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Krasna H, Venkataraman M, Patino I. Salary Disparities in Public Health Occupations: Analysis of Federal Data, 2021‒2022. Am J Public Health 2024; 114:329-339. [PMID: 38271651 PMCID: PMC10882389 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2023.307512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Objectives. To assess salary differences between workers within key public health occupations in local or state government and workers in the same occupations in the private sector. Methods. We used the US Department of Labor's Occupational Employment and Wage Survey (OEWS). Referencing previous studies matching Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) codes with health department occupations, we selected 44 SOC codes. We contrasted median salaries in OEWS for workers in each occupation within state or local government with workers in the same occupations outside government. Results. Thirty of 44 occupations paid at least 5% less in government than the private sector, with 10 occupations, primarily in management, computer, and scientific or research occupations paying between 20% and 46.9% less in government. Inspection and compliance roles, technicians, and certain clinicians had disparities of 10% to 19%. Six occupations, primarily in social work or counseling, paid 24% to 38.7% more in government. Conclusions. To develop a sustainable public health workforce, health departments must consider adjusting their salaries if possible, market their strong benefits or public service mission, or use creative recruitment incentives such as student loan repayment programs for hard-to-fill roles. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(3):329-339. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307512).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Krasna
- Heather Krasna, Malvika Venkataraman, and Isabella Patino are with Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Malvika Venkataraman
- Heather Krasna, Malvika Venkataraman, and Isabella Patino are with Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Isabella Patino
- Heather Krasna, Malvika Venkataraman, and Isabella Patino are with Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
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Singh S, Polavarapu M, Vallerand K, Bhoge Y, Noviski KM. Assessing Organizational Capacity to Advance Health Equity: Mixed-Methods Approach at a Local Health Department. COMMUNITY HEALTH EQUITY RESEARCH & POLICY 2023:2752535X231219297. [PMID: 38019708 DOI: 10.1177/2752535x231219297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Local health departments (LHDs) play a leading role in eliminating health inequities as they proactively identify and address barriers to optimal health within the community they serve. This study evaluated a Midwestern County LHD's commitment, collaborations, and capacity to advance health equity in their organization. A total of 81 employees completed the online survey (response rate = 51%) and 12 among randomly selected employees completed the qualitative interviews (31.5%). More than 75% of participants reported that all departments had explicit work plans and 50% had a strong capacity to address social determinants of health. Almost 50% of the participants reported strong internal collaboration, but less than 25% indicated that no external partners were involved during the program planning process. Finally, a few participants identified the need for increased diversity in leadership and expressed the importance of quality training and feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Singh
- Department of Population Health, College of Health & Human Services, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- Health Equity Research Center (HERC), University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- School for the Advancement of Interprofessional Education (IPE), University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Mounika Polavarapu
- Department of Population Health, College of Health & Human Services, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Katharine Vallerand
- Department of Population Health, College of Health & Human Services, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | - Krista McCarthy Noviski
- Judith Herb College of Education, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
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Yeager VA, Burns AB, Lang B, Kronstadt J, Hughes MJ, Gutta J, Kirkland C, Orr J, Leider JP. What Are Public Health Agencies Planning for Workforce Development? A Content Analysis of Workforce Development Plans of Accredited Public Health Departments. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2023; 29:762-774. [PMID: 37646511 PMCID: PMC10549878 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recruiting and retaining public health employees and ensuring they have the skills necessary to respond are vital for meeting public health needs. As the first study examining health department (HD) workforce development plans (WDPs), this study presents gaps and strategies identified in WDPs across 201 accredited HDs (168 initial/33 reaccreditation plans). DESIGN This cross-sectional study employed qualitative review and content analysis of WDPs submitted to the Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB) between March 2016 and November 2021. