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Sagrero-Fabela N, Chávez-Mireles R, Salazar-Camarena DC, Palafox-Sánchez CA. Exploring the Role of PD-1 in the Autoimmune Response: Insights into Its Implication in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7726. [PMID: 39062968 PMCID: PMC11277507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in understanding systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), many challenges remain in unraveling the precise mechanisms behind the disease's development and progression. Recent evidence has questioned the role of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) in suppressing autoreactive CD4+ T cells during autoimmune responses. Research has investigated the potential impacts of PD-1 on various CD4+ T-cell subpopulations, including T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells, and T peripheral helper (Tph) cells, all of which exhibit substantial PD-1 expression and are closely related to several autoimmune disorders, including SLE. This review highlights the complex role of PD-1 in autoimmunity and emphasizes the imperative for further research to elucidate its functions during autoreactive T-cell responses. Additionally, we address the potential of PD-1 and its ligands as possible therapeutic targets in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nefertari Sagrero-Fabela
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas (DCB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (N.S.-F.); (R.C.-M.)
- Grupo de Inmunología Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
| | - Ramón Chávez-Mireles
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas (DCB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (N.S.-F.); (R.C.-M.)
| | - Diana Celeste Salazar-Camarena
- Grupo de Inmunología Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
| | - Claudia Azucena Palafox-Sánchez
- Grupo de Inmunología Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico;
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
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Scalia P, Williams SJ, Suma A, Carnevale V. The DTX Protein Family: An Emerging Set of E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:1680. [PMID: 37443713 PMCID: PMC10340142 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently, Deltex (DTX) proteins have been considered putative E3 ligases, based on the presence of an E3 RING domain in their protein coding sequence. The human DTX family includes DTX1, DTX2, DTX3, DTX3L and DTX4. Despite the fact that our knowledge of this class of E3-ubiquitin ligases is still at an early stage, our understanding of their role in oncogenesis is beginning to unfold. In fact, recently published studies allow us to define specific biological scenarios and further consolidate evidence-based working hypotheses. According to the current evidence, all DTX family members are involved in the regulation of Notch signaling, suggesting a phylogenetically conserved role in the regulation of this pathway. Indeed, additional evidence reveals a wider involvement of these proteins in other signaling complexes and cancer-promoting mechanisms beyond NOTCH signaling. DTX3, in particular, had been known to express two isoform variants (DTX3a and DTX3b). The recent identification and cloning of a third isoform variant in cancer (DTX3c), and its specific involvement in EphB4 degradation in cancer cells, sheds further light on this group of proteins and their specific role in cancer. Herein, we review the cumulative knowledge of this family of E3 Ubiquitin ligases with a specific focus on the potential oncogenic role of DTX isoforms in light of the rapidly expanding findings regarding this protein family's cellular targets and regulated signaling pathways. Furthermore, using a comparative and bioinformatic approach, we here disclose a new putative motif of a member of this family which may help in understanding the biological and contextual differences between the members of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Scalia
- ISOPROG-Somatolink EPFP Research Network, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Stephen J. Williams
- ISOPROG-Somatolink EPFP Research Network, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Antonio Suma
- Institute of Computational Molecular Science, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Vincenzo Carnevale
- Institute of Computational Molecular Science, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Solé P, Yamanouchi J, Garnica J, Uddin MM, Clarke R, Moro J, Garabatos N, Thiessen S, Ortega M, Singha S, Mondal D, Fandos C, Saez-Rodriguez J, Yang Y, Serra P, Santamaria P. A T follicular helper cell origin for T regulatory type 1 cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:489-511. [PMID: 36973489 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-00989-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractChronic antigenic stimulation can trigger the differentiation of antigen-experienced CD4+ T cells into T regulatory type 1 (TR1) cells, a subset of interleukin-10-producing Treg cells that do not express FOXP3. The identities of the progenitor(s) and transcriptional regulators of this T-cell subset remain unclear. Here, we show that the peptide-major histocompatibility complex class II (pMHCII) monospecific immunoregulatory T-cell pools that arise in vivo in different genetic backgrounds in response to pMHCII-coated nanoparticles (pMHCII-NPs) are invariably comprised of oligoclonal subpools of T follicular helper (TFH) and TR1 cells with a nearly identical clonotypic composition but different functional properties and transcription factor expression profiles. Pseudotime analyses of scRNAseq data and multidimensional mass cytometry revealed progressive downregulation and upregulation of TFH and TR1 markers, respectively. Furthermore, pMHCII-NPs trigger cognate TR1 cell formation in TFH cell-transfused immunodeficient hosts, and T-cell-specific deletion of Bcl6 or Irf4 blunts both the TFH expansion and TR1 formation induced by pMHCII-NPs. In contrast, deletion of Prdm1 selectively abrogates the TFH-to-TR1 conversion. Bcl6 and Prdm1 are also necessary for anti-CD3 mAb-induced TR1 formation. Thus, TFH cells can differentiate into TR1 cells in vivo, and BLIMP1 is a gatekeeper of this cellular reprogramming event.
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Zheng HY, Wang XH, He XY, Chen M, Zhang MX, Lian XD, Song JH, Hu Y, Pang W, Wang Y, Hu ZF, Lv LB, Zheng YT. Aging induces severe SIV infection accompanied by an increase in follicular CD8+ T cells with overactive STAT3 signaling. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:1042-1053. [PMID: 35851876 PMCID: PMC9424273 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00899-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of elderly people living with HIV is increasing globally, and the condition of this population is relatively complicated due to the dual effects of aging and HIV infection. However, the impact of HIV infection combined with aging on the immune homeostasis of secondary lymphoid organs remains unclear. Here, we used the simian immunodeficiency virus mac239 (SIVmac239) strain to infect six young and six old Chinese rhesus macaques (ChRMs) and compared the infection characteristics of the two groups in the chronic stage through multiplex immunofluorescence staining of lymph nodes. The results showed that the SIV production and CD4/CD8 ratio inversion in old ChRMs were more severe than those in young ChRMs in both the peripheral blood and the lymph nodes, especially when a large number of CD8+ T cells infiltrated the follicles and germinal centers. STAT3 in these follicular CXCR5+CD8+ T cells was highly activated, with high expression of granzyme B, which might be caused by the severe inflammatory milieu in the follicles of old ChRMs. This study indicates that aging may be a cofactor involved in SIV-induced immune disorders in secondary lymphoid tissues, affecting the effective antiviral activity of highly enriched follicular CXCR5+CD8+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Xue-Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xiao-Yan He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Ming-Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Lian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Jia-Hao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China
| | - Wei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Yun Wang
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
| | - Zheng-Fei Hu
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
| | - Long-Bao Lv
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650204, China.
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China.
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Svanberg C, Nyström S, Govender M, Bhattacharya P, Che KF, Ellegård R, Shankar EM, Larsson M. HIV-1 induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells is mediated by cellular interaction with suppressive T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:790276. [PMID: 36032117 PMCID: PMC9399885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.790276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection gives rise to a multi-layered immune impairment in most infected individuals. The chronic presence of HIV-1 during the priming and activation of T cells by dendritic cells (DCs) promotes the expansion of suppressive T cells in a contact-dependent manner. The mechanism behind the T cell side of this HIV-induced impairment is well studied, whereas little is known about the reverse effects exerted on the DCs. Herein we assessed the phenotype and transcriptome profile of mature DCs that have been in contact with suppressive T cells. The HIV exposed DCs from cocultures between DCs and T cells resulted in a more tolerogenic phenotype with increased expression of e.g., PDL1, Gal-9, HVEM, and B7H3, mediated by interaction with T cells. Transcriptomic analysis of the DCs separated from the DC-T cell coculture revealed a type I IFN response profile as well as an activation of pathways involved in T cell exhaustion. Taken together, our data indicate that the prolonged and strong type I IFN signaling in DCs, induced by the presence of HIV during DC-T cell cross talk, could play an important role in the induction of tolerogenic DCs and suppressed immune responses seen in HIV-1 infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Svanberg
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofia Nyström
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Melissa Govender
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pradyot Bhattacharya
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karlhans F. Che
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rada Ellegård
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Genetics, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Marie Larsson
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Marie Larsson,
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E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Regulators of Notch Receptor Endocytosis: From Flies to Humans. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020224. [PMID: 35204725 PMCID: PMC8961608 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch is a developmental receptor, conserved in the evolution of the metazoa, which regulates cell fate proliferation and survival in numerous developmental contexts, and also regulates tissue renewal and repair in adult organisms. Notch is activated by proteolytic removal of its extracellular domain and the subsequent release of its intracellular domain, which then acts in the nucleus as part of a transcription factor complex. Numerous regulatory mechanisms exist to tune the amplitude, duration and spatial patterning of this core signalling mechanism. In Drosophila, Deltex (Dx) and Suppressor of dx (Su(dx)) are E3 ubiquitin ligases which interact with the Notch intracellular domain to regulate its endocytic trafficking, with impacts on both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent signal activation. Homologues of Dx and Su(dx) have been shown to also interact with one or more of the four mammalian Notch proteins and other target substrates. Studies have shown similarities, specialisations and diversifications of the roles of these Notch regulators. This review collates together current research on vertebrate Dx and Su(dx)-related proteins, provides an overview of their various roles, and discusses their contributions to cell fate regulation and disease.
