1
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Asai Y, Nadai M, Katoh M. The Effect of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A Activity in Human Liver. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:446-451. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Asai
- Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
| | | | - Miki Katoh
- Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
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2
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Baati T, Njim L, Jaafoura S, Aouane A, Neffati F, Ben Fradj N, Kerkeni A, Hammami M, Hosni K. Assessment of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicity, and Biodistribution of a High Dose of Titanate Nanotubes Following Intravenous Injection in Mice: A Promising Nanosystem of Medical Interest. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:21872-21883. [PMID: 34497882 PMCID: PMC8412905 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Titanate nanotubes (TiNTs) produced by the static hydrothermal process present a promising nanosystem for nanomedicine. However, the behavior of these nanotubes in vivo is not yet clarified. In this work, for the first time, we investigated the toxicity of these materials, their pharmacokinetic profile, and their biodistribution in mice. A high dose of TiNTs (45 mg/kg) was intravenously injected in mice and monitored from 6 h to 45 days. The histological examination of organs and the analysis of liver and kidney function markers and then the inflammatory response were in agreement with a long-term innocuity of these nanomaterials. The parameters of pharmacokinetics revealed the rapid clarification of TiNTs from the bloodstream after 6 h of the intravenous injection which then mainly accumulated in the liver and spleen, and their degradation and clearance in these tissues were relatively slow (>4 weeks). Interestingly, an important property of these materials is their slow dissolution under the lysosome acid environment, rendering them biodegradable. It is noteworthy that TiNTs were directly eliminated in urine and bile ducts without obvious toxicity in mice. Altogether, all these typical in vivo tests studying the TiNT pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and biodistribution are supporting the use of these biocompatible nanomaterials in the biomedical field, especially as a nanocarrier-based drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Baati
- Laboratoire
des Substances Naturelles, Institut National
de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-Chimique, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisie
| | - Leila Njim
- Service
d’Anatomie Pathologique, CHU de Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisie
| | - Sabra Jaafoura
- Laboratoire
des Substances Naturelles, Institut National
de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-Chimique, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisie
- Laboratoire
ABCDF (LR12ES10), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université de Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisie
| | - Aicha Aouane
- Centre
de Microscopie Electronique, Université
Aix-Marseille, IBDML
Campus Luminy, Marseille 3007, France
| | - Fadoua Neffati
- Laboratoire
de Biochimie et de Toxicologie, CHU de Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisie
| | - Nadia Ben Fradj
- Laboratoire
de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine
de Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisie
| | - Abdelhamid Kerkeni
- Laboratoire
de Biophysique, Faculté de Médecine
de Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisie
| | - Mohamed Hammami
- Laboratoire
des Substances Naturelles, Institut National
de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-Chimique, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisie
| | - Karim Hosni
- Laboratoire
des Substances Naturelles, Institut National
de Recherche et d’Analyse Physico-Chimique, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisie
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3
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Deline AR, Frank BP, Smith CL, Sigmon LR, Wallace AN, Gallagher MJ, Goodwin DG, Durkin DP, Fairbrother DH. Influence of Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups on the Environmental Properties, Transformations, and Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes. Chem Rev 2020; 120:11651-11697. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R. Deline
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Benjamin P. Frank
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Casey L. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Leslie R. Sigmon
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexa N. Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Miranda J. Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - David G. Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - David P. Durkin
- Department of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, 572M Holloway Road, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - D. Howard Fairbrother
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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4
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Umemura K, Sato S. Scanning Techniques for Nanobioconjugates of Carbon Nanotubes. SCANNING 2018; 2018:6254692. [PMID: 30008981 PMCID: PMC6020491 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6254692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanobioconjugates using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are attractive and promising hybrid materials. Various biological applications using the CNT nanobioconjugates, for example, drug delivery systems and nanobiosensors, have been proposed by many authors. Scanning techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning probe microscopy (SPM) have advantages to characterize the CNT nanobioconjugates under various conditions, for example, isolated conjugates, conjugates in thin films, and conjugates in living cells. In this review article, almost 300 papers are categorized based on types of CNT applications, and various scanning data are introduced to illuminate merits of scanning techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Umemura
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 1628601, Japan
| | - Shizuma Sato
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 1628601, Japan
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5
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Asai Y, Sakakibara Y, Inoue R, Inoue R, Nadai M, Katoh M. Effect of single-walled carbon nanotubes on cytochrome P450 activity in human liver microsomes in vitro. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2018; 39:275-279. [PMID: 29719052 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are made from a rolled single sheet of graphene with a diameter in the nanometer range. SWCNTs are potential carriers for drug delivery systems because antibodies or drugs can be loaded on their surface; however, their effect on the activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two kinds of SWCNTs with different lengths (FH-P- and SO-SWCNTs) on human CYP activity. In addition, other nano-sized carbon materials, such as carbon black, fullerene-C60 , and fullerene-C70 were also evaluated to compare their effects on CYP activities. Ten CYP substrates (phenacetin, coumarin, bupropion, paclitaxel, tolbutamide, S-mephenytoin, dextromethorphan, chlorzoxazone, midazolam, and testosterone) were used. Testosterone 6β-hydroxylation and midazolam 1'-hydroxylation, which are catalysed by both CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 in liver microsomes, were decreased by 25% and 45%, respectively, in the presence of 0.1 mg/ml SO-SWCNT. Dextromethorphan O-demethylation, which is catalysed mainly by CYP2D6, was decreased by 40% in the presence of SO-SWCNT. Other CYP activities, however, were not attenuated by SO-SWCNT. FH-P-SWCNT, carbon black, fullerene-C60 , and fullerene-C70 at 0.1 mg/ml had no effect on CYP activities. The Ki values for testosterone 6β-hydroxylation, midazolam 1'-hydroxylation, and dextromethorphan O-demethylation in liver microsomes were 136, 34, and 56 μg/ml, respectively. SO-SWCNT was determined to be a competitive inhibitor of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP2D6. These results suggest that the effect of SO-SWCNT differs among CYP isoforms, and that the inhibition potency depends on the physicochemical properties of the nanocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Asai
- Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sakakibara
- Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Rina Inoue
- Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Rikako Inoue
- Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nadai
- Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
| | - Miki Katoh
- Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
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6
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Dusinska M, Tulinska J, El Yamani N, Kuricova M, Liskova A, Rollerova E, Rundén-Pran E, Smolkova B. Immunotoxicity, genotoxicity and epigenetic toxicity of nanomaterials: New strategies for toxicity testing? Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:797-811. [PMID: 28847762 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties of nanomaterials (NMs) are beneficial in numerous industrial and medical applications. However, they could also induce unintended effects. Thus, a proper strategy for toxicity testing is essential in human hazard and risk assessment. Toxicity can be tested in vivo and in vitro; in compliance with the 3Rs, alternative strategies for in vitro testing should be further developed for NMs. Robust, standardized methods are of great importance in nanotoxicology, with comprehensive material characterization and uptake as an integral part of the testing strategy. Oxidative stress has been shown to be an underlying mechanism of possible toxicity of NMs, causing both immunotoxicity and genotoxicity. For testing NMs in vitro, a battery of tests should be performed on cells of human origin, either cell lines or primary cells, in conditions as close as possible to an in vivo situation. Novel toxicity pathways, particularly epigenetic modification, should be assessed along with conventional toxicity testing methods. However, to initiate epigenetic toxicity screens for NM exposure, there is a need to better understand their adverse effects on the epigenome, to identify robust and reproducible causal links between exposure, epigenetic changes and adverse phenotypic endpoints, and to develop improved assays to monitor epigenetic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry-MILK, NILU- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Jana Tulinska
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Immunotoxicology, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Naouale El Yamani
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry-MILK, NILU- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Miroslava Kuricova
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Immunotoxicology, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Aurelia Liskova
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology and Immunotoxicology, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Rollerova
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Toxicology, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry-MILK, NILU- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Bozena Smolkova
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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7
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Guven A, Villares GJ, Hilsenbeck SG, Lewis A, Landua JD, Dobrolecki LE, Wilson LJ, Lewis MT. Carbon nanotube capsules enhance the in vivo efficacy of cisplatin. Acta Biomater 2017; 58:466-478. [PMID: 28465075 PMCID: PMC6344128 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, numerous nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have been developed in an effort to maximize therapeutic effectiveness of conventional drug delivery, while limiting undesirable side effects. Among these, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are of special interest as potential drug delivery agents due to their numerous unique and advantageous physical and chemical properties. Here, we show in vivo favorable biodistribution and enhanced therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin (CDDP) encapsulated within ultra-short single-walled carbon nanotube capsules (CDDP@US-tubes) using three different human breast cancer xenograft models. In general, the CDDP@US-tubes demonstrated greater efficacy in suppressing tumor growth than free CDDP in both MCF-7 cell line xenograft and BCM-4272 patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. The CDDP@US-tubes also demonstrated a prolonged circulation time compared to free CDDP which enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects resulting in significantly more CDDP accumulation in tumors, as determined by platinum (Pt) analysis via inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Over the past decade, drug-loaded nanocarriers have been widely fabricated and studied to enhance tumor specific delivery. Among the diverse classes of nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), or more specifically ultra-short single-walled carbon nanocapsules (US-tubes), have been shown to be a popular, new platform for the delivery of various medical agents for both imaging and therapeutic purposes. Here, for the first time, we have shown that US-tubes can be utilized as a drug delivery platform in vivo to deliver the chemotherapeutic drug, cisplatin (CDDP) as CDDP@US-tubes. The studies have demonstrated the ability of the US-tube platform to promote the delivery of encapsulated CDDP by increasing the accumulation of drug in breast cancer resistance cells, which reveals how CDDP@US-tubes help overcome CDDP resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adem Guven
- Department of Chemistry and the Smalley-Curly Institute, MS-60, P.O. Box 1892, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Gabriel J Villares
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Radiology, Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center at Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, 3800 Montrose Boulevard, Houston, TX 77006, USA
| | - Susan G Hilsenbeck
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alaina Lewis
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Radiology, Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center at Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John D Landua
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Radiology, Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center at Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lacey E Dobrolecki
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Radiology, Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center at Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lon J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and the Smalley-Curly Institute, MS-60, P.O. Box 1892, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA.