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Eight overarching workforce themes were examined: planning/coordination, leadership, organizational culture, workplace supports/retention, recruitment, planning for departmental training, delivery of departmental training, and partnership/engagement. Within each theme, related subthemes were identified. Coders indicated whether the WDP (1) identified the subtheme as a gap; (2) stated an intent to address the subtheme; and/or (3) identified a strategy for addressing the subtheme. RESULTS The most common gaps identified included prepare workforce for community engagement/partnership (34.3%, n = 69), followed by resource/fund training (24.9%, n = 50). The subtheme that had the most instances of an identified strategy to address it was assess training needs (84.1%, n = 169), followed by foster quality improvement (QI) culture/provide QI training (63.2%, n = 127). While both of these strategies were common among the majority of HDs, those subthemes were rarely identified as a gap. Secondary findings indicate that increase recruitment diversity/recruit from a more diverse applicant pool was rarely identified as a gap (6.0%, n = 12) and rarely had an identified strategy for addressing the subtheme (9.0%, n = 18). CONCLUSION While HDs recognized many workforce gaps, HDs did not always propose a strategy for addressing them within the WDP. Conversely, some WDPs proposed strategies for subthemes that did not reflect recognized gaps. Such discrepancies between identified gaps and strategies in WDPs may suggest areas where HDs could use additional support and guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A. Yeager
- Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Yeager and Mss Burns and Gutta); Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, Virginia (Mx Lang and Ms Kronstadt); St. David's School of Nursing at Texas State University, Round Rock, Texas (Dr Hughes); and Center for Public Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Drs Kirkland and Leider and Mr Orr)
| | - Ashlyn B. Burns
- Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Yeager and Mss Burns and Gutta); Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, Virginia (Mx Lang and Ms Kronstadt); St. David's School of Nursing at Texas State University, Round Rock, Texas (Dr Hughes); and Center for Public Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Drs Kirkland and Leider and Mr Orr)
| | - Britt Lang
- Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Yeager and Mss Burns and Gutta); Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, Virginia (Mx Lang and Ms Kronstadt); St. David's School of Nursing at Texas State University, Round Rock, Texas (Dr Hughes); and Center for Public Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Drs Kirkland and Leider and Mr Orr)
| | - Jessica Kronstadt
- Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Yeager and Mss Burns and Gutta); Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, Virginia (Mx Lang and Ms Kronstadt); St. David's School of Nursing at Texas State University, Round Rock, Texas (Dr Hughes); and Center for Public Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Drs Kirkland and Leider and Mr Orr)
| | - Monica J. Hughes
- Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Yeager and Mss Burns and Gutta); Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, Virginia (Mx Lang and Ms Kronstadt); St. David's School of Nursing at Texas State University, Round Rock, Texas (Dr Hughes); and Center for Public Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Drs Kirkland and Leider and Mr Orr)
| | - Jyotsna Gutta
- Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Yeager and Mss Burns and Gutta); Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, Virginia (Mx Lang and Ms Kronstadt); St. David's School of Nursing at Texas State University, Round Rock, Texas (Dr Hughes); and Center for Public Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Drs Kirkland and Leider and Mr Orr)
| | - Chelsey Kirkland
- Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Yeager and Mss Burns and Gutta); Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, Virginia (Mx Lang and Ms Kronstadt); St. David's School of Nursing at Texas State University, Round Rock, Texas (Dr Hughes); and Center for Public Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Drs Kirkland and Leider and Mr Orr)
| | - Jason Orr
- Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Yeager and Mss Burns and Gutta); Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, Virginia (Mx Lang and Ms Kronstadt); St. David's School of Nursing at Texas State University, Round Rock, Texas (Dr Hughes); and Center for Public Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Drs Kirkland and Leider and Mr Orr)
| | - Jonathon P. Leider
- Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Yeager and Mss Burns and Gutta); Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, Virginia (Mx Lang and Ms Kronstadt); St. David's School of Nursing at Texas State University, Round Rock, Texas (Dr Hughes); and Center for Public Health Systems, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Drs Kirkland and Leider and Mr Orr)
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Moore JT, Wigington C, Green J, Horter L, Kone A, Lopes-Cardozo B, Byrkit R, Rao CY. Understanding Low Utilization of Employee Assistance Programs and Time Off by US Public Health Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Public Health Rep 2023:333549231165287. [PMID: 37052332 PMCID: PMC10102824 DOI: 10.1177/00333549231165287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite high rates of reported mental health symptoms among public health workers (PHWs) during the COVID-19 pandemic, utilization of employer-offered resources was low. Our objective was to understand what barriers and deterrents exist for PHWs accessing employer-offered resources. METHODS Four national public health organizations disseminated a national online survey of public health department employees during March-April 2021; 26 174 PHWs completed the survey. We examined 5164 write-in survey responses using thematic analysis to identify key reasons why PHWs were not accessing time off and employee assistance programs (EAPs) and to understand what resources PHWs would like to see their employers offer. RESULTS The top reasons that PHWs reported for not taking time off during the COVID-19 pandemic were financial concerns (24.4%), fear of judgment or retaliation (20.8%), and limitations in the amount of time off offered or available (11.0%). The top reasons that PHWs reported for not using EAPs during the COVID-19 pandemic were difficulty accessing EAPs (53.1%), use of external services (21.5%), and a lack of awareness about EAPs or motivation to initiate their use (11.3%). While desired employer-offered resources varied widely, PHWs most frequently listed financial incentives, paid time off, flexible scheduling, and organizational change. CONCLUSION Organizations can best help their employees by organizing the workforce in a way that allows PHWs to take time off, creating a positive and supportive organizational climate, regularly assessing the needs of PHWs, clearly communicating the availability of employer-offered benefits, and emphasizing the acceptability of using those benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmyn T Moore
