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Xiao MY, Pei WJ, Li S, Li FF, Xie P, Luo HT, Hyun Yoo H, Piao XL. Gypenoside L inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting the SREBP2-HMGCS1 axis and enhancing immune response. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107539. [PMID: 38861912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor that occurs in the liver, with a high degree of malignancy and relatively poor prognosis. Gypenoside L has inhibitory effects on liver cancer cells. However, its mechanism of action is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effects of gypenoside L on HCC in vitro and in vivo, and explore its potential mechanisms. The results showed that gypenoside L reduced the cholesterol and triglyceride content in HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, inhibited cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, arrested cell cycle at G0/G1 phase, promoted cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, it targeted the transcription factor SREPB2 to inhibit the expression of HMGCS1 protein and inhibited the downstream proteins HMGCR and MVK, thereby regulating the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. Overexpression HMGCS1 led to significant alterations in the cholesterol metabolism pathway of HCC, which mediated HCC cell proliferation and conferred resistance to the therapeutic effect of gypenoside L. In vivo, gypenoside L effectively suppressed HCC growth in tumor-bearing mice by reducing cholesterol production, exhibiting favorable safety profiles and minimal toxic side effects. Gypenoside L modulated cholesterol homeostasis, enhanced expression of inflammatory factors by regulating MHC I pathway-related proteins to augment anticancer immune responses. Clinical samples from HCC patients also exhibited high expression levels of MVA pathway-related genes in tumor tissues. These findings highlight gypenoside L as a promising agent for targeting cholesterol metabolism in HCC while emphasizing the effectiveness of regulating the SREBP2-HMGCS1 axis as a therapeutic strategy.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Gynostemma/chemistry
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2/metabolism
- Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Animals
- Mice
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Molecular Structure
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Plant Extracts
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Yu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China; School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wen-Jing Pei
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China; School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Si Li
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China; School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fang-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China; School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China; School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hao-Tian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China; School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Pharmacomicrobiomics Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Xiang-Lan Piao
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine (Minzu University of China), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China; School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
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2
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Panyod S, Wu WK, Hsieh YC, Tseng YJ, Peng SY, Chen RA, Huang HS, Chen YH, Shen TCD, Ho CT, Liu CJ, Chuang HL, Huang CC, Wu MS, Sheen LY. Ginger essential oil prevents NASH progression by blocking the NLRP3 inflammasome and remodeling the gut microbiota-LPS-TLR4 pathway in mice. Nutr Diabetes 2024; 14:65. [PMID: 39152116 PMCID: PMC11329514 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-024-00306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet and gut microbiota contribute to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression. High-fat diets (HFDs) change gut microbiota compositions, induce gut dysbiosis, and intestinal barrier leakage, which facilitates portal influx of pathogen-associated molecular patterns including lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to the liver and triggers inflammation in NASH. Current therapeutic drugs for NASH have adverse side effects; however, several foods and herbs that exhibit hepatoprotection could be an alternative method to prevent NASH. METHODS We investigated ginger essential oil (GEO) against palm oil-containing HFDs in LPS-injected murine NASH model. RESULTS GEO reduced plasma alanine aminotransferase levels and hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokine levels; and increased antioxidant catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione levels to prevent NASH. GEO alleviated hepatic inflammation through mediated NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and LPS/Toll-like receptor four (TLR4) signaling pathways. GEO further increased beneficial bacterial abundance and reduced NASH-associated bacterial abundance. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that GEO prevents NASH progression which is probably associated with the alterations of gut microbiota and inhibition of the LPS/TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Hence, GEO may offer a promising application as a dietary supplement for the prevention of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraphan Panyod
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Kai Wu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Bachelor Program of Biotechnology and Food Nutrition, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ya-Chi Hsieh
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yea-Jing Tseng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sin-Yi Peng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Rou-An Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huai-Syuan Huang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Hsun Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ting-Chin David Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Chun-Jen Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiao-Li Chuang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
- Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
- National Center for Food Safety Education and Research, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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3
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Ezhilarasan D. Deciphering the molecular pathways of saroglitazar: A dual PPAR α/γ agonist for managing metabolic NAFLD. Metabolism 2024; 155:155912. [PMID: 38609038 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Saroglitazar (SARO), a dual peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-α/γ agonist, has been used to treat metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and diabetic dyslipidemia in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). SARO, administered at a dose of 4 mg/day, has been consistently studied in clinical trials with different time points ranging from 4 to 24 weeks with NAFLD patients. Due to its PPAR-γ agonistic action, SARO prevents adipose tissue-mediated fatty acid delivery to the liver by increasing insulin sensitivity and regulating adiponectin and leptin levels in adipose tissue. In hepatocytes, SARO induces fatty acid β-oxidation in mitochondria and transcriptionally activates lipid metabolizing genes in peroxisomes. SARO inhibits insulin resistance, thereby preventing the activation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins -1c and carbohydrate response element binding protein in hepatocytes through its PPAR-α agonistic action. SARO treatment reduces lipotoxicity-mediated oxidative stress by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and transcriptionally expressing the antioxidants from the antioxidant response element in the nucleus through its PPAR-γ agonistic action. SARO provides a PPAR-α/γ-mediated anti-inflammatory effect by preventing the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (JNK and ERK) and nuclear factor kappa B in hepatocytes. Additionally, SARO interferes with transforming growth factor-β/Smad downstream signaling, thereby reducing liver fibrosis progression through its PPAR-α/γ agonistic actions. Thus, SARO improves insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in NAFLD, reduces lipid accumulation in the liver, and thereby prevents mitochondrial toxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis progression. This review summarizes the possible molecular mechanism of SARO in the NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Hepatology and Molecular Medicine Lab, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 077, India.
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Zhang L, Shi Y, Liang B, Li X. An overview of the cholesterol metabolism and its proinflammatory role in the development of MASLD. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0434. [PMID: 38696365 PMCID: PMC11068152 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential lipid molecule in mammalian cells. It is not only involved in the formation of cell membranes but also serves as a raw material for the synthesis of bile acids, vitamin D, and steroid hormones. Additionally, it acts as a covalent modifier of proteins and plays a crucial role in numerous life processes. Generally, the metabolic processes of cholesterol absorption, synthesis, conversion, and efflux are strictly regulated. Excessive accumulation of cholesterol in the body is a risk factor for metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). In this review, we first provide an overview of the discovery of cholesterol and the fundamental process of cholesterol metabolism. We then summarize the relationship between dietary cholesterol intake and the risk of developing MASLD, and also the animal models of MASLD specifically established with a cholesterol-containing diet. In the end, the role of cholesterol-induced inflammation in the initiation and development of MASLD is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqiang Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongqiong Shi
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Center for Life Sciences, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xi Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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5
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Tsouka S, Kumar P, Seubnooch P, Freiburghaus K, St-Pierre M, Dufour JF, Masoodi M. Transcriptomics-driven metabolic pathway analysis reveals similar alterations in lipid metabolism in mouse MASH model and human. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2024; 4:39. [PMID: 38443644 PMCID: PMC10914730 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide, and can rapidly progress to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Accurate preclinical models and methodologies are needed to understand underlying metabolic mechanisms and develop treatment strategies. Through meta-analysis of currently proposed mouse models, we hypothesized that a diet- and chemical-induced MASH model closely resembles the observed lipid metabolism alterations in humans. METHODS We developed transcriptomics-driven metabolic pathway analysis (TDMPA), a method to aid in the evaluation of metabolic resemblance. TDMPA uses genome-scale metabolic models to calculate enzymatic reaction perturbations from gene expression data. We performed TDMPA to score and compare metabolic pathway alterations in MASH mouse models to human MASH signatures. We used an already-established WD+CCl4-induced MASH model and performed functional assays and lipidomics to confirm TDMPA findings. RESULTS Both human MASH and mouse models exhibit numerous altered metabolic pathways, including triglyceride biosynthesis, fatty acid beta-oxidation, bile acid biosynthesis, cholesterol metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation. We confirm a significant reduction in mitochondrial functions and bioenergetics, as well as in acylcarnitines for the mouse model. We identify a wide range of lipid species within the most perturbed pathways predicted by TDMPA. Triglycerides, phospholipids, and bile acids are increased significantly in mouse MASH liver, confirming our initial observations. CONCLUSIONS We introduce TDMPA, a methodology for evaluating metabolic pathway alterations in metabolic disorders. By comparing metabolic signatures that typify human MASH, we show a good metabolic resemblance of the WD+CCl4 mouse model. Our presented approach provides a valuable tool for defining metabolic space to aid experimental design for assessing metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Tsouka
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pavitra Kumar
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patcharamon Seubnooch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Freiburghaus
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marie St-Pierre
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Dufour
- Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Centre des Maladie Digestives, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mojgan Masoodi
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
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6