| | - Michael T Lewis
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Radiology, Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center at Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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8
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Hernández-Rivera M, Kumar I, Cho SY, Cheong BY, Pulikkathara MX, Moghaddam SE, Whitmire KH, Wilson LJ. High-Performance Hybrid Bismuth-Carbon Nanotube Based Contrast Agent for X-ray CT Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:5709-5716. [PMID: 28072512 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used for a plethora of biomedical applications, including their use as delivery vehicles for drugs, imaging agents, proteins, DNA, and other materials. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a new CNT-based contrast agent (CA) for X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging. The CA is a hybrid material derived from ultrashort single-walled carbon nanotubes (20-80 nm long, US-tubes) and Bi(III) oxo-salicylate clusters with four Bi(III) ions per cluster (Bi4C). The element bismuth was chosen over iodine, which is the conventional element used for CT CAs in the clinic today due to its high X-ray attenuation capability and its low toxicity, which makes bismuth a more-promising element for new CT CA design. The new CA contains 20% by weight bismuth with no detectable release of bismuth after a 48 h challenge by various biological media at 37 °C, demonstrating the presence of a strong interaction between the two components of the hybrid material. The performance of the new Bi4C@US-tubes solid material as a CT CA has been assessed using a clinical scanner and found to possess an X-ray attenuation ability of >2000 Hounsfield units (HU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Hernández-Rivera
- Department of Chemistry MS-60, Rice University , P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry MS-60, Rice University , P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Stephen Y Cho
- Department of Chemistry MS-60, Rice University , P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Benjamin Y Cheong
- CHI St. Luke's Health - Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center , 6720 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-270 Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | | | - Sakineh E Moghaddam
- Department of Chemistry MS-60, Rice University , P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Kenton H Whitmire
- Department of Chemistry MS-60, Rice University , P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Lon J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry MS-60, Rice University , P.O. Box 1892, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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9
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Hwang Y, Park SH, Lee JW. Applications of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for the Therapy and Diagnosis of Cancer. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E13. [PMID: 30970690 PMCID: PMC6432390 DOI: 10.3390/polym9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are attractive nanostructures that serve as multifunctional transporters in biomedical applications, especially in the field of cancer therapy and diagnosis. Owing to their easily tunable nature and remarkable properties, numerous functionalizations and treatments of CNTs have been attempted for their utilization as hybrid nano-carriers in the delivery of various anticancer drugs, genes, proteins, and immunotherapeutic molecules. In this review, we discuss the current advances in the applications of CNT-based novel delivery systems with an emphasis on the various functionalizations of CNTs. We also highlight recent findings that demonstrate their important roles in cancer imaging applications, demonstrating their potential as unique agents with high-level ultrasonic emission, strong Raman scattering resonance, and magnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsung Hwang
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31151, Korea.
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31151, Korea.
| | - Sung-Hoon Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soongsil University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Korea.
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea.
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10
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Costa PM, Bourgognon M, Wang JTW, Al-Jamal KT. Functionalised carbon nanotubes: From intracellular uptake and cell-related toxicity to systemic brain delivery. J Control Release 2016; 241:200-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Hernández-Rivera M, Zaibaq NG, Wilson LJ. Toward carbon nanotube-based imaging agents for the clinic. Biomaterials 2016; 101:229-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Al Faraj A. SWCNTs as novel theranostic nanocarriers for cancer diagnosis and therapy: towards safe translation to the clinics. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1431-45. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With their unique physicochemical properties, single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) hold great promise for applications as drug delivery systems (DDS) for early and better diagnosis and therapy of cancer. While several in vitro and in vivo studies have validated their potential benefit, no SWCNT-based formulation has yet reached clinical trials. Towards prospective safe clinical applications, the main properties that were adopted to enhance the biocompatibility of SWCNTs were highlighted. Then, the recent progresses in the in vivo applications of SWCNTs as diagnostic nanoprobes using multimodality imaging techniques and as therapeutic nanocarriers delivering wide range of anticancer efficient drugs to tumors were reviewed. Finally, the efforts required for safe clinical applications of SWCNTs as DDS for cancer diagnosis and therapy were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achraf Al Faraj
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Bai W, Wu Z, Mitra S, Brown JM. Effects of multiwalled carbon nanotube surface modification and purification on bovine serum albumin binding and biological responses. JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS 2016; 2016:2159537. [PMID: 29033982 PMCID: PMC5640435 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2159537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications such as drug delivery of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are being increasingly explored due to their unique mechanical, chemical and biological properties. Carboxylation of MWCNTs has been widely used to improve the solubility in aqueous systems, and for further functionalization with biologically active moieties. Purity of carboxylated MWCNTs is of great importance in nanomedicine. An important consideration is that oxidation debris is generated during the process of carboxylation, which can be removed by base washing. We hypothesized that surface modification as well as further purification by debris removal may alter physicochemical properties of MWCNTs and their ability to bind proteins. In this study, we utilized pristine MWCNT carboxylated MWCNTs (F-MWCNTs) and base-washed carboxylated MWCNTs (BW-F-MWCNTs) to examine formation of a bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein corona and impact on biological responses. We found that carboxylation increased the capability of F-MWCNTs to bind BSA, and base washing further increased this binding by 41% implying that purification of F-MWCNTs is an important consideration in biological applications. The BSA protein corona decreased the hydrodynamic size of MWCNTs by nearly 50% because the coating improved colloidal behavior. The effect was significantly less pronounced for F-MWCNTs and BW-F-MWCNTs because they were highly dispersible to begin with. Functionalization increased cellular uptake by both rat aortic endothelial cells (RAEC) and macrophage-like murine cells (RAW264.7), while base washing showed results similar to the functionalized analog. Interestingly, BSA binding downregulated mRNA levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1) in RAEC cells but upregulated the expression of IL-6 and Hmox1 in RAW264.7 cells, indicating the dependence of cell types in biological responses to MWCNTs. Overall, our study demonstrated that surface modification as well as further purification impacted the interaction of MWCNTs with proteins and subsequent cellular responses. Interestingly, while the corona associated with the F-MWCNTs and BW-F-MWCNTs were significantly different, their respective cellular uptake and biological responses were similar. This implied that surface functionalization played a more important role than surface corona.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Zheqiong Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102
| | - Somenath Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102
| | - Jared M. Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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14
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Effects of Injection of Carbon Nanotubes on EEG and Results of a Behavioral Test in Rats. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-015-9521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Biopersistence of PEGylated Carbon Nanotubes Promotes a Delayed Antioxidant Response after Infusion into the Rat Hippocampus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129156. [PMID: 26075787 PMCID: PMC4468090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes are promising nanomaterials for the diagnosis and treatment of brain disorders. However, the ability of these nanomaterials to cross cell membranes and interact with neural cells brings the need for the assessment of their potential adverse effects on the nervous system. This study aimed to investigate the biopersistence of single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with polyethylene glycol (SWCNT-PEG) directly infused into the rat hippocampus. Contextual fear conditioning, Y-maze and open field tasks were performed to evaluate the effects of SWCNT-PEG on memory and locomotor activity. The effects of SWCNT-PEG on oxidative stress and morphology of the hippocampus were assessed 1 and 7 days after infusion of the dispersions at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.1 mg/mL. Raman analysis of the hippocampal homogenates indicates the biopersistence of SWCNT-PEG in the hippocampus 7 days post-injection. The infusion of the dispersions had no effect on the acquisition or persistence of the contextual fear memory; likewise, the spatial recognition memory and locomotor activity were not affected by SWCNT-PEG. Histological examination revealed no remarkable morphological alterations after nanomaterial exposure. One day after the infusion, SWCNT-PEG dispersions at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/mL were able to decrease total antioxidant capacity without modifying the levels of reactive oxygen species or lipid hydroperoxides in the hippocampus. Moreover, SWCNT-PEG dispersions at all concentrations induced antioxidant defenses and reduced reactive oxygen species production in the hippocampus at 7 days post-injection. In this work, we found a time-dependent change in antioxidant defenses after the exposure to SWCNT-PEG. We hypothesized that the persistence of the nanomaterial in the tissue can induce an antioxidant response that might have provided resistance to an initial insult. Such antioxidant delayed response may constitute an adaptive response to the biopersistence of SWCNT-PEG in the hippocampus.