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Claire Wigington
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jamilla Green
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Libby Horter
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Goldbelt C6, LLC, Chesapeake, VA, USA
| | - Ahoua Kone
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Barbara Lopes-Cardozo
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ramona Byrkit
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carol Y Rao
- COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Karnik H, Oldfield-Tabbert K, Kirkland C, Orr JM, Leider JP. Staffing Local Health Departments in Minnesota-Needs, Priorities, and Concerns. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2023; 29:433-441. [PMID: 36946590 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The roles and responsibilities of local health departments (LHDs), as well as the hiring challenges they face, have changed since the pandemic started. OBJECTIVES To explore (1) staffing needs and priorities of LHDs in Minnesota, and (2) financial and community-level factors impeding health departments from maintaining optimal staffing. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A cross-sectional online survey was administered via Qualtrics in July 2022 to city and county health departments in Minnesota (97% participation rate). It included both open- and close-ended questions concerning staffing needs and priorities of LHDs and challenges to hiring after the pandemic started. RESULTS Staffing priorities of LHDs included public health nurses, community health workers, and health planners/researchers/analysts. Hiring concerns included creating new permanent positions, offering competitive salaries, and filling open positions. Inadequate funds made it difficult to create new permanent positions and offer competitive salaries. External factors such as lack of affordable or reliable childcare, housing, and transportation also contributed to hiring challenges. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to increase staffing levels of the Minnesota public health enterprise by filling vacant positions and creating new positions. Increasing the public health workforce requires adequate sustainable funding along with creative solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshada Karnik
- Center for Public Health Systems, Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Drs Karnik, Kirkland, and Leider and Mr Orr); and Local Public Health Association of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota (Ms Oldfield-Tabbert)
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Yeager VA, Balio CP, Chudgar RB, Hare Bork R, Beitsch LM. Estimating Public Health Workforce Efforts Toward Foundational Public Health Services. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2022; 28:393-398. [PMID: 34939602 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The Foundational Public Health Services (FPHS) include a core set of activities that every health department should be able to provide in order to ensure that each resident has access to foundational services that protect and preserve health. Estimates of the public health workforce necessary to provide the FPHS are needed. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the potential use of an FPHS calculator to assess health department workforce needs. DESIGN AND SETTING Qualitative interviews were conducted via Zoom in December 2020-January 2021. PARTICIPANTS Seventeen state and local public health leaders. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Qualitative insights into the potential use of an FPHS calculator. RESULTS Almost all participants expressed that a reliable estimate would help them justify requests for new staff and that a calculator based on the FPHS would help organizations to critically assess whether they are meeting the needs of their communities and the core expectations of public health. Although participants expected that a tool to calculate full-time equivalent needs by the FPHS would be helpful, some participants expressed concerns in regard to using the tool, given ongoing workforce issues such as recruitment challenges, hiring freezes, and funding restrictions. An anticipated positive consequence of using this tool was that it may lead to cross-training the workforce and result in more diverse expertise and skills among existing workers. The other unintended consequences were that an FPHS calculator would require a substantial amount of time assessing the current FPHS efforts of existing staff and the results of the FPHS gap estimate could become the bar rather than the minimum needed. CONCLUSIONS The current public and political focus on public health infrastructure as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic has created a window of opportunity to create change. An FPHS-based staffing tool may help transform public health and initiate a new era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Yeager
- Department of Health Policy and Management, IU Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana (Dr Yeager); Center for Rural Health Research, East Tennessee State University College of Public Health, Johnson City, Tennessee (Dr Balio); Public Health National Center Innovation, Public Health Accreditation Board, Alexandria, Virginia (Ms Chudgar); de Beaumont Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland (Dr Hare Bork); and Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida (Dr Beitsch)