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Mustika S, Santosaningsih D, Handayani D, Rudijanto A. Impact of multiple different high-fat diets on metabolism, inflammatory markers, dysbiosis, and liver histology: study on NASH rat model induced diet. F1000Res 2023; 12:180. [PMID: 39229607 PMCID: PMC11369591 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.129645.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), can lead to advanced liver disease. It is known that a variety of diets play a significant role in the development of NAFLD/NASH. The goal of this study was to determine the most appropriate composition of diet to induce NASH in an animal model. Methods This research used Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar (n=27), which were divided into four groups and given each diet for 12 weeks: normal diet (ND, n=7), high-fat diet (HFD, n=6), western diet (WD, n=7), and high-fat-high-fructose diet (HFHFD, n=7). Subjects were monitored for changes in body weight. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), hepatic lipase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Fecal samples were taken for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) analysis. Liver histology was assessed using NAS (NAFLD activity score). A statistical comparison test was carried out using the one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test. Results The highest average body weight was observed in the WD group (346.14 g). Liver enzymes, LDL, triglyceride, propionic acid, and acetic acid did not show significantly differences among the groups. TNF-α, IL-6, and hepatic lipase were significant (p = 0.000; p = 0.000; p = 0.004) and the highest level recorded in the HFD group. Butyrate acid level also showed significances (p = 0.021) with the lowest concentration seen in the HFHFD group (4.77 mMol/g). Only WD and HFHFD had a NAS ≥ 5 (14% and 14%). The highest percentage of borderline NAS was found in WD (57%). Conclusions WD feeding is the most appropriate diet type to induce NASH in rats as it influences metabolic, inflammatory, dysbiosis, and liver histology of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syifa Mustika
- Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Jl. Veteran, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Santosaningsih
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Jl. Veteran, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Dian Handayani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Jl. Veteran, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Achmad Rudijanto
- Endocrine Metabolic & Diabetes Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya - Dr Saiful Anwar Hospital, Malang, Jl. Veteran, 65145, Indonesia
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7
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Moragrega AB, Gruevska A, Fuster-Martínez I, Benedicto AM, Tosca J, Montón C, Victor VM, Esplugues JV, Blas-García A, Apostolova N. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects of rilpivirine: Relevance for the therapeutics of chronic liver disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115537. [PMID: 37738799 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease (CLD) worldwide and inflammation is key to its progression/resolution. As we have previously described that rilpivirine (RPV) is hepatoprotective in murine models of CLD, here we determine the molecular mechanisms involved, focusing on its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. They were evaluated in vitro (human hepatic cell lines of the major hepatic cell types), in vivo (liver samples from a murine nutritional model of NAFLD) and ex vivo (peripheral blood mononuclear cells -PBMC- from patients with CLD). Transcriptomic analysis of liver samples from NAFLD mice showed RPV down-regulated biological processes associated with the inflammatory response (NF-κB/IκB signaling and mitogen-activated protein kinase -MAPK- activity) and leukocyte chemotaxis and migration. We observed a decrease in Adgre1 and Ccr2 expression and in the number of CCR2 + cells in the periportal areas of RPV-treated NAFLD mice. This RPV-induced effect on the CCL2/CCR2 axis was confirmed in vitro. A similar result was also obtained with CXCL10/IP10, one of the main chemokines in the liver. RPV also diminished activation of MAP kinases p38 and JNK. In addition, RPV inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in vitro, decreasing NLRP3 protein expression, caspase-1 activation and IL-1β gene expression. RPV was also proven anti-inflammatory in PBMC from patients with CLD treated ex vivo. In conclusion, beyond its well-described role in antiretroviral therapy, RPV manifests anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects, a finding that could be of great relevance for the search of novel targets or repositioning strategies for CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela B Moragrega
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Gruevska
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Fuster-Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana M Benedicto
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joan Tosca
- Departmento de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Montón
- Departmento de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Victor M Victor
- FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain; Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital Clínico de la Comunidad Valenciana (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan V Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain
| | - Ana Blas-García
- FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain; Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain.
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8
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Wang H, Shen H, Seo W, Hwang S. Experimental models of fatty liver diseases: Status and appraisal. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e00200. [PMID: 37378635 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver diseases, including alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), affect a large number of people worldwide and become one of the major causes of end-stage liver disease, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately, there are currently no approved pharmacological treatments for ALD or NAFLD. This situation highlights the urgent need to explore new intervention targets and discover effective therapeutics for ALD and NAFLD. The lack of properly validated preclinical disease models is a major obstacle to the development of clinical therapies. ALD and NAFLD models have been in the development for decades, but there are still no models that recapitulate the full spectrum of ALD and NAFLD. Throughout this review, we summarize the current in vitro and in vivo models used for research on fatty liver diseases and discuss the advantages and limitations of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Haiyuan Shen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wonhyo Seo
- Laboratory of Hepatotoxicity, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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9
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Yang XH, Zhang BL, Cheng Y, Fu SK, Jin HM. Association of remnant cholesterol with risk of cardiovascular disease events, stroke, and mortality: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 2023; 371:21-31. [PMID: 36966562 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lipid disorders are associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Remnant cholesterol (RC), a non-traditional previously neglected risk factor for CVD, has received much attention in recent years. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association of RC with the risks of CVD, stroke, and mortality. METHODS MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Central Register for Controlled Trials were searched. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCTs, and observational cohort studies assessing the association of RC with the risks of cardiovascular (CV) events, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and mortality. RESULTS Overall, 31 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with low RC, elevated RC was associated with an increased risk of CVD, CHD, stroke, CVD mortality, and all-cause mortality (RR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.41-1.66; RR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.19-1.67; RR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.24-1.66; RR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.53-2.19; and RR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.27-1.50; respectively). A subgroup analysis demonstrated that each 1.0 mmol/L increase in RC was associated with an increased risk of CVD events and CHD. The association of RC with an increased CVD risk was not dependent on the presence or absence of diabetes, a fasted or non-fasted state, total cholesterol, or triglyceride or ApoB stratification. CONCLUSIONS Elevated RC is associated with an increased risk of CVD, stroke, and mortality. In addition to the traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as total cholesterol and LDL-C, clinicians should also pay attention to RC in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Hong Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gong Wei Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Bao Long Zhang
- The Institutes of Biomedical Sciences (IBS), Fudan University, 130 Dongan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Cheng
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gong Wei Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun Kun Fu
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gong Wei Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hui Min Jin
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gong Wei Road, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Neuschäfer-Rube F, Schön T, Kahnt I, Püschel GP. LDL-Dependent Regulation of TNFα/PGE 2 Induced COX-2/mPGES-1 Expression in Human Macrophage Cell Lines. Inflammation 2023; 46:893-911. [PMID: 36598592 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark in severe diseases such as atherosclerosis and non-alcohol-induced steatohepatitis (NASH). In the development of inflammation, prostaglandins, especially prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), are major players alongside with chemo- and cytokines, like tumor-necrosis-factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). During inflammation, PGE2 synthesis can be increased by the transcriptional induction of the two key enzymes: cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), which converts arachidonic acid to PGH2, and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase 1 (mPGES-1), which synthesizes PGE2 from PGH2. Both COX-2 and mPGES-2 were induced by a dietary intervention where mice were fed a fatty acid-rich and, more importantly, cholesterol-rich diet, leading to the development of NASH. Since macrophages are the main source of PGE2 synthesis and cholesterol is predominantly transported as LDL, the regulation of COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression by native LDL was analyzed in human macrophage cell lines. THP-1 and U937 monocytes were differentiated into macrophages, through which TNFα and PGE-2 induced COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression by LDL could be analyzed on both mRNA and protein levels. In addition, the interaction of LDL- and EP receptor signal chains in COX-2/mPGES-1 expression and PGE2-synthesis were analyzed in more detail using EP receptor specific agonists. Furthermore, the LDL-mediated signal transduction in THP-1 macrophages was analyzed by measuring ERK and Akt phosphorylation as well as transcriptional regulation of transcription factor Egr-1. COX-2 and mPGES-1 were induced in both THP-1 and U937 macrophages by the combination of TNFα and PGE2. Surprisingly, LDL dose-dependently increased the expression of mPGES-1 but repressed the expression of COX-2 on mRNA and protein levels in both cell lines. The interaction of LDL and PGE2 signal chains in mPGES-1 induction as well as PGE2-synthesis could be mimicked by through simultaneous stimulation with EP2 and EP4 agonists. In THP-1 macrophages, LDL induced Akt-phosphorylation, which could be blocked by a PI3 kinase inhibitor. Alongside blocking Akt-phosphorylation, the PI3K inhibitor inhibited LDL-mediated mPGES-1 induction; however, it did not attenuate the repression of COX-2 expression. LDL repressed basal ERK phosphorylation and expression of downstream transcription factor Egr-1, which might lead to inhibition of COX-2 expression. These findings suggest that simultaneous stimulation with a combination of TNFα, PGE2, and native LDL-activated signal chains in macrophage cell lines leads to maximal mPGES-1 activity, as well repression of COX-2 expression, by activating PI3K as well as repression of ERK/Egr-1 signal chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Neuschäfer-Rube
- Institut Für Ernährungswissenschaft, Universität Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Theresa Schön
- Institut Für Ernährungswissenschaft, Universität Giessen, Wilhelmstr. 20, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Ines Kahnt
- Institut Für Ernährungswissenschaft, Universität Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Gerhard Paul Püschel
- Institut Für Ernährungswissenschaft, Universität Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
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11
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Flessa CM, Nasiri-Ansari N, Kyrou I, Leca BM, Lianou M, Chatzigeorgiou A, Kaltsas G, Kassi E, Randeva HS. Genetic and Diet-Induced Animal Models for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415791. [PMID: 36555433 PMCID: PMC9780957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapidly increasing incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is noted worldwide due to the adoption of western-type lifestyles and eating habits. This makes the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive the pathogenesis of this chronic disease and the development of newly approved treatments of utmost necessity. Animal models are indispensable tools for achieving these ends. Although the ideal mouse model for human NAFLD does not exist yet, several models have arisen with the combination of dietary interventions, genetic manipulations and/or administration of chemical substances. Herein, we present the most common mouse models used in the research of NAFLD, either for the whole disease spectrum or for a particular disease stage (e.g., non-alcoholic steatohepatitis). We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each model, along with the challenges facing the researchers who aim to develop and use animal models for translational research in NAFLD. Based on these characteristics and the specific study aims/needs, researchers should select the most appropriate model with caution when translating results from animal to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina-Maria Flessa
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Narjes Nasiri-Ansari
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kyrou
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Bianca M. Leca
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Maria Lianou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eva Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (H.S.R.)
| | - Harpal S. Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (H.S.R.)