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Abstract
Endohedral and exohedral assembly of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) recently gave birth to a large body of new hybrid nanomaterials (MNPs-CNTs) featuring properties that are otherwise not in reach with only the graphitic or metallic cores themselves. These materials feature enhanced magnetically guided motions (rotation and translation), magnetic saturation and coercivity, large surface area, and thermal stability. By guiding the reader through the most significant examples in this Concept paper, we describe how researchers in the field engineered and exploited the synergistic combination of these two types of nanoparticles in a large variety of current and potential applications, such as magnetic fluid hyperthermia therapeutics and in magnetic resonance imaging to name a few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Stopin
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Research College (NARC), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur (Belgium)
| | - Florent Pineux
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Research College (NARC), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur (Belgium)
| | - Riccardo Marega
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Research College (NARC), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur (Belgium)
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Research College (NARC), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur (Belgium). .,Department of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences and INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste (Italy).
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Lee S, Khang D, Kim SH. High dispersity of carbon nanotubes diminishes immunotoxicity in spleen. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:2697-710. [PMID: 25878502 PMCID: PMC4388092 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s80836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From the various physiochemical material properties, the chemical functionalization order of single-walled carbon nanotubes (swCNTs) has not been considered as a critical factor for modulating immunological responses and toxicological aspects in drug delivery applications. Although most nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, are specifically accumulated in spleen, few studies have focused on spleen immunotoxicity. For this reason, this study demonstrated that the dispersity of swCNTs significantly influenced immunotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS For cytotoxicity of swCNTs, MTT assay, reactive oxygen species production, superoxide dismutase activity, cellular uptake, and confocal microscopy were used in macrophages. In the in vivo study, female BALB/c mice were intravenously administered with 1 mg/kg/day of swCNTs for 2 weeks. The body weight, organ weight, hematological change, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and lymphocyte population were evaluated. RESULTS Different orders of chemical functionalization of swCNTs controlled immunotoxicity. In short, less-dispersed swCNTs caused cytotoxicity in macrophages and abnormalities in immune organs such as spleen, whereas highly dispersed swCNTs did not result in immunotoxicity. CONCLUSION This study clarified that increasing carboxyl groups on swCNTs significantly mitigated immunotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Our findings clarified the effective immunotoxicological factors of swCNTs by increasing dispersity of swCNTs and provided useful guidelines for the effective use of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Lee
- CMRI, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwoo Khang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- CMRI, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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18
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Lin PC. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Nanomedicine. PROGRESS IN OPTICAL SCIENCE AND PHOTONICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-287-242-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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19
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Caputo F, De Nicola M, Ghibelli L. Pharmacological potential of bioactive engineered nanomaterials. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:112-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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20
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Saito N, Haniu H, Usui Y, Aoki K, Hara K, Takanashi S, Shimizu M, Narita N, Okamoto M, Kobayashi S, Nomura H, Kato H, Nishimura N, Taruta S, Endo M. Safe clinical use of carbon nanotubes as innovative biomaterials. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6040-79. [PMID: 24720563 PMCID: PMC4059771 DOI: 10.1021/cr400341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Saito
- Institute
for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hisao Haniu
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yuki Usui
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, and Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Kaoru Aoki
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hara
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Seiji Takanashi
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimizu
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Nobuyo Narita
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masanori Okamoto
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kobayashi
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nomura
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Department
of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University
School of Medicine, Asahi
3-1-1, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Nishimura
- R&D
Center, Nakashima Medical Co. Ltd., Haga 5322, Kita-ku, Okayama 701-1221, Japan
| | - Seiichi Taruta
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, and Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Morinobu Endo
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, and Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Wakasato 4-17-1, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
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Kotagiri N, Kim JW. Stealth nanotubes: strategies of shielding carbon nanotubes to evade opsonization and improve biodistribution. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9 Suppl 1:85-105. [PMID: 24872705 PMCID: PMC4024978 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s51854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have recently been in the limelight for their potential role in disease diagnostics and therapeutics, as well as in tissue engineering. Before these medical applications can be realized, there is a need to address issues like opsonization, phagocytosis by macrophages, and sequestration to the liver and spleen for eventual elimination from the body; along with equally important issues such as aqueous solubility, dispersion, biocompatibility, and biofunctionalization. CNTs have not been shown to be able to evade such biological obstacles, which include their nonspecific attachments to cells and other biological components in the bloodstream, before reaching target tissues and cells in vivo. This will eventually determine their longevity in circulation and clearance rate from the body. This review article discusses the current status, challenges, practical strategies, and implementations of coating CNTs with biocompatible and opsonin-resistant moieties, rendering CNTs transparent to opsonins and deceiving the innate immune response to make believe that the CNTs are not foreign. A holistic approach to the development of such "stealth" CNTs is presented, which encompasses not only several biophysicochemical factors that are not limited to surface treatment of CNTs, but also extraneous biological factors such as the protein corona formation that inevitably controls the in vivo fate of the particles. This review also discusses the present and potential applications, along with the future directions, of CNTs and their hybrid-based nanotheranostic agents for multiplex, multimodal molecular imaging and therapy, as well as in other applications, such as drug delivery and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalinikanth Kotagiri