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Leider JP, Sellers K, Bogaert K, Liss-Levinson R, Castrucci BC. Voluntary Separations and Workforce Planning: How Intent to Leave Public Health Agencies Manifests in Actual Departure in the United States. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2021; 27:38-45. [PMID: 32769420 PMCID: PMC7690638 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To ascertain levels of turnover in public health staff between 2014 and 2017 due to retirement or quitting and to project levels of turnover for the whole of the state and local governmental public health in the United States nationally. DESIGN Turnover outcomes were analyzed for 15 128 staff from public health agencies between 2014 and 2017. Determinants of turnover were assessed using a logit model, associated with actually leaving one's organization. A microsimulation model was used to project expected turnover onto the broader workforce. RESULTS Between 2014 and 2017, 33% of staff left their agency. Half of the staff who indicated they were considering leaving in 2014 had done so by 2017, as did a quarter of the staff who had said they were not considering leaving. Staff younger than 30 years constituted 6% of the workforce but 13% of those who left (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Public health agencies are expected to experience turnover in 60 000 of 200 000 staff positions between 2017 and 2020. IMPLICATIONS As much as one-third of the US public health workforce is expected to leave in the coming years. Retention efforts, especially around younger staff, must be a priority. Succession planning for those retiring is also a significant concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon P. Leider
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Leider); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Leider); de Beaumont Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland (Drs Sellers and Castrucci); Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, Virginia (Ms Bogaert); and Center for State and Local Government Excellence, Washington, District of Columbia (Dr Liss-Levinson)
| | - Katie Sellers
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Leider); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Leider); de Beaumont Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland (Drs Sellers and Castrucci); Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, Virginia (Ms Bogaert); and Center for State and Local Government Excellence, Washington, District of Columbia (Dr Liss-Levinson)
| | - Kyle Bogaert
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Leider); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Leider); de Beaumont Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland (Drs Sellers and Castrucci); Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, Virginia (Ms Bogaert); and Center for State and Local Government Excellence, Washington, District of Columbia (Dr Liss-Levinson)
| | - Rivka Liss-Levinson
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Leider); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Leider); de Beaumont Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland (Drs Sellers and Castrucci); Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, Virginia (Ms Bogaert); and Center for State and Local Government Excellence, Washington, District of Columbia (Dr Liss-Levinson)
| | - Brian C. Castrucci
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (Dr Leider); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (Dr Leider); de Beaumont Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland (Drs Sellers and Castrucci); Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, Virginia (Ms Bogaert); and Center for State and Local Government Excellence, Washington, District of Columbia (Dr Liss-Levinson)
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Kovach KA, Lipnicky A. An Analysis of How Characteristics of Local Health Department Jurisdictions Influence Involvement in PHAB Accreditation: Implications for Health Equity. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2021; 27:449-458. [PMID: 33208717 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore how characteristics of local health department (LHD) jurisdictions impact involvement in Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB) accreditation and to characterize the implications for health equity. METHODS Data from the 2016 National Profile of LHDs survey were linked with data from the American Community Survey, National Center for Health Statistics, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, and the 2016 presidential election. Outcome measures included LHDs that were formally engaged in PHAB accreditation and LHDs that planned to apply for PHAB accreditation but were not formally engaged. Logistic regression was used to assess for the impact LHD jurisdictions' socioeconomic position, demographics, population health status, political ideology, and LHD organizational characteristics have on PHAB accreditation. RESULTS Approximately 37% of the participants were formally engaged (n = 297) and planned to apply (n = 337) for PHAB accreditation. Involvement in PHAB accreditation was equal among LHDs based on poverty and income inequality, but median household income was negatively associated. Diverse jurisdictions were more likely to be involved in PHAB accreditation but less likely to be involved after controlling for covariates. Jurisdictions with worse population health status were either as likely or more likely to be involved in PHAB accreditation. Jurisdictions with a greater conservative political ideology were less likely to be involved. CONCLUSION LHD involvement in PHAB accreditation varies by their jurisdiction's characteristics. This has implications for health equity based on socioeconomic, racial, and population health status. Policies and practices are needed to improve the uptake of PHAB accreditation in LHD jurisdictions impacted most by health inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Kovach
