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Renley BM, Argenyi MS, Mereish EH, Watson RJ. Experiences of stress and social safety among sexual and gender minority youth by disability status. Disabil Health J 2024; 17:101614. [PMID: 38521733 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2024.101614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though separate bodies of research have shown sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth, and youth with disabilities, separately, face distinct social and health disparities, little is known about youth who both identify as SGM and have disabilities. OBJECTIVE The current study examined differences in wellbeing among SGM youth by disability category (i.e., physical, developmental, psychiatric) across victimization, bullying, dating violence, school safety, and experienced stress. METHODS Using self-reported data from 9418 SGM youth aged 13-17 in the United States, multivariate linear regressions were conducted to examine how stress and social safety experiences varied across disability status. RESULTS Compared to SGM youth without a disability, SGM youth across all disability categories (physical, developmental, psychiatric) had greater odds of LGBT- and disability-based victimization, greater average stress, as well as lower levels of school safety. SGM youth with any disability, physical disability, or psychiatric disability also had greater odds of dating violence compared to SGM youth without a disability. CONCLUSION SGM youth with disabilities may be in particular need of targeted programs that address both disability and sexual/gender identities, and may benefit from increased supports across developmental contexts (e.g., against bullying in school). Stakeholders should consider how such support can be improved, tailored, and implemented, for SGM youth and the diversity of disabilities they have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benton M Renley
- University of Connecticut, Department of Human Development & Family Sciences, Storrs, CT, USA.
| | - Michael S Argenyi
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ethan H Mereish
- Lavender Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - Ryan J Watson
- University of Connecticut, Department of Human Development & Family Sciences, Storrs, CT, USA
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Amos N, Hill AO, Lyons A, Bigby C, Carman M, Parsons M, Bourne A. Factors Associated With Experiences of Harassment or Abuse Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer, and Asexual Young People With Disability in Australia. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:2189-2213. [PMID: 38069494 PMCID: PMC10993630 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231216690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer, and asexual (LGBTQA+) young people with disability are known to experience higher rates of harassment or abuse than LGBTQA+ young people without disability. This study focused on participants in Australia and identified factors associated with harassment or abuse among LGBTQA+ adolescents and young adults who reported a disability as well as associations with mental health outcomes. Analyses were conducted from a national survey that included 2,500 LGBTQA+ people who reported a disability and were aged 14 to 21 years. Measures included experiences in the past 12 months of verbal and physical harassment or abuse due to one's sexual orientation or gender identity, sexual harassment or abuse, mental health, suicidality, and sociodemographic traits. Overall, 48.4% of participants with disability reported experiencing verbal harassment or abuse, 12.4% physical harassment or abuse, and 29.7% sexual assault or harassment. In multivariable regression analyses, verbal harassment or abuse was significantly more likely among trans men, participants with an intellectual disability, and those who were "out" to most or all of their family. Physical harassment or abuse was significantly more likely among participants with a physical or sensory disability. Sexual harassment or abuse was significantly more likely among trans women and participants with a physical or sensory disability. Participants who experienced harassment or abuse were also significantly more likely to have attempted suicide in the past 12 months. These findings will assist policymakers and practitioners in identifying contexts linked to a heightened risk of abuse among LGBTQA+ young people with disability and further underscore an immediate need to address and prevent harm in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam O. Hill
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- St Luke’s International University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam Bourne
- La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
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3
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Yin H, Han Z, Li Y. Traditional bullying, cyberbullying, and quality of life among adolescents in 35 countries: Do cultural values matter? Soc Sci Med 2024; 340:116499. [PMID: 38103495 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Substantial evidence indicates that involvement in school bullying has been linked to lower quality of life (QoL). Yet there is little information elucidating the link between bullying involvement and QoL in different cultures. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the associations between different types of bullying involvement and QoL among adolescents. The moderating roles of cultural values in the relationship between bullying involvement and QoL were examined. METHODS This study included representative samples from 35 countries (N = 184,017) using data from the 2017/2018 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) survey and the new 2023 World Cultural Map Scores from the World Values Survey Wave 7 (2017/2021). Multilevel mixed-effects analysis was employed to examine individual-level and country-level effects simultaneously. RESULTS All types of bullying involvement were associated with lower QoL, with being a victim having the lowest QoL. Adolescents in societies that prioritize higher self-expression values exhibited a reduced propensity to engage in school bullying. In countries with higher self-expression values, there was a more pronounced negative association between bullying involvement and QoL. Traditional/Secular-rational values had no significant and consistent moderating effect on the association between bullying involvement and QoL. Those results were quite similar for both traditional bullying and cyberbullying. CONCLUSION These findings imply that cultural values are closely intertwined with adolescent bullying and quality of life. Therefore, prevention and intervention programs should pay more attention to addressing bullying and promoting the QoL of adolescents according to various cultural values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yin
- School of Political Science and Public Administration, Shandong University, China.
| | - Ziqiang Han
- School of Political Science and Public Administration, Shandong University, China.
| | - Yuhuan Li
- School of Government, Central University of Finance and Economics, China.
