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Jiang S, Li X, Seo JW, Ahn S, Sung Y, Jamrasi P, Song W. Comparison of face mask effects on cardiorespiratory responses between physically active and sedentary individuals. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:857-862. [PMID: 38842371 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.24.15798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations caused by face masks on physiological responses vary among different population groups. This study aimed to investigate whether physically active and sedentary individuals respond differently to face mask use during exercise. METHODS Sixteen healthy college students were divided into two groups: Physically active group (N.=10; 26.50±2.80 years) and Sedentary group (N.=6; 26.33±2.81 years). They performed three maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET)s following the Bruce protocol: one without a face mask (NON), one with a surgical mask (SUR) and one with a cloth mask (CLO). Cardiorespiratory parameters and heart rate were monitored continuously during the test. Blood pressure, oxygen saturation and lactate level were measured immediately before and after exertion. RESULTS Significant differences were found between the Physically active and the Sedentary group in peak VO2 (VO2peak) in NON (P=0.030). However, this difference disappeared when the face masks were used. Furthermore, VO2/kg (P=0.002) and METs (P=0.002) decreased significantly at the respiratory compensation point (RCP) only in the Physically active group with face masks. No significant differences were found between the two groups for exercise time, lactate level and dyspnea (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The decrease in exercise tolerance and cardiorespiratory responses, particularly VO2peak, due to face mask use was greater in physically active individuals compared to sedentary individuals. Population group characteristics should be considered when adapting face masks to daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Jiang
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xinxing Li
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Won Seo
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soyoung Ahn
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yunho Sung
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Parivash Jamrasi
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wook Song
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea -
- Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Kali VR, Meda SS. Functional nutrition for the health of exercising individuals and elite sportspersons. Nutr Health 2024; 30:49-59. [PMID: 37583297 DOI: 10.1177/02601060231191865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elite sportspersons who are involved in high-intensity physical sports indulge in severe training and competition schedules, which exposes them to high levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress, hence it may hamper their health sometimes. Disturbance in the health of sportspersons also induces compromised performances. THE PREMISE FOR FUNCTIONAL NUTRITION Functional nutrition is essential for elite sportspersons training for securing both rest and recovery to have proper health and anticipated performance. Apart from serving the energy needs of the sportspersons, the nutrition strategies should provide them with certain metabolic advantages, which provide greater health and immunity, to ensure proper training and competition. The diet of the sportspersons needs to contain appropriate anti-inflammatory and antioxidative nutrients, to ensure to reduction and control of the physiological stress of tissues during high-intensity physical sports, especially during marathon running. Preserving anabolic valence among sportspersons for muscle myokine optimization is an essential aspect of sports nutrition, which secures health and provides excellent performance potential. Preservation and optimization of gut microbiome among sportspersons enhance immune health and performance, through proper gut integrity and enhanced metabolic cascades. As the genes are to be properly expressed for excellent manifestation in protein synthesis and other metabolic signaling, achieving genetic valance through proper nutrition ensures the health of the sportspersons. CONCLUSION Functional nutrition seems a very necessary and potent factor in the training and competition aspects of elite sportspersons since nutrition not only provides recovery but also ensures proper health for elite sportspersons.
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Rojas-Valverde D, Bonilla DA, Gómez-Miranda LM, Calleja-Núñez JJ, Arias N, Martínez-Guardado I. Examining the Interaction between Exercise, Gut Microbiota, and Neurodegeneration: Future Research Directions. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2267. [PMID: 37626763 PMCID: PMC10452292 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity has been demonstrated to have a significant impact on gut microbial diversity and function. Emerging research has revealed certain aspects of the complex interactions between the gut, exercise, microbiota, and neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting that changes in gut microbial diversity and metabolic function may have an impact on the onset and progression of neurological conditions. This study aimed to review the current literature from several databases until 1 June 2023 (PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) on the interplay between the gut, physical exercise, microbiota, and neurodegeneration. We summarized the roles of exercise and gut microbiota on neurodegeneration and identified the ways in which these are all connected. The gut-brain axis is a complex and multifaceted network that has gained considerable attention in recent years. Research indicates that gut microbiota plays vital roles in metabolic shifts during physiological or pathophysiological conditions in neurodegenerative diseases; therefore, they are closely related to maintaining overall health and well-being. Similarly, exercise has shown positive effects on brain health and cognitive function, which may reduce/delay the onset of severe neurological disorders. Exercise has been associated with various neurochemical changes, including alterations in cortisol levels, increased production of endorphins, endocannabinoids like anandamide, as well as higher levels of serotonin and dopamine. These changes have been linked to mood improvements, enhanced sleep quality, better motor control, and cognitive enhancements resulting from exercise-induced effects. However, further clinical research is necessary to evaluate changes in bacteria taxa along with age- and sex-based differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Nucleus of Studies for High Performance and Health (CIDISAD-NARS), School of Human Movement Sciences and Quality of Life (CIEMHCAVI), National University, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
- Sports Injury Clinic (Rehab & Readapt), School of Human Movement Sciences and Quality of Life (CIEMHCAVI), National University, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Diego A. Bonilla
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society—DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia;
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Education, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
- Sport Genomics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Luis M. Gómez-Miranda
- Sports Faculty, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana 22615, Mexico; (L.M.G.-M.); (J.J.C.-N.)