- Population and Community Health Department, American Academy of Family Physicians, Leawood, Kansas (Dr Kovach); and Master of Public Health Program, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (Ms Lipnicky)
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Plepys CM, Krasna H, Leider JP, Burke EM, Blakely CH, Magaña L. First-Destination Outcomes for 2015-2018 Public Health Graduates: Focus on Employment. Am J Public Health 2021; 111:475-484. [PMID: 33476234 PMCID: PMC7893365 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.306038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To improve understanding of the future public health workforce by analyzing first-destination employment outcomes of public health graduates.Methods. We assessed graduate outcomes for those graduating in 2015-2018 using descriptive statistics and the Pearson χ2 test.Results. In our analysis of data on 53 463 graduates, we found that 73% were employed; 15% enrolled in further education; 5% entered a fellowship, internship, residency, volunteer, or service program; and 6% were not employed. Employed graduates went to work in health care (27%), corporations (24%), academia (19%), government (17%), nonprofit (12%), and other sectors (1%). In 2018, 9% of bachelor's, 4% of master's, and 2% of doctoral graduates were not employed but seeking employment.Conclusions. Today's public health graduates are successful in finding employment in various sectors. This new workforce may expand public health's reach and lead to healthier communities overall.Public Health Implications. With predicted shortages in the governmental public health workforce and expanding hiring because of COVID-19, policymakers need to work to ensure the supply of public health graduates meets the demands of the workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Plepys
- Christine M. Plepys, Emily M. Burke, and Laura Magaña are with the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health, Washington, DC. Heather Krasna is with Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY. Jonathon P. Leider is with the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Craig H. Blakely is with the University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY
| | - Heather Krasna
- Christine M. Plepys, Emily M. Burke, and Laura Magaña are with the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health, Washington, DC. Heather Krasna is with Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY. Jonathon P. Leider is with the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Craig H. Blakely is with the University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY
| | - Jonathon P Leider
- Christine M. Plepys, Emily M. Burke, and Laura Magaña are with the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health, Washington, DC. Heather Krasna is with Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY. Jonathon P. Leider is with the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Craig H. Blakely is with the University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY
| | - Emily M Burke
- Christine M. Plepys, Emily M. Burke, and Laura Magaña are with the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health, Washington, DC. Heather Krasna is with Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY. Jonathon P. Leider is with the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Craig H. Blakely is with the University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY
| | - Craig H Blakely
- Christine M. Plepys, Emily M. Burke, and Laura Magaña are with the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health, Washington, DC. Heather Krasna is with Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY. Jonathon P. Leider is with the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Craig H. Blakely is with the University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY
| | - Laura Magaña
- Christine M. Plepys, Emily M. Burke, and Laura Magaña are with the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health, Washington, DC. Heather Krasna is with Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY. Jonathon P. Leider is with the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis. Craig H. Blakely is with the University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, KY
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Li H, Zheng F, Zhang J, Guo Z, Yang H, Ren C, Zhang W, Wu S. Using Employment Data From a Medical University to Examine the Current Occupation Situation of Master's Graduates in Public Health and Preventive Medicine in China. Front Public Health 2021; 8:508109. [PMID: 33425824 PMCID: PMC7793996 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.508109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The purposes of this study are (1) to understand the current employment situation of master's graduates in Public Health and Preventive Medicine (PHPM) and (2) to provide evidence for career guidance and training of competent PHPM personnel. Methods: The master's graduates of the School of Public Health from the years 2014-2018 who majored in PHPM were chosen as research subjects. Questionnaires were distributed, and completed questionnaires were collected. The employment situation and characteristics of these graduates were analyzed based on the questionnaire data. Results: The employment rate of these graduates was 95.45%. They were employed mainly in hospitals, followed by colleges and centers for disease control and prevention. The initial salaries were low. Graduates whose jobs barely or not at all matched their areas of specialization were 23.64 or 6.36%, respectively. Nevertheless, the percentage of students who had remained with their jobs since graduation was 82.73%. A total of 40% of the graduates were neutral about or dissatisfied with their jobs. Furthermore, 29% of them claimed that they were undervalued by their employers. Last, but not least, graduates were encouraged to gain experience in creativity, organizational or management skills, social networking experience, and interpersonal and professional skills. Conclusion: Overall, the employment status of master's graduates in PHPM is good. Problems such as low initial salaries, jobs not matching graduates' areas of specialization, and feelings of being undervalued by employers were observed. It is necessary to improve employment outcomes by revising training models, formulating employment policies, and implementing training efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangyuan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fuli Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Office of Student Affairs, School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenkun Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Office of Education, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Caixia Ren