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Lawrence SE, McMorris BJ, Simon KA, Gower AL, Eisenberg ME. Bullying Involvement at the Intersection of Gender Identity/Modality, Sexual Identity, Race, Ethnicity, and Disability: Prevalence Disparities and the Role of School-Related Developmental Assets. LGBT Health 2023; 10:S10-S19. [PMID: 37754921 PMCID: PMC10623467 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2023.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study examines adolescents' self-reported school-based developmental assets and four intersecting social positions as they relate to prevalence of bullying involvement. Methods: Participants were 80,456 ninth and 11th grade students who participated in the 2019 Minnesota Student Survey (30.2% youth of color; 11% lesbian/gay/bisexual/pansexual/queer/questioning; 2.9% transgender/gender diverse [TGD] or gender questioning). Exhaustive Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection analysis was used to identify school-based developmental assets (i.e., school safety, school adult support) and intersecting social positions (i.e., sexual identity; gender identity/modality; racial/ethnic identity; physical disabilities/chronic illness; and/or mental health/behavioral/emotional problems) associated with the highest prevalence of involvement as physical and relational bullies, victims, and bully-victims. Results: Adolescents with 2+ marginalized social positions who often lacked school-based developmental assets were part of nearly all the highest prevalence bullying involvement groups. TGD and gender questioning adolescents, Native American youth, and youth living with both physical disabilities/chronic illness and mental health/emotional/behavioral problems-most of whom had additional marginalized social positions and lacked school-based assets-were particularly overrepresented in high prevalence groups. For example, 31.1% of TGD or gender questioning youth of color living with both types of disabilities/health problems who did not feel strongly that school was safe reported involvement as physical bully-victims-nearly six times the sample average rate. Conclusion: Adolescents with multiple marginalized social positions and those lacking certain school-based assets-often overlapping categories-were involved in bullying at higher-than-average rates. Findings underscore the need for schools to address intersecting experiences of stigma and structural oppression that may perpetuate bullying involvement disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E. Lawrence
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Kay A. Simon
- Department of Family Social Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Amy L. Gower
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Marla E. Eisenberg
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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5
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Cheng S, Kaminga AC, Liu Q, Wu F, Wang Z, Wang X, Liu X. Association between weight status and bullying experiences among children and adolescents in schools: An updated meta-analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 134:105833. [PMID: 36219907 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between weight status and bullying experience is well established, but little is known about the association between overweight or obesity and bullying behaviors among children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to provide updated evidence on the association between weight status and exposure to bullying among school children and adolescents. METHODS All literature published not later than December 12, 2019 was obtained from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and PsycINFO databases. The odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were used to measure the effect size. Results were combined using random-effects or fixed-effects meta-analysis, and sensitivity analysis was conducted to explore potential heterogeneity moderator factors. RESULTS This meta-analysis included 26 studies on the association between obesity overweight and bullying. Overall, children and adolescents with obesity had greater odds of experiencing bullying than their counterparts with healthy weight. Children and adolescents with obesity (OR = 1.46, 95 % CI:1.31-1.62), and overweight (OR = 1.24, 95 % CI: 1.17-1.32) were more likely to experience bullying than their normal weight peers. With regards to gender, boys with obesity experienced an increased risk of bullying behaviors than girls with obesity (OR = 1.40, 95 % CI: 1.30-1.50). Similarly, boys with overweight experienced an increased risk of bullying behaviors than girls with overweight (OR = 1.19, 95 % CI:1.06-1.34). CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that children and adolescents must be protected from bullying, especially those that are children and adolescents with obesity overweight and effective strategies are needed to reduce bullying behaviors among children and adolescents in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixiang Cheng
- College of Data Science and Information Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University,Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China; Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Atipatsa Chiwanda Kaminga
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mzuzu University, Private Bag 201, Luwinga, Mzuzu, Malawi; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qianwen Liu
- Department of Children &Woman Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Children &Woman Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Qilu Normal University College Teacher Education, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaofen Wang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China; Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaoqun Liu
- Department of Children &Woman Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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6
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Andreou E, Plexousakis S, Georgiadi M, Papadopoulos O. Mental Health Problems and Bullying Victimization Among Sexual Minority Adolescents in Greek Secondary Schools. J Genet Psychol 2022; 183:399-412. [DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2022.2098003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Andreou
- Department of Primary Education, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | | | - Maria Georgiadi
- Department, of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece
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7
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Associations of bullying victimisation in different frequencies and types with suicidal behaviours among school-going adolescents in low- and middle-income countries. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2022. [PMCID: PMC9387118 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796022000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
Adolescent suicide is a severe public health problem in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and adolescents who are victims of bullying have a higher risk of suicidal behaviours. However, detailed global data concerning the association between bullying victimisation and suicide are lacking; thus, further multicontinental studies exploring the association of bullying victimisation at different frequencies and types with suicidal behaviours are urgent.
Methods
The data were extracted from the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) (2010–2017) conducted in 40 LMICs (n = 151 184, mean age: 14.77 years, s.d.: 1.59, 54.2% females). Data concerning past-30-day bullying victimisation, past 12-month suicidal behaviours (suicidal ideation, suicidal plans and suicidal attempts) and other adverse health behaviours or outcomes were collected. Chi-square tests were used to explore the correlations among the main variables. A multivariable logistic regression and stratified logistic regressions were conducted to assess the associations.
Results
The overall prevalence of bullying victimisation, suicidal ideation, suicidal plans and suicidal attempts were 28.72, 12.64, 11.84 and 10.79%, respectively. The results showed a positive association of different frequencies and types of bullying victimisation with suicidal behaviours: suicidal ideation (odds ratio (OR) = 2.43, 2.06–2.87), suicidal plans (OR = 2.69, 2.28–3.17) and suicidal attempts (OR = 3.23, 2.73–3.82). Adolescents also reported the effects of being made fun of because of their religion: suicidal ideation (OR = 1.63, 1.41–1.88), suicidal plans (OR = 1.44, 1.24–1.66) and suicidal attempts (OR = 1.73, 1.50–1.98). Moreover, these associations varied among teenagers of different gender and body mass indexes (BMIs) and were stronger among males and adolescents who were underweight, overweight or obese.