| | - Juan J. Calleja-Núñez
- Sports Faculty, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana 22615, Mexico; (L.M.G.-M.); (J.J.C.-N.)
| | - Natalia Arias
- BRABE Group, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Nebrija, C/del Hostal, 28248 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ismael Martínez-Guardado
- BRABE Group, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Nebrija, C/del Hostal, 28248 Madrid, Spain;
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Seshadri DR, Harlow ER, Thom ML, Emery MS, Phelan DM, Hsu JJ, Düking P, De Mey K, Sheehan J, Geletka B, Flannery R, Calcei JG, Karns M, Salata MJ, Gabbett TJ, Voos JE. Wearable technology in the sports medicine clinic to guide the return-to-play and performance protocols of athletes following a COVID-19 diagnosis. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231177498. [PMID: 37434736 PMCID: PMC10331194 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231177498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has enabled the adoption of digital health platforms for self-monitoring and diagnosis. Notably, the pandemic has had profound effects on athletes and their ability to train and compete. Sporting organizations worldwide have reported a significant increase in injuries manifesting from changes in training regimens and match schedules resulting from extended quarantines. While current literature focuses on the use of wearable technology to monitor athlete workloads to guide training, there is a lack of literature suggesting how such technology can mediate the return to sport processes of athletes infected with COVID-19. This paper bridges this gap by providing recommendations to guide team physicians and athletic trainers on the utility of wearable technology for improving the well-being of athletes who may be asymptomatic, symptomatic, or tested negative but have had to quarantine due to a close exposure. We start by describing the physiologic changes that occur in athletes infected with COVID-19 with extended deconditioning from a musculoskeletal, psychological, cardiopulmonary, and thermoregulatory standpoint and review the evidence on how these athletes may safely return to play. We highlight opportunities for wearable technology to aid in the return-to-play process by offering a list of key parameters pertinent to the athlete affected by COVID-19. This paper provides the athletic community with a greater understanding of how wearable technology can be implemented in the rehabilitation process of these athletes and spurs opportunities for further innovations in wearables, digital health, and sports medicine to reduce injury burden in athletes of all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv R Seshadri
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ethan R Harlow
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mitchell L Thom
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael S Emery
- Sports Cardiology Center, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dermot M Phelan
- Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Hsu
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Düking
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Benjamin Geletka
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- University Hospitals Rehabilitation Services and Sports Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert Flannery
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jacob G Calcei
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael Karns
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael J Salata
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tim J Gabbett
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, Australia
| | - James E Voos
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Støle Melsom H, Randa A, Hisdal J, Stang JS, Stensrud T. Prevalence of Asthma among Norwegian Elite Athletes. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3887471. [PMID: 38655166 PMCID: PMC11022777 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3887471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Objective Asthma is a common problem among elite athletes and represents a health risk interfering with the athlete's performance status. This study aimed to evaluate the asthma prevalence among Norwegian summer and winter elite athletes and asthma prevalence across sport categories. We also aimed to examine whether bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), lung function, fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO), and allergy status differed between asthmatic and non-asthmatic elite athletes. Methods Norwegian athletes qualifying for the Beijing Olympic Summer Games 2008 (n = 80) and the Vancouver Olympic Winter Games 2010 (n = 55) were included. The athletes underwent clinical respiratory examination including lung function measurement, methacholine bronchial challenge for assessment of BHR, FENO, and skin prick testing. Asthma was diagnosed based on respiratory symptoms and clinical examination including objective measurements. Results Asthma was more prevalent among winter athletes (50%) than summer athletes (20%). Thirty-three (52%) endurance athletes, 3 (6%) team sport athletes, and 7 (33%) technical sport athletes had medically diagnosed asthma. Significantly lower lung function (p < 0.001) and higher prevalence of severe BHR (p < 0.001) were found in asthmatic athletes compared with non-asthmatic athletes. Conclusion Asthma is common among Norwegian elite athletes, with winter and endurance athletes showing the highest prevalence. Asthmatic athletes were characterized by lower lung function and more severe BHR compared with non-asthmatic counterparts. The high prevalence among winter and endurance athletes demonstrates a need for increased attention to prevent and reduce the prevalence of asthma among those athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Støle Melsom
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Randa
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonny Hisdal
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julie Sørbø Stang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Stensrud
