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Lyu M, Chen Z, Tang R, Ding L, Deng S, Adams R, Han J, Li Y. Lateral Shuffle-Induced Fatigue Effects on Ankle Proprioception and Countermovement Jump Performance. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:418-424. [PMID: 38841636 PMCID: PMC11149079 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
To determine how lateral shuffling/lateral shuffle (LS) -induced fatigue affects ankle proprioception and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. Eighteen male college athletes performed 6 modes of a repeated LS protocol with 2 distances (2.5 and 5 m) and 3 speeds (1.6, 1.8, and 2.0 m/s). After LS, ankle inversion proprioception (AIP) was measured using the active movement extent discrimination apparatus (AMEDA). CMJ, blood lactate (BLa), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured before and after LS. The number of changes of direction (CODs) in each protocol was recorded. LS-induced fatigue was evident in BLa, HR and RPE (all p < 0.05), increasing with shorter shuffle distance and faster speed. RM-ANOVA showed a significant distance main effect on both AIP (p < 0.01) and CMJ (p < 0.05), but the speed main effect was only significant for CMJ (p ≤ 0.001), not AIP (p = 0.87). CMJ performance was correlated with BLa, HR and RPE (r values range from -0.62 to -0.32, all p ≤ 0.001). AIP was only correlated with CODs (r = -0.251, p < 0.01). These results suggested that in LS, shorter distance, regardless of speed, was associated with worse AIP, whereas subsequent CMJ performance was affected by both LS distance and speed. Hence, AIP performance was not related to physiological fatigue, but CMJ performance was. Results imply that LS affects processing proprioceptive input and producing muscular output differently, and that these two aspects of neuromuscular control are affected by physiological fatigue to varying degrees. These findings have implications for injury prevention and performance enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengde Lyu
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhili Chen
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Renhuan Tang
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Ding
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengji Deng
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Roger Adams
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
| | - Jia Han
- College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
| | - Yongming Li
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
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Hasegawa T, Muratomi K, Furuhashi Y, Mizushima J, Maemura H. Effects of high-intensity sprint exercise on neuromuscular function in sprinters: the countermovement jump as a fatigue assessment tool. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17443. [PMID: 38827313 PMCID: PMC11143976 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background High-intensity sprint exercises (HIS) are central to sprinter training and require careful monitoring of athlete muscle fatigue to improve performance and prevent injury. While the countermovement jump (CMJ) may be used to monitor neuromuscular fatigue (NMF), little is known about the specific effects from HIS. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of HIS on the CMJ to assess its utility for assessing NMF following HIS. Methods Ten male collegiate 400 m sprinters completed a 400 m sprint fatigue protocol and underwent five CMJ-testing sessions (baseline, 3 minutes, 10 minutes, 1 hour and 24 hours) over two days. Three CMJ trials, performed on a force plate, were completed each trial, with rating of perceived exertion (RPE) recorded as a subjective fatigue measure. Changes in RPE, CMJ variables, force-time and power-time curves at baseline and post fatigue were assessed. Results Significant changes were observed in most variables following the fatigue protocol. In particular, concentric mean power remained significantly lower after 24 hours compared to baseline. In addition, the force-time curves exhibited a significant reduction in all conditions following the fatigue protocol. This decline was most pronounced within 50-75%of the concentric phase relative to baseline measurements. Conclusion. Results indicate that the CMJ may be a useful tool for monitoring fatigue in at least 400 m sprinters. These data also indicate that HIS may disproportionately reduce force output in during concentric movement. These insights may improve training prescriptions and injury prevention strategies for sprint athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hasegawa
- Hillside Teachers’ College, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
- Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers, Japan International Cooperation Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Muratomi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Furuhashi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jun Mizushima
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Maemura
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Papadimitriou I. Employing emerging technologies such as motion capture to study the complex interplay between genotype and power-related performance traits. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1407753. [PMID: 38841210 PMCID: PMC11150552 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1407753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise genomics has progressed alongside advancements in molecular genetic technologies that have enhanced our understanding of associations between genes and performance traits. This novel field of research incorporates techniques and tools from epidemiology, molecular genetics, exercise physiology and biostatistics to investigate the complex interplay between genotype and specific quantitative performance traits, such as muscle power output. Here I aimed to illustrate how interdisciplinary training can ensure the effective use of new emerging technologies, such as motion capture, to examine the influence of genetic and epigenetic factors on power-related quantitative performance traits. Furthermore, this study raises awareness about the present research trends in this field, and highlights current gaps and potential future developments. The acquired knowledge will likely have important future implications in the biotech industry, with a focus on gene therapy to combat age-related muscle power decline, personalized medicine and will drive advancements in exercise program design.