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12
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Bathish B, Robertson H, Dillon JF, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Hayes JD. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and mechanisms by which it is ameliorated by activation of the CNC-bZIP transcription factor Nrf2. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:221-261. [PMID: 35728768 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) represents a global health concern. It is characterised by fatty liver, hepatocyte cell death and inflammation, which are associated with lipotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, iron overload and oxidative stress. NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that combats oxidative stress. Remarkably, Nrf2 is downregulated during the development of NASH, which probably accelerates disease, whereas in pre-clinical studies the upregulation of Nrf2 inhibits NASH. We now review the scientific literature that proposes Nrf2 downregulation during NASH involves its increased ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation, mediated by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and/or β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP) and/or HMG-CoA reductase degradation protein 1 (Hrd1, also called synoviolin (SYVN1)). Additionally, downregulation of Nrf2-mediated transcription during NASH may involve diminished recruitment of coactivators by Nrf2, due to increased levels of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65, or competition for promoter binding due to upregulation of BTB and CNC homology 1 (Bach1). Many processes that downregulate Nrf2 are triggered by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), with oxidative stress amplifying its signalling. Oxidative stress may also increase suppression of Nrf2 by β-TrCP through facilitating formation of the DSGIS-containing phosphodegron in Nrf2 by glycogen synthase kinase-3. In animal models, knockout of Nrf2 increases susceptibility to NASH, while pharmacological activation of Nrf2 by inducing agents that target Keap1 inhibits development of NASH. These inducing agents probably counter Nrf2 downregulation affected by β-TrCP, Hrd1/SYVN1, ATF3, NF-κB p65 and Bach1, by suppressing oxidative stress. Activation of Nrf2 is also likely to inhibit NASH by ameliorating lipotoxicity, inflammation, ER stress and iron overload. Crucially, pharmacological activation of Nrf2 in mice in which NASH has already been established supresses liver steatosis and inflammation. There is therefore compelling evidence that pharmacological activation of Nrf2 provides a comprehensive multipronged strategy to treat NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boushra Bathish
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Holly Robertson
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - John F Dillon
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - John D Hayes
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
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13
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Bishop CA, Machate T, Henning T, Henkel J, Püschel G, Weber D, Grune T, Klaus S, Weitkunat K. Detrimental effects of branched-chain amino acids in glucose tolerance can be attributed to valine induced glucotoxicity in skeletal muscle. Nutr Diabetes 2022; 12:20. [PMID: 35418570 PMCID: PMC9008040 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-022-00200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Current data regarding the roles of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in metabolic health are rather conflicting, as positive and negative effects have been attributed to their intake. Methods To address this, individual effects of leucine and valine were elucidated in vivo (C57BL/6JRj mice) with a detailed phenotyping of these supplementations in high-fat (HF) diets and further characterization with in vitro approaches (C2C12 myocytes). Results Here, we demonstrate that under HF conditions, leucine mediates beneficial effects on adiposity and insulin sensitivity, in part due to increasing energy expenditure—likely contributing partially to the beneficial effects of a higher milk protein intake. On the other hand, valine feeding leads to a worsening of HF-induced health impairments, specifically reducing glucose tolerance/insulin sensitivity. These negative effects are driven by an accumulation of the valine-derived metabolite 3-hydroxyisobutyrate (3-HIB). Higher plasma 3-HIB levels increase basal skeletal muscle glucose uptake which drives glucotoxicity and impairs myocyte insulin signaling. Conclusion These data demonstrate the detrimental role of valine in an HF context and elucidate additional targetable pathways in the etiology of BCAA-induced obesity and insulin resistance. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Bishop
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany. .,University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutrition Science, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany.
| | - Tina Machate
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutrition Science, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Thorsten Henning
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutrition Science, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany.,Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Janin Henkel
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutrition Science, Nutritional Biochemistry Dept, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany.,University of Bayreuth, Faculty of Life Science, Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Kulmbach, 95326, Germany
| | - Gerhard Püschel
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutrition Science, Nutritional Biochemistry Dept, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Daniela Weber
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutrition Science, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany.,Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Susanne Klaus
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutrition Science, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Karolin Weitkunat
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
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14
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A Lard and Soybean Oil Mixture Alleviates Low-Fat-High-Carbohydrate Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030560. [PMID: 35276916 PMCID: PMC8840387 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary habit is highly related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Low-fat–high-carbohydrate (LFHC) diets could induce lean NAFLD in Asians. Previously, we found that a lard and soybean oil mixture reduced fat accumulation with a medium-fat diet; therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effect of a lard and soybean oil mixture (LFHC diet) on NAFLD and its underlying mechanisms. Mice in groups were fed with lard, soybean oil, or a lard and soybean oil mixture—an LFHC diet—separately. Our results showed that mixed oil significantly inhibited serum triglyceride, liver triglyceride, serum free fatty acids (FFAs), and liver FFAs compared with soybean oil or lard, and we found fewer inflammatory cells in mice fed with mixed oil. RNA-seq results indicate that mixed oil reduced FFAs transportation into the liver via decreasing liver fatty acid-binding protein 2 expression, inhibited oxidative phosphorylation via tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 downregulation, and alleviated inflammation via downregulating inflammatory cytokine. The liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry results showed that the mixed oil promoted bile acid conjugated with taurine and glycine, thus activating G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 for improved lipids metabolism. In conclusion, the lard and soybean oil mixture alleviated NAFLD.
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15
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Zhou F, Sun X. Cholesterol Metabolism: A Double-Edged Sword in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:762828. [PMID: 34869352 PMCID: PMC8635701 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.762828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. The rising incidence of metabolic syndrome and its hepatic manifestation, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), have emerged as the fastest-growing cause of HCC in recent years. Cholesterol, a major lipid component of the cell membrane and lipoprotein particles, is primarily produced and metabolized by the liver. Numerous studies have revealed an increased cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake, reduced cholesterol exportation and excretion in HCC, which all contribute to lipotoxicity, inflammation, and fibrosis, known HCC risk factors. In contrast, some clinical studies have shown that higher cholesterol is associated with a reduced risk of HCC. These contradictory observations imply that the relationship between cholesterol and HCC is far more complex than initially anticipated. Understanding the role of cholesterol and deciphering the underlying molecular events in HCC development is highly relevant to developing new therapies. Here, we discuss the current understanding of cholesterol metabolism in the pathogenesis of NAFLD-associated HCC, and the underlying mechanisms, including the roles of cholesterol in the disruption of normal function of specific cell types and signaling transduction. We also review the clinical progression in evaluating the association of cholesterol with HCC. The therapeutic effects of lowering cholesterol will also be summarized. We also interpret reasons for the contradictory observations from different preclinical and human studies of the roles of cholesterol in HCC, aiming to provide a critical assessment of the potential of cholesterol as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Mays Cancer Center, Transplant Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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16
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Horn CL, Morales AL, Savard C, Farrell GC, Ioannou GN. Role of Cholesterol-Associated Steatohepatitis in the Development of NASH. Hepatol Commun 2021; 6:12-35. [PMID: 34558856 PMCID: PMC8710790 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and NAFLD-related cirrhosis in the United States and globally highlights the need to better understand the mechanisms causing progression of hepatic steatosis to fibrosing steatohepatitis and cirrhosis in a small proportion of patients with NAFLD. Accumulating evidence suggests that lipotoxicity mediated by hepatic free cholesterol (FC) overload is a mechanistic driver for necroinflammation and fibrosis, characteristic of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), in many animal models and also in some patients with NASH. Diet, lifestyle, obesity, key genetic polymorphisms, and hyperinsulinemia secondary to insulin resistance are pivotal drivers leading to aberrant cholesterol signaling, which leads to accumulation of FC within hepatocytes. FC overload in hepatocytes can lead to ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, development of toxic oxysterols, and cholesterol crystallization in lipid droplets, which in turn lead to hepatocyte apoptosis, necrosis, or pyroptosis. Activation of Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells by hepatocyte signaling and cholesterol loading contributes to this inflammation and leads to hepatic fibrosis. Cholesterol accumulation in hepatocytes can be readily prevented or reversed by statins. Observational studies suggest that use of statins in NASH not only decreases the substantially increased cardiovascular risk, but may ameliorate liver pathology. Conclusion: Hepatic FC loading may result in cholesterol-associated steatohepatitis and play an important role in the development and progression of NASH. Statins appear to provide significant benefit in preventing progression to NASH and NASH-cirrhosis. Randomized controlled trials are needed to demonstrate whether statins or statin/ezetimibe combination can effectively reverse steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis in patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian L Horn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amilcar L Morales
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher Savard
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Geoffrey C Farrell
- Liver Research Group, ANU Medical School, Australian National University at the Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - George N Ioannou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
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17
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Differential Effects of Dietary Components on Glucose Intolerance and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082523. [PMID: 34444683 PMCID: PMC8400624 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological treatment modalities for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH) are scarce, and discoveries are challenged by lack of predictive animal models adequately reflecting severe human disease stages and co-morbidities such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. To mimic human NAFLD/NASH etiology, many preclinical models rely on specific dietary components, though metabolism may differ considerably between species, potentially affecting outcomes and limiting comparability between studies. Consequently, understanding the physiological effects of dietary components is critical for high translational validity. This study investigated the effects of high fat, cholesterol, and carbohydrate sources on NASH development and metabolic outcomes in guinea pigs. Diet groups (n = 8/group) included: low-fat low-starch (LF-LSt), low-fat high-starch (LF-HSt), high-fat (HF) or HF with 4.2%, or 8.4% sugar water supplementation. The results showed that caloric compensation in HF animals supplied with sugar water led to reduced feed intake and a milder NASH phenotype compared to HF. The HF group displayed advanced NASH, weight gain and glucose intolerance compared to LF-LSt animals, but not LF-HSt, indicating an undesirable effect of starch in the control diet. Our findings support the HF guinea pig as a model of advanced NASH and highlights the importance in considering carbohydrate sources in preclinical studies of NAFLD.