- Office of Education, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenchang Zhang
- Office of Student Affairs, School of Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Siying Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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11
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Leider JP, Meit M, McCullough JM, Resnick B, Dekker D, Alfonso YN, Bishai D. The State of Rural Public Health: Enduring Needs in a New Decade. Am J Public Health 2020; 110:1283-1290. [PMID: 32673103 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.305728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Public health in the rural United States is a complex and underfunded enterprise. While urban-rural disparities have been a focus for researchers and policymakers alike for decades, inequalities continue to grow. Life expectancy at birth is now 1 to 2 years greater between wealthier urban and rural counties, and is as much as 5 years, on average, between wealthy and poor counties.This article explores the growth in these disparities over the past 40 years, with roots in structural, economic, and social spending differentials that have emerged or persisted over the same time period. Importantly, a focus on place-based disparities recognizes that the rural United States is not a monolith, with important geographic and cultural differences present regionally. We also focus on the challenges the rural governmental public health enterprise faces, the so-called "double disparity" of worse health outcomes and behaviors alongside modest investment in health departments compared with their nonrural peers.Finally, we offer 5 population-based "prescriptions" for supporting rural public health in the United States. These relate to greater investment and supporting rural advocacy to better address the needs of the rural United States in this new decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon P Leider
- Jonathon P. Leider is with the School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Michael Meit is with NORC at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, MD. J. Mac McCullough is with Arizona State University College of Health Solutions, Phoenix. Beth Resnick, Y. Natalia Alfonso, and David Bishai are with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Debra Dekker is with National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO), Washington, DC
| | - Michael Meit
- Jonathon P. Leider is with the School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Michael Meit is with NORC at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, MD. J. Mac McCullough is with Arizona State University College of Health Solutions, Phoenix. Beth Resnick, Y. Natalia Alfonso, and David Bishai are with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Debra Dekker is with National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO), Washington, DC
| | - J Mac McCullough
- Jonathon P. Leider is with the School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Michael Meit is with NORC at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, MD. J. Mac McCullough is with Arizona State University College of Health Solutions, Phoenix. Beth Resnick, Y. Natalia Alfonso, and David Bishai are with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Debra Dekker is with National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO), Washington, DC
| | - Beth Resnick
- Jonathon P. Leider is with the School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Michael Meit is with NORC at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, MD. J. Mac McCullough is with Arizona State University College of Health Solutions, Phoenix. Beth Resnick, Y. Natalia Alfonso, and David Bishai are with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Debra Dekker is with National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO), Washington, DC
| | - Debra Dekker
- Jonathon P. Leider is with the School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Michael Meit is with NORC at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, MD. J. Mac McCullough is with Arizona State University College of Health Solutions, Phoenix. Beth Resnick, Y. Natalia Alfonso, and David Bishai are with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Debra Dekker is with National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO), Washington, DC
| | - Y Natalia Alfonso
- Jonathon P. Leider is with the School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Michael Meit is with NORC at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, MD. J. Mac McCullough is with Arizona State University College of Health Solutions, Phoenix. Beth Resnick, Y. Natalia Alfonso, and David Bishai are with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Debra Dekker is with National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO), Washington, DC
| | - David Bishai
- Jonathon P. Leider is with the School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Michael Meit is with NORC at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, MD. J. Mac McCullough is with Arizona State University College of Health Solutions, Phoenix. Beth Resnick, Y. Natalia Alfonso, and David Bishai are with Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Debra Dekker is with National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO), Washington, DC