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Philipp NM, Nijem RM, Cabarkapa D, Hollwedel CM, Fry AC. Investigating the stretch-shortening cycle fatigue response to a high-intensity stressful phase of training in collegiate men's basketball. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1377528. [PMID: 38711571 PMCID: PMC11073450 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1377528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction While using force-plate derived measures of vertical jump performance, reflective of stretch-shortening-cycle (SSC) efficiency is common practice in sport science, there is limited evidence as to which tests and measures may be most sensitive toward neuromuscular fatigue. The aim of this study was to explore the SSC fatigue response to a one-week high-intensity fatiguing phase of training in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division-I basketball players. Methods The study timeline consisted of three weeks of baseline measures, one week of high-intensity training, and two weeks of follow-up testing. Countermovement jumps (CMJ) and 10-5 hop tests were performed at baseline, as well as at two time-points during, and three time-points following the fatiguing training period, allowing for performance-comparisons with baseline. Results Compared to the weekly training sum at baseline, during the high intensity training phase, athletes were exposed to very large increases in selected external load metrics (ES = 1.44-3.16), suggesting that athletes experienced fatigue acutely, as well as potential longer lasting reductions in performance. Vertical jump data suggested that in the CMJ, traditional metrics such as jump height, as well as metrics reflecting kinetic outputs and movement strategies, were sensitive to the stark increase in high-intensity training exposure. The 10-5 hop test suggested a fatigue-induced loss of tolerance to ground impact reflected by performance reductions in metrics related to jump height and reactive strength qualities. Discussion These findings emphasize that when monitoring neuromuscular fatigue, variables and assessments may not be looked at individually, but rather as part of a more global monitoring approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M. Philipp
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory – Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
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Weiss K, Valero D, Villiger E, Thuany M, Forte P, Gajda R, Scheer V, Sreckovic S, Cuk I, Nikolaidis PT, Andrade MS, Knechtle B. Analysis of over 1 million race records shows runners from East African countries as the fastest in 50-km ultra-marathons. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8006. [PMID: 38580778 PMCID: PMC10997622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The 50-km ultra-marathon is a popular race distance, slightly longer than the classic marathon distance. However, little is known about the country of affiliation and age of the fastest 50-km ultra-marathon runners and where the fastest races are typically held. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate a large dataset of race records for the 50-km distance race to identify the country of affiliation and the age of the fastest runners as well as the locations of the fastest races. A total of 1,398,845 50-km race records (men, n = 1,026,546; women, n = 372,299) were analyzed using both descriptive statistics and advanced regression techniques. This study revealed significant trends in the performance of 50-km ultra-marathoners. The fastest 50-km runners came from African countries, while the fastest races were found to occur in Europe and the Middle East. Runners from Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, and Kenya were the fastest in this race distance. The fastest 50-km racecourses, providing ideal conditions for faster race times, are in Europe (Luxembourg, Belarus, and Lithuania) and the Middle East (Qatar and Jordan). Surprisingly, the fastest ultra-marathoners in the 50-km distance were found to fall into the age group of 20-24 years, challenging the conventional belief that peak ultra-marathon performance comes in older age groups. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the performance models in 50-km ultra-marathons and can serve as valuable insights for runners, coaches, and race organizers in optimizing training strategies and racecourse selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Valero
- Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Elias Villiger
- Klinik für Allgemeine Innere Medizin, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Pedro Forte
- CI-ISCE, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
- LiveWell-Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Robert Gajda
- Center for Sports Cardiology at the Gajda-Med Medical Center in Pułtusk, Pułtusk, Poland
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Prevention, Jan Dlugosz University, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Volker Scheer
- Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre-Benite, France
| | | | - Ivan Cuk
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Montoro-Bombú R, Miranda-Oliveira P, Valamatos MJ, João F, Buurke TJW, Cupido Santos A, Rama L. Spatiotemporal variables comparison between drop jump and horizontal drop jump in elite jumpers and sprinters. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17026. [PMID: 38426130 PMCID: PMC10903347 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background General expectations speculated that there are differences between drop jump (DJ) and horizontal drop jump (HDJ) exercises. While these criteria may be valid, we have yet to find a report that explores these differences in competitive level athletes. Objective The study aimed to compare spatiotemporal variables in the drop jump (DJ) vs. the horizontal drop jump (HDJ) in elite jumpers and sprinters. Methods Sixteen international-level male athletes performed two DJ attempts at different fall heights 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 m (DJ30, DJ40, and DJ50), and after 2 h, they performed two HDJ attempts (HDJ30, HDJ40, HDJ50). All jumps were performed on a Kistler force plate. The variables analyzed were ground contact time (GCT), flight time (FT), eccentric phase time, concentric phase time, and time to peak concentric force. Results The GCT was found to be significantly shorter in DJ vs. HDJ (Z = 4.980; p = 0.0001; ES = 3.11). FT was significantly lower in DJ30 versus HDJ30 (Z = 4.845; p = 0.0001, d = 3.79), but significantly higher in DJ40 vs. HDJ40 (Z = 4.437; p ≤ 0.0001, d = 3.70) and in DJ50 vs. HDJ50 (Z = 4.549; p ≤ 0.0001, d = 4.72). Conclusions It is concluded that the HDJ requires more time for force production, that the eccentric component requires more time than the concentric and that it is not recommended to use the HDJ over the DJ for reactive purposes. This is the first study that comprehensively compare the differences between DJ and HDJ, which will assist coaches and researchers in the design of future training strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raynier Montoro-Bombú
