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Nakphong MK, Bright DJ, Koreitem A, Mocello AR, Lisha NE, Leslie HH, Estrada I, Libby MK, Lippman SA, Lightfoot MA. Housing instability patterns among low-income, urban Black young adults in California and associations with mental health outcomes: baseline data from a randomized waitlist-controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2492. [PMID: 39272039 PMCID: PMC11396585 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19948-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep-rooted racial residential segregation and housing discrimination have given rise to housing disparities among low-income Black young adults in the US. Most studies have focused on single dimensions of housing instability, and thus provide a partial view of how Black young adults experience multiple, and perhaps overlapping, experiences of housing instability including homelessness, frequent moves, unaffordability, or evictions. We aimed to illuminate the multiple forms of housing instability that Black young adults contend with and examine relationships between housing instability and mental health outcomes. METHODS Using baseline data from the Black Economic Equity Movement (BEEM) guaranteed income trial with 300 urban low-income Black young adults (aged 18-24), we conducted a three-stage latent class analysis using nine housing instability indicators. We identified distinct patterns by using fit indices and theory to determine the optimal number of latent classes. We then used multinomial logistic regression to identify subpopulations disproportionately represented within unstable housing patterns. Finally, we estimated associations between housing experience patterns and mental health outcomes: depression, anxiety, and hope. RESULTS We found high prevalence of housing instability with 27.3% of participants reporting experiences of homelessness in the prior year and 39.0% of participants reporting multiple measures of housing instability. We found the 4-class solution to be the best fitting model for the data based on fit indices and theory. Latent classes were characterized as four housing experience patterns: 1) more stably housed, 2) unaffordable and overcrowded housing, 3) mainly unhoused, and 4) multiple dimensions of housing instability. Those experiencing unaffordable and overcrowded housing and being mainly unhoused were more than four times as likely to have symptoms of depression (Unaffordable: aOR = 4.57, 95% CI: 1.64, 12.72; Unhoused: aOR = 4.67, 95% CI:1.18, 18.48) and more than twice as likely to report anxiety (Unaffordable: aOR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.03, 5.04; Unhoused: aOR = 3.36, 95% CI: 1.12, 10.05) compared to the more stably housed pattern. We found that hope scores were similarly high across patterns. CONCLUSIONS High prevalence of housing instability and mental health challenges among low-income Black young adults demands tailored interventions to reduce instability, given widening racial disparities and implications for future well-being into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Nakphong
- Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Oregon Health & Science University - Portland State University, Portland, USA.
| | - D Jovon Bright
- Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ala Koreitem
- Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A Rain Mocello
- Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nadra E Lisha
- Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hannah H Leslie
- Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Sheri A Lippman
- Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Zeng J, Xu Y. Family socioeconomic status and adolescent depression in urban and rural China: A trajectory analysis. SSM Popul Health 2024; 25:101627. [PMID: 38426030 PMCID: PMC10901906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2024.101627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Depression is increasingly prevalent among Chinese adolescents, with socioeconomic status (SES) serving as a significant predictor. Understanding the link between family SES and depression is of paramount concern. This study aimed to delineate the developmental paths of depressive symptoms among urban and rural Chinese adolescents, focusing on the influence of family SES on these trajectories. Methods Data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) for 2012, 2016, and 2018 were used in this study. Participants were individuals aged 10 to 15 in the 2012 wave who also participated in the 2016 and 2018 waves (N = 1214). Family SES was measured by household income, parental education, and occupational status, while depressive symptoms were measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Employing the Growth Mix Model (GMM) unveiled depression trajectories, while logistic regression scrutinized the impact of family SES on these trajectories. Results The study identified three depression trajectories in urban adolescents: high-decreasing, low-stable, and low-rising levels of depressive symptoms, and two depression trajectories in rural adolescents: high-decreasing and low-stable levels of depressive symptoms. On average, rural adolescents reported higher depression levels than urban peers. In urban areas, adolescents with higher maternal education and parental occupation were more likely to be classified in the low-stable trajectory, while in rural areas only maternal education had predictive power for depression trajectories. Conclusions Depression trajectories differ between urban and rural in China. Maternal education is an important factor influencing rural sample grouping. Targeted interventions could be implemented to reduce depression in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zeng
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yuebin Xu
- Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
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Morrison M. The Mass Incarceration Trauma Framework: A Conceptual Model for Understanding Trauma among Individuals Who Experience Incarceration. SOCIAL WORK 2023; 69:8-16. [PMID: 37935034 DOI: 10.1093/sw/swad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The Mass Incarceration Trauma (MIT) framework is a conceptual model for understanding the role of trauma in the lives of individuals who experience incarceration in the United States. This population faces poverty, violence, and discrimination across the life span. The MIT framework is guided by an ecological systems perspective, a foundational theoretical approach in social work that recognizes that effective assessment and intervention require an understanding of the complex contexts in which individuals live. The MIT framework presents the cumulative trauma exposures commonly faced by this population before, during, and after incarceration at the individual, social, environmental, and historical levels. Because traumatic stress undermines health and daily functioning, it is essential that interventions for this population address both the ongoing risk for trauma exposure and the consequences of multiple, repeated past exposures across ecological systems. It is to be hoped that a new and fundamental focus on the poverty, contexts of violence, and lifetime disadvantages experienced by those who cycle through prisons in the United States might reframe the question of how our society should prevent and respond to crime as well as respond to those swept into the criminal justice system.
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Huda SU, Ahmad L, Rasul S, Aslam M. A study on factors leading to poor mental health of children in Punjab, Pakistan. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 50:3210-3220. [PMID: 35218036 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the several factors have been investigated relating to the poor mental health of the children in Punjab, Pakistan. Using the data of the survey conducted by the Punjab Bureau of Statistics, different determinants of child malnutrition and poverty were diagnosed based upon sufficient information of the children under 5 year of age. Logistic regression analysis methodology has been applied for screening the most influential factors of the study. It has been observed that the rise in poverty has prejudiced the nutritional position of the children, the mother's education, and the fitness of the youth. It has also been observed that male children are more at risk to poor mental health than female children. A number of policy issues came to light from the findings of the study. The wealth index of all three anthropometric measures, the child malnutrition status of uneducated mothers, and the child diarrhea menace are the significant areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liaquat Ahmad
- Department of Statistics and Computer Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rasul
- Punjab Bureau of Statistics, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Wexler D, Salgado R, Gornik A, Peterson R, Pritchard A. What's race got to do with it? Informant rating discrepancies in neuropsychological evaluations for children with ADHD. Clin Neuropsychol 2022; 36:264-286. [PMID: 34238112 PMCID: PMC8985113 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2021.1944671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate race-based discrepancies in informant ratings and in rates of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnosis among a clinically referred sample of Black and White children. METHOD Demographic information and ratings of inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and conduct were collected from caregivers and teachers as part of neuropsychological evaluations at an outpatient clinic. The final sample included 3,943 children (6-18 years), of which 70% were White and 30% were Black. RESULTS Teachers, but not caregivers, endorsed more inattentive symptoms and conduct problems for Black than for White children, irrespective of ADHD diagnostic status and socioeconomic status (SES), and after controlling for child sex, child age, and learning difficulties. Teachers endorsed more hyperactive/impulsive symptoms for Black children with ADHD of lower SES than for White children with these characteristics. Caregivers of Black children of higher SES reported fewer hyperactive/impulsive symptoms than caregivers of White children of higher SES. Despite differences in teachers' ratings by race, diagnostic rates of ADHD in the context of neuropsychological evaluations were comparable for Black and White children. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with previous literature, teachers endorsed more ADHD and conduct problems in Black children. Within our clinically referred sample, this may reflect teacher bias rather than actual prevalence differences by rafce, given that Black caregivers endorsed fewer or similar numbers of symptoms relative to White caregivers. This lack of racial disparities in rates of ADHD diagnosis is inconsistent with findings in community- and population-based samples, and reflectspossible benefit of the use of neuropsychological evaluations in diagnostic decision-making for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Wexler
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rod Salgado
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Allison Gornik
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel Peterson
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison Pritchard
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Dalmaijer ES, Gibbons SG, Bignardi G, Anwyl-Irvine AL, Siugzdaite R, Smith TA, Uh S, Johnson A, Astle DE. Direct and indirect links between children's socio-economic status and education: pathways via mental health, attitude, and cognition. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 42:9637-9651. [PMID: 37215737 PMCID: PMC7614555 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A child's socio-economic environment can profoundly affect their development. While existing literature focusses on simplified metrics and pair-wise relations between few variables, we aimed to capture complex interrelationships between several relevant domains using a broad assessment of 519 children aged 7-9 years. Our analyses comprised three multivariate techniques that complimented each other, and worked at different levels of granularity. First, an exploratory factor analysis (principal component analysis followed by varimax rotation) revealed that our sample varied along continuous dimensions of cognition, attitude and mental health (from parallel analysis); with potentially emerging dimensions speed and socio-economic status (passed Kaiser's criterion). Second, k-means cluster analysis showed that children did not group into discrete phenotypes. Third, a network analysis on the basis of bootstrapped partial correlations (confirmed by both cross-validated LASSO and multiple comparisons correction of binarised connection probabilities) uncovered how our developmental measures interconnected: educational outcomes (reading and maths fluency) were directly related to cognition (short-term memory, number sense, processing speed, inhibition). By contrast, mental health (anxiety and depression symptoms) and attitudes (conscientiousness, grit, growth mindset) showed indirect relationships with educational outcomes via cognition. Finally, socio-economic factors (neighbourhood deprivation, family affluence) related directly to educational outcomes, cognition, mental health, and even grit. In sum, cognition is a central cog through which mental health and attitude relate to educational outcomes. However, through direct relations with all components of developmental outcomes, socio-economic status acts as a great 'unequaliser'. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-021-02232-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin S. Dalmaijer