- Bio/Nano Technology Laboratory, Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Optical Radiology Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Bio/Nano Technology Laboratory, Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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22
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Hong H, Chen F, Cai W. Pharmacokinetic issues of imaging with nanoparticles: focusing on carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. Mol Imaging Biol 2014; 15:507-20. [PMID: 23715931 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0648-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
With many desirable properties, nanoparticles hold tremendous potential for in vivo molecular imaging and improving the efficacy of small-molecule drugs. The pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue distribution of nanoparticles largely define their in vivo performance and potential toxicity, which are fundamental issues that need to be elucidated. In this review article, we summarized how molecular imaging techniques (e.g., positron emission tomography, fluorescence imaging, etc.) can facilitate the investigation of PK profiles of nanoparticles using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and quantum dots (QDs) as representative examples. Different imaging techniques can provide useful insights in monitoring the in vivo behavior and tissue distribution of these nanoparticles, and a number of strategies were utilized to optimize the PK profiles of CNTs and QDs. Based on the available literature reports, it can be concluded that chemical/physical properties of the nanoparticles (e.g., surface functionalization, hydrodynamic size, shape, surface charge, etc.), along with the administration routes/doses, can play critical roles in determining the PK and biodistribution pattern of nanoparticles. Robust chemistry for surface modification of nanoparticles is a prerequisite for successful future biomedical/clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hong
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Room 7137, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, USA
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23
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Vidanapathirana AK, Thompson LC, Odom J, Holland NA, Sumner SJ, Fennell TR, Brown JM, Wingard CJ. Vascular Tissue Contractility Changes Following Late Gestational Exposure to Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes or their Dispersing Vehicle in Sprague Dawley Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 5. [PMID: 27066300 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7439.1000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are increasingly used in industry and in nanomedicine raising safety concerns, especially during unique life-stages such as pregnancy. We hypothesized that MWCNT exposure during pregnancy will increase vascular tissue contractile responses by increasing Rho kinase signaling. Pregnant (17-19 gestational days) and non-pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 100 μg/kg of MWCNTs by intratracheal instillation or intravenous administration. Vasoactive responses of uterine, mesenteric, aortic and umbilical vessels were studied 24 hours post-exposure by wire myography. The contractile responses of the vessel segments were different between the pregnant and non-pregnant rats, following MWCNT exposure. Maximum stress generation in the uterine artery segments from the pregnant rats following pulmonary MWCNT exposure was increased in response to angiotensin II by 4.9 mN/mm2 (+118%), as compared to the naïve response and by 2.6 mN/mm2 (+40.7%) as compared to the vehicle exposed group. Following MWCNT exposure, serotonin induced approximately 4 mN/mm2 increase in stress generation of the mesenteric artery from both pregnant and non-pregnant rats as compared to the vehicle response. A significant contribution of the dispersion medium was identified as inducing changes in the contractile properties following both pulmonary and intravenous exposure to MWCNTs. Wire myographic studies in the presence of a Rho kinase inhibitor and RhoA and Rho kinase mRNA/protein expression of rat aortic endothelial cells were unaltered following exposure to MWCNTs, suggesting absent/minimal contribution of Rho kinase to the enhanced contractile responses following MWCNT exposure. The reactivity of the umbilical vein was not changed; however, mean fetal weight gain was reduced with dispersion media and MWCNT exposure by both routes. These results suggest a susceptibility of the vasculature during gestation to MWCNT and their dispersion media-induced vasoconstriction, predisposing reduced fetal growth during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Vidanapathirana
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, NC 27834, USA
| | - L C Thompson
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, NC 27834, USA
| | - J Odom
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, NC 27834, USA
| | - N A Holland
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, NC 27834, USA
| | - S J Sumner
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - T R Fennell
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - J M Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, CO, 80045, USA
| | - C J Wingard
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, NC 27834, USA
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24
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Application of vitamin E to antagonize SWCNTs-induced exacerbation of allergic asthma. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4275. [PMID: 24589727 PMCID: PMC3940970 DOI: 10.1038/srep04275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggravating effects of zero-dimensional, particle-shaped nanomaterials on allergic asthma have been previously investigated, but similar possible effects of one-dimensional shaped nanomaterials have not been reported. More importantly, there are no available means to counteract the adverse nanomaterial effects to allow for their safe use. In this study, an ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized rat asthma model was established to investigate whether single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) aggravate allergic asthma. The results showed that SWCNTs in rats exacerbated OVA-induced allergic asthma and that this exacerbation was counteracted by concurrent administration vitamin E. A mechanism involving the elimination of reactive oxygen species, downregulation of Th2 responses, reduced Ig production, and the relief of allergic asthma symptoms was proposed to explain the antagonistic effects of vitamin E. This work could provide a universal strategy to effectively protect people with allergic asthma from SWCNTs or similar nanomaterial-induced aggravating effects.