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coímbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Miranda-Oliveira
- Portuguese Athletics Federation (FPA), Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- School of Technology and Management (ESTG), Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz (CIIEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Almada, Portugal
| | - Maria João Valamatos
- Centro Interdisciplinar para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Laboratório de Biomecânica e Morfologia Funcional, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Filipa João
- Centro Interdisciplinar para o Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Laboratório de Biomecânica e Morfologia Funcional, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Tom JW Buurke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amândio Cupido Santos
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coímbra, Portugal
| | - Luis Rama
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coímbra, Portugal
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Watkins CM, Gill ND, McGuigan MR, Maunder E, Spence AJ, Downes P, Neville J, Storey AG. Kinetic Analysis, Potentiation, and Fatigue During Vertical and Horizontal Plyometric Training: An In-Depth Investigation Into Session Volume. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:195-206. [PMID: 38134897 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite previous support for plyometric training, optimal dosing strategies remain unclear. PURPOSE To investigate vertical and horizontal jump kinetic performance following a low-volume plyometric stimulus with progressively increased session jump volume. METHODS Sixteen academy rugby players (20.0 [2.0] y; 103.0 [17.6] kg; 184.3 [5.5] cm) volunteered for this study. Vertical and horizontal jump sessions were conducted 1 week apart and consisted of a 40-jump low-volume plyometric stimulus using 4 exercises, after which volume was progressively increased to 200 jumps, using countermovement jump (CMJ) for vertical sessions and horizontal broad jump (HBJ) for horizontal sessions. Jump performance was assessed via force-plate analysis at baseline (PRE-0), following the low-volume plyometric stimulus (P-40), and every subsequent 10 jumps until the end of the session (P-50, P-60, P-70, ... P-200). RESULTS The low-volume stimulus was effective in potentiating HBJ (2% to 5%) but not CMJ (0% to -7%) performance (P < .001). The HBJ performance enhancements were maintained throughout the entire high-volume session, while CMJ realized small but significant decrements (-5% to -7%) in jump height P-50 to P-80 before recovering to presession values. Moreover, increases in eccentric impulse (5% to 24%; P < .001) in both sessions were associated with decreased or maintained concentric impulse, indicating a breakdown in performance-augmenting mechanisms and less effective power transfer concentrically after moderate volumes. CONCLUSION Practitioners should consider kinetic differences between HBJ and CMJ with increasing volume to better inform and understand session dosing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey M Watkins
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland Rugby Union, Auckland, New Zealand
- College of Arts and Sciences, Seattle University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas D Gill
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Michael R McGuigan
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Ed Maunder
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alyssa-Joy Spence
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Downes
- Auckland Rugby Union, Auckland, New Zealand
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh,UK
| | - Jono Neville
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adam G Storey
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Yoshida N, Hornsby WG, Sole CJ, Sato K, Stone MH. Effect of Neuromuscular Fatigue on the Countermovement Jump Characteristics: Basketball-Related High-Intensity Exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:164-173. [PMID: 37889855 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Yoshida, N, Hornsby, WG, Sole, CJ, Sato, K, and Stone, MH. Effect of neuromuscular fatigue on the countermovement jump characteristics: basketball related high-intensity exercises. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 164-173, 2024-The purpose of this study was to investigate basketball specific neuromuscular (NM) fatigue effect on countermovement jump (CMJ) force-time (F-T) curve characteristics. Eleven male college-level basketball athletes performed 6 CMJ trials at 3 baseline (pre) and 6 postexercise time points. The fatiguing protocol consisted of high-intensity basketball related exercises commensurate with basketball game or practice. Typical CMJ (CMJ-TYP) and phase-specific CMJ variables were derived from the F-T curve. Meaningful differences in CMJ performance were examined using effect size (ES) compared with baseline and previous postexercise time point. Baseline with 3 separated measurements demonstrated suitable CMJ variables reproducibility (CV, coefficient of variation). Most CMJ-TYP output and performance variables displayed substantial alterations immediately postexercise (0 hour) and returned to baseline at 24 hours postexercise, whereas the time and rate-related CMJ-TYP and CMJ-phase variables tended to display delayed decline peaked at 2 hours and delayed recovery to baseline at 48 hours postexercise. In conjunction with the return of the time and rate-related variables, CMJ performance displayed supercompensation at 72 hours postexercise. The results indicate altered NM functions with desired CMJ performance, such as jump height, which imply an altered movement strategy at early stage of recovery process. Full recovery may take 48-72 hours. Practitioners are, therefore, advised to monitor variables reflecting NM functions for precise manipulation of the intensity and volume of exercise to avoid prolonging the recovery from NM fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhisa Yoshida