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF UK
| | - Sophie G. Gibbons
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF UK
| | - Giacomo Bignardi
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF UK
| | - Alexander L. Anwyl-Irvine
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF UK
| | - Roma Siugzdaite
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF UK
| | - Tess A. Smith
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF UK
| | - Stepheni Uh
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF UK
| | - Amy Johnson
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF UK
| | - Duncan E. Astle
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF UK
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7
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He Q, Li JJ. Factorial invariance in hierarchical factor models of mental disorders in African American and European American youths. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:289-298. [PMID: 32304585 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is converging evidence that mental disorders are more optimally conceptualized in a hierarchical framework (i.e., the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology, HiTOP) that transcends the categorical boundaries of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). However, the majority of this evidence comes from studies that draw upon predominantly European American or Caucasian populations. Whether a hierarchical conceptualization of mental disorders generalizes across racial-ethnic groups, including for African American (AA) populations, is unclear. METHODS We tested multidimensional and bifactor models of 15 DSM diagnoses and psychiatric traits in two groups, including AA (n = 3,088) and European American (EA; n = 5,147) youths aged 8-21 from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC). We also conducted multigroup confirmatory factor analyses to test for factorial invariance between the best fitting AA and EA multidimensional and bifactor models. RESULTS In the multidimensional model tests, a three-factor model, specifying internalizing, externalizing, and thought dimensions, emerged as the best fitting model for AAs and EAs. In the bifactor model tests, a three-factor model (i.e., internalizing, externalizing, and thought dimensions) that also specified a general factor emerged as the optimal for both AAs and EAs. The general factor accounted for a significant proportion of the covariation between the secondary factors and the individual disorders and traits. Furthermore, both models were factorially invariant, indicating no significant difference in the factor structure of mental disorders between AAs and EAs in PNC. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the hierarchical factor structure of mental disorders may be racial-ethnically robust. This finding has implications for etiological and epidemiological studies focused on racial-ethnic subgroup comparisons, particularly with respect to identifying similarities and differences in prevalence rates or sociodemographic risk factors for mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfa He
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James J Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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8
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Peverill M, Dirks MA, Narvaja T, Herts KL, Comer JS, McLaughlin KA. Socioeconomic status and child psychopathology in the United States: A meta-analysis of population-based studies. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 83:101933. [PMID: 33278703 PMCID: PMC7855901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Children raised in families with low socioeconomic status (SES) are more likely to exhibit symptoms of psychopathology. However, the strength of this association, the specific indices of SES most strongly associated with childhood psychopathology, and factors moderating the association are strikingly inconsistent across studies. We conducted a meta-analysis of 120 estimates of the association between family SES and child psychopathology in 13 population-representative cohorts of children studied in the US since 1980. Among 26,715 participants aged 3-19 years, we observed small to moderate associations of low family income (g = 0.19), low Hollingshead index (g = 0.21), low subjective SES (g = 0.24), low parental education (g = 0.25), poverty status (g = 0.25), and receipt of public assistance (g = 0.32) with higher levels of childhood psychopathology. Moderator testing revealed that receipt of public assistance showed an especially strong association with psychopathology and that SES was more strongly related to externalizing than internalizing psychopathology. Dispersion in our final, random effects, model suggested that the relation between SES and child psychopathology is likely to vary in different populations of children and in different communities. These findings highlight the need for additional research on the mechanisms of SES-related psychopathology risk in children in order to identify targets for potential intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Peverill
- University of Washington, Department of Psychology, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Harvard University, Department of Psychology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America.
| | - Melanie A Dirks
- McGill University, Department of Psychology, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tomás Narvaja
- University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kate L Herts
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, White Plains, NY, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S Comer
- Florida International University, Department of Psychology, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Katie A McLaughlin
- Harvard University, Department of Psychology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
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Perzow SED, Bray BC, Wadsworth ME, Young JF, Hankin BL. Individual Differences in Adolescent Coping: Comparing a Community Sample and a Low-SES Sample to Understand Coping in Context. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 50:693-710. [PMID: 33495968 PMCID: PMC8074358 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Coping that is adaptive in low-stress environments can be ineffective or detrimental in the context of poverty. Identifying coping profiles among adolescents facing varying levels of stress can increase understanding of when and for whom coping may be most adaptive. The present study applied latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify coping profiles in two distinct samples of adolescents: a community sample of youth aged 11–16 years (N = 374, Mage = 13.14, 53% girls), and a low-SES sample of youth aged 12–18 years (N = 304, Mage = 14.56, 55% girls). The ten coping subscales of the Responses to Stress Questionnaire were included as indicators in the LPAs (problem solving, emotion regulation, emotion expression, acceptance, positive thinking, cognitive restructuring, distraction, denial, wishful thinking, and avoidance). Five profiles were identified in the community sample: Inactive, Low Engagement, Cognitive, Engaged, and Active Copers. All but the Low Engagement Copers profile were also identified in the low-SES sample, suggesting that adolescents employ similar coping strategies across contexts, but fewer low-SES adolescents engage in lower levels of coping. Profiles differed by gender and symptoms of internalizing psychopathology. Inactive copers in both samples were more likely to be male. Engaged Copers reported the lowest symptom levels whereas Active Copers reported higher symptoms. Cognitive Copers reported higher levels of anxious and depressive symptoms in the low-SES sample only, suggesting that this pattern of coping may be protective only in less stressful contexts. Elucidating within-person coping patterns is a promising avenue for targeting interventions to those most likely to benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jami F Young
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Hong JS, Singh V, Kalb L. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Res 2020; 14:182-192. [PMID: 33073542 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to examine the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms among young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), child and parent-related demographic and clinical correlates of ADHD symptoms, and the relationships between co-occurring mental health problems and ADHD symptoms. Data for this cross-sectional study came from 979 toddlers and preschoolers, ages 1.5-5 years, with ASD. The primary outcome, ADHD symptoms, was measured using the Child Behavior Check List 1.5-5 (CBCL). Additional information from the medical record included demographics, parenting stress, and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule Second Edition. Descriptive and bivariate (ANOVA, Chi-Square) statistics and multivariate, multinomial regression analyses were used to examine demographic and clinical differences between low, moderate, and high ADHD symptom groups, as defined by 2 ADHD-related subscales. There were 418 (43%) children in the low ADHD symptom group, 294 (30%) in the moderate ADHD symptom group, and 267 (27%) in the high ADHD symptom group. Those with high ADHD symptoms were less likely to be Black or Hispanic and less likely to have parents with a graduate-level education compared to those with low ADHD symptoms. Parenting stress and all CBCL DSM-oriented subscales were positively associated with increasing ADHD symptoms. Among young children with ASD, ADHD symptoms were highly prevalent. The presence of ADHD symptoms was associated with increasing parenting stress and greater levels of other psychopathologies. These data suggest that young children with ASD should be evaluated for ADHD, and mental health as a whole. LAY SUMMARY: We investigated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in toddlers and preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from a large sample with diverse race and socioeconomic background. In our study, we found that ADHD symptoms are highly prevalent in young children with ASD and are associated with increasing parenting stress and greater level of other psychopathologies, both internalizing and externalizing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji S Hong
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vini Singh
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Luke Kalb
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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The Role of Parenting Styles on Behavior Problem Profiles of Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152767. [PMID: 31382477 PMCID: PMC6696141 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parental behavior is one of the most influential factors on the development of adolescent externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. These behavioral problems are closely related and often co-occur. The objectives of this work were: (i) to identify adolescents profiles according to their behavior problems; (ii) to explore individual, family, and social characteristics associated with these profiles; and (iii) to analyze the potential role of parenting styles in belonging to adolescents’ profiles. A total of 449 Spanish adolescents (223 from families declared at-risk and enrolled in Child Welfare Services and 226 from families from the general population) participated in this study. The analyses revealed three profiles of adolescents based on external and internal behavior problems (adjusted, external maladjustment, and internal maladjustment). Parenting styles explained the adolescents’ belonging to different profiles, in which the indulgent style was the most favorable in general terms. The distinctive role of parenting styles on two types of maladjustment profiles was confirmed. The relationship between parenting styles and adolescent adjustment is a key component that should be included in interventions according to adolescents’ behavior problem profiles. Furthermore, the results shed light on the need that family interventions are complemented with individualized interventions with adolescents that accumulate stressful life events.
