices were measured before and 6 weeks after the intervention, and compared for each groups by non-parametric Wilcoxon test and between two groups by Man-Witheny test. Significance level of the test was considered at 95%.

RESULTS

The results showed that probing depth (PD) and bleeding index (BI) reduced significantly in both groups before and after SRP, this reduction in the intervention group was higher than the control group (P=0.003 and 0.031, respectively). On the other hand, reducing the amount of plaque index (PI) despite being significant in each group, was not significant between the two groups (P=0.135).

CONCLUSIONS

According to the results of this study, daily consumption of green tea herbal can have a positive impact on the treatment of periodontal diseases and can be applied as a supplement for improving the effects of phase I periodontal therapy.

Association of Coffee and Tea Intake with the Oral Microbiome: Results from a Large Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The oral microbiota play a central role in oral health, and possibly in carcinogenesis. Research suggests that coffee and tea consumption may have beneficial health effects. We examined the associations of these common beverages with the oral ecosystem in a large cross-sectional study.Methods: We assessed oral microbiota in mouthwash samples from 938 participants in two U.S. cohorts using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Coffee and tea intake were assessed from food frequency questionnaires. We examined associations of coffee and tea intake with overall oral microbiota diversity and composition using linear regression and permutational MANOVA, respectively, and with taxon abundance using negative binomial generalized linear models; all models adjusted for age, sex, cohort, body mass index, smoking, ethanol intake, and energy intake.Results: Higher tea intake was associated with greater oral microbiota richness (P = 0.05) and diversity (P = 0.006), and shifts in overall community composition (P = 0.002); coffee was not associated with these microbiome parameters. Tea intake was associated with altered abundance of several oral taxa; these included Fusobacteriales, Clostridiales, and Shuttleworthia satelles (higher with increasing tea) and Bifidobacteriaceae, Bergeyella, Lactobacillales, and Kingella oralis (lower with increasing tea). Higher coffee intake was only associated with greater abundance of Granulicatella and Synergistetes.Conclusions: In the largest study to date of tea and coffee consumption in relation to the oral microbiota, the microbiota of tea drinkers differed in several ways from nondrinkers.Impact: Tea-driven changes to the oral microbiome may contribute to previously observed associations between tea and oral and systemic diseases, including cancers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(7); 814-21. ©2018 AACR.

Green tea prevents vascular disturbs and attenuates periodontal breakdown in long-term hyperglycaemia in T1D rats

AIM

The effects of green tea on the modulation of vascularization during the progression of spontaneous periodontitis in long-term hyperglycaemia in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic (T1D) rats were evaluated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Wistar rats normoglycaemic (NG) and T1D were divided into two control groups, which received water (NG-W and T1D-W) and two experimental groups that received green tea (NG-GT and T1D-GT). Periodontal structures were evaluated by microtomographic and histological analyses. Number of immunostained cells for VEGF (NcVEGF+/mm² ) and CD31 (NcCD31+/mm² ), as well microvessel density (MVD) in the periodontal ligament (PDL) were evaluated.

RESULTS

Long-term hyperglycaemia in T1D-W rats induced vascular alterations in PDL with a reduction of 36% in MVD, a decrease of 33% in NcCD31+/mm² and an increase of 53% in NcVEGF+/mm² . Concomitantly, a severe degree of periodontitis with higher reduction in bone volume and periodontal bone level was observed. In T1D-GT, green tea maintained the MVD, NcCD31+/mm² and NcVEGF+/mm² in the PDL similar to normoglycaemic groups. Clinically, in T1D-GT rats, green tea reduced dental plaque accumulation and the degree of periodontitis when compared to T1D-W.

CONCLUSION

Daily green tea consumption has a therapeutic effect on the diabetic vascular disorder in PDL and the progression of periodontitis in long-term hyperglycaemia in T1D rats.

Probable benefits of green tea with genetic implications

Tea is produced from the Camellia sinensis plant and can generally be divided into categories based on how they are processed. In general, green tea that is unfermented C. sinensis has been considered superior to black tea in health benefits. It contains a unique set of catechins that possess biological activity as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative, which is potentially significant to the prevention and treatment of various forms of diseases. Oral cavity oxidative stress and inflammation, consequent cigarettes due to nicotine and acrolein, may be reduced in the presence of green tea polyphenols. In addition, green tea polyphenols can close down halitosis through modification of odorant sulfur components. Usually, green tea defends healthy cells from malignant transformation and locally has the ability to induce apoptosis in oral cancer cells. In unison, there is an increasing implication in the health benefits of green tea in the field of oral health. This review will cover recent findings on the therapeutic properties and anticancer health benefits of green tea.

Evaluation of Salvadora persica L. and green tea anti-plaque effect: a randomized controlled crossover clinical trial

Background

In the author’s earlier in vitro investigation, a combination of 0.25 mg/ml green tea and 7.82 mg/ml Salvadora persica L. aqueous extracts was found to exhibit significant synergistic anti-bacterial and anti-adherence effects against primary plaque colonizers biofilm. A clinical trial was needed to support these preliminary in vitro results and to investigate its efficacy as a mouthwash in the control of dental plaque.

Methods

A 24 h plaque re-growth, double-blinded, randomized crossover trial was carried out. Participants (n = 14) randomly rinsed with test formulation, 0.12% chlorhexidine (control) and placebo mouthwashes for 24 h. A week before the trial, all participants received scaling, polishing and oral hygiene education. On the trial day, the participants received polishing at baseline and rinsed with 15 ml of randomly allocated mouthwash twice daily without oral hygiene measures. After 24 h, plaque index was scored and then the participants entered a 6-days washout period with regular oral hygiene measures. The same protocol was repeated for the next 2 mouthwashes.

Results

The results were expressed as mean (±SD) plaque index. The test mouthwash (0.931 ± 0.372) significantly reduced plaque accumulation when compared with placebo (1.440 ± 0.498, p < 0.0167) and chlorhexidine (1.317 ± 0.344, p < 0.0167) mouthwashes. No significant difference was found between chlorhexidine and placebo (p > 0.0167).

Conclusions

The test mouthwash has an anti-plaque effect for a 24 h period. Longer-term clinical studies are highly encouraged to investigate its anti-plaque effect for longer periods.

Trial registration

This study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT02624336 in December 3, 2015.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1487-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.