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - W Guy Hornsby
- School of Sport Sciences, College of Applied Human Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Christopher J Sole
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina; and
| | | | - Michael H Stone
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Center of Excellence for Sport Science and Coach Education, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
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Fernandez-Fernandez J, Nakamura FY, Boullosa D, Santos-Rosa FJ, Herrero-Molleda A, Granacher U, Sanz-Rivas D. The Effects of Neuromuscular Training on Sand Versus Hard Surfaces on Physical Fitness in Young Male Tennis Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:71-79. [PMID: 37978986 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects of a neuromuscular training program combining plyometric exercises with acceleration, deceleration, and change-of-direction drills conducted on sand or hard surfaces on the fitness qualities of young male tennis players. METHODS Thirty-one young male players were allocated to a training group performing 12 training sessions on sand or hard surfaces, during a 6-week period. Tests included linear sprint (10-m acceleration with 5-m split times), change of direction (modified 5-0-5 test), vertical jumps (countermovement jump and the 10/5 repeated-jump test), isometric hip abduction and adduction strength, and dynamic balance (Y-balance test). Perceived training loads and muscle soreness were assessed during the intervention. RESULTS Both training strategies were similarly effective in improving the analyzed fitness components. Group × time interaction effects were noticed, with countermovement jump (P = .032), repeated-jump test (P = .029), and reactive strength index (P = .008) favoring hard surfaces and 5-m sprint (P = .009), dynamic balance (P < .05), adduction strength (P < .05), and abduction strength (P < .001) indices favoring sand. Furthermore, the sand group promoted greater perceived training loads and muscle soreness (P < .05) than the hard group across the intervention period. CONCLUSION Neuromuscular training strategies characterized by a relatively low volume (∼35 min), conducted on sand or hard surfaces, promoted similar improvements in the fitness qualities of young tennis players, with selected surface-interaction effects. Training on sand can cause transiently higher training loads and persistently higher muscle soreness, suggesting the need for an adequate familiarization period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fernandez-Fernandez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | | | - Alba Herrero-Molleda
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- AMRED, Human Movement and Sports Performance Analysis, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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10
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Skala F, Zemková E. Neuromuscular and perceptual-cognitive response to 4v4 small-sided game in youth soccer players. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1260096. [PMID: 38028786 PMCID: PMC10665484 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1260096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The physical and psychological load of small-sided games (SSGs) can affect players' neuromuscular and cognitive functions. Yet, little is known about the acute performance changes after such a specific exercise in young soccer players and their association with exercise load applied. This study investigates i) the neuromuscular and perceptual-cognitive response to the SSG exercise load, and ii) the relationship between pre- and post-SSG changes in variables of performance and the respective exercise load in youth soccer players. Sixteen participants (13.6 ± 0.5 years) underwent a 30-min SSG 4v4 + GK protocol. Prior to and after the SSG they performed countermovement jump (CMJ), planned and reactive Y-shaped agility tests (PA, RA), and go/no-go task (GNG). Their subjective perception of fatigue was evaluated by visual analog scale. Fatigue induced by SSG (perception of fatigue increased by 41.56%, p = .001, g = 4.15) increased PA time (4.04%, p = .002, g = .97), RA time (6.45%, p = .003, g = 1.16), and number of errors in the response inhibition task (87.1%, p = .023, rc = .57), whilst decreased CMJ height (-6.65%, p = .014, g = .56). These performance deteriorations were not significantly associated with neither internal nor external load variables. However, a less pronounced drop in performance was related to external load variables, i.e., ∆CMJ height and ∆RA time correlated with very high-speed running (rs = .66, p = .006; rs = -.50, p = .022; respectively) and maximal speed (r = .54, p = .032; r = -.52, p = .037; respectively), whilst ∆PA time was associated with high-intensity accelerations (rs = -.76, p = .002). These findings indicate that fatigue induced by SSG affects both planned and reactive agility, decision-making in response inhibition task, and explosive strength in youth soccer players regardless of significant contribution of any robust internal or external load variables. Nonetheless, high-intensity actions within SSG partially compensate for the decrements in their agility performance and explosive strength. The load variables encountered during SSG do not fully reflect youth players' neuromuscular and perceptual-cognitive responses to sport-specific exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Skala
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Erika Zemková
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of St. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