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12
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Fairchild G, Hawes DJ, Frick PJ, Copeland WE, Odgers CL, Franke B, Freitag CM, De Brito SA. Conduct disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2019; 5:43. [PMID: 31249310 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-019-0095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conduct disorder (CD) is a common and highly impairing psychiatric disorder that usually emerges in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by severe antisocial and aggressive behaviour. It frequently co-occurs with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and often leads to antisocial personality disorder in adulthood. CD affects ~3% of school-aged children and is twice as prevalent in males than in females. This disorder can be subtyped according to age at onset (childhood-onset versus adolescent-onset) and the presence or absence of callous-unemotional traits (deficits in empathy and guilt). The aetiology of CD is complex, with contributions of both genetic and environmental risk factors and different forms of interplay among the two (gene-environment interaction and correlation). In addition, CD is associated with neurocognitive impairments; smaller grey matter volume in limbic regions such as the amygdala, insula and orbitofrontal cortex, and functional abnormalities in overlapping brain circuits responsible for emotion processing, emotion regulation and reinforcement-based decision-making have been reported. Lower hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and autonomic reactivity to stress has also been reported. Management of CD primarily involves parent-based or family-based psychosocial interventions, although stimulants and atypical antipsychotics are sometimes used, especially in individuals with comorbid ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J Hawes
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul J Frick
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA and Institute for Learning Science and Teacher Education, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Candice L Odgers
- Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephane A De Brito
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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13
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Momany AM, Kamradt JM, Nikolas MA. A Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Birth Weight and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 46:1409-1426. [PMID: 29159441 PMCID: PMC5962386 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A large body of work has investigated the association between birth weight and ADHD and has resulted in mixed findings with regard to the direction and magnitude of this association. Despite the vast amount of research on this topic, a comprehensive and systematic quantification of the association between birth weight and ADHD has yet to be undertaken. A meta-analysis of 88 unique studies (N = 4,645,482) was conducted to quantify the overall effect size of birth weight on ADHD symptoms. Several variables were examined as moderators that may contribute to systematic variation in effect sizes. Overall, birth weight was found to have a small, but significant, association with ADHD symptoms such that individuals born at lower birth weights manifested greater symptoms of ADHD (r = -0.15). Sample type, mean birth weight of the sample, geographic region, the informant of ADHD symptoms, ADHD symptom measurement method, and race were all found to contribute significantly to heterogeneity in effect sizes. Notably, several early life risk factors previously found to be associated with both ADHD and birth weight, gestational age and prenatal smoking exposure, were not found to contribute to heterogeneity in effect sizes. The findings of the current analyses align with the growing recognition that early life adversity contributes to neurodevelopmental difficulties, and the findings highlight the importance of a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the association between early life risk factors and adverse neurodevelopmental sequela, such as that observed in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Momany
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, E11 Seashore Hall, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Jaclyn M Kamradt
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, E11 Seashore Hall, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Molly A Nikolas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, E11 Seashore Hall, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Ng K, Pickett W, Michaelson V, Freeman J. Activity Involvement and Spiritual Health in Children with ADHD and Learning Disabilities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23312521.2018.1467294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Ng
- Faculty of Education, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - William Pickett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valerie Michaelson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Freeman
- Faculty of Education, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Gaye A, Gibbons GH, Barry C, Quarells R, Davis SK. Influence of socioeconomic status on the whole blood transcriptome in African Americans. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187290. [PMID: 29206834 PMCID: PMC5716587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The correlation between low socioeconomic status (SES) and poor health outcome or higher risk of disease has been consistently reported by many epidemiological studies across various race/ancestry groups. However, the biological mechanisms linking low SES to disease and/or disease risk factors are not well understood and remain relatively under-studied. The analysis of the blood transcriptome is a promising window for elucidating how social and environmental factors influence the molecular networks governing health and disease. To further define the mechanistic pathways between social determinants and health, this study examined the impact of SES on the blood transcriptome in a sample of African-Americans. METHODS An integrative approach leveraging three complementary methods (Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis, Random Forest and Differential Expression) was adopted to identify the most predictive and robust transcriptome pathways associated with SES. We analyzed the expression of 15079 genes (RNA-seq) from whole blood across 36 samples. RESULTS The results revealed a cluster of 141 co-expressed genes over-expressed in the low SES group. Three pro-inflammatory pathways (IL-8 Signaling, NF-κB Signaling and Dendritic Cell Maturation) are activated in this module and over-expressed in low SES. Random Forest analysis revealed 55 of the 141 genes that, collectively, predict SES with an area under the curve of 0.85. One third of the 141 genes are significantly over-expressed in the low SES group. CONCLUSION Lower SES has consistently been linked to many social and environmental conditions acting as stressors and known to be correlated with vulnerability to chronic illnesses (e.g. asthma, diabetes) associated with a chronic inflammatory state. Our unbiased analysis of the blood transcriptome in African-Americans revealed evidence of a robust molecular signature of increased inflammation associated with low SES. The results provide a plausible link between the social factors and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou Gaye
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gary H. Gibbons
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Charles Barry
- Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Rakale Quarells
- Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Sharon K. Davis
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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Kakinami L, Serbin LA, Stack DM, Karmaker SC, Ledingham JE, Schwartzman AE. Neighbourhood disadvantage and behavioural problems during childhood and the risk of cardiovascular disease risk factors and events from a prospective cohort. Prev Med Rep 2017; 8:294-300. [PMID: 29255665 PMCID: PMC5723374 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both low socioeconomic status (SES) and behavioural problems in childhood are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adulthood, but their combined effects on CVD are unknown. Study objectives were to investigate the effect of neighbourhood level SES and behavioural problems during childhood on the development of CVD risk factors and events during adulthood. Participants were from a longitudinal cohort (n = 3792, baseline: 6-13 years of age) of Montreal children, followed from 1976 to 2010. SES was a composite measure of neighbourhood income, employment, education, and single-parent households separately assessed from census micro data sets in 1976, 2001, and 2006. Behavioural problems were assessed based on sex-specific peer assessments. CVD events were from medical records. Sex-stratified multivariable Cox regression models adjusted for age, frequency of medical visits, and parental history of CVD. Males from disadvantaged neighbourhoods during childhood were 2.06 (95% CI: 1.09-3.90, p = 0.03) and 2.51 (95% CI: 1.49-4.22, p = 0.0005) times more likely to develop a CVD risk factor or an event, respectively, than males not from disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Aggressive males were also 50% more likely to develop a CVD risk factor or event. Females from disadvantaged neighbourhoods during childhood were 1.85 (95% CI: 1.33-2.59, p = 0.0003) times more likely to develop a CVD risk factor. Future studies should aim to disentangle the interpersonal from the socioeconomic effects on CVD incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kakinami
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lisa A. Serbin
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Research in Human Development (CRDH), Canada
| | - Dale M. Stack