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Diallo MS, Samri A, Charpentier C, Bertine M, Cheynier R, Thiébaut R, Matheron S, Collin F, Braibant M, Candotti D, Brun-Vézinet F, Autran B, Appay V, Autran B, Brun-Vezinet F, Chaghil N, Descamps D, Hosmalin A, Pancino G, Manel N, Marchand L, Pedroza-Martins L, Sàez-Cirion A, Vieillard V, Agut H, Clauvel JP, Costagliola D, Debré P, Theodorou I, Sicard D, Viard JP, Barin F, Vieillard V, Autran B. A Comparison of Cell Activation, Exhaustion, and Expression of HIV Coreceptors and Restriction Factors in HIV-1- and HIV-2-Infected Nonprogressors. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:214-223. [PMID: 33050708 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency viruses induce rare attenuated diseases due either to HIV-1 in the exceptional long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) or to HIV-2 in West Africa. To better understand characteristics of these two disease types we performed a multiplex comparative analysis of cell activation, exhaustion, and expression of coreceptors and restriction factors in CD4 T cells susceptible to harbor those viruses. We analyzed by flow cytometry the expression of HLA-DR, PD1, CCR5, CXCR6, SAMHD1, Blimp-1, and TRIM5α on CD4 T cell subsets from 10 HIV-1+ LTNPs and 14 HIV-2+ (12 nonprogressors and 2 progressors) of the ANRS CO-15 and CO-5 cohorts, respectively, and 12 HIV- healthy donors (HD). The V3 loop of the HIV-1 envelope from 6 HIV-1+ LTNPs was sequenced to determine the CXCR6-binding capacity. Proportions of HLA-DR+ and PD1+ cells were higher in memory CD4 T subsets from HIV-1 LTNPs compared with HIV-2 and HD. Similar findings were observed for CCR5+ cells although limited to central-memory CD4 T cell (TCM) and follicular helper T cell subsets, whereas all major subsets from HIV-1 LTNPs contained less CXCR6+ cells compared with HIV-2. All six V3 loop sequences from HIV-1 LTNPs contained a proline at position 326. Proportions of SAMHD1+ cells were higher in all resting CD4 T subsets from HIV-1 LTNPs compared with the other groups, whereas Blimp-1+ and Trim5α+ cells did not differ. The CD4 T cell subsets from HIV-1 LTNPs differ from those of HIV-2-infected subjects by higher levels of activation, exhaustion, and SAMHD1 expression that can reflect the distinct patterns of host/virus relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariama Sadjo Diallo
- Inserm 1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Assia Samri
- Inserm 1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Charpentier
- IAME, UMR 1137, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Bertine
- IAME, UMR 1137, Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- Institut Cochin, Inserm, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rodolphe Thiébaut
- Inserm U1219 Bordeaux Population Health, INRIA SISTM, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Matheron
- Inserm, IAME, UMR 1137, University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat, HUPNVS, Paris, France
| | - Fidéline Collin
- Inserm, IAME, UMR 1137, University of Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Assistance Publique -Hôpitaux de Paris, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Bichat, HUPNVS, Paris, France
| | - Martine Braibant
- Université François-Rabelais, Inserm U1259 & CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Brigitte Autran
- Inserm 1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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Rébé C, Ghiringhelli F. STAT3, a Master Regulator of Anti-Tumor Immune Response. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1280. [PMID: 31480382 PMCID: PMC6770459 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells in the tumor microenvironment regulate cancer growth. Thus cancer progression is dependent on the activation or repression of transcription programs involved in the proliferation/activation of lymphoid and myeloid cells. One of the main transcription factors involved in many of these pathways is the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). In this review we will focus on the role of STAT3 and its regulation, e.g. by phosphorylation or acetylation in immune cells and how it might impact immune cell function and tumor progression. Moreover, we will review the ability of STAT3 to regulate checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Rébé
- Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, INSERM LNC UMR1231,University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, INSERM LNC UMR1231,University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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Chang HC, Huang DY, Wu NL, Kannagi R, Wang LF, Lin WW. BLIMP1 transcriptionally induced by EGFR activation and post-translationally regulated by proteasome and lysosome is involved in keratinocyte differentiation, migration and inflammation. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 92:151-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Chaudhary O, Narayan V, Lelis F, Linz B, Watkins M, Veazey R, Aldovini A. Inhibition of p38 MAPK in combination with ART reduces SIV-induced immune activation and provides additional protection from immune system deterioration. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007268. [PMID: 30161247 PMCID: PMC6135519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in immune activation were identified as the most significant difference between AIDS-susceptible and resistant species. p38 MAPK, activated in HIV infection, is key to induction of interferon-stimulated genes and cytokine-mediated inflammation and is associated with some of the pathology produced by HIV or SIV infection in AIDS-susceptible primates. As small molecule p38 MAPK inhibitors are being tested in human trials for inflammatory diseases, we evaluated the effects of treating SIV-infected macaques with the p38 MAPK inhibitor PH-797804 in conjunction with ART. PH-797804 had no side effects, did not impact negatively the antiviral immune response and, used alone, had no significant effect on levels of immune activation and did not reduced the viremia. When administered with ART, it significantly reduced numerous immune activation markers compared to ART alone. CD38+/HLA-DR+ and Ki-67+ T-cell percentages in blood, lymph node and rectal CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, PD-1 expression in CD8+ T cells and plasma levels of IFNα, IFNγ, TNFα, IL-6, IP-10, sCD163 and C-reactive protein were all significantly reduced. Significant preservation of CD4+, CD4+ central memory, CD4+/IL-22+ and CD4+/IL-17+ T-cell percentages and improvement of Th17/Treg ratio in blood and rectal mucosa were also observed. Importantly, the addition of PH-797804 to ART initiated during chronic SIV infection reduced immune activation and restored immune system parameters to the levels observed when ART was initiated on week 1 after infection. After ART interruption, viremia rebounded in a similar fashion in all groups, regardless of when ART was initiated. We concluded that the inhibitor PH-797804 significantly reduced, even if did not normalized, the immune activation parameters evaluated during ART treatment, improved preservation of critical populations of the immune system targeted by SIV, and increased the efficacy of ART treatment initiated in chronic infection to levels similar to those observed when initiated in acute infection but did not affect positively or negatively viral reservoirs. The hallmark of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus infection in disease-susceptible species is the progressive decline of the CD4+ T cell population and heightened immune activation, which by itself can contribute to CD4+ T-cell death. The cellular pathway regulated by p38 MAPK, which is activated in HIV and SIV infection, can contribute significantly to immune activation. We tested in SIV-infected macaques a p38 MAPK inhibitor in combination with anti-retroviral therapy. This drug is already being evaluated in humans for treatment of immune activation associated with other diseases. We found that, when combined with antiretroviral therapy, the inhibitor PH-797804 significantly reduced a few parameters of SIV-induced immune activation and improved preservation of critical populations of the immune system targeted by SIV, but did not modulate viral reservoirs. Importantly, the addition of the inhibitor to anti-retroviral therapy during the chronic phase of the infection, which is the time when most HIV-infected individuals initiate treatment, permitted a more significant preservation of the immune system compared to antiretroviral therapy alone that was similar to that observed when anti-retroviral therapy was initiated in the acute phase of the infection, which rarely occurs in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar Chaudhary
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Vivek Narayan
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Felipe Lelis
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Brandon Linz
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Meagan Watkins
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Pathology, Covington LA, United States of America
| | - Ronald Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Pathology, Covington LA, United States of America
| | - Anna Aldovini
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Kumar NA, van der Sluis RM, Mota T, Pascoe R, Evans VA, Lewin SR, Cameron PU. Myeloid Dendritic Cells Induce HIV Latency in Proliferating CD4 + T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1468-1477. [PMID: 30030324 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV latency occurs predominantly in long-lived resting CD4+ T cells; however, latent infection also occurs in T cell subsets, including proliferating CD4+ T cells. We compared the establishment and maintenance of latent infection in nonproliferating and proliferating human CD4+ T cells cocultured with syngeneic myeloid dendritic cells (mDC). Resting CD4+ T cells were labeled with the proliferation dye eFluor 670 and cultured alone or with mDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, or monocytes in the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Cells were cultured for 24 h and infected with CCR5-tropic enhanced GFP (EGFP) reporter HIV. Five days postinfection, nonproductively infected EGFP- CD4+ T cells that were either nonproliferating (eFluor 670hi) or proliferating (eFluor 670lo) were sorted and cultured for an additional 7 d (day 12) with IL-7 and antiretrovirals. At day 5 postinfection, sorted, nonproductively infected T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28, and induced expression of EGFP was measured to determine the frequency of latent infection. Integrated HIV in these cells was confirmed using quantitative PCR. By these criteria, latent infection was detected at day 5 and 12 in proliferating T cells cocultured with mDC and monocytes but not plasmacytoid dendritic cells, where CD4+ T cells at day 12 were poor. At day 5 postinfection, nonproliferating T cells expressing SEB-specific TCR Vβ-17 were enriched in latent infection compared with non-SEB-specific TCR Vβ-8.1. Together, these data show that both nonproliferating and proliferating CD4+ T cells can harbor latent infection during SEB-stimulated T cell proliferation and that the establishment of HIV latency in nonproliferating T cells is linked to expression of specific TCR that respond to SEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitasha A Kumar