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12
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Drevdahl DJ, Canales MK. Being a real nurse: A secondary qualitative analysis of how public health nurses rework their work identities. Nurs Inq 2020; 27:e12360. [PMID: 32583919 DOI: 10.1111/nin.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many Western nations are emphasizing the importance of population health across health care delivery organizations and education systems. Despite significant momentum to integrate population health into nursing practice, a parallel effort to examine how these efforts impact practicing nurses' views of their professional role and work identity has not occurred. This secondary qualitative analysis, employing an abductive approach, explored processes public health nurses use in creating and maintaining their work identity through three organizing themes: narrative self-identity, mandated identity, and identity as struggle. The analysis was based on interview data collected from 30 US public health nurses residing in 17 states. 'Being a real nurse' describes public health nurses' efforts to balance a contradictory work identity where at times they are expected to focus on populations and at other times, on individuals. The identity work revealed through this study should be further explicated and specific strategies developed for stabilizing a work identity for public health nurses, as well as for any nurse charged with a population health role.
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13
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Sellers K, Leider JP, Gould E, Castrucci BC, Beck A, Bogaert K, Coronado F, Shah G, Yeager V, Beitsch LM, Erwin PC. The State of the US Governmental Public Health Workforce, 2014-2017. Am J Public Health 2019; 109:674-680. [PMID: 30896986 PMCID: PMC6459653 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2019.305011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Public health workforce development efforts during the past 50 years have evolved from a focus on enumerating workers to comprehensive strategies that address workforce size and composition, training, recruitment and retention, effectiveness, and expected competencies in public health practice. We provide new perspectives on the public health workforce, using data from the Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey, the largest nationally representative survey of the governmental public health workforce in the United States. Five major thematic areas are explored: workforce diversity in a changing demographic environment; challenges of an aging workforce, including impending retirements and the need for succession planning; workers' salaries and challenges of recruiting new staff; the growth of undergraduate public health education and what this means for the future public health workforce; and workers' awareness and perceptions of national trends in the field. We discussed implications for policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Sellers
- Katie Sellers and Brian C. Castrucci are with the de Beaumont Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Jonathon P. Leider is with the Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Elizabeth Gould and Kyle Bogaert are with the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA. Angela Beck is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Fátima Coronado is with the Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Gulzar Shah is with the Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro. Valerie Yeager is with the Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Indiana University, Indianapolis. Leslie M. Beitsch is with the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee. Paul C. Erwin is with the University of Alabama Birmingham School of Public Health
| | - Jonathon P Leider
- Katie Sellers and Brian C. Castrucci are with the de Beaumont Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Jonathon P. Leider is with the Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Elizabeth Gould and Kyle Bogaert are with the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA. Angela Beck is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Fátima Coronado is with the Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Gulzar Shah is with the Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro. Valerie Yeager is with the Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Indiana University, Indianapolis. Leslie M. Beitsch is with the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee. Paul C. Erwin is with the University of Alabama Birmingham School of Public Health
| | - Elizabeth Gould
- Katie Sellers and Brian C. Castrucci are with the de Beaumont Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Jonathon P. Leider is with the Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Elizabeth Gould and Kyle Bogaert are with the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA. Angela Beck is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Fátima Coronado is with the Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Gulzar Shah is with the Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro. Valerie Yeager is with the Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Indiana University, Indianapolis. Leslie M. Beitsch is with the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee. Paul C. Erwin is with the University of Alabama Birmingham School of Public Health
| | - Brian C Castrucci
- Katie Sellers and Brian C. Castrucci are with the de Beaumont Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Jonathon P. Leider is with the Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Elizabeth Gould and Kyle Bogaert are with the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA. Angela Beck is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Fátima Coronado is with the Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Gulzar Shah is with the Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro. Valerie Yeager is with the Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Indiana University, Indianapolis. Leslie M. Beitsch is with the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee. Paul C. Erwin is with the University of Alabama Birmingham School of Public Health