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Research in Human Development (CRDH), Canada
| | - Shamal C. Karmaker
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Marchesi DG, Ciriaco JGM, Miguel GPS, Batista GAP, Cabral CP, Fraga LC. Does the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder interfere with bariatric surgery results? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 44:140-146. [PMID: 28658332 DOI: 10.1590/0100-69912017002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective to analyze possible negative effects of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on the success of bariatric surgery. Methods we evaluated forty patients undergoing bariatric surgery and with regular post-operative follow-up of at least one year. To all, we applied the questionnaire advocated in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) of the American Psychiatric Association for ADHD, as well as analyzed their postoperative data. Results fifteen (38%) patients presented a positive questionnaire for ADHD. Patients with ADHD presented higher BMI than patients without the disorder (45.8 vs. 40.9 kg/m2, p=0.017), and the difference remained in all postoperative stages. There was no statistically significant difference in surgery success (33.3% x 66.7%, p=0.505) or in BMI reduction (30.71% x 31.88%, p=0.671) one year after the procedure. Conclusion ADHD patients have a higher BMI. However, the presence of ADHD does not influence the success of bariatric surgery and the reduction of BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doglas Gobbi Marchesi
- - Federal University of Espírito Santo, Department of Surgical Clinics, Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Camila Pereira Cabral
- - Federal University of Espírito Santo, Department of Surgical Clinics, Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil
| | - Larissa Carvalho Fraga
- - Federal University of Espírito Santo, Department of Surgical Clinics, Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil
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van Mourik K, Crone MR, de Wolff MS, Reis R. Parent Training Programs for Ethnic Minorities: a Meta-analysis of Adaptations and Effect. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2017; 18:95-105. [PMID: 27882498 PMCID: PMC5236066 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-016-0733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis focuses on parent training programs for ethnic minority families and reports on (i) the adaptation of program content and (ii) the process that informs these adaptations. Relevant studies are reviewed to determine the adaptations made and the impact of the adaptations on parenting and child outcomes. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they enrolled predominantly ethnic minority parents with children aged 0-12 years, used a randomized controlled trial design with post-intervention assessments, focused on group-based parent training programs and on prevention of parenting problems, and reported parenting behavior outcomes. A total of 18 studies were included in the analysis. The results show that parent training programs targeting ethnic minority parents have a small but significant effect on improving parenting behavior (k = 18, Cohen's d = 0.30), child outcomes (k = 16, Cohen's d = 0.13), and parental perspectives (k = 8, Cohen's d = 0.19). Most of the programs made adaptations related to surface and deep structure sensitivity. Programs with cultural adaptations, especially deep structure sensitivity (k = 7, Cohen's d = 0.54), are more effective in improving parenting behavior. Because only a third of the included studies provided details on the processes that guided the adaptations made, additional studies are needed to provide information on the process of adaptation; this will enable others to learn from the procedures that can be undertaken to culturally adapt interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K van Mourik
- Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - M R Crone
- Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - R Reis
- Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Child and Adolescent Health, the Children's Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Jones DJ, Anton M, Zachary C, Pittman S, Turner P, Forehand R, Khavjou O. A Review of the Key Considerations in Mental Health Services Research: A Focus on Low-Income Children and Families. COUPLE & FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 5:240-257. [PMID: 28503361 PMCID: PMC5424605 DOI: 10.1037/cfp0000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Children have been particularly vulnerable to the economic challenges of the past decade, with half (45 to 51%) of children under the age of 18 living in a low-income home and nearly 22% of those living in poverty. Low-income children are overrepresented in a range of statistics on psychosocial maladjustment issues, but their families are less likely than other socioeconomic groups to participate in mental health services and intervention research. Thus, this review asserts that substantive advances in mental health services and intervention research with low income families must move beyond a between-group, deficit-focused perspective to a more nuanced contemplation of how to: 1) Operationalize the "income" in low-income families; 2) Disentangle the interrelationship of low income, race, and ethnicity; and 3) Optimize recruitment, engagement and retention efforts via sensitivity to the culture of low-income status. Examples of mental health services and intervention research with low-income families will be discussed, and a summary, conclusions, and directions for future research are discussed in the context of these recommendations.
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Clark R, Dogan RR, Akbar NJ. Youth and Parental Correlates of Externalizing Symptoms, Adaptive Functioning, and Academic Performance: An Exploratory Study in Preadolescent Blacks. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798403029002005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of youth and parenting factors on school functioning were assessed in a preadolescent sample of 70 Blacks. Attitudes about deviance and types of peer associations were reported by youth, and perceived achievement control and hostile control were provided by parents. Additional information about academic performance, adaptive functioning, and externalizing symptoms was recounted by teachers. Multiple regression analyses indicated that hostile control was positively related to delinquency symptoms and that achievement control was negatively associated with academic performance. These analyses also revealed that the modeling of negative behaviors by friends was positively related to aggression and delinquency symptoms and that perceptions of academic competence were positively associated with adaptive functioning and academic performance. Although replication of the current findings is clearly needed, the findings highlight the mutual influences of parental and youth factors to academic adjustments in Black youth.
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Nath S, Psychogiou L, Kuyken W, Ford T, Ryan E, Russell G. The prevalence of depressive symptoms among fathers and associated risk factors during the first seven years of their child's life: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:509. [PMID: 27296986 PMCID: PMC4906969 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that postnatal paternal depression is associated with adverse emotional, behavioural and cognitive outcomes in children. Despite this, few studies have determined the prevalence of fathers' depressive symptoms during the first few years of their children's lives and explored what factors are related to these symptoms. We estimated the prevalence and examined associated risk factors of paternal depressive symptoms in a nationally representative sample of fathers with children aged between 9 months and 7 years old from the Millennium cohort study. The risk factors examined were maternal depressive symptoms, marital conflict, child temperament, child gender, paternal education, fathers' ethnic background, fathers' employment status, family housing, family income and paternal age. METHODS Secondary data analysis was conducted using the UK Millennium cohort study, which consisted of data from England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland of families with infants born in the year 2000/2001. Data from four sweeps were used from when children in the cohort were aged 9 months, 3, 5 and 7 years old (n = 5155-12,396). RESULTS The prevalence of paternal depressive symptoms over time was 3.6 % at 9 months, 1.2 % at 3 years old, 1.8 % at 5 years and 2.0 % at 7 years (using Kessler cut-off points to categorise high depressive symptoms vs low depressive symptoms). Linear regression trends (using continuous measures of depressive symptoms) indicated that both paternal and maternal depressive symptoms decreased over time, suggesting similar patterns of parents' depressive symptoms after the birth of a child, but the decrease was more evident for mothers. Paternal depressive symptoms were consistently associated with fathers' unemployment, maternal depressive symptoms and marital conflict. Socioeconomic factors such as rented housing when child was 9 months and low family income when child was 5 and 7 years were also associated with higher paternal depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Paternal depressive symptoms decreased among fathers when their children were aged between 9 months to 3 years old. Paternal unemployment, high maternal depressive symptoms and high marital conflict were important risk factors for paternal depressive symptoms. In light of our findings, we would recommend a more family centred approach to interventions for depression in the postnatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Nath
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
- Mood Disorders Centre (MDC), Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK.