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25
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Holzer M, Bihari P, Praetner M, Uhl B, Reichel C, Fent J, Vippola M, Lakatos S, Krombach F. Carbon-based nanomaterials accelerate arteriolar thrombus formation in the murine microcirculation independently of their shape. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:1167-76. [PMID: 24531921 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs) have been shown to exert prothrombotic effects in microvessels, it is poorly understood whether CBNs also have the potential to interfere with the process of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and whether the shape of CBNs plays a role in these processes. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of two differently shaped CBNs, fiber-shaped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and spherical ultrafine carbon black (CB), on thrombus formation as well as on leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and leukocyte transmigration in the murine microcirculation upon systemic administration in vivo. Systemic administration of both SWCNT and CB accelerated arteriolar thrombus formation at a dose of 1 mg kg(-1) body weight, whereas SWCNT exerted a prothrombotic effect also at a lower dose (0.1 mg kg(-1) body weight). In vitro, both CBNs induced P-selectin expression on human platelets and formation of platelet-granulocyte complexes. In contrast, injection of fiber-shaped SWCNT or of spherical CB did not induce leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions or leukocyte transmigration. In vitro, both CBNs slightly increased the expression of activation markers on human monocytes and granulocytes. These findings suggest that systemic administration of CBNs accelerates arteriolar thrombus formation independently of the CBNs' shape, but does not induce leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions or leukocyte transmigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holzer
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
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26
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Mojica Pisciotti ML, Lima E, Vasquez Mansilla M, Tognoli VE, Troiani HE, Pasa AA, Creczynski-Pasa TB, Silva AH, Gurman P, Colombo L, Goya GF, Lamagna A, Zysler RD. In vitro and in vivo experiments with iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with DEXTRAN or polyethylene glycol for medical applications: magnetic targeting. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 102:860-8. [PMID: 24458920 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this research work, DEXTRAN- and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated iron-oxide superparamagnetic nanoparticles were synthetized and their cytotoxicity and biodistribution assessed. Well-crystalline hydrophobic Fe3 O4 SPIONs were formed by a thermal decomposition process with d = 18 nm and σ = 2 nm; finally, the character of SPIONs was changed to hydrophilic by a post-synthesis procedure with the functionalization of the SPIONs with PEG or DEXTRAN. The nanoparticles present high saturation magnetization and superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature, and the hydrodynamic diameters of DEXTRAN- and PEG-coated SPIONs were measured as 170 and 120 nm, respectively. PEG- and DEXTRAN-coated SPIONs have a Specific Power Absorption SPA of 320 and 400 W/g, respectively, in an ac magnetic field with amplitude of 13 kA/m and frequency of 256 kHz. In vitro studies using VERO and MDCK cell lineages were performed to study the cytotoxicity and cell uptake of the SPIONs. For both cell lineages, PEG- and DEXTRAN-coated nanoparticles presented high cell viability for concentrations as high as 200 μg/mL. In vivo studies were conducted using BALB/c mice inoculating the SPIONs intravenously and exposing them to the presence of an external magnet located over the tumour. It was observed that the amount of PEG-coated SPIONs in the tumor increased by up to 160% when using the external permanent magnetic as opposed to those animals that were not exposed to the external magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Mojica Pisciotti
- Div. Resonancias Magnéticas, Centro Atómico Bariloche/CONICET, S. C. Bariloche, 8400, Argentina
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27
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Gong H, Peng R, Liu Z. Carbon nanotubes for biomedical imaging: the recent advances. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1951-63. [PMID: 24184130 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the latest progresses regarding the applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), including single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), as multifunctional nano-probes for biomedical imaging. Utilizing the intrinsic band-gap fluorescence of semi-conducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), fluorescence imaging in the near infrared II (NIR-II) region with enhanced tissue penetration and spatial resolution has shown great promise in recent years. Raman imaging based on the resonance Raman scattering of SWNTs has also been explored by a number of groups for in vitro and in vivo imaging of biological samples. The strong absorbance of CNTs in the NIR region can be used for photoacoustic imaging, and their photoacoustic signals can be dramatically enhanced by adding organic dyes, or coating with gold shells. Taking advantages of metal nanoparticle impurities attached to nanotubes, CNTs can also serve as a T2-contrast agent in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. In addition, when labeled with radioactive isotopes, many groups have developed nuclear imaging with functionalized CNTs. Therefore CNTs are unique imaging probes with great potential in biomedical multimodal imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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Heister E, Brunner EW, Dieckmann GR, Jurewicz I, Dalton AB. Are carbon nanotubes a natural solution? Applications in biology and medicine. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:1870-1891. [PMID: 23427832 DOI: 10.1021/am302902d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes and materials based on carbon nanotubes have many perceived applications in the field of biomedicine. Several highly promising examples have been highlighted in the literature, ranging from their use as growth substrates or tissue scaffolds to acting as intracellular transporters for various therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In addition, carbon nanotubes have a strong optical absorption in the near-infrared region (in which tissue is transparent), which enables their use for biological imaging applications and photothermal ablation of tumors. Although these advances are potentially game-changing, excitement must be tempered somewhat as several bottlenecks exist. Carbon nanotube-based technologies ultimately have to compete with and out-perform existing technologies in terms of performance and price. Moreover, issues have been highlighted relating to toxicity, which presents an obstacle for the transition from preclinical to clinical use. Although many studies have suggested that well-functionalized carbon nanotubes appear to be safe to the treated animals, mainly rodents, long-term toxicity issues remains to be elucidated. In this report, we systematically highlight some of the most promising biomedical application areas of carbon nanotubes and review the interaction of carbon nanotubes with cultured cells and living organisms with a particular focus on in vivo biodistribution and potential adverse health effects. To conclude, future challenges and prospects of carbon nanotubes for biomedical applications will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Heister