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Renee M van der Sluis
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Talia Mota
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rachel Pascoe
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Vanessa A Evans
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; and.,Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Paul U Cameron
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; and.,Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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12
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Shankar EM, Vignesh R, Dash AP. Recent advances on T-cell exhaustion in malaria infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 207:167-174. [PMID: 29936565 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T-cell exhaustion reportedly leads to dysfunctional immune responses of antigen-specific T cells. Investigations have revealed that T cells expand into functionally defective phenotypes with poor recall/memory abilities to parasitic antigens. The exploitation of co-inhibitory pathways represent a highly viable area of translational research that has very well been utilized against certain cancerous conditions. Malaria, at times, evolve into a sustained chronic state where T cells express several co-inhibitory molecules (negative immune checkpoints) facilitating parasite escape and sub-optimal protective responses. Experimental evidence suggests that blockade of co-inhibitory molecules on T cells in malaria could result in the sustenance of protective responses together with dramatic parasite clearance. The role of several co-inhibitory molecules in malaria infection largely remain unclear, and here we discussed the potential applicability of co-inhibitory molecules in the management of malaria with a view to harness protective host responses against chronic disease and associated consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esaki M Shankar
- Division of Infection Biology and Medical Microbiology, Department of Life Sciences (DLS), School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Thiruvarur, Tamilnadu, 610 005, India.
| | - R Vignesh
- Laboratory-Based Department, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak (UniKL-RCMP), Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - A P Dash
- Central University of Tamil Nadu (CUTN), Thiruvarur, Tamilnadu, 610 005, India
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13
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Boehm D, Ott M. Host Methyltransferases and Demethylases: Potential New Epigenetic Targets for HIV Cure Strategies and Beyond. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:S8-S22. [PMID: 29140109 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful HIV cure strategy may require reversing HIV latency to purge hidden viral reservoirs or enhancing HIV latency to permanently silence HIV transcription. Epigenetic modifying agents show promise as antilatency therapeutics in vitro and ex vivo, but also affect other steps in the viral life cycle. In this review, we summarize what we know about cellular DNA and protein methyltransferases (PMTs) as well as demethylases involved in HIV infection. We describe the biology and function of DNA methyltransferases, and their controversial role in HIV infection. We further explain the biology of PMTs and their effects on lysine and arginine methylation of histone and nonhistone proteins. We end with a focus on protein demethylases, their unique modes of action and their emerging influence on HIV infection. An outlook on the use of methylation-modifying agents in investigational HIV cure strategies is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Boehm
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
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14
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See JX, Chandramathi S, Abdulla MA, Vadivelu J, Shankar EM. Persistent infection due to a small-colony variant of Burkholderia pseudomallei leads to PD-1 upregulation on circulating immune cells and mononuclear infiltration in viscera of experimental BALB/c mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005702. [PMID: 28820897 PMCID: PMC5562302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Melioidosis is a neglected tropical disease endemic across South East Asia and Northern Australia. The etiological agent, Burkholderia pseudomallei (B.pseudomallei), is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile bacterium residing in the soil and muddy water across endemic regions of the tropical world. The bacterium is known to cause persistent infections by remaining latent within host cells for prolonged duration. Reactivation of the recrudescent disease often occurs in elders whose immunity wanes. Moreover, recurrence rates in melioidosis patients can be up to ~13% despite appropriate antibiotic therapy, suggestive of bacterial persistence and inefficacy of antibiotic regimens. The mechanisms behind bacterial persistence in the host remain unclear, and hence understanding host immunity during persistent B. pseudomallei infections may help designing potential immunotherapy. Methodology/Principal findings A persistent infection was generated using a small-colony variant (SCV) and a wild-type (WT) B. pseudomallei in BALB/c mice via intranasal administration. Infected mice that survived for >60 days were sacrificed. Lungs, livers, spleens, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were harvested for experimental investigations. Histopathological changes of organs were observed in the infected mice, suggestive of successful establishment of persistent infections. Moreover, natural killer (NK) cell frequency was increased in SCV- and WT-infected mice. We observed programmed death-1 (PD-1) upregulation on B cells of SCV- and WT-infected mice. Interestingly, PD-1 upregulation was only observed on NK cells and monocytes of SCV-infected mice. In contrast, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) downregulation was seen on NK cells of WT-infected mice, and on monocytes of SCV- and WT-infected mice. Conclusions/Significance The SCV and the WT of B. pseudomallei distinctly upregulated PD-1 expression on B cells, NK cells, and monocytes to dampen host immunity, which likely facilitates bacterial persistence. PD-1/PD-L1 pathway appears to play an important role in the persistence of B. pseudomallei in the host. B. pseudomallei is a bacterium that causes melioidosis, a disease endemic in Southeastern Asia and Northern Australia. It is estimated that melioidosis leads to 89,000 deaths worldwide each year. Nevertheless, melioidosis continues to remain a neglected tropical disease that is not even on the list of neglected tropical diseases of the World Health Organization. Furthermore, the disease has a high mortality and recurrence rate, which can be up to 40% and 13%, respectively. It has also been well documented that B. pseudomallei causes latent/persistent infections for a prolonged period without showing apparent symptoms in the infected individual. The mechanisms that are responsible for bacterial persistence in the host remain unclear. Our results demonstrated that B. pseudomallei were able to upregulate PD-1 expression on B cells, NK cells, and/or monocytes during persistent diseases, which likely diminish optimal host immunity. The weakened host immunity in turns facilitates persistence of the bacterium. Interestingly, the SCV had a higher PD-1 expression on distinct immune cells compared to the WT, which might explain its frequent association with persistent infections. Immunotherapies by targeting PD-1/PD-L1 pathway could serve as a better treatment than the conventional antibiotic regimens, which cause a high rate of recurrence in melioidosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xiang See
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Samudi Chandramathi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (SC); (EMS); (JV)
| | - Mahmood Ameen Abdulla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (SC); (EMS); (JV)
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Division of Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
- * E-mail: (SC); (EMS); (JV)
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15
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Fu SH, Yeh LT, Chu CC, Yen BLJ, Sytwu HK. New insights into Blimp-1 in T lymphocytes: a divergent regulator of cell destiny and effector function. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:49. [PMID: 28732506 PMCID: PMC5520377 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0354-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) serves as a master regulator of the development and function of antibody-producing B cells. Given that its function in T lymphocytes has been identified within the past decade, we review recent findings with emphasis on its role in coordinated control of gene expression during the development, differentiation, and function of T cells. Expression of Blimp-1 is mainly confined to activated T cells and is essential for the production of interleukin (IL)-10 by a subset of forkhead box (Fox)p3+ regulatory T cells with an effector phenotype. Blimp-1 is also required to induce cell elimination in the thymus and critically modulates peripheral T cell activation and proliferation. In addition, Blimp-1 promotes T helper (Th) 2 lineage commitment and limits Th1, Th17 and follicular helper T cell differentiation. Furthermore, Blimp-1 coordinates with other transcription factors to regulate expression of IL-2, IL-21 and IL-10 in effector T lymphocytes. In CD8+ T cells, Blimp-1 expression is distinct in heterogeneous populations at the stages of clonal expansion, differentiation, contraction and memory formation when they encounter antigens. Moreover, Blimp-1 plays a fundamental role in coordinating cytokine receptor signaling networks and transcriptional programs to regulate diverse aspects of the formation and function of effector and memory CD8+ T cells and their exhaustion. Blimp-1 also functions as a gatekeeper of T cell activation and suppression to prevent or dampen autoimmune disease, antiviral responses and antitumor immunity. In this review, we discuss the emerging roles of Blimp-1 in the complex regulation of gene networks that regulate the destiny and effector function of T cells and provide a Blimp-1-dominated transcriptional framework for T lymphocyte homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Huei Fu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, 161, Section 6, Min-Chuan East Road, Neihu District, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzu Yeh
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, 161, Section 6, Min-Chuan East Road, Neihu District, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chen Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 71104, Taiwan. .,Department of Recreation and Health-Care Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71104, Taiwan.