| | - Lamprini Psychogiou
- Mood Disorders Centre (MDC), Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Willem Kuyken
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Tamsin Ford
- Institute of Health Research, South Cloisters (St Luke's Campus), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2 LU, UK
| | - Elizabeth Ryan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Ginny Russell
- Institute of Health Research, South Cloisters (St Luke's Campus), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, EX1 2 LU, UK
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Steele E, Wong E, Karahalios A, Johnson S, Weston K, Kremer P, de Silva A, Davis E, Nolan T, Waters E. The Influence of Social Disadvantage on Children's Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties at Age 4-7 Years. J Pediatr 2015; 167:442-8.e1. [PMID: 26022700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine associations between indicators of social disadvantage and emotional and behavioral difficulties in children aged 4-7 years. STUDY DESIGN This cross-sectional study was based on data collected in a questionnaire completed by parents of children enrolled in their first year of school in Victoria, Australia, in 2010. Just over 57000 children participated (86% of children enrolled), of whom complete data were available for 38955 (68% of the dataset); these children formed the analysis sample. The outcome measure was emotional and behavioral difficulties, assessed by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Total Difficulties score. Logistic regression analyses were undertaken. RESULTS Having a concession card (a government-issued card enabling access to subsidized goods and services, particularly in relation to medical care, primarily for economically vulnerable households) was the strongest predictor of emotional and behavioral difficulties (OR, 2.71; 95% CI, 2.39-3.07), followed by living with 1 parent and the parent's partner or not living with either parent (OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.58-2.37) and having a mother who did not complete high school (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.11-1.45). CONCLUSION These findings may assist schools and early childhood practitioners in identifying young children who are at increased risk of emotional and behavioral difficulties, to provide these children, together with their parents and families, with support from appropriate preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Steele
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Evelyn Wong
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amalia Karahalios
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shae Johnson
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Weston
- Early Childhood and School Education Group, Victorian Department of Education and Training, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Kremer
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea de Silva
- Dental Health Services Victoria, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elise Davis
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terry Nolan
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Waters
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Anton MT, Jones DJ, Youngstrom EA. Socioeconomic status, parenting, and externalizing problems in African American single-mother homes: A person-oriented approach. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2015; 29:405-415. [PMID: 26053349 PMCID: PMC4913275 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
African American youth, particularly those from single-mother homes, are overrepresented in statistics on externalizing problems. The family is a central context in which to understand externalizing problems; however, reliance on variable-oriented approaches to the study of parenting, which originate from work with intact, middle-income, European American families, may obscure important information regarding variability in parenting styles among African American single mothers, and in turn, variability in youth outcomes as well. The current study demonstrated that within African American single-mother families: (a) a person-, rather than variable-, oriented approach to measuring parenting style may further elucidate variability; (b) socioeconomic status may provide 1 context within which to understanding variability in parenting style; and (c) 1 marker of socioeconomic status, income, and parenting style may each explain variability in youth externalizing problems; however, the interaction between income and parenting style was not significant. Findings have potential implications for better understanding the specific contexts in which externalizing problems may be most likely to occur within this at-risk and underserved group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret T Anton
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Deborah J Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Eric A Youngstrom
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Hong JS, Tillman R, Luby JL. Disruptive behavior in preschool children: distinguishing normal misbehavior from markers of current and later childhood conduct disorder. J Pediatr 2015; 166:723-30.e1. [PMID: 25598304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate which disruptive behaviors in preschool were normative and transient vs markers of conduct disorder, as well as which disruptive behaviors predicted the persistence of conduct disorder into school age. STUDY DESIGN Data from a longitudinal study of preschool children were used to investigate disruptive behaviors. Caregivers of preschoolers ages 3.0-5.11 years (n = 273) were interviewed using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment to derive the following diagnostic groups: conduct disorder, externalizing disorder without conduct disorder, internalizing disorder without externalizing disorder, and healthy. At school age, participants were again assessed via an age-appropriate diagnostic interview. Logistic and linear regression with pairwise group comparisons was used to investigate clinical markers of preschool conduct disorder and predictors of school age conduct disorder. RESULTS Losing one's temper, low-intensity destruction of property, and low-intensity deceitfulness/stealing in the preschool period were found in both healthy and disordered groups. In contrast, high-intensity argument/defiant behavior, both low- and high-intensity aggression to people/animals, high-intensity destruction of property, high-intensity deceitfulness/stealing, and high-intensity peer problems were markers of preschool conduct disorder and predictors of school age conduct disorder. Inappropriate sexual behavior was not a marker for preschool conduct disorder but was a predictor of school age conduct disorder. CONCLUSION These findings provide a guide for primary care clinicians to help identify preschoolers with clinical conduct disorder and those who are at risk for persistent conduct disorder in childhood. Preschoolers displaying these symptoms should be targeted for mental health assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji S Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Joan L Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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25
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Marryat L, Thompson L, Minnis H, Wilson P. Exploring the social, emotional and behavioural development of preschool children: is Glasgow different? Int J Equity Health 2015; 14:3. [PMID: 25596752 PMCID: PMC4301859 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-014-0129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glasgow City has poorer adolescent and adult health outcomes in comparison to demographically similar cities in England and the rest of Scotland. Until now, little exploration of differences in child development between Glasgow and other areas has been made. The authors hypothesized that the poorer health outcomes and lifestyle behaviours of adults, coupled with relative economic deprivation, may impact on child social, emotional and behavioural development, compared with children from other parts of Scotland. METHODS Data from the Growing Up in Scotland national birth cohort study were used. Differences between Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) scores and child and family characteristics of children living in the Greater Glasgow and Clyde (GGC) Health board vs. other health boards were examined. Logistic regression and linear regression models were fitted in order to explore independent associations between health board and SDQ raw and banded scores, respectively, whilst controlling for other contributing factors. RESULTS Children in GGC were demographically different from those in other areas of Scotland, being significantly more likely to live in the most deprived areas, yet no difference was found in relation to the mental health of preschool-aged children in GGC. Children in GGC had slightly better SDQ Conduct Problems scores once demographic factors were controlled for. CONCLUSIONS At 46 months, there does not appear to be any difference in Glasgow with regards to social, emotional and behavioural development. Glaswegian children appear to have slightly fewer conduct problems at this age, once demographics are taken into account. A range of theories are put forward as to why no differences were found, including the inclusion of areas adjacent to Glasgow City in the analysis, sleeper effects, and rater bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Marryat
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, RHSC (Yorkhill), Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK.
| | - Lucy Thompson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, RHSC (Yorkhill), Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK.
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Aberdeen, Centre for Health Science, Old Perth Road, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK.
| | - Helen Minnis
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, RHSC (Yorkhill), Glasgow, G3 8SJ, UK.
| | - Philip Wilson
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Aberdeen, Centre for Health Science, Old Perth Road, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK.
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Sundquist J, Li X, Ohlsson H, Råstam M, Winkleby M, Sundquist K, Kendler KS, Crump C. Familial and neighborhood effects on psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 66-67:7-15. [PMID: 25953099 PMCID: PMC4458148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More knowledge is needed on potential associations between individual-, family-, and neighborhood-level factors and psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. AIMS To examine associations between, individual-, family-, and neighborhood-level factors and incident internalizing (anxiety and mood) disorders and externalizing (ADHD and conduct) disorders in children and adolescents, and to estimate the relative contributions of family and neighborhood to individual variation in these disorders. METHOD We performed a three-level logistic regression on all 542,195 children born in Sweden in 1992-1996, nested in 427,954 families, which in turn were nested in 8475 neighborhoods. The children were followed from 2000 to 2010 for incident internalizing and externalizing psychiatric disorders, assessed from medical records. RESULTS 26,514 children (4.8%) were diagnosed with internalizing or externalizing psychiatric disorders. Approximately 29% of the total individual variance in internalizing disorders could be attributed to the family level, which includes both genetic and family environmental effects, and 5% to the neighborhood level. The corresponding figures for externalizing disorders were 43.5% and 5.5%, respectively. After adjustment for individual-level sociodemographic factors, high neighborhood deprivation was associated with increased risks of externalizing and internalizing psychiatric disorders (odds ratio [OR] = 1.37, 95% credible interval [CI] = 1.25-1.50 and OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.25-1.45, respectively), including conduct disorder (OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.58-2.55), anxiety disorders (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.29-1.52), and mood disorders (OR = 1.21, 95% CI, 1.09-1.35). The strongest association between neighborhood deprivation and ADHD was observed in moderately deprived neighborhoods (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.19-1.44). CONCLUSIONS These findings call for policies to promote mental health that consider potential influences from children's family and neighborhood environments.conclusion TRIAL REGISTRATION Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Xinjun Li
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Ohlsson
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Maria Råstam
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences in Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Marilyn Winkleby
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, USA,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Casey Crump