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18
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Eng JM, Estall JL. Diet-Induced Models of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Food for Thought on Sugar, Fat, and Cholesterol. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071805. [PMID: 34359974 PMCID: PMC8303413 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects approximately 1 in 4 people worldwide and is a major burden to health care systems. A major concern in NAFLD research is lack of confidence in pre-clinical animal models, raising questions regarding translation to humans. Recently, there has been renewed interest in creating dietary models of NAFLD with higher similarity to human diets in hopes to better recapitulate disease pathology. This review summarizes recent research comparing individual roles of major dietary components to NAFLD and addresses common misconceptions surrounding frequently used diet-based NAFLD models. We discuss the effects of glucose, fructose, and sucrose on the liver, and how solid vs. liquid sugar differ in promoting disease. We consider studies on dosages of fat and cholesterol needed to promote NAFLD versus NASH, and discuss important considerations when choosing control diets, mouse strains, and diet duration. Lastly, we provide our recommendations on amount and type of sugar, fat, and cholesterol to include when modelling diet-induced NAFLD/NASH in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Eng
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Estall
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(514)-987-5688
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19
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Sharma S. High fat diet and its effects on cognitive health: alterations of neuronal and vascular components of brain. Physiol Behav 2021; 240:113528. [PMID: 34260890 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been well recognized that intake of diets rich in saturated fats could result in development of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have suggested that intake of high fat diet (HFD) is also associated with cognitive dysfunction. Various preclinical studies have demonstrated the impact of short and long term HFD feeding on the biochemical and behavioural alterations. This review summarizes studies and the protocols used to assess the impacts of HFD feeding on cognitive performance in rodents. Further, it discuss the key mechanisms that are altered by HFD feeding, such as, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, transcriptional dysregulation and loss of synaptic plasticity. Along with these, HFD feeding also alters the vascular components of brain such as loss of BBB integrity and reduced cerebral blood flow. It is highly possible that these factors are responsible for the development of cognitive deficits as a result of HFD feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorabh Sharma
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W2Y2, Canada.
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20
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Reginato A, Veras ACC, Baqueiro MDN, Panzarin C, Siqueira BP, Milanski M, Lisboa PC, Torsoni AS. The Role of Fatty Acids in Ceramide Pathways and Their Influence on Hypothalamic Regulation of Energy Balance: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5357. [PMID: 34069652 PMCID: PMC8160791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global health issue for which no major effective treatments have been well established. High-fat diet consumption is closely related to the development of obesity because it negatively modulates the hypothalamic control of food intake due to metaflammation and lipotoxicity. The use of animal models, such as rodents, in conjunction with in vitro models of hypothalamic cells, can enhance the understanding of hypothalamic functions related to the control of energy balance, thereby providing knowledge about the impact of diet on the hypothalamus, in addition to targets for the development of new drugs that can be used in humans to decrease body weight. Recently, sphingolipids were described as having a lipotoxic effect in peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Specifically, lipid overload, mainly from long-chain saturated fatty acids, such as palmitate, leads to excessive ceramide levels that can be sensed by the hypothalamus, triggering the dysregulation of energy balance control. However, no systematic review has been undertaken regarding studies of sphingolipids, particularly ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), the hypothalamus, and obesity. This review confirms that ceramides are associated with hypothalamic dysfunction in response to metaflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and lipotoxicity, leading to insulin/leptin resistance. However, in contrast to ceramide, S1P appears to be a central satiety factor in the hypothalamus. Thus, our work describes current evidence related to sphingolipids and their role in hypothalamic energy balance control. Hypothetically, the manipulation of sphingolipid levels could be useful in enabling clinicians to treat obesity, particularly by decreasing ceramide levels and the inflammation/endoplasmic reticulum stress induced in response to overfeeding with saturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Reginato
- Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, Brazil;
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas 13484-350, Brazil; (A.C.C.V.); (M.d.N.B.); (C.P.); (B.P.S.); (M.M.)
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Alana Carolina Costa Veras
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas 13484-350, Brazil; (A.C.C.V.); (M.d.N.B.); (C.P.); (B.P.S.); (M.M.)
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Mayara da Nóbrega Baqueiro
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas 13484-350, Brazil; (A.C.C.V.); (M.d.N.B.); (C.P.); (B.P.S.); (M.M.)
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Carolina Panzarin
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas 13484-350, Brazil; (A.C.C.V.); (M.d.N.B.); (C.P.); (B.P.S.); (M.M.)
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Piatezzi Siqueira
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas 13484-350, Brazil; (A.C.C.V.); (M.d.N.B.); (C.P.); (B.P.S.); (M.M.)
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Marciane Milanski
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas 13484-350, Brazil; (A.C.C.V.); (M.d.N.B.); (C.P.); (B.P.S.); (M.M.)
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-864, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Souza Torsoni
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas 13484-350, Brazil; (A.C.C.V.); (M.d.N.B.); (C.P.); (B.P.S.); (M.M.)
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-864, Brazil
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21
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Sánchez V, Brandt A, Jin CJ, Rajcic D, Engstler AJ, Jung F, Nier A, Baumann A, Bergheim I. Fortifying Butterfat with Soybean Oil Attenuates the Onset of Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Glucose Intolerance. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030959. [PMID: 33809593 PMCID: PMC8001628 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of plant oils such as soybean oil (S) to a diet rich in saturated fatty acids is discussed as a possible route to prevent or diminish the development of metabolic disease. Here, we assessed whether a butterfat-rich diet fortified with S affects the development of early non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and glucose intolerance. Female C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard-control diet (C); a fat-, fructose-, and cholesterol-rich diet (FFC, 25E% butterfat, 50% (wt./wt.) fructose, 0.16% (wt./wt.) cholesterol); or FFC supplemented with S (FFC + S, 21E% butterfat + 4E% S) for 13 weeks. Indicators of liver damage, inflammation, intestinal barrier function, and glucose metabolism were measured. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged J774A.1 cells were incubated with linolenic and linoleic acids (ratio 1:7.1, equivalent to S). The development of early NASH and glucose intolerance was significantly attenuated in FFC + S–fed mice compared to FFC-fed mice associated with lower hepatic toll-like receptor-4 mRNA expression, while markers of intestinal barrier function were significantly higher than in C-fed mice. Linolenic and linoleic acid significantly attenuated LPS-induced formation of reactive nitrogen species and interleukin-1 beta mRNA expression in J774A.1 cells. Our results indicate that fortifying butterfat with S may attenuate the development of NASH and glucose intolerance in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sánchez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, R.F. Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14/UZAII, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (A.B.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (F.J.); (A.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Annette Brandt
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, R.F. Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14/UZAII, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (A.B.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (F.J.); (A.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Cheng Jun Jin
- Institute of Nutrition, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Dornburger Straße 25-29, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Dragana Rajcic
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, R.F. Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14/UZAII, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (A.B.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (F.J.); (A.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Anna Janina Engstler
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, R.F. Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14/UZAII, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (A.B.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (F.J.); (A.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Finn Jung
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, R.F. Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14/UZAII, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (A.B.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (F.J.); (A.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Anika Nier
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, R.F. Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14/UZAII, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (A.B.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (F.J.); (A.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Anja Baumann
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, R.F. Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14/UZAII, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (A.B.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (F.J.); (A.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, R.F. Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14/UZAII, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (A.B.); (D.R.); (A.J.E.); (F.J.); (A.N.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-(1)-4277-54981; Fax: +43-1-4277-95-49
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22
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Soret PA, Magusto J, Housset C, Gautheron J. In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Critical Appraisal. J Clin Med 2020; 10:jcm10010036. [PMID: 33374435 PMCID: PMC7794936 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), represents the hepatic manifestation of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Due to the spread of the obesity epidemic, NAFLD is becoming the most common chronic liver disease and one of the principal indications for liver transplantation. However, no pharmacological treatment is currently approved to prevent the outbreak of NASH, which leads to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Preclinical research is required to improve our knowledge of NAFLD physiopathology and to identify new therapeutic targets. In the present review, we summarize advances in NAFLD preclinical models from cellular models, including new bioengineered platforms, to in vivo models, with a particular focus on genetic and dietary mouse models. We aim to discuss the advantages and limits of these different models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Antoine Soret
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hepatology Department, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis, Saint-Antoine Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Julie Magusto
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Chantal Housset
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hepatology Department, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis, Saint-Antoine Hospital, 75012 Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Gautheron
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France; (P.-A.S.); (J.M.); (C.H.)