| | - Angela Beck
- Katie Sellers and Brian C. Castrucci are with the de Beaumont Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Jonathon P. Leider is with the Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Elizabeth Gould and Kyle Bogaert are with the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA. Angela Beck is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Fátima Coronado is with the Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Gulzar Shah is with the Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro. Valerie Yeager is with the Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Indiana University, Indianapolis. Leslie M. Beitsch is with the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee. Paul C. Erwin is with the University of Alabama Birmingham School of Public Health
| | - Kyle Bogaert
- Katie Sellers and Brian C. Castrucci are with the de Beaumont Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Jonathon P. Leider is with the Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Elizabeth Gould and Kyle Bogaert are with the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA. Angela Beck is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Fátima Coronado is with the Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Gulzar Shah is with the Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro. Valerie Yeager is with the Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Indiana University, Indianapolis. Leslie M. Beitsch is with the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee. Paul C. Erwin is with the University of Alabama Birmingham School of Public Health
| | - Fátima Coronado
- Katie Sellers and Brian C. Castrucci are with the de Beaumont Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Jonathon P. Leider is with the Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Elizabeth Gould and Kyle Bogaert are with the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA. Angela Beck is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Fátima Coronado is with the Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Gulzar Shah is with the Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro. Valerie Yeager is with the Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Indiana University, Indianapolis. Leslie M. Beitsch is with the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee. Paul C. Erwin is with the University of Alabama Birmingham School of Public Health
| | - Gulzar Shah
- Katie Sellers and Brian C. Castrucci are with the de Beaumont Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Jonathon P. Leider is with the Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Elizabeth Gould and Kyle Bogaert are with the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA. Angela Beck is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Fátima Coronado is with the Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Gulzar Shah is with the Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro. Valerie Yeager is with the Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Indiana University, Indianapolis. Leslie M. Beitsch is with the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee. Paul C. Erwin is with the University of Alabama Birmingham School of Public Health
| | - Valerie Yeager
- Katie Sellers and Brian C. Castrucci are with the de Beaumont Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Jonathon P. Leider is with the Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Elizabeth Gould and Kyle Bogaert are with the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA. Angela Beck is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Fátima Coronado is with the Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Gulzar Shah is with the Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro. Valerie Yeager is with the Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Indiana University, Indianapolis. Leslie M. Beitsch is with the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee. Paul C. Erwin is with the University of Alabama Birmingham School of Public Health
| | - Leslie M Beitsch
- Katie Sellers and Brian C. Castrucci are with the de Beaumont Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Jonathon P. Leider is with the Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Elizabeth Gould and Kyle Bogaert are with the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA. Angela Beck is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Fátima Coronado is with the Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Gulzar Shah is with the Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro. Valerie Yeager is with the Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Indiana University, Indianapolis. Leslie M. Beitsch is with the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee. Paul C. Erwin is with the University of Alabama Birmingham School of Public Health
| | - Paul C Erwin
- Katie Sellers and Brian C. Castrucci are with the de Beaumont Foundation, Bethesda, MD. Jonathon P. Leider is with the Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Elizabeth Gould and Kyle Bogaert are with the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Arlington, VA. Angela Beck is with the Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Fátima Coronado is with the Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Gulzar Shah is with the Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro. Valerie Yeager is with the Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, Indiana University, Indianapolis. Leslie M. Beitsch is with the Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee. Paul C. Erwin is with the University of Alabama Birmingham School of Public Health
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