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Kohl PL, Seay KD. Engaging African American Fathers in Behavioral Parent Training: To Adapt or Not Adapt. BEST PRACTICES IN MENTAL HEALTH 2015; 11:54-68. [PMID: 26190952 PMCID: PMC4505621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Positive Parenting Program, Triple P, is an evidence-based parenting program with strong empirical support that increases parenting skills and decreases child behavior problems. Few studies on Triple P include fathers or African American fathers. This study was undertaken to determine if adaptation to Triple P level 4 is necessary to ensure fit with urban African American fathers. Qualitative focus groups and interviews were conducted with African American fathers. Some received a brief overview of the program before giving feedback (series A) and others received the entire intervention (series B). Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyze transcripts and codebooks were developed through an iterative process. Series B fathers had fewer negative perceptions and a more detailed perspective. Limited exposure to an intervention may cause participants to provide inaccurate data on intervention acceptability. The fathers' initial perceptions of interventions, regardless of accuracy, will affect recruitment and engagement and must be addressed. One strategy is to tailor program examples and language to reflect the experiences of African American fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Kohl
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, in St. Louis, MO
| | - Kristen D Seay
- College of Social Work, at DeSaussure College, University of South Carolina, Columbia
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Lehti V, Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S, Cheslack-Postava K, Gissler M, Brown AS, Sourander A. Maternal socio-economic status based on occupation and autism spectrum disorders: a national case-control study. Nord J Psychiatry 2015; 69:523-30. [PMID: 25732938 PMCID: PMC5294911 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2015.1011692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between parental socio-economic status (SES) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been studied in several countries, but the results have been contradictory. AIMS The aim of this study was to examine the association between maternal SES and subtypes of ASD in Finland. METHODS A national case-control study was conducted. Children born in 1991-2005 and diagnosed with ASD by the year 2007 were identified from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register (FHDR). Their matched controls were selected from the Finnish Medical Birth Register (FMBR). There were 3468 cases and 13,868 controls. The information on maternal SES was collected from the FMBR and categorized into upper white-collar workers (referent), lower white-collar workers, blue-collar workers and "others", consisting of students, housewives and other groups with unknown SES. The statistical test used was conditional logistic regression. RESULTS The likelihood of ASD was increased among offspring of mothers who belong to the group "others" (adjusted OR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.009-1.3). The likelihood of Asperger's syndrome was decreased among offspring of lower white-collar workers (adjusted OR = 0.8, 95% CI 0.6-0.9) and blue-collar workers (adjusted OR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.5-0.7). The likelihood of pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) was increased among offspring of blue-collar workers (adjusted OR = 1.5, 1.2-1.9) and "others" (adjusted OR = 1.3, 1.1-1.7). No association was found between maternal SES and childhood autism. CONCLUSIONS The association between maternal SES and ASD differs by ASD subtype. Socio-economic groups might differ from each other by risk factors for ASD subtypes or by their service use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venla Lehti
- a Venla Lehti, M.D., Ph.D., Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku , Lemminkäisenkatu 3/Teutori, 20014 University of Turku , Finland
| | | | - Keely Cheslack-Postava
- c Keely Cheslack-Postava, M.S.P.H., Ph.D., Department of Epidemiology , Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , USA
| | - Mika Gissler
- d Mika Gissler, Ph.D., Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku , Finland , National Institute of Health and Welfare , Helsinki , Finland and Nordic School of Public Health , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Alan S Brown
- e Alan S Brown, M.D., M.P.H., College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry , USA and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , USA
| | - Andre Sourander
- f Andre Sourander, M.D., Ph.D., Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku , Finland
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Sheidow AJ, Henry DB, Tolan PH, Strachan MK. The Role of Stress Exposure and Family Functioning in Internalizing Outcomes of Urban Families. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2014; 23:1351-1365. [PMID: 25601821 PMCID: PMC4296577 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-013-9793-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although research suggests that stress exposure and family functioning are associated with internalizing problems in adolescents and caregivers, surprisingly few studies have investigated the mechanisms that underlie this association. To determine whether family functioning buffers the development of internalizing problems in stress-exposed families, we assessed the relation between stress exposure, family functioning, and internalizing symptoms among a large sample of inner-city male youth and their caregivers living in poverty across five waves of data collection. We hypothesized that stress exposure and family functioning would predict development of subsequent youth and caregiver internalizing problems and that family functioning would moderate this relation, with higher functioning families demonstrating greater resiliency to stress exposure. We used a longitudinal, prospective design to evaluate whether family functioning (assessed at waves one through four) activated or buffered the effects of stress exposure (assessed at wave one) on subsequent internalizing symptoms (assessed at waves four and five). Stress from Developmental Transitions and family functioning were significant predictors of depressive symptoms and anxiety in youth; however, family functioning did not moderate the relation. Family functioning mediated the relation between stress from Daily Hassles and internalizing outcomes suggesting that poor parenting practices, low structure, and low emotional cohesion activate depression and anxiety in youth exposed to chronic and frequent everyday stressors. Surprisingly, only family functioning predicted depressive symptoms in caregivers. Results validate the use of a comprehensive, multi-informant assessment of stress when investigating internalizing outcomes in youth and support using family-based interventions in the treatment and prevention of internalizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashli J Sheidow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - David B Henry
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrick H Tolan
- Youth-Nex Research Center, Curry School of Education, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Martha K Strachan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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Bufferd SJ, Dougherty LR, Olino TM, Dyson MW, Laptook RS, Carlson GA, Klein DN. Predictors of the onset of depression in young children: a multi-method, multi-informant longitudinal study from ages 3 to 6. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2014; 55:1279-87. [PMID: 24828086 PMCID: PMC4197104 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite growing interest in depression in young children, little is known about which variables predict the onset of depression in early childhood. We examined a range of predictors of the onset of depression diagnoses in a multi-method, multi-informant longitudinal study of a large community sample of young children from ages 3 to 6. METHODS Predictors of the onset of depression at age 6 were drawn from five domains assessed when children were 3 years old: child psychopathology (assessed using a parent diagnostic interview), observed child temperament, teacher ratings of peer functioning, parental psychopathology (assessed using a diagnostic interview), and psychosocial environment (observed parental hostility, parent-reported family stressors, parental education). RESULTS A number of variables predicted the onset of depression by age 6, including child history of anxiety disorders, child temperamental low inhibitory control, poor peer functioning, parental history of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, early and recent stressful life events, and less parental education. CONCLUSIONS Predictors of the onset of depression in early childhood tend to be similar to those identified in older youth and adults, and support the feasibility of identifying children in greatest need for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J. Bufferd
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, CA, United States
| | - Lea R. Dougherty
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, MD, United States
| | - Thomas M. Olino
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Margaret W. Dyson
- Child and Adolescent Research Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca S. Laptook
- Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Gabrielle A. Carlson
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, NY, United States
| | - Daniel N. Klein
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, NY, United States
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous investigations have produced mixed findings on whether youth with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experience elevated rates of depressive symptoms. Our first aim was to compare self-report of depressive symptoms by youth with IBD with a community sample. The second aim was to examine the relationship between symptoms of depression and measures of disease activity. METHODS Item-level responses on the Children's Depression Inventory among a sample of 78 youth diagnosed with IBD were compared with responses from a community sample using 1-sample t-tests. Particular attention was given to items assessing somatic symptoms of depression given the potential overlap with IBD disease symptoms. The relationship between depressive symptoms and IBD disease activity was evaluated using Spearman's rank correlation coefficients and linear regression. RESULTS Youth with IBD reported lower levels of depressive symptoms compared with the community sample on the Children's Depression Inventory Total Score, and similar or lower levels of difficulty on items assessing somatic symptoms. Most of the sample had inactive or mild disease activity at the time of participation, with 14% experiencing moderate/severe disease activity. Higher ratings of disease activity were related to greater depressive symptoms. Responses on somatic items from the Children's Depression Inventory were not differentially related to disease activity. CONCLUSIONS As a group, pediatric patients with IBD did not experience the clinical levels of depressive symptoms or elevations in depressive symptoms when compared with a community sample. Somatic symptoms of depression do not differentiate youth with IBD experiencing elevations in disease activity from youth experiencing nonsomatic symptoms of depression.
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32
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Steers ME, Renn BN, Feliciano L. Increasing Nutritional Adherence in an African American Woman With Type 2 Diabetes. Clin Case Stud 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1534650113514291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are increasingly common and costly, imparting debilitating economic and health effects. This case presents the use of an individualized behavioral intervention for diabetes management in a 61-year-old African American woman with T2DM. The intervention was delivered over five home-based treatment sessions and two follow-up probes that focused on nutrition. At the end of treatment, the participant exhibited improved nutrition and dietary habits (i.e., increased intake of fruits and vegetables; eating more, smaller meals throughout the day), which maintained through follow-up. In addition, she demonstrated generalization of treatment effects, as evidenced by the application of treatment strategies to other areas of her health (i.e., exercise and blood glucose testing). This case study highlights how psychological treatment emphasizing behavioral techniques can be effectively applied to manage medical conditions and mitigate future complications and comorbidities.
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Terreri CJ, Glenwick DS. The relationship of religious and general coping to psychological adjustment and distress in urban adolescents. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2013; 52:1188-1202. [PMID: 22130582 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-011-9555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored the relationships among stress, general and religious coping, and mental health in a sample of urban adolescents. The participants included 587 9th- through 12th-grade students attending two Catholic high schools in the New York City area. They completed a set of self-report measures assessing perceived stress, religious coping, general coping, clinical symptomology, positive and negative affect, and life satisfaction. Correlation and regression analyses were used to describe relationships among variables. Perceived stress, negative religious coping, and avoidant coping were significantly associated with indicators of psychological distress. Conversely, positive religious coping and active/engagement coping were significantly associated with indicators of psychological adjustment. Negative religious coping also was found to moderate the relationship between perceived stress and positive affect. Finally, partial correlational analyses revealed significant relationships between religious coping and mental health indicators, even after controlling for the contributions of general coping. Implications of the findings for research and clinical practice with adolescent populations are considered.