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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23
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Rives C, Fougerat A, Ellero-Simatos S, Loiseau N, Guillou H, Gamet-Payrastre L, Wahli W. Oxidative Stress in NAFLD: Role of Nutrients and Food Contaminants. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1702. [PMID: 33371482 PMCID: PMC7767499 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is often the hepatic expression of metabolic syndrome and its comorbidities that comprise, among others, obesity and insulin-resistance. NAFLD involves a large spectrum of clinical conditions. These range from steatosis, a benign liver disorder characterized by the accumulation of fat in hepatocytes, to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is characterized by inflammation, hepatocyte damage, and liver fibrosis. NASH can further progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The etiology of NAFLD involves both genetic and environmental factors, including an unhealthy lifestyle. Of note, unhealthy eating is clearly associated with NAFLD development and progression to NASH. Both macronutrients (sugars, lipids, proteins) and micronutrients (vitamins, phytoingredients, antioxidants) affect NAFLD pathogenesis. Furthermore, some evidence indicates disruption of metabolic homeostasis by food contaminants, some of which are risk factor candidates in NAFLD. At the molecular level, several models have been proposed for the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Most importantly, oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage have been reported to be causative in NAFLD initiation and progression. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the contribution of nutrients and food contaminants, especially pesticides, to oxidative stress and how they may influence NAFLD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Rives
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, EVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (C.R.); (A.F.); (S.E.-S.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Anne Fougerat
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, EVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (C.R.); (A.F.); (S.E.-S.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Sandrine Ellero-Simatos
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, EVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (C.R.); (A.F.); (S.E.-S.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Nicolas Loiseau
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, EVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (C.R.); (A.F.); (S.E.-S.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, EVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (C.R.); (A.F.); (S.E.-S.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Laurence Gamet-Payrastre
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, EVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (C.R.); (A.F.); (S.E.-S.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Walter Wahli
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, EVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31300 Toulouse, France; (C.R.); (A.F.); (S.E.-S.); (N.L.); (H.G.)
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Université de Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Longo L, Tonin Ferrari J, Rampelotto PH, Hirata Dellavia G, Pasqualotto A, P Oliveira C, Thadeu Schmidt Cerski C, Reverbel da Silveira T, Uribe-Cruz C, Álvares-da-Silva MR. Gut Dysbiosis and Increased Intestinal Permeability Drive microRNAs, NLRP-3 Inflammasome and Liver Fibrosis in a Nutritional Model of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Adult Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2020; 13:351-368. [PMID: 32982365 PMCID: PMC7509481 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s262879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim The interactions between the gut and liver have been described in the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The aim of this study was to develop an experimental nutritional model of NASH simulating metabolic changes occurring in humans. Materials and Methods Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into two groups: controls (standard diet) and intervention (high-fat and choline-deficient diet) for 16 weeks, each experimental group with 10 animals. Biochemical analysis, hepatic lipid content, microRNAs, inflammatory, gut permeability markers and gut microbiota were measured. Results Animals in the intervention group showed significantly higher delta Lee index (p=0.017), abdominal circumference (p<0.001), abdominal adipose tissue (p<0.001) and fresh liver weight (p<0.001), as well as higher serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (p=0.010), glucose (p=0.013), total cholesterol (p=0.033), LDL cholesterol (p=0.011), and triglycerides (p=0.011), and lower HDL cholesterol (p=0.006) compared to the control group. Higher TLR4 (p=0.041), TLR9 (p=0.033), MyD88 (p=0.001), Casp1 (p<0.001), NLPR3 (p=0.019), liver inflammation index interleukin (IL)-1β/IL10 (p<0.001), IL6/IL10 (p=0.002) and TNFα/IL10 (p=0.001) were observed in the intervention group, and also lower permeability markers Ocln (p=0.003) and F11r (p=0.041). Gene expression of miR-122 increased (p=0.041) and miR-145 (p=0.010) decreased in the intervention group. Liver steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis, along with collagen fiber deposition increment (p<0.001), were seen in the intervention group. Regarding gut microbiota, Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index and number of operational taxonomic units were significantly different (p<0.001) between the groups. Composition of the gut microbiota showed a significant correlation with histopathological score of NAFLD (r=0.694) and index IL-1β/IL-10 (r=0.522). Conclusion This experimental model mimicking human NASH demonstrated gut and liver interaction, with gut microbiota and intestinal permeability changes occurring in parallel with systemic and liver inflammation, miRNAs regulation and liver tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisse Longo
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Tonin Ferrari
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pabulo Henrique Rampelotto
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Hirata Dellavia
- School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Amanda Pasqualotto
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Claudia P Oliveira
- Department of Gastroenterology (LIM07), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Thadeu Schmidt Cerski
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Unit of Surgical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Themis Reverbel da Silveira
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carolina Uribe-Cruz
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mário Reis Álvares-da-Silva
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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25
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Gehre C, Flechner M, Kammerer S, Küpper JH, Coleman CD, Püschel GP, Uhlig K, Duschl C. Real time monitoring of oxygen uptake of hepatocytes in a microreactor using optical microsensors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13700. [PMID: 32792676 PMCID: PMC7426412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most in vitro test systems for the assessment of toxicity are based on endpoint measurements and cannot contribute much to the establishment of mechanistic models, which are crucially important for further progress in this field. Hence, in recent years, much effort has been put into the development of methods that generate kinetic data. Real time measurements of the metabolic activity of cells based on the use of oxygen sensitive microsensor beads have been shown to provide access to the mode of action of compounds in hepatocytes. However, for fully exploiting this approach a detailed knowledge of the microenvironment of the cells is required. In this work, we investigate the cellular behaviour of three types of hepatocytes, HepG2 cells, HepG2-3A4 cells and primary mouse hepatocytes, towards their exposure to acetaminophen when the availability of oxygen for the cell is systematically varied. We show that the relative emergence of two modes of action, one NAPQI dependent and the other one transient and NAPQI independent, scale with expression level of CYP3A4. The transient cellular response associated to mitochondrial respiration is used to characterise the influence of the initial oxygen concentration in the wells before exposure to acetaminophen on the cell behaviour. A simple model is presented to describe the behaviour of the cells in this scenario. It demonstrates the level of control over the role of oxygen supply in these experiments. This is crucial for establishing this approach into a reliable and powerful method for the assessment of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gehre
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marie Flechner
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sarah Kammerer
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Heiner Küpper
- Faculty of Science, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Charles Dominic Coleman
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Gerhard Paul Püschel
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Katja Uhlig
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Claus Duschl
- Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Potsdam, Germany
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26
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Nevzorova YA, Boyer-Diaz Z, Cubero FJ, Gracia-Sancho J. Animal models for liver disease - A practical approach for translational research. J Hepatol 2020; 73:423-440. [PMID: 32330604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are crucial for improving our understanding of human pathogenesis, enabling researchers to identify therapeutic targets and test novel drugs. In the current review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the most widely used experimental models of chronic liver disease, starting from early stages of fatty liver disease (non-alcoholic and alcoholic) to steatohepatitis, advanced cirrhosis and end-stage primary liver cancer. We focus on aspects such as reproducibility and practicality, discussing the advantages and weaknesses of available models for researchers who are planning to perform animal studies in the near future. Additionally, we summarise current and prospective models based on human tissue bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Nevzorova
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zoe Boyer-Diaz
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Unit, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Liver Bioservices, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain; Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Unit, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Liver Bioservices, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain; Hepatology, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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27
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Hansen HH, Ægidius HM, Oró D, Evers SS, Heebøll S, Eriksen PL, Thomsen KL, Bengtsson A, Veidal SS, Feigh M, Suppli MP, Knop FK, Grønbæk H, Miranda D, Trevaskis JL, Vrang N, Jelsing J, Rigbolt KTG. Human translatability of the GAN diet-induced obese mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:210. [PMID: 32631250 PMCID: PMC7336447 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal models of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are important tools in preclinical research and drug discovery. Gubra-Amylin NASH (GAN) diet-induced obese (DIO) mice represent a model of fibrosing NASH. The present study directly assessed the clinical translatability of the model by head-to-head comparison of liver biopsy histological and transcriptome changes in GAN DIO-NASH mouse and human NASH patients. Methods C57Bl/6 J mice were fed chow or the GAN diet rich in saturated fat (40%), fructose (22%) and cholesterol (2%) for ≥38 weeks. Metabolic parameters as well as plasma and liver biomarkers were assessed. Liver biopsy histology and transcriptome signatures were compared to samples from human lean individuals and patients diagnosed with NASH. Results Liver lesions in GAN DIO-NASH mice showed similar morphological characteristics compared to the NASH patient validation set, including macrosteatosis, lobular inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning degeneration and periportal/perisinusoidal fibrosis. Histomorphometric analysis indicated comparable increases in markers of hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation and collagen deposition in GAN DIO-NASH mice and NASH patient samples. Liver biopsies from GAN DIO-NASH mice and NASH patients showed comparable dynamics in several gene expression pathways involved in NASH pathogenesis. Consistent with the clinical features of NASH, GAN DIO-NASH mice demonstrated key components of the metabolic syndrome, including obesity and impaired glucose tolerance. Conclusions The GAN DIO-NASH mouse model demonstrates good clinical translatability with respect to the histopathological, transcriptional and metabolic aspects of the human disease, highlighting the suitability of the GAN DIO-NASH mouse model for identifying therapeutic targets and characterizing novel drug therapies for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sara Heebøll
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Lykke Eriksen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karen Louise Thomsen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Malte P Suppli
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Grønbæk
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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28
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Interplay of Dietary Fatty Acids and Cholesterol Impacts Brain Mitochondria and Insulin Action. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051518. [PMID: 32456175 PMCID: PMC7284591 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Overconsumption of high-fat and cholesterol-containing diets is detrimental for metabolism and mitochondrial function, causes inflammatory responses and impairs insulin action in peripheral tissues. Dietary fatty acids can enter the brain to mediate the nutritional status, but also to influence neuronal homeostasis. Yet, it is unclear whether cholesterol-containing high-fat diets (HFDs) with different combinations of fatty acids exert metabolic stress and impact mitochondrial function in the brain. To investigate whether cholesterol in combination with different fatty acids impacts neuronal metabolism and mitochondrial function, C57BL/6J mice received different cholesterol-containing diets with either high concentrations of long-chain saturated fatty acids or soybean oil-derived poly-unsaturated fatty acids. In addition, CLU183 neurons were stimulated with combinations of palmitate, linoleic acid and cholesterol to assess their effects on metabolic stress, mitochondrial function and insulin action. The dietary interventions resulted in a molecular signature of metabolic stress in the hypothalamus with decreased expression of occludin and subunits of mitochondrial electron chain complexes, elevated protein carbonylation, as well as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Palmitate caused mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) resistance, while cholesterol and linoleic acid did not cause functional alterations. Finally, we defined insulin receptor as a novel negative regulator of metabolically stress-induced JNK activation.