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Cabarkapa D, Cabarkapa DV, Philipp NM, Knezevic OM, Mirkov DM, Fry AC. Pre-Post Practice Changes in Countermovement Vertical Jump Force-Time Metrics in Professional Male Basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e609-e612. [PMID: 37883409 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cabarkapa, D, Cabarkapa, DV, Philipp, NM, Knezevic, OM, Mirkov, DM, and Fry, AC. Pre-post practice changes in countermovement vertical jump force-time metrics in professional male basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): e609-e612, 2023-Despite the countermovement vertical jump (CVJ) being one of the most popular noninvasive and time-efficient methods for monitoring neuromuscular status, there is a lack of scientific literature focused on examining fatigue-induced alterations in performance in elite athletes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine changes in force-time metrics pre-post practice in professional male basketball players. Seventeen athletes competing in first-tier and second-tier national basketball leagues in Europe participated in this study. While standing on a uniaxial force plate sampling at 1,000 Hz, each athlete completed 3 CVJs pre-practice and post-practice. The practice consisted of individual and team shooting drills, position-specific player development drills, 5-on-0 offensive actions, and 5-on-5 play, including full-court transition (∼2 hours). The findings reveal that pre-post practice changes in force-time metrics seem to be phase specific. Despite a trivial increase in eccentric mean force (920.4 ± 100.2, 929.4 ± 100.0 N), most changes were observed within the concentric phase of the CVJ. The concentric phase duration increased pre-post practice (0.233 ± 0.027, 0.242 ± 0.033 seconds), whereas concentric impulse (262.9 ± 18.8, 258.6 ± 21.6 N·s), peak velocity (2.93 ± 0.22, 2.86 ± 0.22 m·s-1), mean force (2052.4 ± 179.2, 2002.7 ± 188.2 N), mean power (3,165.5 ± 269.5, 3,030.9 ± 326.8 W), and peak power (5,523.4 ± 607.3, 5,246.6 ± 663.7 W) experienced a significant decrease. Moreover, alongside longer contraction time (0.663 ± 0.065, 0.686 ± 0.074 seconds), lower vertical jump height (41.0 ± 6.8, 38.9 ± 6.6 cm) and reactive strength index-modified (0.634 ± 0.113, 0.579 ± 0.111 m·s-1) values were observed post-practice. Overall, these findings may allow practitioners to detect fatigue-induced changes in CVJ force-time metrics in professional male basketball players that can ultimately improve the acute and longitudinal training-adaptation monitoring process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrije Cabarkapa
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory-Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; and
| | - Damjana V Cabarkapa
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory-Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; and
| | - Nicolas M Philipp
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory-Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; and
| | - Olivera M Knezevic
- The Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan M Mirkov
- The Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrew C Fry
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory-Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; and
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Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Bishop C, Montalvo AM, Buscà B, Arboix-Alió J. Effects of Exercise-Induced Neuromuscular Fatigue on Jump Performance and Lower-Limb Asymmetries in Youth Female Team Sport Athletes. J Hum Kinet 2023; 89:19-31. [PMID: 38053949 PMCID: PMC10694723 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/174073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of acute neuromuscular fatigue on unilateral jump performance and inter-limb asymmetries. Thirty elite youth female team sport athletes (age: U-14 to U-18) performed the Unilateral Countermovement Jump (UCJ) and the Unilateral Drop Jump (UDJ) (18-cm box) tests before and approximately 10 minutes after the 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15 IFT). A paired samples t-test showed significant reductions in UCJ jump height in the right leg after the 30-15 IFT (p = 0.018; d = 0.33), but not in the left leg (p = 0.459; d = 0.48). For the UDJ, significant reductions in jump height were shown in both the right (p < 0.001; d = 0.33) and left (p < 0.001; d = 0.33) legs. In addition, for the reactive strength index (UDJ), significant reductions were seen in the left leg after the 30-15 IFT (p < 0.001; d = 0.31), but not in the right leg (p = 0.948; d < 0.001). Only UCJ inter-limb jump height asymmetries increased significantly post 30-15 IFT (p = 0.033; d = 0.46). In conclusion, the current study indicates that the 30-15 IFT provides a sufficient dose of activity for inducing acute fatigue in elite youth female team sport athletes. Therefore, monitoring jump height in unilateral jump testing is recommended given the tests' sensitivity to detect significant differences in physical performance and inter-limb asymmetries under acutely fatigued conditions in healthy youth female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport (FPCEE) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Health Sciences (FCS) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
- Segle XXI Female Basketball Team, Catalan Federation of Basketball, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | | | - Bernat Buscà
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport (FPCEE) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Arboix-Alió