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Powell-Young YM, Zabaleta J, Velasco-Gonzalez C, Sothern MS. A cohort study evaluating the implications of biology, weight status and socioeconomic level on global self-esteem competence among female African-American adolescents. JOURNAL OF NATIONAL BLACK NURSES' ASSOCIATION : JNBNA 2013; 24:1-8. [PMID: 24218867 PMCID: PMC4036223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The link between obesity and self-esteem among minority youth has received minimal empirical evaluation. This study aims to describe the magnitude of risk that body mass index, household income, and transitional age have on global self-esteem levels among African-American adolescents. These analyses were conducted on cross-sectional data obtained from 264 urban-dwelling African-American females between 14 and 18 years of age. Survey data on global self-esteem levels, transitory age, and socioeconomic levels were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Measured height and weight values were used to calculate and categorize weight status according to body mass index. Logistic regression models examined the probability of reporting less than average levels of global self-esteem. Adolescent African-American females residing in low-income households were 10 times more likely to report lower global self-esteem scores than those individuals from more affluent households (95% CI: 1.94, 60.19, p < .001). Neither weight status (95% CI: 0.81, 2.55; p = .26) nor age (95% CI: 0.05, 1.87; p = .82) were significant risk indicators for lower than average levels of global self-esteem among participants in this study. Household income appears to be the greatest predictor of global self-esteem levels. Further research in this area is needed to fully elucidate precursors for psychological health vulnerability and facilitate intervention development.
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Reiss F. Socioeconomic inequalities and mental health problems in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Soc Sci Med 2013; 90:24-31. [PMID: 23746605 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 940] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Socioeconomic inequalities in health are an important topic in social sciences and public health research. However, little is known about socioeconomic disparities and mental health problems in childhood and adolescence. This study systematically reviews publications on the relationships between various commonly used indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) and mental health outcomes for children and adolescents aged four to 18 years. Studies published in English or German between 1990 and 2011 were included if they reported at least one marker of socioeconomic status (an index or indicators, e.g., household income, poverty, parental education, parental occupation status, or family affluence) and identified mental health problems using validated instruments. In total, 55 published studies met the inclusion criteria, and 52 studies indicated an inverse relationship between socioeconomic status and mental health problems in children and adolescents. Socioeconomically disadvantaged children and adolescents were two to three times more likely to develop mental health problems. Low socioeconomic status that persisted over time was strongly related to higher rates of mental health problems. A decrease in socioeconomic status was associated with increasing mental health problems. The strength of the correlation varied with age and with different indicators of socioeconomic status, whereas heterogeneous findings were reported for gender and types of mental health problems. The included studies indicated that the theoretical approaches of social causation and classical selection are not mutually exclusive across generations and specific mental health problems; these processes create a cycle of deprivation and mental health problems. The review draws attention to the diversity of measures used to evaluate socioeconomic status, which might have influenced the comparability of international epidemiological studies. Furthermore, the review highlights the need for individual-level early childhood interventions as well as a reduction in socioeconomic inequalities at a societal level to improve mental health in childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Reiss
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Martinistr. 52, W29, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Little is known about whether early symptom presentation differs in toddlers with ASD from ethnic minority versus non-minority backgrounds. Within a treatment study for toddlers with ASD, we compared 19 minority to 65 Caucasian children and their parents on variables obtained from the Mullen Scales of Early Learning, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, and Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Caregiver Questionnaire. The majority of parents were from the upper classes irrespective of ethnic membership. Minority children had lower scores in language, communication, and gross motor than non-minority children. Findings indicate that subtle communication delays may be undetected or presumed unremarkable by parents of minority toddlers, and that more significant delays are needed to prompt the search for intervention services.
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McLaughlin KA, Costello EJ, Leblanc W, Sampson NA, Kessler RC. Socioeconomic status and adolescent mental disorders. Am J Public Health 2012; 102:1742-50. [PMID: 22873479 PMCID: PMC3482020 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2011.300477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although previous research has shown that low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with mental illness, it is unclear which aspects of SES are most important. We investigated this issue by examining associations between 5 aspects of SES and adolescent mental disorders. METHODS Data came from a national survey of US adolescents (n = 6483). Associations among absolute SES (parental income and education), relative SES (relative deprivation, subjective social status), and community level income variation (Gini coefficient) with past-year mental disorders were examined. RESULTS Subjective social status (mean 0, variance 1) was most consistently associated with mental disorder. Odds ratios with mood, anxiety, substance, and behavior disorders after controlling for other SES indicators were all statistically significant and in the range of 0.7 to 0.8. Associations were strongest for White adolescents. Parent education was associated with low risk for anxiety disorder, relative deprivation with high risk for mood disorder, and the other 2 indicators were associated with none of the disorders considered. CONCLUSIONS Associations between SES and adolescent mental disorders are most directly the result of perceived social status, an aspect of SES that might be more amenable to interventions than objective aspects of SES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A McLaughlin
- Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Hails K, Brill CD, Chang T, Yeung A, Fava M, Trinh NH. Cross-cultural aspects of depression management in primary care. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2012; 14:336-44. [PMID: 22580834 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-012-0276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent illness in minority populations. Minority patients with MDD are often unrecognized and untreated. This review examines promising interventions to address MDD in primary care settings, where minority groups are more likely to seek care. Since 2010, eleven interventions have been developed to address patient-specific and provider-specific barriers, many of which are adaptations of the collaborative care model. Other promising interventions include cultural tailoring of the collaborative care model, as well as the addition of telepsychiatry, motivational interviewing, cultural consultation, and innovations in interpreting. Overall, collaborative care was found feasible and improved satisfaction and treatment engagement of depressed minority patients in primary care. It remains inconclusive whether these newer intervention models improve MDD treatment outcomes. Future research will be needed to establish the effectiveness of these intervention models in improving the treatment outcomes of minority populations with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Hails
- Depression Clinical & Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, One Bowdoin Square, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Abstract
This article describes a comprehensive meta-analysis that was conducted to estimate the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV). A systematic literature review identified 86 studies of children and adolescents (N = 163,688 individuals) and 11 studies of adults (N = 14,112 individuals) that met inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis, more than half of which were published after the only previous meta-analysis of the prevalence of ADHD was completed. Although prevalence estimates reported by individual studies varied widely, pooled results suggest that the prevalence of DSM-IV ADHD is similar, whether ADHD is defined by parent ratings, teacher ratings, or a best estimate diagnostic procedure in children and adolescents (5.9-7.1 %), or by self-report measures in young adults (5.0 %). Analyses of diagnostic subtypes indicated that the predominantly inattentive type is the most common subtype in the population, but individuals with the combined type are more likely to be referred for clinical services. Additional research is needed to determine the etiology of the higher prevalence of ADHD in males than females and to clarify whether the prevalence of ADHD varies as a function of socioeconomic status or ethnicity. Finally, there were no significant prevalent differences between countries or regions of the world after controlling for differences in the diagnostic algorithms used to define ADHD. These results provide important support for the diagnostic validity of ADHD, and argue against the hypothesis that ADHD is a cultural construct that is restricted to the United States or any other specific culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik G Willcutt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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40
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Rosenthal BS, Wilson WC. Race/ethnicity and mental health in the first decade of the 21st century. Psychol Rep 2012; 110:645-62. [PMID: 22662417 DOI: 10.2466/02.13.pr0.110.2.645-662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent empirical studies on mental health generally report racial/ ethnic differences in depression rates but typically do not control for potential confounding by sample contextual variations in historical epoch, geographical location, and social demography. An empirical study of race/ethnicity differences in psychological distress is reported as an attempt to control these contexts by using a sample that is homogeneous in age, historical epoch, geography, and social demography (954 youth ages 18-19 living in a single, large urban community). No mean differences in psychological distress were observed among four racial/ethnic groups: Asians, African Americans, Latinos, and non-Hispanic Whites. A second analysis compared 17 different racial/ethnic groups defined in terms of family national origin. No differences in psychological distress were found among these groups. The findings are consistent with the view that race/ethnicity itself is not related to disparities in mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Spenciner Rosenthal
- York College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 94-20 Guy R. Brewer Boulevard, Jamaica, NY 11451, USA.