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Sasaki Y, Asahiyama M, Tanaka T, Yamamoto S, Murakami K, Kamiya W, Matsumura Y, Osawa T, Anai M, Fruchart JC, Aburatani H, Sakai J, Kodama T. Pemafibrate, a selective PPARα modulator, prevents non-alcoholic steatohepatitis development without reducing the hepatic triglyceride content. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7818. [PMID: 32385406 PMCID: PMC7210999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by macrovesicular steatosis with ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes, diffused lobular inflammation, and fibrosis. PPAR ligands are promising therapeutic agents in NASH; accordingly, we evaluated the effects of the first clinically available selective PPARα modulator, pemafibrate. We found that pemafibrate improves F4/80-positive macrophage accumulation, ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes, and the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score without affecting triglyceride (TG) accumulation in the liver of a mouse model of NASH (STAM). A global gene expression analysis indicated that pemafibrate enhances TG hydrolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation as well as re-esterification from dihydroxyacetone 3-phosphate and monoacylglycerol to TG. These changes are accompanied by the induction of genes involved in lipolysis and lipid droplet formation, along with an increased number and reduced size of lipid droplets in pemafibrate-treated livers. Pemafibrate reduced the expression of the cell adhesion molecule Vcam-1, myeloid cell markers, and inflammation- and fibrosis-related genes in STAM mice. Furthermore, pemafibrate significantly reduced VCAM-1 expression induced by high glucose in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These results suggest that pemafibrate prevents NASH development by reducing myeloid cell recruitment via interactions with liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, without altering hepatic TG accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sasaki
- Department of Nuclear Receptor Medicine, Laboratories for Systems Biology and Medicine (LSBM) at the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan.,Pharmaceutical Division, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, 189-0022, Japan
| | - Masato Asahiyama
- Pharmaceutical Division, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, 189-0022, Japan
| | - Toshiya Tanaka
- Department of Nuclear Receptor Medicine, Laboratories for Systems Biology and Medicine (LSBM) at the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan.
| | - Shogo Yamamoto
- Genome Science Division, Laboratories for Systems Biology and Medicine (LSBM) at the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Kentaro Murakami
- Department of Nuclear Receptor Medicine, Laboratories for Systems Biology and Medicine (LSBM) at the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan.,Pharmaceutical Division, Kowa Company, Ltd., Tokyo, 189-0022, Japan
| | - Wakana Kamiya
- Department of Nuclear Receptor Medicine, Laboratories for Systems Biology and Medicine (LSBM) at the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsumura
- Division of Metabolic Medicine, Laboratories for Systems Biology and Medicine (LSBM) at the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Osawa
- Division of Integrative Nutriomics and Oncology, Laboratories for Systems Biology and Medicine (LSBM) at the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Motonobu Anai
- Department of Nuclear Receptor Medicine, Laboratories for Systems Biology and Medicine (LSBM) at the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science Division, Laboratories for Systems Biology and Medicine (LSBM) at the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Juro Sakai
- Division of Metabolic Medicine, Laboratories for Systems Biology and Medicine (LSBM) at the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan.,Division of Molecular Physiology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kodama
- Department of Nuclear Receptor Medicine, Laboratories for Systems Biology and Medicine (LSBM) at the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
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30
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NAFLD Preclinical Models: More than a Handful, Less of a Concern? Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8020028. [PMID: 32046285 PMCID: PMC7167756 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver diseases ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. Due to its increasing prevalence, NAFLD is currently a major public health concern. Although a wide variety of preclinical models have contributed to better understanding the pathophysiology of NAFLD, it is not always obvious which model is best suitable for addressing a specific research question. This review provides insights into currently existing models, mainly focusing on murine models, which is of great importance to aid in the identification of novel therapeutic options for human NAFLD.
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31
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Christ A, Lauterbach M, Latz E. Western Diet and the Immune System: An Inflammatory Connection. Immunity 2020; 51:794-811. [PMID: 31747581 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of Western-type calorically rich diets combined with chronic overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle in Western societies evokes a state of chronic metabolic inflammation, termed metaflammation. Metaflammation contributes to the development of many prevalent non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and these lifestyle-associated pathologies represent a rising public health problem with global epidemic dimensions. A better understanding of how modern lifestyle and Western diet (WD) activate immune cells is essential for the development of efficient preventive and therapeutic strategies for common NCDs. Here, we review the current mechanistic understanding of how the Western lifestyle can induce metaflammation, and we discuss how this knowledge can be translated to protect the public from the health burden associated with their selected lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Christ
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Mario Lauterbach
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn 53127, Germany.
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32
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Reduced Oxidative Stress and Enhanced FGF21 Formation in Livers of Endurance-Exercised Rats with Diet-Induced NASH. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112709. [PMID: 31717358 PMCID: PMC6893460 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) including the severe form with steatohepatitis (NASH) are highly prevalent ailments to which no approved pharmacological treatment exists. Dietary intervention aiming at 10% weight reduction is efficient but fails due to low compliance. Increase in physical activity is an alternative that improved NAFLD even in the absence of weight reduction. The underlying mechanisms are unclear and cannot be studied in humans. Here, a rat NAFLD model was developed that reproduces many facets of the diet-induced NAFLD in humans. The impact of endurance exercise was studied in this model. Male Wistar rats received control chow or a NASH-inducing diet rich in fat, cholesterol, and fructose. Both diet groups were subdivided into a sedentary and an endurance exercise group. Animals receiving the NASH-inducing diet gained more body weight, got glucose intolerant and developed a liver pathology with steatosis, hepatocyte hypertrophy, inflammation and fibrosis typical of NAFLD or NASH. Contrary to expectations, endurance exercise did not improve the NASH activity score and even enhanced hepatic inflammation. However, endurance exercise attenuated the hepatic cholesterol overload and the ensuing severe oxidative stress. In addition, exercise improved glucose tolerance possibly in part by induction of hepatic FGF21 production.
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33
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Boland ML, Oró D, Tølbøl KS, Thrane ST, Nielsen JC, Cohen TS, Tabor DE, Fernandes F, Tovchigrechko A, Veidal SS, Warrener P, Sellman BR, Jelsing J, Feigh M, Vrang N, Trevaskis JL, Hansen HH. Towards a standard diet-induced and biopsy-confirmed mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Impact of dietary fat source. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4904-4920. [PMID: 31543682 PMCID: PMC6737317 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i33.4904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The trans-fat containing AMLN (amylin liver non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH) diet has been extensively validated in C57BL/6J mice with or without the Lepob/Lepob (ob/ob) mutation in the leptin gene for reliably inducing metabolic and liver histopathological changes recapitulating hallmarks of NASH. Due to a recent ban on trans-fats as food additive, there is a marked need for developing a new diet capable of promoting a compatible level of disease in ob/ob and C57BL/6J mice.
AIM To develop a biopsy-confirmed mouse model of NASH based on an obesogenic diet with trans-fat substituted by saturated fat.
METHODS Male ob/ob mice were fed AMLN diet or a modified AMLN diet with trans-fat (Primex shortening) substituted by equivalent amounts of palm oil [Gubra amylin NASH, (GAN) diet] for 8, 12 and 16 wk. C57BL/6J mice were fed the same diets for 28 wk. AMLN and GAN diets had similar caloric content (40% fat kcal), fructose (22%) and cholesterol (2%) level.
RESULTS The GAN diet was more obesogenic compared to the AMLN diet and impaired glucose tolerance. Biopsy-confirmed steatosis, lobular inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning, fibrotic liver lesions and hepatic transcriptome changes were similar in ob/ob mice fed the GAN or AMLN diet. C57BL/6J mice developed a mild to moderate fibrotic NASH phenotype when fed the same diets.