Conclusions
Different types of bullying victimisation were positively related to suicidal behaviours; these associations varied among adolescents by gender and BMI. This study offers a theoretical basis for the identification of adolescents at a high risk of suicide and is beneficial for informing effective psychological interventions for constructing sound school environments, improving adolescents’ mental health and reducing the risk of suicide to promote health in LMICs and globally.
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8
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Mehari K, Doty J. Bullying Conceptualization in Context: Research and Practical Implications. Hum Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1159/000516839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Martin-Storey A, Pollitt AM, Baams L. Profiles and Predictors of Dating Violence Among Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2021; 68:1155-1161. [PMID: 33077336 PMCID: PMC7612810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sexual and gender minority adolescents report higher levels of dating violence compared with their heterosexual and cisgender peers. The objectives of the present study were to (1) identify latent profiles of dating violence; (2) examine if sexual and gender minority adolescents were particularly vulnerable to certain profiles of dating violence; and (3) explore how experiences of peer victimization, discrimination, and parental maltreatment explained this greater vulnerability. METHODS High school students in Grades 9 and 11 from the 2016 Minnesota Student Survey (N = 87,532; mean age = 15.29 years, SD = 1.23) were asked about their sexual and gender identities, their gender nonconformity, their experiences of verbal, physical, and sexual dating violence victimization and perpetration, as well their experiences of childhood maltreatment, peer victimization, and gender-based and sexual minority status-based discrimination. RESULTS Multinomial logistic regression analysis in a three-step latent class analysis procedure suggested five profiles of dating violence victimization and perpetration across the entire sample. Sexual and gender minority adolescents were generally more likely to be in classes high in dating violence victimization, perpetration, or both, compared with their heterosexual and cisgender peers. Gender nonconformity was also associated with greater risk for being in high dating violence classes. These differences, however, were generally nonsignificant when the social stressors of childhood maltreatment, peer victimization, and experiences of discrimination were accounted for. CONCLUSIONS Although findings suggested greater vulnerability for dating violence among sexual and gender minority adolescents, they underscore the importance of how minority stressors generally accounted for this greater vulnerability for dating violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda M Pollitt
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Laura Baams
- Department of Pedagogy and Educational Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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10
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College Climate and Sexual Orientation Differences in Weight Status. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2021; 21:422-433. [PMID: 31659611 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-019-01061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has identified significant sexual orientation disparities in obesity. Contextual factors, like lack of anti-discrimination policies and gay-straight alliances, have been shown to be associated with health outcomes like poor mental health and substance use for lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals moreso than their heterosexual counterparts; however, little work to date has explored the role of contextual factors on sexual orientation disparities in obesity. Individual-level, serial cross-sectional data from the 2009-2013 College Student Health Survey, which includes 2- and 4-year college students (n = 29,118) attending 46 Minnesota colleges, were used. College-level data on LGB context were primarily collected through college websites. Multinomial logistic regression models were fit to examine associations between LGB college climate scores (including non-discrimination policies, presence of LGB or diversity-related student groups, LGB courses offered, LGB housing accommodations, and prevalence of LGB students) and students' weight status (underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obese), based on self-reported height and weight. Higher LGB climate scores (i.e., more supportive environments) were associated with lower risk of overweight and obesity among all students. Sexual orientation-stratified findings among female students suggested that the association between LGB climate scores and weight status was similar to the overall female sample. Sexual orientation-stratified findings among male students showed a more complex relationship between LGB climate scores and weight status. More work is needed to disentangle the observed associations, and to investigate other contextual factors, like state- and city-level policies, social networks and norms, and individual resiliency within these contexts to better understand the contextual influences on sexual orientation disparities in obesity.
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11
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Haegele JA, Aigner C, Healy S. Impact of weight and disability status on bullying victimisation and perpetration among youth. J Paediatr Child Health 2021; 57:383-387. [PMID: 33070408 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.15230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this analysis was to examine the influence of weight and disability status on rates of bullying victimisation and perpetration among youth. METHODS Data from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health, which included 2716 youth (aged 10-17) with and 23 195 without disabilities in the USA were utilised. Parent-reported measures of height and weight, bullying perpetration and victimisation, and demographic covariates analysed. Descriptive statistics, and multivariable logistic regressions with outcomes of bullying perpetration and victimisation, were generated. RESULTS In the multivariate analysis, overweight (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.52), obesity (aOR = 2.25, 95% CI 1.83-2.77) and having a disability (aOR = 3.25, 95% CI 2.69-3.92) were related to greater odds of bully victimisation. Both obesity (aOR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.10-2.74) and disability (aOR = 2.74, 95% CI 2.00-3.75) were also related to greater odds of bully perpetration in the multivariate model; overweight status was not related to bully perpetration. CONCLUSIONS Weight status was identified as a characteristic that may increase the risk of bullying victimisation, above and beyond disability. This analysis helps identify that youth with disabilities who are overweight or obese have greater risk factors for bullying and are in need of interventions to ameliorate bullying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Haegele
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States
| | - Carrie Aigner
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California, United States
| | - Sean Healy
- Department of Behavioral Health & Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
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12