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Powell-Young YM. Household income and spiritual well-being but not body mass index as determinants of poor self-rated health among African American adolescents. Res Nurs Health 2012; 35:219-30. [PMID: 22456912 DOI: 10.1002/nur.21473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Very little is known about predictors of subjective health status among African American adolescents. This study was designed to determine whether selected anthropometric, psychological, lifestyle behavioral, and structural variables predicted poor self-rated general health in a cross-sectional nonclinical sample of 310 female African American adolescents, 14-18 years old. The odds of reporting poor self-rated health were 2-3 times greater for African American teens from lower socioeconomic households when compared to teens residing in higher socioeconomic households and for those reporting infrequent participation in activities that promote spiritual well-being compared to those who participate more frequently in activities that enhance spiritual health. Findings indicate that socioeconomic level and engagement in behaviors that enhance healthy spirituality appear to be the most salient predictors of self-rated health. In addition to biodiversity considerations that influence perceptions of health status, culturally focused interventions should integrate variables shown to influence self-rated health among African American teens. These inclusions may inform a more integrated understanding of health, health outcomes, and health disparities in this vulnerable population.
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Phillips SD, O'Brien P. Learning from the ground up: responding to children affected by parental incarceration. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 27:29-44. [PMID: 22239377 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2012.629914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Beginning in the fall of 2007, Illinois' Division of Mental Health began piloting an early intervention program targeting children of incarcerated parents. The pilot program was situated within a community-based agency on the Westside of Chicago with a high number of currently and formerly incarcerated community members. This article describes the program theory upon which the pilot program was based, the perceived benefits from the perspective of participants and the service provider agency, lessons learned, and recommendations for making incarceration-sensitive interventions a routine part of children's mental health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Phillips
- Jane Addams College of Social Work, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
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Chilenski SM. From the macro to the micro: a geographic examination of the community context and early adolescent problem behaviors. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 48:352-364. [PMID: 21336674 PMCID: PMC3744232 DOI: 10.1007/s10464-011-9428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study examined how multiple dimensions and levels of the community context associated with early adolescent problem behaviors in rural communities. Four thousand, five hundred and nine eighth-grade students in 28 rural and small town school districts in two states participated in surveys regarding substance use and delinquency in 2005. Locations of alcohol retailers, tobacco retailers, youth-serving organizations, and student residences were geocoded. Associations of the number of proximal alcohol and tobacco retailers, and youth-serving organizations with an early-adolescent problem behavior index were tested in Nonlinear Mixed Models that controlled for multiple district-level and individual characteristics. Multi-level model results demonstrated that the number of alcohol and tobacco retail locations within a one-mile radius of each adolescent's home positively associated with student-reported problem behaviors above and beyond the influence of school district and individual characteristics. Results suggest that the proximal community context added significantly to the district context when understanding the occurrence of early adolescent problem behaviors. Recognizing this variability in geographically determined risk within a community will likely enhance the effectiveness of community prevention activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Chilenski
- Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, 402 Marion Place, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Raver CC, Jones SM, Li-Grining C, Zhai F, Bub K, Pressler E. CSRP's Impact on low-income preschoolers' preacademic skills: self-regulation as a mediating mechanism. Child Dev 2011. [PMID: 21291447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467–8624.2010.01561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Based on theoretically driven models, the Chicago School Readiness Project (CSRP) targeted low-income children's school readiness through the mediating mechanism of self-regulation. The CSRP is a multicomponent, cluster-randomized efficacy trial implemented in 35 Head Start-funded classrooms (N = 602 children). The analyses confirm that the CSRP improved low-income children's self-regulation skills (as indexed by attention/impulse control and executive function) from fall to spring of the Head Start year. Analyses also suggest significant benefits of CSRP for children's preacademic skills, as measured by vocabulary, letter-naming, and math skills. Partial support was found for improvement in children's self-regulation as a hypothesized mediator for children's gains in academic readiness. Implications for programs and policies that support young children's behavioral health and academic success are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cybele Raver
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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45
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Examining Perceptions About Mental Health Care and Help-Seeking Among Rural African American Families of Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2011; 40:1118-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10964-010-9627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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Raver CC, Jones SM, Li-Grining C, Zhai F, Bub K, Pressler E. CSRP's Impact on low-income preschoolers' preacademic skills: self-regulation as a mediating mechanism. Child Dev 2011; 82:362-78. [PMID: 21291447 PMCID: PMC3682645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on theoretically driven models, the Chicago School Readiness Project (CSRP) targeted low-income children's school readiness through the mediating mechanism of self-regulation. The CSRP is a multicomponent, cluster-randomized efficacy trial implemented in 35 Head Start-funded classrooms (N = 602 children). The analyses confirm that the CSRP improved low-income children's self-regulation skills (as indexed by attention/impulse control and executive function) from fall to spring of the Head Start year. Analyses also suggest significant benefits of CSRP for children's preacademic skills, as measured by vocabulary, letter-naming, and math skills. Partial support was found for improvement in children's self-regulation as a hypothesized mediator for children's gains in academic readiness. Implications for programs and policies that support young children's behavioral health and academic success are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cybele Raver
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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47
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Brensilver M, Negriff S, Mennen FE, Trickett PK. Longitudinal relations between depressive symptoms and externalizing behavior in adolescence: moderating effects of maltreatment experience and gender. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2011; 40:607-17. [PMID: 21722032 PMCID: PMC5316287 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2011.581618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Among the explanations for the high rates of co-occurrence between depressive symptoms and externalizing behavior is the possibility of direct causal associations between the two symptom groups. However, the mechanisms by which co-occurrence arises may not be the same across etiologically significant variables. A gender-balanced sample of 303 adolescents (ages 9-12 at the first assessment) with carefully assessed histories of maltreatment experience and 151 demographically matched nonmaltreated adolescents were assessed over the period of 1 year. Multiple-group cross-lagged panel analyses assessed the equivalence of longitudinal relations between depressive symptoms and externalizing behavior for gender/maltreatment status groups. Consistent with previous findings, the results suggest that girls, particularly maltreated girls, who exhibit early externalizing behavior are at high risk for the development of subsequent depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Brensilver
- Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA90024 USA.
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48
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Barriers to and supports of family participation in a rural system of care for children with serious emotional problems. Community Ment Health J 2010; 46:211-20. [PMID: 19551506 PMCID: PMC2954890 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-009-9208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have not adequately addressed the unique characteristics of rural areas that influence the accessibility of services for families with children who have serious emotional problems. Understanding rurality is particularly important to "systems of care" grant sites because these grants are intended to restructure mental health service delivery by building upon the strengths of a community and addressing the community's needs. This qualitative study examines the barriers to and supports for participation in services within a rural system of care site through the reported experiences of eight caregivers and nine staff. Findings indicate families face many challenges related to rurality, including stigma, transportation, isolation, poverty, and service availability. In addition to these challenges, however, participants reported many meaningful supports such as the religious community and the close-knit community of families and service providers. We present implications for planning, implementing, and evaluating systems of care in rural areas.
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Protective effects of maternal and peer support on depressive symptoms during adolescence. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 38:261-72. [PMID: 19908140 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-009-9362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the contributions of maternal and peer support to depressive symptoms in early to mid-adolescence and variation in these contributions across age, gender, and race. Five waves of data on maternal support, peer support, and depressive symptoms were collected on rural youth (N = 3,444) at 6 month intervals. Multilevel modeling was used to evaluate within and between-person effects of maternal and peer support on depressive symptoms. Within-person effects of peer support did not vary by age, gender, or race. At the between-person level, peer support predicted levels of depressive symptoms at age 12, but this effect became nonsignificant after controlling for maternal support. Within-person effects of maternal support did not vary with age but were qualified by gender and race. Between-person effects of maternal support on depressive symptom levels at age 12 and slopes varied across race and gender, respectively. Findings highlight the robustness of the protective effects of maternal and peer support during adolescence among girls and white youth.
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo F. Muñoz
- Department of Psychiatry at San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94110; ,
| | - Pim Cuijpers
- Department of Clinical Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, 1081 BT The Netherlands; , ,
| | - Filip Smit
- Department of Clinical Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, 1081 BT The Netherlands; , ,
| | - Alinne Z. Barrera
- Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California 94304;
| | - Yan Leykin
- Department of Psychiatry at San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94110; ,
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