- Faculty of Psychology, Education Sciences and Sport (FPCEE) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Health Sciences (FCS) Blanquerna, Ramon Llull University, Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Zhan J, Yu C, Xiao S, Shen B, Zhang C, Zhou J, Fu W. Effects of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation on the cortical-muscular functional coupling and muscular activities of ankle dorsi-plantarflexion under running-induced fatigue. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1263309. [PMID: 37841316 PMCID: PMC10570418 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1263309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can improve motor control performance under fatigue. However, the influences of tDCS on factors contributing to motor control (e.g., cortical-muscular functional coupling, CMFC) are unclear. This double-blinded and randomized study examined the effects of high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) on muscular activities of dorsiflexors and plantarflexors and CMFC when performing ankle dorsi-plantarflexion under fatigue. Twenty-four male adults were randomly assigned to receive five sessions of 20-min HD-tDCS targeting primary motor cortex (M1) or sham stimulation. Three days before and 1 day after the intervention, participants completed ankle dorsi-plantarflexion under fatigue induced by prolonged running exercise. During the task, electroencephalography (EEG) of M1 (e.g., C1, Cz) and surface electromyography (sEMG) of several muscles (e.g., tibialis anterior [TA]) were recorded synchronously. The corticomuscular coherence (CMC), root mean square (RMS) of sEMG, blood lactate, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) of ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors were obtained. Before stimulation, greater beta- and gamma-band CMC between M1 and TA were significantly associated with greater RMS of TA (r = 0.460-0.619, p = 0.001-0.024). The beta- and gamma-band CMC of C1-TA and Cz-TA, and RMS of TA and MVC torque of dorsiflexors were significantly higher after HD-tDCS than those at pre-intervention in the HD-tDCS group and post-intervention in the control group (p = 0.002-0.046). However, the HD-tDCS-induced changes in CMC and muscle activities were not significantly associated (r = 0.050-0.128, p = 0.693-0.878). HD-tDCS applied over M1 can enhance the muscular activities of ankle dorsiflexion under fatigue and related CMFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglong Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Changxiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Songlin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhong Zhou
- The Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Weijie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Kons RL, Orssatto LBDR, Sakugawa RL, da Silva Junior JN, Diefenthaeler F, Detanico D. Effects of stretch-shortening cycle fatigue protocol on lower limb asymmetry and muscle soreness in judo athletes. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:1079-1094. [PMID: 32644009 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1779335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse unilateral countermovement jumps (CMJ) performance and muscle soreness in lower limbs, as well as to compare lower limb asymmetry over 48h after a stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) fatigue protocol. Fourteen judo athletes performed unilateral CMJ on each leg before, and after the 5th and 10th sets over 24h and 48h of an SSC-fatigue protocol. The SSC protocol reduced CMJ performance after the 5th set and 10th sets, especially in the weaker limb (p < 0.05), but returned to the baseline values after 24h. Asymmetry increased for peak force, peak power, and mean power after the 5th set compared to the baseline (p < 0.05) and remained higher for peak force after the 10th set (p = 0.019), returning to the baseline values after 24h (p < 0.05). Soreness increased for the lower body at post, 24h, and 48h compared to the baseline (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a fatiguing SSC protocol can result in increased bilateral asymmetries in judo athletes, but after 24h and 48h of the protocol the bilateral asymmetry returned to the baseline values, with only muscle soreness still elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lima Kons
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Centre of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bet da Rosa Orssatto
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Raphael Luiz Sakugawa
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Centre of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Diefenthaeler
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Centre of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniele Detanico
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Centre of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Louder T, Thompson BJ, Woster A, Bressel E. Kinetics of Depth Jumps Performed by Female and Male National Collegiate Athletics Association Basketball Athletes and Young Adults. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:108. [PMID: 37606403 PMCID: PMC10443298 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The depth jump (DJ) is commonly used to evaluate athletic ability, and has further application in rehabilitation and injury prevention. There is limited research exploring sex-based differences in DJ ground reaction force (GRF) measures. This study aimed to evaluate for sex-based differences in DJ GRF measures and determine sample size thresholds for binary classification of sex. Forty-seven participants from mixed-sex samples of NCAA athletes and young adults performed DJs from various drop heights. Force platform dynamometry and 2-dimensional videography were used to estimate GRF measures. Three-way mixed analysis of variance was used to evaluate main effects and interactions. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the combined sensitivity and specificity of dependent measures to sex. Results revealed that reactive strength index scores and rebound jump heights were greater in males than females (p < 0.001). Additionally, young adult females showed greater peak force reduction than young adult males (p = 0.002). ROC curve analysis revealed mixed results that appeared to be influenced by population characteristics and drop height. In conclusion, sex-based differences in DJ performance were observed, and the results of this study provide direction for future DJ investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talin Louder
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (B.J.T.); (E.B.)
- Dennis G. Dolny Movement Research Clinic, Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Brennan J. Thompson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (B.J.T.); (E.B.)
- Dennis G. Dolny Movement Research Clinic, Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Alex Woster
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (B.J.T.); (E.B.)
| | - Eadric Bressel
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA; (B.J.T.); (E.B.)