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Heino E, Ellonen N, Kaltiala R. Transgender Identity Is Associated With Bullying Involvement Among Finnish Adolescents. Front Psychol 2021; 11:612424. [PMID: 33488479 PMCID: PMC7820417 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.612424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During adolescence, bullying often has a sexual content. Involvement in bullying as a bully, victim or both has been associated with a range of negative health outcomes. Transgender youth appear to face elevated rates of bullying in comparison to their mainstream peers. However, the involvement of transgender youth as perpetrators of bullying remains unclear in the recent literature. Objective The aim of this study was to compare involvement in bullying between transgender and mainstream youth and among middle and late adolescents in a general population sample. Methods Our study included 139,829 students in total, divided between a comprehensive school and an upper secondary education sample. Associations between gender identity and involvement in bullying were first studied using cross-tabulations with chi-square statistics. Logistic regression was used to study multivariate associations. Gender identity was used as the independent variable, with cisgender as the reference category. Subjection to and perpetration of bullying were entered each in turn as the dependent variable. Demographic factors, family characteristics, internalizing symptoms, externalizing behaviors, and involvement in bullying in the other role were added as confounding factors. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) are given. The limit for statistical significance was set at p < 0.001. Results Both experiences of being bullied and perpetrating bullying were more commonly reported by transgender youth than by cisgender youth. Among transgender youth, all involvement in bullying was more commonly reported by non-binary youth than those identifying with the opposite sex. Logistic regression revealed that non-binary identity was most strongly associated with involvement in bullying, followed by opposite sex identity and cisgender identity. Transgender identities were also more strongly associated with perpetration of bullying than subjection to bullying. Conclusion Transgender identity, especially non-binary identity, is associated with both being bullied and perpetrating bullying even when a range of variables including internal stress and involvement in bullying in the opposite role are taken into account. This suggests that bullying during adolescence may serve as a mechanism of maintaining heteronormativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Heino
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Noora Ellonen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Riittakerttu Kaltiala
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Vanha Vaasa Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
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13
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Heino E, Fröjd S, Marttunen M, Kaltiala R. Normative and negative sexual experiences of transgender identifying adolescents in the community. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol 2020; 8:166-175. [PMID: 33564633 PMCID: PMC7866780 DOI: 10.21307/sjcapp-2020-017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexuality is a major facet of development during adolescence. Apace with normal sexual development, sexual experiences become more common and intimate. Recent research reports mixed results as to whether this is the case among transgender identifying adolescents. Recent research also suggests that trans youth experience negative sexual experiences (such as dating violence and sexual harassment) more often than their cisgender identifying peers. However, most studies have had clinical or selected samples. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to compare the normative as well as negative sexual experiences of trans youth with their cisgender peers in the general population. METHOD Our study included 1386 pupils of the ninth year of comprehensive school in Finland, mean age (SD) 15.59 (0.41) years. We compared sexual experiences, sexual harassment and dating violence among trans youth and their cisgender identifying peers. Distributions of the outcome variables were calculated among the whole sample and by sex. Next, multivariate associations were studied using logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, honesty of responding and depression. Odds Ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) are given. RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex, honesty of responding and ultimately for depression, normative sexual experiences of trans youth did not differ systematically from those of the mainstream, cisgender identifying youth. After adjusting for sex, age and honesty, transgender youth had increased Odds Ratios for experiences of sexual coercion and dating violence perpetration. In the final models however, no statistically significant differences were detected in the negative sexual experiences between transgender and cisgender youth. CONCLUSIONS Transgender identifying adolescents presented neither with delayed nor with excessively advanced sexual experiences. However, transgender youth seem to be more susceptible to subjection to sexual coercion and, unexpectedly, dating violence perpetration than their cisgender peers. However, these associations may in fact relate more closely to depression, a prevalent phenomenon among trans youth, than transgender identity itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Heino
- University of Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sari Fröjd
- University of Tampere, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mauri Marttunen
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riittakerttu Kaltiala
- University of Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
- Tampere University Hospital, Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Tampere, Finland
- anha Vaasa Hospital, Vaasa, Finland
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14
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Simmons JA, Antshel KM. Bullying and Depression in Youth with ADHD: A Systematic Review. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-020-09586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Baams L, Kiekens WJ, Fish JN. The Rejection Sensitivity Model: Sexual Minority Adolescents in Context. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2020; 49:2259-2263. [PMID: 31664554 PMCID: PMC7497447 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Baams
- Department of Pedagogy and Educational Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Rozenstraat 38, 9712 TJ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter J Kiekens
- Department of Sociology/Interuniversity Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica N Fish
- Department of Family Science, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Malecki CK, Demaray MK, Smith TJ, Emmons J. Disability, poverty, and other risk factors associated with involvement in bullying behaviors. J Sch Psychol 2020; 78:115-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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McKay T, Lindquist CH, Misra S. Understanding (and Acting On) 20 Years of Research on Violence and LGBTQ + Communities. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2019; 20:665-678. [PMID: 29334007 DOI: 10.1177/1524838017728708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Questions related to violence, vulnerability, and sexual and gender minorities continuing to occupy a focal place in U.S. public discourse. We reviewed findings from 20 years of research on that topic to make recommendations for policy, practice, and future research. This article synthesizes findings from 102 peer-reviewed articles as well as a small number of unpublished studies and grey literature. We found no data to support the idea (widespread in popular discourse) that those in the sexual or gender majority require protection from sexual or gender minority individuals. Instead, this wide body of research indicates that sexual and gender minorities are themselves at elevated risk for physical and sexual assault, harassment, bullying, and hate crime victimization throughout childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Contradicting the image of hate crimes as perpetrated by strangers or acquaintances, we find that bias-related verbal abuse, physical, and sexual assault by close family members contribute heavily to observed victimization rates. Further, despite the perception that society is becoming more welcoming, victimization disparities appear to be stable or widening since the 1990s. More studies with probabilistic sampling approaches, standardized measures, and larger samples of gender minorities are needed. However, widespread victimization of sexual and gender minorities is clearly an urgent issue, demanding attention from clinicians, program developers, and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasseli McKay