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) consist of a family of carbon built nanoparticles, whose biological effects depend on their physical characteristics and other constitutive chemicals (impurities and functions attached). CNTs are considered the twenty first century material due to their unique physicochemical characteristics and applicability to industrial product. The use of these materials steadily increases worldwide and toxic outcomes need to be studied for each nanomaterial in depth to prevent adverse effects to humans and the environment. Entrance into the body is physical, and usually few nanoparticles enter the body; however, once there, they are persistent due to their limited metabolisms, so their removal is slow, and chronic cumulative health effects are studied. Oxidative stress is the main mechanism of toxicity but size, agglomeration, chirality as well as impurities and functionalization are some of the structural and chemical characteristic contributing to the CNTs toxicity outcomes. Among the many toxicity pathways, interference with cytoskeleton and fibrous mechanisms, cell signaling, membrane perturbations and the production of cytokines, chemokines and inflammation are some of the effects resulting from exposure to CNTs. The aim of this review is to offer an up-to-date scope of the effects of CNTs on biological systems with attention to mechanisms of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Rodriguez-Yañez
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
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Heidari- Keshel S, Entezari M, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Ebrahimi M, Rezaei-Tavirani M. Functionalization of MWNT-COOH by one-step reaction with (3-oxoindolin-2-ylidene) urea and in vitro antitumor study on gastric cancer. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2013; 6:S39-44. [PMID: 24834286 PMCID: PMC4017536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM In this study, we was tried to prepare a nano compound with a new way in functionalization as anti gastric cancer candidate. BACKGROUND Functionalization of nanotubes is a useful route for modification of their biologic properties. (3-oxoindolin-2-ylidene) urea is a chemical compound that made of isatin and urea that can be useful in cancer study. PATIENTS AND METHODS MWNT-COOH was functionalized by this compound with one-step reaction that is a new class in modification. Product has been investigated by FT-IR, Raman and SEM. Anti cancer investigation with human gastric cells and MTT assay test for measurement of viable cell numbers were also performed. RESULTS The two bands at around 2800-2900 cm(-1) which are seen in functionalized product are attributed to the CH stretching of MWNT-COOH defects. CONCLUSION Cellular results demonstrated that the functionalized nano-tube is a more toxic agent compared to other samples for cancer cells and can be used as a candidate material for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Heidari- Keshel
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
| | - Mahdieh Entezari
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Shahre-Qods Branch, Shahre-Qods, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
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Qiao J, Hong T, Triana TS, Guo H, Chung DH, Xu YQ. Magneto-Fluorescent Carbon Nanotube-Mediated siRNA for Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Silencing in Neuroblastoma. RSC Adv 2013; 3:4544-4551. [PMID: 25657845 DOI: 10.1039/c3ra23023f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a newly-developed magneto-fluorescent carbon nanotube (CNT) mediated siRNA (CNT-siRNA) delivery system, which significantly silences our target of interest, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R), in neuroblastoma. CNT-siGRP-R resulted in a 50% silencing efficiency and a sustained efficacy of 9 days for one-time siRNA treatment in vitro, whereas siRNA delivered by the commercial transfection reagent couldn't knockdown GRP-R expression. We further show that CNT-siRNA efficiently inhibits the growth of subcutaneous xenograft tumors in vivo. This system allows us to track the CNT-siRNA distribution via both near-infrared fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging. Moreover, our delivery system can be used to knockdown GRP-R expression in other cancer cell types, such as human breast cancer cells. The high efficiency and sustained efficacy may indicate that the natural stacking interactions between CNTs and siRNAs can protect siRNAs from degradation and enhance their stability during the delivery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Qiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Tu Hong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Taylor S Triana
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Honglian Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Dai H Chung
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 ; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Ya-Qiong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235 ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
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Synergistic anticancer effect of RNAi and photothermal therapy mediated by functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. Biomaterials 2012; 34:262-74. [PMID: 23046752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are special nano-materials which exhibit interesting physical and chemical properties, presenting new opportunities for biomedical research and applications. In this study, we have successfully adopted a novel strategy to chemically functionalize SWNTs with polyethylenimine (PEI) through purification, oxidation, amination and polymerization, which were then bound by DSPE-PEG2000-Maleimide for further conjugation with the tumor targeting NGR (Cys-Asn-Gly-Arg-Cys-) peptide via the maleimide group and sulfhydryl group of cysteine, and finally hTERT siRNA was loaded to obtain a novel tumor targeting siRNA delivery system, designated as SWNT-PEI/siRNA/NGR. The results showed that SWNT-PEI/siRNA/NGR could efficiently cross cell membrane, induced more severe apoptosis and stronger suppression in proliferation of PC-3 cells in vitro. Furthermore, in tumor-bearing mice model the delivery system exhibited higher antitumor activity due to more accumulation in tumor without obvious toxicity in main organs. The combination of RNAi and near-infrared (NIR) photothermal therapy significantly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy. In conclusion, SWNT-PEI/siRNA/NGR is a novel and promising anticancer system by combining gene therapy and photothermal therapy.