- Dennis G. Dolny Movement Research Clinic, Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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de Almeida-Neto PF, de Morais Ferreira AB, Baxter-Jones A, de Medeiros JA, Felipe da Silva L, Silva Dantas PM, Cabral BGDAT. Physiological mechanisms of muscle strength and power are dependent on the years post obtaining peak height velocity in elite juniors rowers: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286687. [PMID: 37285362 PMCID: PMC10246840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not yet known whether the years after peak height velocity (PHV) are associated with the physiological mechanisms of muscle strength and power in Juniors rowers. OBJECTIVE To identify the association between years post PHV (YPPHV) with muscle power and strength in Juniors rowers. METHODS We tested 235 Brazilian rowing athletes (male: 171, female: 64, Juniors category). We measured: power (indoor rowing over 100-m, 500-m, 2,000-m and 6,000-m) and muscle strength (one repetition maximum (1RM) test in squat, deadlift, bench press and bent row on the bench). Biological maturation was index by age of PHV. The sample was divided into groups considering YPPHV recent (2.5 to 3.9), median (2.51 to 4.9) and veteran (>4.9). We use a Baysian approach to data handling. RESULTS When compared to their peers in the recent and median post PHV groups, the male veteran group were superior in muscle power (Absolute: 100-m (BF10: 2893.85), 500-m (BF10: 553.77) and 6,000-m (BF10: 22.31). Relative: (100-m (BF10: 49.9)) and strength (BF10≥10.0 in squat, bench press and deadlift), and in the female the veteran group were superior in test time (500-m, BF10: 88.4). CONCLUSION In elite Juniors rowers the increasing YPPHV are associated with muscle power performance in both sexes and muscle strength performance in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Adam Baxter-Jones
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jason Azevedo de Medeiros
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe da Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinôco Cabral
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Espada MC, Jardim M, Assunção R, Estaca A, Ferreira CC, Pessôa Filho DM, Verardi CEL, Gamonales JM, Santos FJ. Lower Limb Unilateral and Bilateral Strength Asymmetry in High-Level Male Senior and Professional Football Players. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11111579. [PMID: 37297719 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11111579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study sought to assess the relationship between different jumping asymmetries and associated performance variables in high-level male senior and professional football players. Nineteen football players with at least 12 years of training experience (23.2 ± 3.1 years of age; 75.2 ± 4.8 kg of body mass and 181 ± 0.06 cm of height) participated in this study performing countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), single-leg CMJ and drop jump (DJ), associated performance variable eccentric utilization ratio (EUR), stretch-shortening cycle (SSC), bilateral deficit (BLD), and limb symmetry index (LSI) were determined. High correlations were observed between different methodologies of jump tests and associated performance indicators (SSC, BLD, EUR), except LSI. Moreover, CMJ and SJ results were different (p < 0.05), but no differences were found between interlimb in CMJ (p = 0.19) and DJ (p = 0.14). Between the same limbs and different jumps differences were detected in CMJ and DJ (p < 0.01), and it has also been found that the laterality effect size on strength was small in CMJ (ES = 0.30) and DJ (ES = 0.35). LSI between CMJ and DJ was not different despite higher mean values in CMJ, and although mean BLD was positive (>100%), the results highlight the need for individual evaluation since eight players scored negatively. An in-depth and accurate analysis of performance in preseason screening jump tests should be considered, aiming to detect injury risk, specifically evaluating different jumping test methodologies, and determining jumping associated performance variables for each test, namely EUR, SSC, BLD, and LSI. Specific muscle-strengthening exercises could be implemented based on this study results and outcomes, aiming to reduce injury risks and lower extremity asymmetries and to enhance individual football performance in high-level male senior and professional football players. Sports institutions should pay special attention regarding potential health problems in athletes exposed to daily high training loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário C Espada
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, 2914-504 Setúbal, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Avenida Dr. Mário Soares 110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marco Jardim
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Saúde, 2914-503 Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Rafael Assunção
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Saúde, 2914-503 Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Estaca
- Casa Pia Atlético Clube, Estádio Pina Manique, Parque de Monsanto, 1500-462 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cátia C Ferreira
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, 2914-504 Setúbal, Portugal
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Performance Sports, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Dalton M Pessôa Filho
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos E L Verardi
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil
- Graduate Programme in Developmental Psychology and Learning, Faculty of Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil
| | - José M Gamonales
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Performance Sports, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando J Santos
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, 2914-504 Setúbal, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Avenida Dr. Mário Soares 110, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Lisboa, Portugal
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Held S, Rappelt L, Donath L. Acute and Chronic Performance Enhancement in Rowing: A Network Meta-analytical Approach on the Effects of Nutrition and Training. Sports Med 2023; 53:1137-1159. [PMID: 37097415 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This systematic review and network meta-analysis assessed via direct and indirect comparison the occurrence and magnitude of effects following different nutritional supplementation strategies and exercise interventions on acute and chronic rowing performance and its surrogates. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, PsycNET and SPORTDiscus searches were conducted until March 2022 to identify studies that met the following inclusion criteria: (a) controlled trials, (b) rowing performance and its surrogate parameters as outcomes, and (c) peer-reviewed and published in English. Frequentist network meta-analytical approaches were calculated based on standardized mean differences (SMD) using random effects models. RESULTS 71 studies with 1229 healthy rowers (aged 21.5 ± 3.0 years) were included and two main networks (acute and chronic) with each two subnetworks for nutrition and exercise have been created. Both networks revealed low heterogeneity and non-significant inconsistency (I2 ≤ 35.0% and Q statistics: p ≥ 0.12). Based on P-score rankings, while caffeine (P-score 84%; SMD 0.43) revealed relevantly favorable effects in terms of acute rowing performance enhancement, whilst prior weight reduction (P-score 10%; SMD - 0.48) and extensive preload (P-score 18%; SMD - 0.34) impaired acute rowing performance. Chronic blood flow restriction training (P-score 96%; SMD 1.26) and the combination of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate and creatine (P-score 91%; SMD 1.04) induced remarkably large positive effects, while chronic spirulina (P-score 7%; SMD - 1.05) and black currant (P-score 9%; SMD - 0.88) supplementation revealed impairment effects. CONCLUSION Homogeneous and consistent findings from numerous studies indicate that the choice of nutritional supplementation strategy and exercise training regimen are vital for acute and chronic performance enhancement in rowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Held