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Parameters in Athletic Population: A Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10215073. [PMID: 34768593 PMCID: PMC8584629 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although still underutilized, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) allows the most accurate and reproducible measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness and performance in athletes. It provides functional physiologic indices which are key variables in the assessment of athletes in different disciplines. CPET is valuable in clinical and physiological investigation of individuals with loss of performance or minor symptoms that might indicate subclinical cardiovascular, pulmonary or musculoskeletal disorders. Highly trained athletes have improved CPET values, so having just normal values may hide a medical disorder. In the present review, applications of CPET in athletes with special attention on physiological parameters such as VO2max, ventilatory thresholds, oxygen pulse, and ventilatory equivalent for oxygen and exercise economy in the assessment of athletic performance are discussed. The role of CPET in the evaluation of possible latent diseases and overtraining syndrome, as well as CPET-based exercise prescription, are outlined.
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Boulet LP, Turmel J, Irwin RS. Cough in the Athlete: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest 2017; 151:441-454. [PMID: 27865877 PMCID: PMC6026250 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cough is a common symptom experienced by athletes, particularly after exercise. We performed a systematic review to assess the following in this population: (1) the main causes of acute and recurrent cough, either exercise-induced or not, (2) how cough is assessed, and (3) how cough is treated in this population. From the systematic review, suggestions for management were developed. METHODS This review was performed according to the CHEST methodological guidelines and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework until April 2015. To be included, studies had to meet the following criteria: participants had to be athletes and adults and adolescents aged ≥ 12 years and had to complain of cough, regardless of its duration or relationship to exercise. The Expert Cough Panel based their suggestions on the data extracted from the review and final grading by consensus according to a Delphi process. RESULTS Only 60 reports fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and the results of our analysis revealed only low-quality evidence on the causes of cough and how to assess and treat cough specifically in athletes. Although there was no formal evaluation of causes of cough in the athletic population, the most common causes reported were asthma, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, respiratory tract infection (RTI), upper airway cough syndrome (UACS) (mostly from rhinitis), and environmental exposures. Cough was also reported to be related to exercise-induced vocal cord dysfunction among a variety of less common causes. Although gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is frequent in athletes, we found no publication on cough and GERD in this population. Assessment of the causes of cough was performed mainly with bronchoprovocation tests and suspected disease-specific investigations. The evidence to guide treatment of cough in the athlete was weak or nonexistent, depending on the cause. As data on cough in athletes were hidden in a set of other data (respiratory symptoms), evidence tables were difficult to produce and were done only for cough treatment in athletes. CONCLUSIONS The causes of cough in the athlete appear to differ slightly from those in the general population. It is often associated with environmental exposures related to the sport training environment and occurs predominantly following intense exercise. Clinical history and specific investigations should allow identification of the cause of cough as well as targeting of the treatment. Until management studies have been performed in the athlete, current guidelines that exist for the general population should be applied for the evaluation and treatment of cough in the athlete, taking into account specific training context and anti-doping regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe Boulet
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Julie Turmel
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Richard S Irwin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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8
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Selge C, Thomas S, Nowak D, Radon K, Wolfarth B. Asthma prevalence in German Olympic athletes: A comparison of winter and summer sport disciplines. Respir Med 2016; 118:15-21. [PMID: 27578466 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of asthma in elite athletes shows very wide ranges. It remains unclear to what extent this is influenced by the competition season (winter vs. summer) or the ventilation rate achieved during competition. The aim of this study was to evaluate prevalence of asthma in German elite winter and summer athletes from a wide range of sport disciplines and to identify high risk groups. METHODS In total, 265 German elite winter athletes (response 77%) and 283 German elite summer athletes (response 64%) answered validated respiratory questionnaires. Using logistic regression, the asthma risks associated with competition season and ventilation rate during competition, respectively, were investigated. A subset of winter athletes was also examined for their FENO-levels and lung function. RESULTS With respect to all asthma outcomes, no association was found with the competition season. Regarding the ventilation rate, athletes in high ventilation sports were at increased risk of asthma, as compared to athletes in low ventilation sports (doctors' diagnosed asthma: OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.19-4.53; use of asthma medication: OR 4.46, 95% CI 1.52-13.10; current wheeze or use of asthma medication: OR 2.78, 95% CI 1.34-5.76). Athletes with doctors' diagnosed asthma were at an approximate four-fold risk of elevated FENO-values. CONCLUSIONS The clinically relevant finding of this study is that athletes' asthma seems to be more common in sports with high ventilation during competition, whereas the summer or winter season had no impact on the frequency of the disease. Among winter athletes, elevated FENO suggested suboptimal control of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Selge
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.