- Violence and Victimization Research Program, Center for Justice, Safety and Resilience, RTI International, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christine H Lindquist
- Courts and Corrections Research Program, Center for Justice, Safety and Resilience, RTI International, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shilpi Misra
- Transnational Crime and Justice Research Program, Center for Justice, Safety and Resilience, RTI International, Durham, NC, USA
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Himmelstein MS, Puhl RM, Watson RJ. Weight-based victimization, eating behaviors, and weight-related health in Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents. Appetite 2019; 141:104321. [PMID: 31202917 PMCID: PMC6765217 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Weight-based victimization (WBV) is a common form of bullying associated with maladaptive eating, and poor weight-related health. Although sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth experience a number of eating and weight-related health disparities, the link between WBV and these outcomes has not been investigated in this vulnerable population. Data came from the LGBTQ Teen Study, a national survey of SGM adolescents. Participants provided data to assess body mass index (BMI), WBV, sexual identity, gender identity, dieting, binge eating, eating to cope with stress, weight control behaviors, exercise, and stress (N = 9679). The sample was 66% White, with a mean age of 15.6 years; 58.5% had healthy weight, and 37.2% had overweight or obesity. Over half of participants reported WBV from family members and peers. WBV from family members was associated with maladaptive eating (i.e., binge-eating, unhealthy weight-control behaviors), dieting, and poor weight-related health (i.e., stress, exercise avoidance, less physical activity and poorer sleep); relationships remained significant after accounting for participants' age, BMI percentile for age and sex, race, gender identity, and sexual identity. Higher frequency of WBV at school, but not history of peer weight-based victimization, was associated with more maladaptive eating, dieting, and poorer weight-related health on all outcomes except physical activity. This is the first large-scale study that examined links between WBV, maladaptive eating behaviors, and weight-related health in SGM adolescents. These results suggest the need for increased awareness that WBV may play a role in maladaptive eating, and weight-related health of SGM youth, and may contribute to both elevated levels of eating disorders and obesity in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S Himmelstein
- Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
| | - Rebecca M Puhl
- Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA; Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Ryan J Watson
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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Supportive Community Resources Are Associated with Lower Risk of Substance Use among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Questioning Adolescents in Minnesota. J Youth Adolesc 2019; 49:836-848. [PMID: 31446582 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-019-01100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Research has indicated that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer/questioning (LGBQ) adolescents have disproportionately high rates of substance use compared to heterosexual peers; yet certain features of schools and communities have been associated with lower substance use rates in this population. To advance this field, research examining multiple levels of influence using measures developed with youth input is needed. With community, school, and student data, this study tested hypotheses that LGBQ students attending high schools and living in communities with more LGBQ-supportive environments (assessed with a novel inventory tool) have lower odds of substance use behaviors (cigarette smoking, alcohol use, marijuana use, prescription drug misuse, and other drug use) than their peers in less supportive LGBQ environments. Multilevel models using data from 2454 LGBQ students (54.0% female, 63.9% non-Hispanic white) in 81 communities and adjusting for student and school covariates found that LGBQ adolescents who lived in areas with more community support had lower odds of frequent substance use, particularly among females. Expanding and strengthening community resources (e.g., LGBQ youth-serving organizations, LGBQ events such as a Pride parade, and LGBQ-friendly services) is recommended to further support LGBQ adolescents and reduce substance use disparities.
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Gower AL, Forster M, Gloppen K, Johnson AZ, Eisenberg ME, Connett JE, Borowsky IW. School Practices to Foster LGBT-Supportive Climate: Associations with Adolescent Bullying Involvement. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2019; 19:813-821. [PMID: 29032496 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-017-0847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth experience disproportionate rates of bullying compared to their heterosexual peers. Schools are well-positioned to address these disparities by creating supportive school climates for LGBT youth, but more research is needed to examine the variety of practices and professional development opportunities put in place to this end. The current study examines how school practices to create supportive LGBT student climate relate to student reports of bullying. Student-level data come from the 2013 Minnesota Student Survey, a state-wide survey of risk and protective factors. Ninth and eleventh grade students (N = 31,183) reported on frequency of physical and relational bullying victimization and perpetration and sexual orientation-based harassment. School administrators reported on six practices related to creating supportive LGBT school climate (N = 103 schools): having a point person for LGBT student issues, displaying sexual orientation-specific content, having a gay-straight alliance, discussing bullying based on sexual orientation, and providing professional development around LGBT inclusion and LGBT student issues. An index was created to indicate how many practices each school used (M = 2.45; SD = 1.76). Multilevel logistic regressions indicated that students attending schools with more supportive LGBT climates reported lower odds of relational bullying victimization, physical bullying perpetration, and sexual orientation-based harassment compared to students in schools with less supportive LGBT climates. Sexual orientation did not moderate these relations, indicating that LGBT-supportive practices may be protective for all students, regardless of their sexual orientation. Findings support school-wide efforts to create supportive climates for LGBQ youth as part of a larger bullying prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Gower
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St SE, 3rd floor, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA.