CONCLUSION Substitution of Primex with palm oil promotes a similar phenotype of biopsy-confirmed NASH in ob/ob and C57BL/6J mice, making GAN diet-induced obese mouse models suitable for characterizing novel NASH treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Boland
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
- Pharmacology, Gubra, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
| | - Denise Oró
- Pharmacology, Gubra, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Taylor S Cohen
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - David E Tabor
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Fiona Fernandes
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Andrey Tovchigrechko
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | | | - Paul Warrener
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Bret R Sellman
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | | | | | - Niels Vrang
- Pharmacology, Gubra, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
| | - James L Trevaskis
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
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34
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Püschel GP, Henkel J. Dietary cholesterol does not break your heart but kills your liver. Porto Biomed J 2019; 3:e12. [PMID: 31595236 PMCID: PMC6726297 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.0000000000000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly accepted that dietary cholesterol has a much lower impact on the progression of cardiovascular disease than previously assumed. However, both animal experiments and human studies seem to support the view that dietary cholesterol may contribute to the transition from benign steatosis to the potentially fatal non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Cholesterol esters and cholesterol accumulate in the hepatocyte and impair its function. This leads to oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress triggering the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and rendering the hepatocyte more susceptible to apoptotic or necrotic cell death. Kupffer cells group around dying hepatocytes and phagocytose the hepatocyte debris and lipids. In addition, they are exposed to lipid peroxidation products released from hepatocytes. Kupffer cells, thus activated, release pro-inflammatory, chemotactic and profibrotic cytokines that promote inflammation and fibrosis. Therefore, dietary cholesterol may be harmful to the liver, in particular when administered in combination with polyunsaturated fatty acids that favor lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard P Püschel
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Janin Henkel
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nuthetal, Germany
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35
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Roth JD, Veidal SS, Fensholdt LKD, Rigbolt KTG, Papazyan R, Nielsen JC, Feigh M, Vrang N, Young M, Jelsing J, Adorini L, Hansen HH. Combined obeticholic acid and elafibranor treatment promotes additive liver histological improvements in a diet-induced ob/ob mouse model of biopsy-confirmed NASH. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9046. [PMID: 31227742 PMCID: PMC6588626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obeticholic acid (OCA) and elafibranor (ELA) are selective and potent agonists for the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/δ (PPAR-α/δ), respectively. Both agents have demonstrated clinical efficacy in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The present study used OCA and ELA to compare the effects of mono- and combination therapies on metabolic and histological endpoints in Lepob/ob mice with established diet-induced and biopsy-confirmed NASH (ob/ob-NASH). ob/ob-NASH mice were fed the AMLN diet high in trans-fat, fructose and cholesterol for 15 weeks, whereafter they received vehicle, OCA (30 mg/kg, PO, QD), ELA (3, 10 mg/kg, PO, QD), or combinations (OCA + ELA) for eight weeks. Within-subject comparisons were performed on histomorphometric changes, including fractional area of liver fat, galectin-3 and Col1a1. OCA and ELA monotherapies improved all quantitative histopathological parameters and OCA + ELA combinations exerted additive effects on metabolic and histological endpoints. In agreement with their different molecular mechanisms of action, OCA and ELA monotherapies elicited distinct hepatic gene expression profiles and their combination led to profound transcriptome changes associated with further improvements in lipid handling and insulin signaling, suppression of immune responses and reduced extracellular matrix formation. In conclusion, these findings provide preclinical proof-of-concept for combined FXR and PPAR-α/δ agonist-based therapies in NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Young
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
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36
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Disease Progression and Pharmacological Intervention in a Nutrient-Deficient Rat Model of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:1238-1256. [PMID: 30511198 PMCID: PMC6548202 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a marked need for improved animal models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to facilitate the development of more efficacious drug therapies for the disease. METHODS Here, we investigated the development of fibrotic NASH in male Wistar rats fed a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet with or without cholesterol supplementation for subsequent assessment of drug treatment efficacy in NASH biopsy-confirmed rats. The metabolic profile and liver histopathology were evaluated after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of dieting. Subsequently, rats with biopsy-confirmed NASH were selected for pharmacological intervention with vehicle, elafibranor (30 mg/kg/day) or obeticholic acid (OCA, 30 mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks. RESULTS The CDAA diet led to marked hepatomegaly and fibrosis already after 4 weeks of feeding, with further progression of collagen deposition and fibrogenesis-associated gene expression during the 12-week feeding period. Cholesterol supplementation enhanced the stimulatory effect of CDAA on gene transcripts associated with fibrogenesis without significantly increasing collagen deposition. Pharmacological intervention with elafibranor, but not OCA, significantly reduced steatohepatitis scores, and fibrosis-associated gene expression, however, was unable to prevent progression in fibrosis scores. CONCLUSION CDAA-fed rats develop early-onset progressive NASH, which offers the opportunity to probe anti-NASH compounds with potential disease-modifying properties.
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37
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Henkel J, Coleman CD, Schraplau A, Jöhrens K, Weiss TS, Jonas W, Schürmann A, Püschel GP. Augmented liver inflammation in a microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 (mPGES-1)-deficient diet-induced mouse NASH model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16127. [PMID: 30382148 PMCID: PMC6208405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In a subset of patients, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is complicated by cell death and inflammation resulting in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may progress to fibrosis and subsequent organ failure. Apart from cytokines, prostaglandins, in particular prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), play a pivotal role during inflammatory processes. Expression of the key enzymes of PGE2 synthesis, cyclooxygenase 2 and microsomal PGE synthase 1 (mPGES-1), was increased in human NASH livers in comparison to controls and correlated with the NASH activity score. Both enzymes were also induced in NASH-diet-fed wild-type mice, resulting in an increase in hepatic PGE2 concentration that was completely abrogated in mPGES-1-deficient mice. PGE2 is known to inhibit TNF-α synthesis in macrophages. A strong infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages was observed in NASH-diet-fed mice, which was accompanied with an increase in hepatic TNF-α expression. Due to the impaired PGE2 production, TNF-α expression increased much more in livers of mPGES-1-deficient mice or in the peritoneal macrophages of these mice. The increased levels of TNF-α resulted in an enhanced IL-1β production, primarily in hepatocytes, and augmented hepatocyte apoptosis. In conclusion, attenuation of PGE2 production by mPGES-1 ablation enhanced the TNF-α-triggered inflammatory response and hepatocyte apoptosis in diet-induced NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Henkel
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Charles Dominic Coleman
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Anne Schraplau
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Korinna Jöhrens
- Charité University Hospital Berlin, Institute of Pathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Siegfried Weiss
- University Hospital Regensburg, University Children Hospital (KUNO) Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wenke Jonas
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Department of Experimental Diabetology, Nuthetal, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Department of Experimental Diabetology, Nuthetal, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Paul Püschel
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Nuthetal, Germany
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38
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Henkel J, Alfine E, Saín J, Jöhrens K, Weber D, Castro JP, König J, Stuhlmann C, Vahrenbrink M, Jonas W, Kleinridders A, Püschel GP. Soybean Oil-Derived Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids Enhance Liver Damage in NAFLD Induced by Dietary Cholesterol. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091326. [PMID: 30231595 PMCID: PMC6164134 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While the impact of dietary cholesterol on the progression of atherosclerosis has probably been overestimated, increasing evidence suggests that dietary cholesterol might favor the transition from blunt steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), especially in combination with high fat diets. It is poorly understood how cholesterol alone or in combination with other dietary lipid components contributes to the development of lipotoxicity. The current study demonstrated that liver damage caused by dietary cholesterol in mice was strongly enhanced by a high fat diet containing soybean oil-derived ω6-poly-unsaturated fatty acids (ω6-PUFA), but not by a lard-based high fat diet containing mainly saturated fatty acids. In contrast to the lard-based diet the soybean oil-based diet augmented cholesterol accumulation in hepatocytes, presumably by impairing cholesterol-eliminating pathways. The soybean oil-based diet enhanced cholesterol-induced mitochondrial damage and amplified the ensuing oxidative stress, probably by peroxidation of poly-unsaturated fatty acids. This resulted in hepatocyte death, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and fibrosis, and caused a transition from steatosis to NASH, doubling the NASH activity score. Thus, the recommendation to reduce cholesterol intake, in particular in diets rich in ω6-PUFA, although not necessary to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis, might be sensible for patients suffering from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Henkel
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Eugenia Alfine
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Junior Research Group Central Regulation of Metabolism; D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Juliana Saín
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, National University of the Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe S3000, Argentina.
| | - Korinna Jöhrens
- Institute of Pathology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital Dresden; D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Daniela Weber
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition; D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - José P Castro
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition; D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jeannette König
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition; D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Christin Stuhlmann
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Madita Vahrenbrink
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Wenke Jonas
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany.
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition; D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - André Kleinridders
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Junior Research Group Central Regulation of Metabolism; D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Gerhard P Püschel
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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39
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Ge Y, Liu W, Tao H, Zhang Y, Liu L, Liu Z, Qiu B, Xu T. Effect of industrial trans-fatty acids-enriched diet on gut microbiota of C57BL/6 mice. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:2625-2638. [PMID: 30120538 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have shown that industrially originated trans-fatty acids (iTFAs) are associated with several chronic diseases, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Because gut microbiota play a critical role in human health, diet competent induced gut microbiota dysbiosis may contributing to disease pathogenesis. Therefore, the present study examined the impact of iTFA on gut microbiota, help understanding the underling mechanism of iTFA-associated chronic diseases. METHODS Forty male 8-week-old mice were divided into 4 groups and randomly assigned to diets containing soybean oil (non-iTFA) or partially hydrogenated soybean oil (iTFA). The intervention groups were: (1) low soybean oil (LS); (2) high soybean oil (HS); (3) low partially hydrogenated oil (LH) and (4) high partially hydrogenated oil (HH). The gut microbiota profiles were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Physiological parameters and the inflammatory status of the small intestine and other tissues were analyzed. Short-chain fatty acid levels in feces were measured using gas chromatography. RESULTS The intake of iTFA increased the abundance of well-documented 'harmful' bacteria, such as Proteobacteria and Desulfovibrionaceae (P < 0.05), whereas it decreased relative abundance of 'beneficial' bacteria, such as Bacteroidetes, Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroidales S24-7 (P < 0.05). Surprisingly, the intake of iTFA increased the abundance of the probiotic Lactobacillaceae (P < 0.05). Additionally, the intake of iTFA induced increase of inflammatory parameters, as well as a numerical decrease of fecal butyric acid and valeric acid. CONCLUSIONS This study, to our knowledge, is the first to demonstrate that the consumption of iTFA resulted in a significant dysbiosis of gut microbiota, which may contribute to the development of chronic diseases associated with iTFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Ge
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China.,The Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Factors, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China.