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Hemmer E, Takeshita H, Yamano T, Fujiki T, Kohl Y, Löw K, Venkatachalam N, Hyodo H, Kishimoto H, Soga K. In vitro and in vivo investigations of upconversion and NIR emitting Gd₂O₃:Er³⁺,Yb³⁺ nanostructures for biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:2399-2412. [PMID: 22588504 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of an "over 1000-nm near-infrared (NIR) in vivo fluorescence bioimaging" system based on lanthanide containing inorganic nanostructures emitting in the visible and NIR range under 980-nm excitation is proposed. It may overcome problems of currently used biomarkers including color fading, phototoxicity and scattering. Gd(2)O(3):Er(3+),Yb(3+) nanoparticles and nanorods showing upconversion and NIR emission are synthesized and their cytotoxic behavior is investigated by incubation with B-cell hybridomas and macrophages. Surface modification with PEG-b-PAAc provides the necessary chemical durability reducing the release of toxic Gd(3+) ions. NIR fluorescence microscopy is used to investigate the suitability of the nanostructures as NIR-NIR biomarkers. The in vitro uptake of bare and modified nanostructures by macrophages is investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In vivo investigations revealed nanostructures in liver, lung, kidneys and spleen a few hours after injection into mice, while most of the nanostructures have been removed from the body after 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hemmer
- Center for Technologies Against Cancer, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.
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Mann EE, Thompson LC, Shannahan JH, Wingard CJ. Changes in cardiopulmonary function induced by nanoparticles. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 4:691-702. [PMID: 22915448 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NP) are highly applicable in a variety of technological and biomedical fields because of their unique physicochemical properties. The increased development and utilization of NP has amplified human exposure and raised concerns regarding their potential to generate toxicity. The biological impacts of NP exposures have been shown to be dependent on aerodynamic size, chemical composition, and the route of exposure (oral, dermal, intravenous, and inhalation), while recent research has demonstrated the cardiovascular (CV) system as an important site of toxicity. Proposed mechanisms responsible for these effects include inflammation, oxidative stress, autonomic dysregulation, and direct interactions of NP with CV cells. Specifically, NP have been shown to impact vascular endothelial cell (EC) integrity, which may disrupt the dynamic endothelial regulation of vascular tone, possibly altering systemic vascular resistance and impairing the appropriate distribution of blood flow throughout the circulation. Cardiac consequences of NP-induced toxicity include disruption of heart rate and electrical activity via catecholamine release, increased susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion injury, and modified baroreceptor control of cardiac function. These and other CV outcomes likely contribute to adverse health effects promoting myocardial infarction, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, and thrombosis. This review will assess the current knowledge regarding the principle sites of CV toxicity following NP exposure. Furthermore, we will propose mechanisms contributing to altered CV function and hypothesize possible outcomes resulting in decrements in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Mann
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Hong T, Lazarenko RM, Colvin DC, Flores RL, Zhang Q, Xu YQ. Effect of Competitive Surface Functionalization on Dual-Modality Fluorescence and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2012; 116:16319-16324. [PMID: 26644813 PMCID: PMC4670557 DOI: 10.1021/jp305372z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that ionic surfactant coated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) possess higher near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) quantum yield than nonionic polymer functionalized SWNTs. However, the influence of surface functionalization on the magnetic properties of SWNTs for T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has not been reported. Here, we demonstrate that SWNTs functionalized by nonionic polymers display superior T2 relaxivity for MRI as compared to those coated by ionic surfactants. This difference may indicate that micelle structures formed by ionic surfactants are sufficiently tight to partially exclude water protons from the iron catalysts attached to the ends of SWNTs. On the basis of the different effects of the two types of suspension agents on NIRF and MRI of functionalized SWNTs, we further explore the competitive surface functionalization between ionic surfactants and nonionic polymers by stepwise replacing ionic surfactant molecules in a nanotube suspension with nonionic polymers. The superior NIRF of ionic surfactant coated SWNTs gradually quenches whereas no improvement on T2 relaxivity is observed during this replacement process. This result may indicate that nonionic polymers wrap around the outside of micelle structures to form small nanotube bundles rather than replacing ionic surfactants in the micelle structures to directly interact with the SWNT surface. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of dual-modality NIRF and MRI of nonionic polymer functionalized SWNTs in brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu Hong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Roman M. Lazarenko
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Daniel C. Colvin
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Roel L. Flores
- Interdisciplinary Program in Materials Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Ya-Qiong Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Interdisciplinary Program in Materials Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Vélez JM, Vélez JJ. The eminent need for an academic program in universities to teach nanomedicine. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1733-8. [PMID: 21984868 PMCID: PMC3186013 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s21133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine is on the cutting edge of technology applied to medical and biological sciences. Nanodevices, nanomaterials, nanoinstruments, nanotechnologies, and nanotechniques (laboratory methods and procedures) are important for the modern practice of medicine and essential for research that could stimulate the discovery of new medical advances. Accordingly, there is an eminent need for implementing an academic program in universities to teach this indispensable and pragmatic discipline, especially in the departments of graduate studies and research in the areas of pharmacology, genetic engineering, proteomics, and molecular and cellular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Vélez
- Intracellular Signaling Lab, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México.
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Iancu C, Mocan L. Advances in cancer therapy through the use of carbon nanotube-mediated targeted hyperthermia. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1675-84. [PMID: 21904457 PMCID: PMC3160953 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s23588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are emerging versatile tools in nanomedicine applications, particularly in the field of cancer targeting. Due to diverse surface chemistry and unique thermal properties, CNTs can act as strong optical absorbers in near infrared light where biological systems prove to be highly transparent. The process of laser-mediated ablation of cancer cells marked with biofunctionalized CNTs is frequently termed "nanophotothermolysis." This paper illustrates the potential of engineered CNTs as laser-activated photothermal agents for the selective nanophotothermolysis of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornel Iancu
- 3rd Surgery Clinic, Department of Nanomedicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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