| | - B Lin-Ju Yen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, 161, Section 6, Min-Chuan East Road, Neihu District, Taipei, 11490, Taiwan.
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16
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CD8+ T cells of chronic HCV-infected patients express multiple negative immune checkpoints following stimulation with HCV peptides. Cell Immunol 2016; 313:1-9. [PMID: 28104239 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are key to successful viral clearance in HCV disease. Accumulation of exhausted HCV-specific T cells during chronic infection results in considerable loss of protective functional immune responses. The role of T-cell exhaustion in chronic HCV disease remains poorly understood. Here, we studied the frequency of HCV peptide-stimulated T cells expressing negative immune checkpoints (PD-1, CTLA-4, TRAIL, TIM-3 and BTLA) by flow cytometry, and measured the levels of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines secreted by T cells by a commercial Multi-Analyte ELISArray™ following in vitro stimulation of T cells using HCV peptides and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). HCV peptide-stimulated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of chronic HCV (CHC) patients showed significant increase of CTLA-4. Furthermore, HCV peptide-stimulated CD4+ T cells of CHC patients also displayed relatively higher levels of PD-1 and TRAIL, whereas TIM-3 was up-regulated on HCV peptide-stimulated CD8+ T cells. Whereas the levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 were significantly increased, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, TNF-α, IL-17A and IL-6 were markedly decreased in the T cell cultures of CHC patients. Chronic HCV infection results in functional exhaustion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells likely contributing to viral persistence.
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17
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Human Th17 Cells Lack HIV-Inhibitory RNases and Are Highly Permissive to Productive HIV Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:7833-47. [PMID: 27334595 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02869-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects and depletes CD4(+) T cells, but subsets of CD4(+) T cells vary in their susceptibility and permissiveness to infection. For example, HIV preferentially depletes interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing T helper 17 (Th17) cells and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. The preferential loss of Th17 cells during the acute phase of infection impairs the integrity of the gut mucosal barrier, which drives chronic immune activation-a key determinant of disease progression. The preferential loss of Th17 cells has been attributed to high CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4 expression. Here, we show that Th17 cells also exhibit heightened permissiveness to productive HIV infection. Primary human CD4(+) T cells were sorted, activated under Th17- or Th0-polarizing conditions and infected, and then analyzed by flow cytometry. Th17-polarizing cytokines increased HIV infection, and HIV infection was disproportionately higher among Th17 cells than among IL-17(-) or gamma interferon-positive (IFN-γ(+)) cells, even upon infection with a replication-defective HIV vector with a pseudotype envelope. Further, Th17-polarized cells produced more viral capsid protein. Our data also reveal that Th17-polarized cells have diminished expression of RNase A superfamily proteins, and we report for the first time that RNase 6 inhibits HIV. Thus, our findings link Th17 polarization to increased HIV replication. IMPORTANCE Our study compares the intracellular replicative capacities of several different HIV isolates among different T cell subsets, providing a link between the differentiation of Th17 cells and HIV replication. Th17 cells are of key importance in mucosal integrity and in the immune response to certain pathogens. Based on our findings and the work of others, we propose a model in which HIV replication is favored by the intracellular environment of two CD4(+) T cell subsets that share several requirements for their differentiation: Th17 and Tfh cells. Characterizing cells that support high levels of viral replication (rather than becoming latently infected or undergoing cell death) informs the search for new therapeutics aimed at manipulating intracellular signaling pathways and/or transcriptional factors that affect HIV replication.