| | - Silke Thomas
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany.
| | - Katja Radon
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany; Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany.
| | - Bernd Wolfarth
- Department of Sport Medicine Humboldt University and Charité University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
The prevalence of airway dysfunction in elite swimmers is among the highest in elite athletes. The traditional view that swimmers naturally gravitate toward swimming because of preexisting respiratory disorders has been challenged. There is now sufficient evidence that the higher prevalence of bronchial tone disorders in elite swimmers is not the result of a natural selection bias. Rather, the combined effects of repeated chlorine by-product exposure and chronic endurance training can lead to airway dysfunction and atopy. This review will detail the underpinning causes of airway dysfunction observed in elite swimmers. It will also show that airway dysfunction does not prevent success in elite level swimming. Neither does it inhibit lung growth and might be partially reversible when elite swimmers retire from competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch Lomax
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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10
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Burns J, Mason C, Mueller N, Ohlander J, Zock JP, Drobnic F, Wolfarth B, Heinrich J, Omenaas E, Stensrud T, Nowak D, Radon K. Asthma prevalence in Olympic summer athletes and the general population: An analysis of three European countries. Respir Med 2015; 109:813-20. [PMID: 26013359 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies have shown a higher prevalence of asthma in elite athletes as compared to the general population. It is inconclusive to what extent certain sport categories are especially affected. The present study offered a unique opportunity to assess these differences in asthma prevalence in the general population and elite summer athletes from a wide range of sport disciplines across various geographical areas. METHODS Cross-sectional data for 1568 general population participants from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey II and 546 elite athletes from the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network Olympic study from three European countries were analyzed. Using logistic regression, the asthma risks associated with athlete sport practice, endurance level and aquatic sport practice, respectively, were investigated. RESULTS Athletes in the highest endurance category had increased risk of doctor-diagnosed asthma (OR 3.5; 95% CI 1.7-7.5), asthma symptoms (OR 3.0; CI 1.5-6.0) and asthma symptoms or medication use (OR 3.5; CI 1.8-6.7) compared to the general population. Aquatic athletes were at increased risk of doctor-diagnosed asthma (OR 2.0; CI 1.1-3.9), asthma symptoms (OR 2.6; CI 1.3-5.0) and asthma symptoms or medication use (OR 2.3; CI 1.2-4.4) when compared to individuals not involved in aquatic sports. Regarding the entire athlete population, no increase in asthma was found when compared to the general population. CONCLUSIONS Practice of very high endurance and aquatic sports may be associated with increased asthma risks. Athlete participation as such showed no association with asthma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Burns
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstrasse 1, Munich, Germany
| | - Catherine Mason
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstrasse 1, Munich, Germany
| | - Natalie Mueller
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstrasse 1, Munich, Germany; Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/ Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Plaça de la Mercè 10-12, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Johan Ohlander
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstrasse 1, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan-Paul Zock
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), C/ Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Plaça de la Mercè 10-12, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, Madrid, Spain; Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Otterstraat 118-124, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Franchek Drobnic
- Medical Services FC Barcelona and Sport Physiology, GIRSANE CAR, Av. Alcalde Barnils 3-5, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Bernd Wolfarth
- Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports Medicine, Technical University Munich (TUM), Georg-Brauchle-Ring 56-58, Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ernst Omenaas
- Centre for Clinical Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Liesvei 65, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trine Stensrud
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences (NIH), Mailbox 4014, Ulleval Stadion, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dennis Nowak
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstrasse 1, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Radon
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Ziemssenstrasse 1, Munich, Germany
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