| | - Haiteng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China
| | - Lina Liu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
| | - Bin Qiu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China.
| | - Tongcheng Xu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China
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40
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Jahn D, Kircher S, Hermanns HM, Geier A. Animal models of NAFLD from a hepatologist's point of view. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:943-953. [PMID: 29990551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disorder closely linked to obesity, hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes and is increasingly recognized as a major health problem in many parts of the world. While early stages of NAFLD are characterized by a bland accumulation of fat (steatosis) in hepatocytes, the disease can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) which involves chronic liver inflammation, tissue damage and fibrosis and can ultimately lead to end-stage liver disease including cirrhosis and cancer. As no approved pharmacological treatment for NAFLD exists today, there is an urgent need to identify promising pharmacological targets and develop future therapies. For this purpose, basic and translational research in NAFLD animal models is indispensable. While a large number of diverse animal models are currently used in the field, there is an ongoing challenge to identify those models that mirror human pathology the closest to allow good translation of obtained results into further clinical development. This review is meant to provide a concise overview of the most relevant NAFLD animal models currently available and will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these models with regard to their comparability to human disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jahn
- University Hospital Würzburg, Division of Hepatology, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Stefan Kircher
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Pathology, Würzburg, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (CCCMF), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike M Hermanns
- University Hospital Würzburg, Division of Hepatology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Geier
- University Hospital Würzburg, Division of Hepatology, Würzburg, Germany
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41
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Kanda T, Matsuoka S, Yamazaki M, Shibata T, Nirei K, Takahashi H, Kaneko T, Fujisawa M, Higuchi T, Nakamura H, Matsumoto N, Yamagami H, Ogawa M, Imazu H, Kuroda K, Moriyama M. Apoptosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2661-2672. [PMID: 29991872 PMCID: PMC6034146 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i25.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), has been increasing. NASH causes cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is one of the most serious health problems in the world. The mechanism through which NASH progresses is still largely unknown. Activation of caspases, Bcl-2 family proteins, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase-induced hepatocyte apoptosis plays a role in the activation of NAFLD/NASH. Apoptotic hepatocytes stimulate immune cells and hepatic stellate cells toward the progression of fibrosis in the liver through the production of inflammasomes and cytokines. Abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism as well as microbiota accelerate these processes. The production of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress is also involved. Cell death, including apoptosis, seems very important in the progression of NAFLD and NASH. Recently, inhibitors of apoptosis have been developed as drugs for the treatment of NASH and may prevent cirrhosis and HCC. Increased hepatocyte apoptosis may distinguish NASH from NAFLD, and the improvement of apoptosis could play a role in controlling the development of NASH. In this review, the association between apoptosis and NAFLD/NASH are discussed. This review could provide their knowledge, which plays a role in seeing the patients with NAFLD/NASH in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shunichi Matsuoka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Motomi Yamazaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Shibata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kazushige Nirei
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kaneko
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Mariko Fujisawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Higuchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakamura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamagami
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ogawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroo Imazu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Kuroda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Moriyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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Erstad DJ, Farrar CT, Ghoshal S, Masia R, Ferreira DS, Chen YCI, Choi JK, Wei L, Waghorn PA, Rotile NJ, Tu C, Graham-O'Regan KA, Sojoodi M, Li S, Li Y, Wang G, Corey KE, Or YS, Jiang L, Tanabe KK, Caravan P, Fuchs BC. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging accurately measures the antifibrotic effect of EDP-305, a novel farnesoid X receptor agonist. Hepatol Commun 2018; 2:821-835. [PMID: 30027140 PMCID: PMC6049071 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined a novel farnesoid X receptor agonist, EDP-305, for its antifibrotic effect in bile duct ligation (BDL) and choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) models of hepatic injury. We used molecular magnetic resonance imaging with the type 1 collagen-binding probe EP-3533 and the oxidized collagen-specific probe gadolinium hydrazide to noninvasively measure treatment response. BDL rats (n = 8 for each group) were treated with either low or high doses of EDP-305 starting on day 4 after BDL and were imaged on day 18. CDAHFD mice (n = 8 for each group) were treated starting at 6 weeks after the diet and were imaged at 12 weeks. Liver tissue was subjected to pathologic and morphometric scoring of fibrosis, hydroxyproline quantitation, and determination of fibrogenic messenger RNA expression. High-dose EDP-305 (30 mg/kg) reduced liver fibrosis in both the BDL and CDAHFD models as measured by collagen proportional area, hydroxyproline analysis, and fibrogenic gene expression (all P < 0.05). Magnetic resonance signal intensity with both EP-3533 in the BDL model and gadolinium hydrazide in the CDAHFD model was reduced with EDP-305 30 mg/kg treatment (P < 0.01). Histologically, EDP-305 30 mg/kg halted fibrosis progression in the CDAHFD model. Conclusion: EDP-305 reduced fibrosis progression in rat BDL and mouse CDAHFD models. Molecular imaging of collagen and oxidized collagen is sensitive to changes in fibrosis and could be used to noninvasively measure treatment response in clinical trials. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:821-835).
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Erstad
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Christian T Farrar
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA
| | - Sarani Ghoshal
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Ricard Masia
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Diego S Ferreira
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA
| | - Yin-Ching Iris Chen
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA
| | - Ji-Kyung Choi
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA
| | - Lan Wei
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Phillip A Waghorn
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA
| | - Nicholas J Rotile
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA
| | - Chuantao Tu
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA
| | - Katherine A Graham-O'Regan
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Shen Li
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Yang Li
- Enanta Pharmaceuticals Watertown MA
| | | | - Kathleen E Corey
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | | | | | - Kenneth K Tanabe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Charlestown MA.,Institute for Innovation in Imaging Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA
| | - Bryan C Fuchs
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA
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Tølbøl KS, Kristiansen MNB, Hansen HH, Veidal SS, Rigbolt KTG, Gillum MP, Jelsing J, Vrang N, Feigh M. Metabolic and hepatic effects of liraglutide, obeticholic acid and elafibranor in diet-induced obese mouse models of biopsy-confirmed nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:179-194. [PMID: 29375204 PMCID: PMC5768937 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the pharmacodynamics of compounds in clinical development for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in obese mouse models of biopsy-confirmed NASH.
METHODS Male wild-type C57BL/6J mice (DIO-NASH) and Lepob/ob (ob/ob-NASH) mice were fed a diet high in trans-fat (40%), fructose (20%) and cholesterol (2%) for 30 and 21 wk, respectively. Prior to treatment, all mice underwent liver biopsy for confirmation and stratification of liver steatosis and fibrosis, using the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS) and fibrosis staging system. The mice were kept on the diet and received vehicle, liraglutide (0.2 mg/kg, SC, BID), obeticholic acid (OCA, 30 mg/kg PO, QD), or elafibranor (30 mg/kg PO, QD) for eight weeks. Within-subject comparisons were performed on changes in steatosis, inflammation, ballooning degeneration, and fibrosis scores. In addition, compound effects were evaluated by quantitative liver histology, including percent fractional area of liver fat, galectin-3, and collagen 1a1.
RESULTS Liraglutide and elafibranor, but not OCA, reduced body weight in both models. Liraglutide improved steatosis scores in DIO-NASH mice only. Elafibranor and OCA reduced histopathological scores of hepatic steatosis and inflammation in both models, but only elafibranor reduced fibrosis severity. Liraglutide and OCA reduced total liver fat, collagen 1a1, and galectin-3 content, driven by significant reductions in liver weight. The individual drug effects on NASH histological endpoints were supported by global gene expression (RNA sequencing) and liver lipid biochemistry.
CONCLUSION DIO-NASH and ob/ob-NASH mouse models show distinct treatment effects of liraglutide, OCA, and elafibranor, being in general agreement with corresponding findings in clinical trials for NASH. The present data therefore further supports the clinical translatability and utility of DIO-NASH and ob/ob-NASH mouse models of NASH for probing the therapeutic efficacy of compounds in preclinical drug development for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine S Tølbøl
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
- Section for Metabolic Imaging and Liver Metabolism, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Maria NB Kristiansen
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Matthew P Gillum
- Section for Metabolic Imaging and Liver Metabolism, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Vrang
- Gubra Aps, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
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Effects of plant- and animal-based high-fat diets on lipid storage and distribution in environmental bacteria-colonized gnotobiotic mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:1075-1081. [PMID: 28923247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Different edible oils such as lard and soybean oil have been reported to interact with the gut microbiota, affecting host lipid metabolism. However, whether bacteria derived from the environment influence host lipid metabolism remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the roles of environmental bacteria in host lipid storage and distribution with various edible oils. Gnotobiotic C57BL/6JNarl mice were inoculated with Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus and Paenibacillus azoreducens and then fed either a normal diet (LabDiet 5010, control group) or a diet containing 60% lard (L-group) or soybean oil (S-group) for 18 months. Interestingly, the S-group accumulated massive amounts of white adipose tissue compared to the L- and control groups, while the L-group displayed more hepatic steatosis and fatty droplets than the other groups. The expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS), hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in the livers of the L-group were markedly elevated compared to the S-group. FAS and PPARγ protein levels were also markedly elevated. However, there were no differences in the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α between the groups. Our results suggest that environmental bacteria may affect host hepatic inflammation and lipid distribution in the presence of high-fat diets, with different effects depending on the fat type consumed.
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