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18
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Huang YH, Yang HY, Huang SW, Ou G, Hsu YF, Hsu MJ. Interleukin-6 Induces Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C Expression via Src-FAK-STAT3 Signaling in Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158839. [PMID: 27383632 PMCID: PMC4934912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels correlates with tumor grade and poor prognosis in cancer patients. IL-6 has been shown to promote tumor lymphangiogenesis through vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) induction in tumor cells. We recently showed that IL-6 also induced VEGF-C expression in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). However, the signaling mechanisms involved in IL-6-induces VEGF-C induction in LECs remain incompletely understood. In this study, we explored the causal role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in inducing VEGF-C expression in IL-6-stimulated murine LECs (SV-LECs). FAK signaling blockade by NSC 667249 (a FAK inhibitor) attenuated IL-6-induced VEGF-C expression and VEGF-C promoter-luciferase activities. IL-6’s enhancing effects of increasing FAK, ERK1/2, p38MAPK, C/EBPβ, p65 and STAT3 phosphorylation as well as C/EBPβ-, κB- and STAT3-luciferase activities were reduced in the presence of NSC 667249. STAT3 knockdown by STAT3 siRNA abrogated IL-6’s actions in elevating VEGF-C mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, Src-FAK signaling blockade reduced IL-6’s enhancing effects of increasing STAT3 binding to the VEGF-C promoter region, cell migration and endothelial tube formation of SV-LECs. Together these results suggest that IL-6 increases VEGF-C induction and lymphangiogenesis may involve, at least in part, Src-FAK-STAT3 cascade in LECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Wen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - George Ou
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ya-Fen Hsu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Landseed Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YFH); (MJH)
| | - Ming-Jen Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YFH); (MJH)
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19
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Nan YM, Su SS, Niu XM, Zhao SX, Zhang YG, Wang RQ, Kong LB, He H, Zheng HW, Sun DX. Tim-3 suppression combined with TLR3 activation enhances antiviral immune response in patients with chronic HCV infection. J Int Med Res 2016; 44:806-16. [PMID: 27329385 PMCID: PMC5536634 DOI: 10.1177/0300060516647548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the regulation mechanism of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (Tim-3) combined with toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) or TLR4 on antiviral immune and inflammatory response in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. METHODS Patients with chronic HCV infection and healthy control subjects were recruited. Patients received interferon (IFN)-α based therapy. Plasma galectin-9 (Gal-9) was quantitated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured with TLR3 or TLR4 agonists, alone or in combination with Tim-3 antagonist. Levels of IFN-α, TNF-α, and 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (2'-5'OAS), myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA) and suppressor of cytokine 1 (SOCS1) RNA in PBMC cultures were evaluated. RESULTS Plasma Gal-9 levels were increased in patients (n = 52) compared with controls (n = 20) and significantly declined at treatment week 12 and 24 weeks post-treatment. IFN-α, 2'-5'OAS, MxA, TNF-α and SOCS1 were upregulated by TLR3 and TLR4 agonists. TNF-α and SOCS1 levels were suppressed by the addition of Tim-3 antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Tim-3 blockade in combination with TLR activation induces the expression of antiviral molecules without a significant increase in TNF-α or SOCS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Min Nan
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shan-Shan Su
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue-Min Niu
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Su-Xian Zhao
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu-Guo Zhang
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rong-Qi Wang
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ling-Bo Kong
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huan He
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huan-Wei Zheng
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dian-Xing Sun
- Department of Liver Disease, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
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20
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Saeidi A, Ellegård R, Yong YK, Tan HY, Velu V, Ussher JE, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Functional role of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in HIV infection. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:305-14. [PMID: 27256572 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ru0216-084r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MAIT cells represent an evolutionarily conserved, MR1-restricted, innate-like cell subset that express high levels of CD161; have a canonical semi-invariant TCR iVα7.2; and may have an important role in mucosal immunity against various bacterial and fungal pathogens. Mature MAIT cells are CD161(hi)PLZF(hi)IL-18Rα(+)iVα7.2(+)γδ-CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells and occur in the peripheral blood, liver, and mucosa of humans. MAIT cells are activated by a metabolic precursor of riboflavin synthesis presented by MR1 and, therefore, respond to many bacteria and some fungi. Despite their broad antibacterial properties, their functional role in persistent viral infections is poorly understood. Although there is an increasing line of evidence portraying the depletion of MAIT cells in HIV disease, the magnitude and the potential mechanisms underlying such depletion remain unclear. Recent studies suggest that MAIT cells are vulnerable to immune exhaustion as a consequence of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections and HIV/tuberculosis coinfections. HIV infection also appears to cause functional depletion of MAIT cells resulting from abnormal expression of T-bet and EOMES, and effective ART is unable to completely salvage functional MAIT cell loss. Depletion and exhaustion of peripheral MAIT cells may affect mucosal immunity and could increase susceptibility to opportunistic infections during HIV infection. Here, we review some of the important mechanisms associated with depletion and functional loss of MAIT cells and also suggest potential immunotherapeutic strategies to restore MAIT cell functions, including the use of IL-7 to restore effector functions in HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Saeidi
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rada Ellegård
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yean K Yong
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hong Y Tan
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Georgia, Atlanta, USA; and
| | - James E Ussher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
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See JX, Samudi C, Saeidi A, Menon N, Choh LC, Vadivelu J, Shankar EM. Experimental Persistent Infection of BALB/c Mice with Small-Colony Variants of Burkholderia pseudomallei Leads to Concurrent Upregulation of PD-1 on T Cells and Skewed Th1 and Th17 Responses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004503. [PMID: 26974441 PMCID: PMC4790896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei), the causative agent of melioidosis, is a deadly pathogen endemic across parts of tropical South East Asia and Northern Australia. B. pseudomallei can remain latent within the intracellular compartment of the host cell over prolonged periods of time, and cause persistent disease leading to treatment difficulties. Understanding the immunological mechanisms behind persistent infection can result in improved treatment strategies in clinical melioidosis. Methods Ten-day LD50 was determined for the small-colony variant (SCV) and its parental wild-type (WT) via intranasal route in experimental BALB/c mice. Persistent B. pseudomallei infection was generated by administrating sub-lethal dose of the two strains based on previously determined LD50. After two months, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma were obtained to investigate host immune responses against persistent B. pseudomallei infection. Lungs, livers, and spleens were harvested and bacterial loads in these organs were determined. Results Based on the ten-day LD50, the SCV was ~20-fold less virulent than the WT. The SCV caused higher bacterial loads in spleens compared to its WT counterparts with persistent B. pseudomallei infection. We found that the CD4+ T-cell frequencies were decreased, and the expressions of PD-1, but not CTLA-4 were significantly increased on the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of these mice. Notably, persistent infection with the SCV led to significantly higher levels of PD-1 than the WT B. pseudomallei. Plasma IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-17A levels were elevated only in SCV-infected mice. In addition, skewed plasma Th1 and Th17 responses were observed in SCV-infected mice relative to WT-infected and uninfected mice. Conclusion B. pseudomallei appears to upregulate the expression of PD-1 on T cells to evade host immune responses, which likely facilitates bacterial persistence in the host. SCVs cause distinct pathology and immune responses in the host as compared to WT B. pseudomallei. Melioidosis is an endemic tropical disease in South East Asia and Northern Australia, which is caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, an environmental bacterium found in the soils of paddy fields and muddy waters across these regions. The bacterium is known to reside within the host cell for prolonged periods of time and is capable of causing long-lasting disease. Recurrent disease is common even with appropriate antibiotic treatments. The mechanisms behind the persistence of B. pseudomallei in the host are still unclear. We investigated the host cell-mediated immune responses against persistent B. pseudomallei infection in BALB/c mice. We found a reduced CD4+ T-cell frequency in mice with persistent B. pseudomallei infection, suggestive of the key role of these cells in experimental melioidosis. Moreover, we also observed significant upregulation of PD-1 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in mice with persistent B. pseudomallei infection, possibly indicating that the T cells were undergoing exhaustion. Based on our results, we postulated that B. pseudomallei is able to impair host immune responses, likely by facilitating the depletion of CD4+ T cells and upregulation of PD-1 on T cells, which potentially facilitates bacterial persistence in the host. Targeting T-cell responses could be an approach to develop vaccines or therapeutics against persistent B. pseudomallei infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xiang See
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chandramathi Samudi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alireza Saeidi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nivedita Menon
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Leang-Chung Choh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (EMS); (JV)
| | - Esaki M. Shankar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), Wisma R & D, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (EMS); (JV)
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22