| | - Myriam Forster
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St SE, 3rd floor, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Kari Gloppen
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St SE, 3rd floor, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | | | - Marla E Eisenberg
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St SE, 3rd floor, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - John E Connett
- Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Iris W Borowsky
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St SE, 3rd floor, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
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Zimmer‐Gembeck MJ, Duffy AL, Stuart J. Let’s get physical: Recent research on relations of adolescent peer victimization with psychosomatic symptoms, sleep, and body weight. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jabr.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda L. Duffy
- School of Applied Psychology Griffith University Southport Queensland Australia
| | - Jaimee Stuart
- School of Applied Psychology Griffith University Southport Queensland Australia
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Mark L, Värnik A, Sisask M. Who Suffers Most From Being Involved in Bullying-Bully, Victim, or Bully-Victim? THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2019; 89:136-144. [PMID: 30604449 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bullying has been associated with many mental health problems. The effect of bullying has been found to be affected by the way students are involved in bullying. The purpose of the study was to explore the association between mental well-being, hopelessness, and being involved in bullying (as a bully, victim, or bully-victim), and to detect more harmful bullying types to students' mental well-being. METHODS The study was conducted among Estonian students from grades 5 to 9 (N = 2048). The survey was nationwide, cross-sectional, anonymous, and web-based by nature. Mental well-being was assessed by using WHO-5 well-being index and hopelessness by 1-item Beck Hopelessness Scale. RESULTS The odds for being severely distressed (ie, students expressing both poor mental well-being and hopelessness) were greater for both sexes bullying others and being victims of bullying. For bully-victims the odds were greater for girls only. The victims of extensive cyber bullying expressed the lowest level of mental well-being for both sexes. CONCLUSIONS Boys might be the most vulnerable if being pure victims, while girls if being bully-victims. More attention should be paid to cyber bullying, as victims of extensive cyber bullying had the lowest level of mental well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauraliisa Mark
- Parliament of Estonia, Research Department of the Riigikogu, Lossi plats 1a Tallinn 15165, Estonia
- School of Governance, Law and Society, Narva mnt 25 Tallinn 10120, Estonia
| | - Airi Värnik
- Estonian-Swedish Mental Health and Suicidology Institute (ERSI), Õie 39 Tallinn 11615, Estonia
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Narva mnt 25 Tallinn 10120, Estonia
| | - Merike Sisask
- Estonian-Swedish Mental Health and Suicidology Institute (ERSI), Õie 39 Tallinn 11615, Estonia
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Narva mnt 25 Tallinn 10120, Estonia
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23
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Chatterjee D, McMorris B, Gower AL, Forster M, Borowsky IW, Eisenberg ME. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Early Initiation of Marijuana and Alcohol Use: The Potential Moderating Effects of Internal Assets. Subst Use Misuse 2018; 53:1624-1632. [PMID: 29364764 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1421224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early adolescence is a critical risk period for initiation of substance use. Internal assets (IAs), which are individual qualities guiding positive choices, and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are important protective and risk factors, respectively, against substance use. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether IAs modify associations between ACEs and early initiation of alcohol and marijuana use. METHOD Data were from 9th and 11th graders who completed the 2013 Minnesota Student Survey (n = 79,339). Students reported on experiences of abuse, household dysfunction, and substance use. Multivariable logistic regressions examined associations between different types of ACEs and substance use. Interactions between IAs and ACEs were added to models to test effect modification. For significant interactions, main effects models were re-estimated at different percentiles of IAs. RESULT IAs moderated associations of both abuse and household dysfunction with early initiation of marijuana (p <.003) and alcohol (p =.007) for females but not for males. For females with low IAs, odds of early initiation of marijuana were approximately twice as high as students without any ACEs. A similar pattern was detected for females' initiation of alcohol use. No effect modification was detected for IAs and experiencing only abuse or household dysfunction on initiation. CONCLUSION Special attention should be paid to improving IAs among girls who have already experienced ACEs. Future research should examine protective factors that buffer the effects of ACEs for boys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara McMorris
- b School of Nursing, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota , USA
| | - Amy L Gower
- c Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota , USA
| | - Myriam Forster
- d Department of Health Sciences , College of Health and Human Development, California State University , Northridge, Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - Iris Wagman Borowsky
- c Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota , USA
| | - Marla E Eisenberg
- c Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota , USA
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24
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Eisenberg ME, Gower AL, McMorris BJ, Rider GN, Coleman E. Emotional Distress, Bullying Victimization, and Protective Factors Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Adolescents in City, Suburban, Town, and Rural Locations. J Rural Health 2018; 35:270-281. [PMID: 29940070 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding the root causes of the substantial disparities in risk and protective factors among transgender and gender diverse (TGD) adolescents is essential to the development and expansion of resources and supports for this vulnerable population. This study examines differences in emotional distress, bullying victimization, and protective factors among TGD high school students in city, suburban, town, and rural locations. METHODS Data come from a statewide school-based survey conducted in Minnesota in 2016 (n = 2,168 TGD youth). Analysis of covariance models were used to predict the prevalence of multiple indicators of emotional distress, bullying victimization, and protective factors across the 4 location categories, with multiple adjustments. FINDINGS Significant linear trends were observed for 2 emotional distress outcomes and 2 bullying victimization outcomes, with urban TGD students having the lowest rates and rural having the highest prevalences. Additional significant differences in emotional distress were noted, with unexpectedly high rates of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among suburban students. CONCLUSIONS Helping TGD adolescents in all types of locations identify resources and supportive professionals is critical to supporting this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla E Eisenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amy L Gower
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - G Nicole Rider
- Program in Human Sexuality, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Eli Coleman
- Program in Human Sexuality, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children with a physical disability, psychological disorder, or of nonnormative weight are often targets of peer victimization. Sibling victimization, however, is more common than peer victimization, but rarely explored. We investigated linkages between sibling victimization and whether children had a physical disability, psychological disorder (i.e., internalizing disorder, attention deficit disorder/attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder), and were perceived by parents as being thinner than average or overweight. Also, we explored how the extent and kinds of sibling victimization experiences were related to these characteristics in childhood. METHODS A US probability sample of adult caregivers of a child aged 0 to 9 (N = 780; 50% women; mean age 4.58) in 2-child households who completed a telephone interview. RESULTS Controlling for other forms of maltreatment and individual and family characteristics, children with a physical disability and parent-perceived children who are thinner than average and children who are overweight experienced more sibling victimization. Children with an internalizing disorder experienced less sibling victimization. Sibling victimization did not differ for children with and without ADHD. Children perceived to be overweight by parents and children with a physical disability were at increased risk of experiencing more types of sibling victimization. Children with a physical disability had greater odds of being victims of property victimization by a sibling. CONCLUSION Children with a physical disability or perceived as different from average weight are at risk for sibling victimization. Using a nationally representative sample, this is the first study to highlight the importance of screening for sibling victimization in families of children with a disability and/or nonnormative weight status.