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Barathan M, Mohamed R, Vadivelu J, Chang LY, Saeidi A, Yong YK, Ravishankar Ram M, Gopal K, Velu V, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Peripheral loss of CD8(+) CD161(++) TCRVα7·2(+) mucosal-associated invariant T cells in chronic hepatitis C virus-infected patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2016; 46:170-80. [PMID: 26681320 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells play an important role in innate host defence. MAIT cells appear to undergo exhaustion and are functionally weakened in chronic viral infections. However, their role in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the frequency of CD8(+) CD161(++) TCR Vα7.2(+) MAIT cells in a cross-sectional cohort of chronic HCV-infected patients (n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 25). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were investigated for circulating MAIT cell frequency, liver-homing (CCR5 and CD103), biomarkers of immune exhaustion (PD-1, TIM-3 and CTLA-4), chronic immune activation (CD38 and HLA-DR), and immunosenescence (CD57) by flow cytometry. RESULTS The frequency of MAIT cells was significantly decreased, and increased signs of immune exhaustion and chronic immune activation were clearly evident on MAIT cells of HCV-infected patients. Decrease of CCR5 on circulating MAIT cells is suggestive of their peripheral loss in chronic HCV-infected patients. MAIT cells also showed significantly increased levels of HLA-DR, CD38, PD-1, TIM-3 and CTLA-4, besides CD57 in chronic HCV disease. CONCLUSIONS Immune exhaustion and senescence of CD8(+) CD161(++) TCR Vα7.2(+) MAIT cells could contribute to diminished innate defence attributes likely facilitating viral persistence and HCV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muttiah Barathan
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rosmawati Mohamed
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Li Y Chang
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alireza Saeidi
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yean K Yong
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Ravishankar Ram
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kaliappan Gopal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tissue Engineering Group (TEG), NOCERAL, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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23
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Gonzalez SM, Zapata W, Rugeles MT. Role of Regulatory T Cells and Inhibitory Molecules in the Development of Immune Exhaustion During Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. Viral Immunol 2015; 29:2-10. [PMID: 26566019 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key hallmarks of chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is the persistent immune activation triggered since early stages of the infection, followed by the development of an exhaustion phenomena, which leads to the inability of immune cells to respond appropriately to the virus and other pathogens, constituting the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); this exhausting state is characterized by a loss of effector functions of immune cells such as proliferation, production of cytokine, as well as cytotoxic potential and it has been attributable to an increased response of regulatory T cells and recently also to the expression in different cell populations of inhibitory molecules, such as programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), T cell immunoglobulin-3 (Tim-3), and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3). The importance of these molecules relies on the possibility to restore the immune response once these molecules are blocked, constituting a potential therapeutic target for treatment during HIV infection. In this regard, we explored the available data evaluating the functional role of Treg cells and inhibitory molecules during the infection in both blood and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and their contribution to the development of immune exhaustion and progression to AIDS, as well as their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Milena Gonzalez
- 1 Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wildeman Zapata
- 1 Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín, Colombia .,2 Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Sede Medellín, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia , Medellín, Colombia
| | - María Teresa Rugeles
- 1 Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Medellín, Colombia
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Zhu F, Zhong XM, Qiao J, Liu Q, Sun HY, Chen W, Zhao K, Wu QY, Cao J, Sang W, Yan ZL, Zeng LY, Li ZY, Xu KL. Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4 Down-Regulates T Helper 1 Cells by Increasing Expression of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 in Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015; 22:212-219. [PMID: 26555814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerous previous studies have suggested that cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) plays an important role in acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). How CTLA-4 acts in regulating acute GVHD remains unknown, however. In the present study, we found that, compared with healthy controls, CTLA-4 plasma and relative mRNA levels in patients with acute GVHD were initially decreased and then markedly elevated after 28 days of treatment. CTLA-4 levels were higher in patients with grade I-II acute GVHD compared with those with grade III-IV acute GVHD both before and after treatment. Up-regulation of CTLA-4 significantly increased the luciferase activity and degree of phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Meanwhile, T cell activation was significantly inhibited, and levels of IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-22 decreased. These findings suggest that CTLA-4 might be involved in the pathogenesis of acute GVHD, and may down-regulate T helper 1 cells by increasing STAT3 expression in acute GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Min Zhong
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Huai'an First People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianlin Qiao
- Laboratory of Transplant Immunology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai-Ying Sun
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Laboratory of Transplant Immunology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing-Yun Wu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Transplant Immunology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Sang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yan
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling-Yu Zeng
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Transplant Immunology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Li
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai-Lin Xu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Laboratory of Transplant Immunology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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25
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Regulation of CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity in HIV-1 infection. Cell Immunol 2015; 298:126-33. [PMID: 26520669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms involved in cellular immune responses against control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is key to development of effective immunotherapeutic strategies against viral proliferation. Clear insights into the regulation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells is crucial to development of effective immunotherapeutic strategies due to their unique ability to eliminate virus-infected cells during the course of infection. Here, we reviewed the roles of transcription factors, co-inhibitory molecules and regulatory cytokines following HIV infection and their potential significance in regulating the cytotoxic potentials of CD8+ T cells.
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26
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite eliciting an early antiviral T cell response, HIV-specific T cells are unable to prevent disease progression, partly because of their loss of effector functions, known as T cell exhaustion. Restoring this T cell functionality represents a critical step for regaining immunological control of HIV-1 replication, and may be fundamental for the development of a functional cure for HIV. In this context, the use of animal models is invaluable for evaluating the efficacy and mechanisms of novel therapeutics aimed at reinvigorating T cell functions. RECENT FINDINGS Although nonhuman primates continue to be a mainstay for studying HIV pathogenesis and therapies, recent advances in humanized mouse models have improved their ability to recapitulate the features of cell exhaustion during HIV infection. Targeting coinhibitory receptors in HIV-infected and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected animals has resulted in viral load reductions, presumably by reinvigorating the effector functions of T cells. Additionally, studies combining programmed death-1 (PD-1) blockade with suppressive antiretroviral therapy provide further support to the use of coinhibitory receptor blockades in restoring T cell function by delaying viral load rebound upon antiretroviral therapy interruption. Future in-vivo studies should build on recent in-vitro data, supporting the simultaneous targeting of multiple regulators of cell exhaustion. SUMMARY In this review, we describe the most recent advances in the use of animal models for the study of cell exhaustion following HIV/SIV infection. These findings suggest that the use of animal models is increasingly critical in translating immunotherapeutics into clinical practice.
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Kaczmarek Michaels K, Natarajan M, Euler Z, Alter G, Viglianti G, Henderson AJ. Blimp-1, an intrinsic factor that represses HIV-1 proviral transcription in memory CD4+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3267-74. [PMID: 25710909 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cell subsets differentially support HIV-1 replication. For example, quiescent CD4(+) memory T cells are susceptible to HIV-1 infection but do not support robust HIV-1 transcription and have been implicated as the primary reservoir of latent HIV-1. T cell transcription factors that regulate maturation potentially limit HIV-1 transcription and mediate the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 latency. We report that B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1), a critical regulator of B and T cell differentiation, is highly expressed in memory CD4(+) T cells compared with naive CD4(+) T cells and represses basal and Tat-mediated HIV-1 transcription. Blimp-1 binds an IFN-stimulated response element within HIV-1 provirus, and it is displaced following T cell activation. Reduction of Blimp-1 in infected primary T cells including CD4(+) memory T cells increases RNA polymerase II processivity, histone acetylation, and baseline HIV-1 transcription. Therefore, the transcriptional repressor, Blimp-1, is an intrinsic factor that predisposes CD4(+) memory T cells to latent HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kaczmarek Michaels
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; Graduate Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | | | - Zelda Euler
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Boston, MA 02139; and
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Boston, MA 02139; and
| | - Gregory Viglianti
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Andrew J Henderson
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; Graduate Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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28
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Velu V, Shetty RD, Larsson M, Shankar EM. Role of PD-1 co-inhibitory pathway in HIV infection and potential therapeutic options. Retrovirology 2015; 12:14. [PMID: 25756928 PMCID: PMC4340294 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific CD8+ T cells play an important role in controlling viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, during chronic HIV infection, virus-specific CD8+ T cells undergo functional exhaustion, lose effector functions and fail to control viral infection. HIV-specific CD8 T cells expressing high levels of co-inhibitory molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) during the chronic infection and are characterized by lower proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxic abilities. Although, antiretroviral therapy has resulted in dramatic decline in HIV replication, there is no effective treatment currently available to eradicate viral reservoirs or restore virus-specific T or B-cell functions that may complement ART in order to eliminate the virus. In recent years, studies in mice and non-human primate models of HIV infection demonstrated the functional exhaustion of virus-specific T and B cells could be reversed by blockade of interaction between PD-1 and its cognate ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2). In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of PD-1 pathway in HIV/SIV infection and discuss the beneficial effects of PD-1 blockade during chronic HIV/SIV infection and its potential role as immunotherapy for HIV/AIDS.
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29
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Schmetterer KG, Neunkirchner A, Wojta-Stremayr D, Leitner J, Steinberger P, Pickl WF. STAT3 governs hyporesponsiveness and granzyme B-dependent suppressive capacity in human CD4+ T cells. FASEB J 2014; 29:759-71. [PMID: 25398767 PMCID: PMC4422363 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-257584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) integrates key signals of cell surface immune receptors, yet its precise role in cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T cells is not well-established. Current research has indicated T-helper cell 17–inducing roles but also tolerogenic roles. To address this issue, human T cells were transduced with the constitutively active STAT3 mutant STAT3C. Following stimulation, STAT3C+ T cells up-regulated IL-10 (4.1 ± 0.5-fold; P < 0.001) and granzyme B (2.5 ± 1.2, P < 0.05) secretion, combined with significantly reduced IFN-γ (35 ± 5%), IL-2 (57 ± 4%), TNF-α (64 ± 8%), and IL-13 (89 ± 3%) secretion (P < 0.001). CD3/CD2- or CD3/CD28-activated STAT3C+ T cells revealed reduced proliferation (53.4 ± 23.5% and 70.5 ± 10.4%, respectively), which was independent of IL-10 production and significantly suppressed effector T cell proliferation by 68.7 ± 10.6% and 65.9 ± 2.6%, respectively (P < 0.001). Phenotypically, STAT3C-transgenic CD4+ T cells resembled effector T cells regarding expression of T regulatory cell markers, but up-regulated granzyme B expression levels by 2.4-fold (P < 0.05). Suppression was cell contact dependent and mediated by granzyme B-induced cell death, but was independent of IL-10 and TGF-β. Notably, peripheral blood CD4+CD45RA−lymphocyte activation gene-3+CD49+ type 1 regulatory T cells revealed activation-induced hyperphosphorylation of STAT3. In agreement, pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 activation partially reverted hyporesponsiveness of peripheral type 1 regulatory T cells (increasing their division index from 0.46 ± 0.11 to 0.89 ± 0.04; P < 0.01). These observations indicate a clear-cut relation between activation of STAT3 and the acquisition of a tolerogenic program, which is also used by peripheral blood type 1 regulatory T cells.—Schmetterer, K. G., Neunkirchner, A., Wojta-Stremayr, D., Leitner, J., Steinberger, P., Pickl, W. F. STAT3 governs hyporesponsiveness and granzyme B-dependent suppressive capacity in human CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus G Schmetterer
- *Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Vienna, Austria; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alina Neunkirchner
- *Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Vienna, Austria; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Wojta-Stremayr
- *Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Vienna, Austria; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- *Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Vienna, Austria; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- *Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Vienna, Austria; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- *Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Vienna, Austria; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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HIV-1 gp120 activates the STAT3/interleukin-6 axis in primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Virol 2014; 88:11045-55. [PMID: 25008924 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00307-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dendritic cells (DCs) are fundamental for the initiation of immune responses and are important players in AIDS immunopathogenesis. The modulation of DC functional activities represents a strategic mechanism for HIV-1 to evade immune surveillance. Impairment of DC function may result from bystander effects of HIV-1 envelope proteins independently of direct HIV-1 infection. In this study, we report that exposure of immature monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) to HIV-1 R5 gp120 resulted in the CCR5-dependent production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/NF-κB pathways. IL-6 in turn activated STAT3 by an autocrine loop. Concomitantly, gp120 promoted an early activation of STAT3 that further contributed to IL-6 induction. This activation paralleled a concomitant upregulation of the STAT3 inhibitor PIAS3. Notably, STAT3/IL-6 pathway activation was not affected by the CCR5-specific ligand CCL4. These results identify STAT3 as a key signaling intermediate activated by gp120 in MDDCs and highlight the existence of a virus-induced dysregulation of the IL-6/STAT3 axis. HIV-1 gp120 signaling through STAT3 may provide an explanation for the impairment of DC function observed upon HIV exposure. IMPORTANCE This study provides new evidence for the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways triggered by HIV-1 gp120 in human DCs in the absence of productive infection, emphasizing a role of aberrant signaling in early virus-host interaction, contributing to viral pathogenesis. We identified STAT3 as a key component in the gp120-mediated signaling cascade involving MAPK and NF-κB components and ultimately leading to IL-6 secretion. STAT3 now is recognized as a key regulator of DC functions. Thus, the identification of this transcription factor as a signaling molecule mediating some of gp120's biological effects unveils a new mechanism by which HIV-1 may deregulate DC functions and contribute to AIDS pathogenesis.
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31
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Louw Q, Gillion N, van Niekerk SM, Morris L, Baumeister J. The effect of vision on knee biomechanics during functional activities - A systematic review. J Sci Med Sport 2014; 18:469-74. [PMID: 25035122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to assess the effect of occluded vision on lower limb kinematics and kinetics of the knee joint during functional tasks including drop landing (single or double leg), squatting (single or double leg), stepping down, cutting movement and hopping in healthy individuals, or individuals who had an ACL reconstruction or deficiency with no vision impairments. DESIGN A systematic review was conducted. METHODS A systematic review was conducted and electronic databases were searched between March 2012 and April 2013 for eligible papers. Methodological quality of each study was assessed using the Downs and Black revised checklist. RESULTS Six studies met the eligibility criteria and a wide variation in methodological approaches was reported. This small evidence base indicated equivocal evidence about the effect of vision on knee biomechanics in individuals with healthy and compromised somatosensory function post an ACL reconstruction or injury. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should consider innovative, individualised ACL rehabilitation strategies when prescribing exercises which involve visual occlusion. Further research to increase the relatively small evidence base for the effect of vision on knee biomechanics is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinette Louw
- Division of Physiotherapy/FNB 3D Movement Analysis Laboratory, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
| | - Nadia Gillion
- Division of Physiotherapy/FNB 3D Movement Analysis Laboratory, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Sjan-Mari van Niekerk
- Division of Physiotherapy/FNB 3D Movement Analysis Laboratory, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Linzette Morris
- Division of Physiotherapy/FNB 3D Movement Analysis Laboratory, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Jochen Baumeister
- Division of Physiotherapy/FNB 3D Movement Analysis Laboratory, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa; Institute of Sports Medicine, Department Exercise & Health, University of Paderborn, Germany; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway
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32
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Norrie IC, Ohlsson E, Nielsen O, Hasemann MS, Porse BT. C/EBPα is dispensable for the ontogeny of PD-1+ CD4+ memory T cells but restricts their expansion in an age-dependent manner. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84728. [PMID: 24404186 PMCID: PMC3880335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing and cancer is often associated with altered T cell distributions and this phenomenon has been suggested to be the main driver in the development of immunosenescence. Memory phenotype PD-1+ CD4+ T cells accumulate with age and during leukemic development, and they might account for the attenuated T cell response in elderly or diseased individuals. The transcription factor C/EBPα has been suggested to be responsible for the accumulation as well as for the senescent features of these cells including impaired TCR signaling and decreased proliferation. Thus modulating the activity of C/EBPα could potentially target PD-1+ CD4+ T cells and consequently, impede the development of immunosenescence. To exploit this possibility we tested the importance of C/EBPα for the development of age-dependent PD-1+ CD4+ T cells as well as its role in the accumulation of PD-1+ CD4+ T cells during leukemic progression. In contrast to earlier suggestions, we find that loss of C/EBPα expression in the lymphoid compartment led to an increase of PD-1+ CD4+ T cells specifically in old mice, suggesting that C/EBPα repress the accumulation of these cells in elderly by inhibiting their proliferation. Furthermore, C/EBPα-deficiency in the lymphoid compartment had no effect on leukemic development and did not affect the accumulation of PD-1+ CD4+ T cells. Thus, in addition to contradict earlier suggestions of a role for C/EBPα in immunosenescence, these findings efficiently discard the potential of using C/EBPα as a target for the alleviation of ageing/cancer-associated immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Christine Norrie
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ewa Ohlsson
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olaf Nielsen
- Institute of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Sigurd Hasemann
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo T Porse
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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33
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Shankar EM, Vignesh R, Ellegård R, Barathan M, Chong YK, Bador MK, Rukumani DV, Sabet NS, Kamarulzaman A, Velu V, Larsson M. HIV-Mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection: a 'danger-couple model' of disease pathogenesis. Pathog Dis 2013; 70:110-8. [PMID: 24214523 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection interfere and impact the pathogenesis phenomena of each other. Owing to atypical clinical presentations and diagnostic complications, HIV/TB co-infection continues to be a menace for healthcare providers. Although the increased access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to a reduction in HIV-associated opportunistic infections and mortality, the concurrent management of HIV/TB co-infection remains a challenge owing to adverse effects, complex drug interactions, overlapping toxicities and tuberculosis -associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Several hypotheses have been put forward for the exacerbation of tuberculosis by HIV and vice versa supported by immunological studies. Discussion on the mechanisms produced by infectious cofactors with impact on disease pathology could shed light on how to design potential interventions that could decelerate disease progression. With no vaccine for HIV and lack of an effective vaccine for tuberculosis, it is essential to design strategies against HIV-TB co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esaki M Shankar