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26
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Barnes AJ, Gilbertson J, Chatterjee D. Emotional Health Among Youth Experiencing Family Homelessness. Pediatrics 2018; 141:e20171767. [PMID: 29555691 PMCID: PMC5869340 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Youth who are homeless with adult family members comprise 37% of the US homeless population, yet mental health among this group has not yet been well described. We aimed to compare the risk of suicidality, and factors that may protect against it, between family-homeless and nonhomeless youth. METHODS We used cross-sectional data, representing 62 034 eighth- to 12th-graders, to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of emotional distress, self-injury, suicidal ideation, and attempted suicide in the past 12 months for youth who experienced family homelessness in the past 12 months compared with housed youth, controlling for covariates. We then tested whether developmental assets moderated these outcomes. RESULTS Four percent (n = 4594) of youth (mean age 14.9 years) were homeless with an adult family member. Among these, 29.1% (n = 1317; aOR: 2.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.34-2.69) reported self-injury, 21% (n = 940; aOR: 2.30, 95% CI: 2.14-2.48) reported suicidal ideation, and 9.3% (n = 416; aOR: 3.24, 95% CI: 2.91-3.60) reported suicide attempts. Developmental assets decreased the odds of these outcomes for all youth but were less protective for homeless youth. CONCLUSIONS Youth experiencing recent family homelessness are at higher risk of suicidality than their nonhomeless peers, suggesting homelessness itself as a marker of risk. Factors that protect emotional health are less impactful among youth experiencing recent family homelessness. Thus, interventions among homeless youth may need to address social determinants of health such as stable housing and adversity in addition to developmental assets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Barnes
- Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health,
- Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Jace Gilbertson
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Jones LM, Mitchell KJ, Turner HA, Ybarra ML. Characteristics of bias-based harassment incidents reported by a national sample of U.S. adolescents. J Adolesc 2018; 65:50-60. [PMID: 29547771 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using a national sample of youth from the U.S., this paper examines incidents of bias-based harassment by peers that include language about victims' perceived sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, religion, weight or height, or intelligence. Telephone interviews were conducted with youth who were 10-20 years old (n = 791). One in six youth (17%) reported at least one experience with bias-based harassment in the past year. Bias language was a part of over half (52%) of all harassment incidents experienced by youth. Perpetrators of bias-based harassment were similar demographically to perpetrators of non-biased harassment. However, bias-based incidents were more likely to involve multiple perpetrators, longer timeframes and multiple harassment episodes. Even controlling for these related characteristics, the use of bias language in incidents of peer harassment resulted in significantly greater odds that youth felt sad as a result of the victimization, skipped school, avoided school activities, and lost friends, compared to non-biased harassment incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michele L Ybarra
- Center for Innovative Public Health Research, San Clemente, CA, USA
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28
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Intersections of gender and sexual minority status: Co-occurring bullying victimization among adolescents. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Pinquart M. Systematic Review: Bullying Involvement of Children With and Without Chronic Physical Illness and/or Physical/Sensory Disability-a Meta-Analytic Comparison With Healthy/Nondisabled Peers. J Pediatr Psychol 2017; 42:245-259. [PMID: 27784727 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsw081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare levels of victimization and perpetration associated with bullying among children and adolescents with and without chronic physical illnesses and/or physical or sensory disabilities. Methods In total, 107 studies were identified using a systematic search in electronic databases and cross-referencing. A random-effects meta-analysis was computed. Results Children and adolescents with chronic physical illness or disability were more likely to be victims of bullying in general (odds ratio [OR] = 1.65), particularly physical bullying (OR = 1.47), relational bullying (OR = 1.47), verbal bullying (OR = 1.67), cyberbullying (OR = 1.39), and illness-specific teasing (OR = 5.29). They were also more likely to be bullies in general (OR = 1.28), as well physical (OR = 1.38) and relational bullies (OR = 1.13). The effect sizes varied across different illnesses and disabilities and, in part, by visibility of the disease, school type, and year of assessment. Conclusions Although most between-group differences tend to be small, some form of intervention is needed to reduce bullying among children and adolescents with chronic physical illnesses and/or physical or sensory disabilities, and illness-specific weight- and appearance-related teasing in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pinquart
- Department of Psychology, Philipps University, Marburg , Germany
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30
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Doty JL, Gower AL, Rudi JH, McMorris BJ, Borowsky IW. Patterns of Bullying and Sexual Harassment: Connections with Parents and Teachers as Direct Protective Factors. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46:2289-2304. [PMID: 28584921 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0698-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Involvement in bullying and sexual harassment in adolescence is associated with a variety of internalizing, externalizing, and health-risk behaviors. Yet, the two behaviors are often studied independently. The current study examined how bullying and sexual harassment co-occur and whether social connections protected youth from risk patterns. The data for this study come from the 2013 Minnesota Student Survey (N = 121,311; 50% female, 74% White, 26% received free or reduced-price lunch; M age = 14.9, SD = 1.3). Students reported on bullying and sexual harassment victimization and perpetration. Using latent class analysis, youth were classified into five patterns: High-Risk of All Forms of Victimization and Perpetration (7%), Relational and Cyberbullying Victimization (17%), Sexual Harassment Victimization and Perpetration (8%), Physical Bullying Perpetration (6%), and Low-Risk (62%). Compared to the low-risk class, the four other classes had lower levels of social connections, particularly with teachers and parents. Older youth (9th and 11th grade students) were at greater risk for the sexual harassment pattern, while younger youth (8th grade students) were at greater risk for bullying patterns. The results indicate that efforts to reduce bullying should also address sexual harassment and social connections with adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Doty
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA.