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kaczmarek K, Morales A, Henderson AJ. T Cell Transcription Factors and Their Impact on HIV Expression. Virology (Auckl) 2013; 2013:41-47. [PMID: 24436634 PMCID: PMC3891646 DOI: 10.4137/vrt.s12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
By targeting CD4+ effector T cells, HIV has a dramatic impact on the depletion, expansion and function of the different polarized T cell subsets. The maturation of T cell lineages is in part driven by intrinsic transcription factors that potentially influence how efficiently HIV replicates. In this review, we explore whether transcription factors that are required for polarizing T cells influence HIV replication. In particular, we examine provirus transcription as well as the establishment and maintenance of HIV latency. Furthermore, it is suggested these factors may provide novel cell-specific therapeutic strategies for targeting the HIV latent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kaczmarek
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Ayana Morales
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew J Henderson
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA. ; Section of Infectious Diseases and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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35
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Knockdown of nucleophosmin by RNA interference reverses multidrug resistance in resistant leukemic HL-60 cells. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1147-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Thaventhiran JE, Fearon DT. Control of HIV infection: escape from the shadow of Blimp-1. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:323-6. [PMID: 23408319 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prior murine studies have demonstrated the pivotal role that Blimp-1 has in the exhausted phenotype of T lymphocytes in chronic viral infection. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Seddiki et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2013. 43: 510-520] demonstrate the applicability of this research to HIV infection. The authors do so by demonstrating differences in Blimp-1 expression between T lymphocytes isolated from patients with chronic active HIV versus those from long-term nonprogressors and showing that this is matched by differences in the cells' capacity to produce IL-2 and the level of expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1. The data presented here suggest that this may relate to differential regulation of Blimp-1 by the micro RNA, mIR-9. These findings complement current murine work and fit squarely within the research priorities, as outlined by the International AIDS Society, for determining a cure for AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Thaventhiran
- Cambridge Centre for Lung Infection, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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Katlama C, Deeks SG, Autran B, Martinez-Picado J, van Lunzen J, Rouzioux C, Miller M, Vella S, Schmitz JE, Ahlers J, Richman DD, Sekaly RP. Barriers to a cure for HIV: new ways to target and eradicate HIV-1 reservoirs. Lancet 2013; 381:2109-17. [PMID: 23541541 PMCID: PMC3815451 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection needs lifelong access and strict adherence to regimens that are both expensive and associated with toxic effects. A curative intervention will be needed to fully stop the epidemic. The failure to eradicate HIV infection during long-term antiretroviral therapy shows the intrinsic stability of the viral genome in latently infected CD4T cells and other cells, and possibly a sustained low-level viral replication. Heterogeneity in latently infected cell populations and homoeostatic proliferation of infected cells might affect the dynamics of virus production and persistence. Despite potent antiretroviral therapy, chronic immune activation, inflammation, and immune dysfunction persist, and are likely to have important effects on the size and distribution of the viral reservoir. The inability of the immune system to recognise cells harbouring latent virus and to eliminate cells actively producing virus is the biggest challenge to finding a cure. We look at new approaches to unravelling the complex virus-host interactions that lead to persistent infection and latency, and discuss the rationale for combination of novel treatment strategies with available antiretroviral treatment options to cure HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Katlama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Pitié-Salpêtriere Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Brigitte Autran
- Laboratory Immunity and Infection, UMR-S 945, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Hospital Pitié-Salpêtriere, Paris, France
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- AIDS Research Institute Irsi Caixa, ICREA and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan van Lunzen
- University Medical Center Eppendorf, Infectious Diseases Unit, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christine Rouzioux
- Paris-Descartes University Necker Hospital, Department of Virology, Paris, France
| | - Michael Miller
- Department of West Point Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Labs, West Point, USA
| | - Stefano Vella
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Research, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Joern E. Schmitz
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ahlers
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Douglas D. Richman
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Rafick P. Sekaly
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA
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Rinaldo CR. HIV-1 Trans Infection of CD4(+) T Cells by Professional Antigen Presenting Cells. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:164203. [PMID: 24278768 PMCID: PMC3820354 DOI: 10.1155/2013/164203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s we have known of the fascinating ability of a complex set of professional antigen presenting cells (APCs; dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, and B lymphocytes) to mediate HIV-1 trans infection of CD4(+) T cells. This results in a burst of virus replication in the T cells that is much greater than that resulting from direct, cis infection of either APC or T cells, or trans infection between T cells. Such APC-to-T cell trans infection first involves a complex set of virus subtype, attachment, entry, and replication patterns that have many similarities among APC, as well as distinct differences related to virus receptors, intracellular trafficking, and productive and nonproductive replication pathways. The end result is that HIV-1 can sequester within the APC for several days and be transmitted via membrane extensions intracellularly and extracellularly to T cells across the virologic synapse. Virus replication requires activated T cells that can develop concurrently with the events of virus transmission. Further research is essential to fill the many gaps in our understanding of these trans infection processes and their role in natural HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R. Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Kulpa DA, Lawani M, Cooper A, Peretz Y, Ahlers J, Sékaly RP. PD-1 coinhibitory signals: the link between pathogenesis and protection. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:219-27. [PMID: 23548749 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the majority of HIV-1 infected individuals, the adaptive immune response drives virus escape resulting in persistent viremia and a lack of immune-mediated control. The expression of negative regulatory molecules such as PD-1 during chronic HIV infection provides a useful marker to differentiate functional memory T cell subsets and the frequency of T cells with an exhausted phenotype. In addition, cell-based measurements of virus persistence equate with activation markers and the frequency of CD4 T cells expressing PD-1. High-level expression of PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 are found on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, and are upregulated by chronic antigen stimulation, Type 1 and Type II interferons (IFNs), and homeostatic cytokines. In HIV infected subjects, PD-1 levels on CD4 and CD8 T cells continue to remain high following combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART). System biology approaches have begun to elucidate signal transduction pathways regulated by PD-1 expression in CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets that become dysfunctional through chronic TCR activation and PD-1 signaling. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of transcriptional signatures and signal transduction pathways associated with immune exhaustion with a focus on recent work in our laboratory characterizing the role of PD-1 in T cell dysfunction and HIV pathogenesis. We also highlight the therapeutic potential of blocking PD-1-PD-L1 and other immune checkpoints for activating potent cellular immune responses against chronic viral infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna A Kulpa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute-Florida (VGTI-FL), Port Saint Lucie, FL, United States
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40
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Larsson M, Shankar EM, Che KF, Saeidi A, Ellegård R, Barathan M, Velu V, Kamarulzaman A. Molecular signatures of T-cell inhibition in HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2013; 10:31. [PMID: 23514593 PMCID: PMC3610157 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune responses play a crucial role in the control of viral replication in HIV-infected individuals. However, the virus succeeds in exploiting the immune system to its advantage and therefore, the host ultimately fails to control the virus leading to development of terminal AIDS. The virus adopts numerous evasion mechanisms to hijack the host immune system. We and others recently described the expression of inhibitory molecules on T cells as a contributing factor for suboptimal T-cell responses in HIV infection both in vitro and in vivo. The expression of these molecules that negatively impacts the normal functions of the host immune armory and the underlying signaling pathways associated with their enhanced expression need to be discussed. Targets to restrain the expression of these molecular markers of immune inhibition is likely to contribute to development of therapeutic interventions that augment the functionality of host immune cells leading to improved immune control of HIV infection. In this review, we focus on the functions of inhibitory molecules that are expressed or secreted following HIV infection such as BTLA, CTLA-4, CD160, IDO, KLRG1, LAG-3, LILRB1, PD-1, TRAIL, TIM-3, and regulatory cytokines, and highlight their significance in immune inhibition. We also highlight the ensemble of transcriptional factors such as BATF, BLIMP-1/PRDM1, FoxP3, DTX1 and molecular pathways that facilitate the recruitment and differentiation of suppressor T cells in response to HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Larsson
- Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, 58 185, Sweden.
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