| | - Amy L Gower
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Jessie H Rudi
- Institute of Translational Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | | | - Iris W Borowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
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31
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Goodenow C, Watson RJ, Adjei J, Homma Y, Saewyc E. Sexual Orientation Trends and Disparities in School Bullying and Violence-Related Experiences, 1999-2013. PSYCHOLOGY OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER DIVERSITY 2016; 3:386-396. [PMID: 29322064 DOI: 10.1037/sgd0000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Numerous recent studies have demonstrated that schools are often unsafe for lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adolescents, who are more likely than heterosexual peers to be bullied, harassed, or victimized in school contexts. Virtually all of these studies call for change, yet none investigate whether or not it has occurred. Using repeated waves of a population-based high school survey, we examine (1) the extent to which sexual orientation differences in school bullying and violence-related experiences are reported by lesbian/gay, bisexual, and heterosexual male and female adolescents; (2) trends in school bullying and violence-related experiences for each gender/orientation group, and (3) whether disparities have changed over time. Data were drawn from eight Massachusetts biennial Youth Risk Behavior Surveys from 1999 to 2013, grouped into 4 waves totaling 24,845 self-identified heterosexual, 270 lesbian/gay, and 857 bisexual youth. Disparities between LGB and heterosexual peers were found in all indicators. Heterosexual youth and gay males saw significant reductions in every outcome between the first and last waves. Among bisexual males, skipping school due to feeling unsafe, carrying weapons in school, and being bullied all decreased, but among lesbians and bisexual females only fighting in school declined significantly. Improvement trends in school safety were more consistent for heterosexual youth and gay males than for bisexual or lesbian females. Notably, despite these improvements, almost no reduction was seen in sexual orientation disparities. Future research should identify influences leading to reduced school victimization, especially focusing on ways of eliminating persistent sexual orientation disparities. Future research should identify influences leading to reduced school victimization, especially focusing on ways of eliminating persistent sexual orientation disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Goodenow
- Independent Research/Evaluation Consultant, Northborough, MA
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Cohen JM, Blasey C, Taylor CB, Weiss BJ, Newman MG. Anxiety and Related Disorders and Concealment in Sexual Minority Young Adults. Behav Ther 2016; 47:91-101. [PMID: 26763500 PMCID: PMC6707365 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sexual minorities face greater exposure to discrimination and rejection than heterosexuals. Given these threats, sexual minorities may engage in sexual orientation concealment in order to avoid danger. This social stigma and minority stress places sexual minorities at risk for anxiety and related disorders. Given that three fourths of anxiety disorder onset occurs before the age of 24, the current study investigated the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in sexual minority young adults relative to their heterosexual peers. Secondarily, the study investigated sexual orientation concealment as a predictor of anxiety and related disorders. A sample of 157 sexual minority and 157 heterosexual young adults matched on age and gender completed self-report measures of the aforementioned disorders, and indicated their level of sexual orientation concealment. Results revealed that sexual minority young adults reported greater symptoms relative to heterosexuals across all outcome measures. There were no interactions between sexual minority status and gender, however, women had higher symptoms across all disorders. Sexual minority young women appeared to be at the most risk for clinical levels of anxiety and related disorders. In addition, concealment of sexual orientation significantly predicted symptoms of social phobia. Implications are offered for the cognitive and behavioral treatment of anxiety and related disorders in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C. Barr Taylor
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto University
| | - Brandon J. Weiss
- National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University School of Medicine
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Eisenberg ME, Gower AL, McMorris BJ. Emotional Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Questioning Bullies: Does It Differ from Straight Bullies? J Youth Adolesc 2015; 45:105-16. [PMID: 26070360 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-015-0316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Research demonstrates that young people involved in bullying are at greater risk for poor emotional health outcomes, but this association may not be consistent for youth of different sexual orientations. Understanding the unique needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual and questioning (LGBQ) youth may suggest important opportunities for intervention and prevention. This study, therefore, examines whether involvement with bullying is differentially associated with emotional well-being across sexual orientation. Survey data were collected from a large statewide sample of 9th and 11th grade students in 2013 (N = 79,039, 49.8% female, 74.6% white). Logistic regression tested associations between sexual orientation, physical or relational bullying perpetration and five measures of emotional health. In the full sample, those reporting bullying perpetration had significantly elevated odds of emotional health problems. However, interaction terms and stratified models indicated that in nine out of ten physical bullying models and two out of ten relational bullying models, perpetration was not as strongly associated with poor emotional health among LGBQ adolescents as it was among heterosexual youth. Possible explanations for this finding include unhealthy coping strategies or masking one's own vulnerable status as LGBQ. Continued efforts to prevent bullying are needed for all youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla E Eisenberg
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA.
| | - Amy L Gower
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA.
| | - Barbara J McMorris
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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