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Sport and Management, IST University of Applied Sciences, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ludwig Rappelt
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Movement and Training Science, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
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Almutairi MK, Hunter GR, Lein DH, Kim S, Bryan DR, Inacio M, Hurt CP, Reed W, Singh H. Enhancement of Muscle Shortening Torque Preloaded with Muscle Lengthening is Joint-Specific. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:11-21. [PMID: 37229413 PMCID: PMC10203843 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/161729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Our cross-sectional study aimed to investigate joint specificity of concentric muscle torque enhancement after a maximum eccentric contraction for the knee versus ankle joints across two different movement velocities (120°/s and 180°/s). After a familiarization session, 22 healthy young adults randomly performed concentric (CONC) and maximum eccentric preloaded concentric (EccCONC) muscle strength tests of the knee extensors and ankle plantar flexors of the non-dominant leg on an isokinetic strength testing device. We calculated the ratio between EccCONC and CONC (EccCONC/CONC) for all the conditions as the marker of concentric muscle torque enhancement. Separate two-way (joints x velocity) within repeated measures ANOVAs were used to determine joint-specific torque differences at 120°/s and 180°/s. CONC and EccCONC were greater for the knee extensors versus ankle plantar flexors at 120°/s and 180°/s (32.86%-102%; p < 0.001 for both); however, EccCONC/CONC was greater for the ankle plantar flexors than knee extensors at 120°/s (52.4%; p < 0.001) and 180°/s (41.9%; p < 0.001). There was a trend of greater EccCONC/CONC for the knee extensors at 180°/s than 120°/s (6.6%; p = 0.07). Our results show that greater concentric muscle torque enhancement after a maximal eccentric contraction occurs for the ankle plantar flexors versus knee extensors. Whether the joint- specificity of concentric muscle torque enhancement after a maximal eccentric contraction differentially affects sports performance is unknown. Our data provide a reference framework to investigate joint-specific concentric muscle torque enhancement for general and clinical athletic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzouq K. Almutairi
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gary R. Hunter
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Donald H. Lein
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - SoJung Kim
- Department of Kinesiology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - David R. Bryan
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mario Inacio
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Maia-ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher P. Hurt
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - William Reed
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Harshvardhan Singh
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Abbott S, Ibarcena D, Gwinn T, Struzik A, Halaki M, Kaloti G, Salter J, Cobley S. Longitudinal changing relationships between growth tempo and vertical stiffness in movement across maturation. Hum Mov Sci 2023; 87:103039. [PMID: 36446274 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2022.103039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether average growth tempo influenced longitudinal relationships between maturity status and coordination capability using a 15-s hopping task (Aim 1). To investigate how differences in absolute growth tempo were associated with change in coordination capability within and across peak growth (Aim 2). METHODS Participants were N1 = 110 (Aim 1) and N2 = 71 (Aim 2) Australian male competitive swimmers, aged 10-15 years, exposed to repeated-measures tracking (2-years, and 12-months respectively) of maturity status, growth tempo and movement coordination capability. Coordination capability was estimated via vertical stiffness (KV) in a hopping task, reflected by participant mean KV and between-jump coefficient of variation (CV). RESULTS For Aim 1, log-linear mixed model trends identified maturity status and growth tempo were significantly associated with KV mean and KV CV. For a given maturity status, mean KV was 9% lower in the 'High' average growth tempo group than the 'Low' average tempo group. For Aim 2, mixed repeated-measures analyses of variance identified how time points of increased growth tempo were significantly associated with 7-11% reductions in mean KV, with similar mean KV decrements irrespective of growth tempo group. Meanwhile, KVCV only illustrated progressive longitudinal reductions. CONCLUSIONS Within maturational progression, short-term accelerations in growth tempo corresponded with short-term decreases in KV mean, suggesting temporary disruptions to movement coordination capability. Measuring growth tempo and applying hopping tasks in specific movement contexts could help consistently identify disturbances in motor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Abbott
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia
| | - Daniel Ibarcena
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia
| | - Tom Gwinn
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia
| | - Artur Struzik
- Department of Biomechanics, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mark Halaki
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia
| | - Gurleen Kaloti
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia
| | - James Salter
- Swimming Australia Ltd, Sunnybank, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Cobley
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia.
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Kons RL, Orssatto LBR, Ache-Dias J, De Pauw K, Meeusen R, Trajano GS, Dal Pupo J, Detanico D. Effects of Plyometric Training on Physical Performance: An Umbrella Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:4. [PMID: 36625965 PMCID: PMC9832201 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plyometric training can be performed through many types of exercises involving the stretch-shortening cycle in lower limbs. In the last decades, a high number of studies have investigated the effects of plyometric training on several outcomes in different populations. OBJECTIVES To systematically review, summarize the findings, and access the quality of published meta-analyses investigating the effects of plyometric training on physical performance. DESIGN Systematic umbrella review of meta-analyses. DATA SOURCES Meta-analyses were identified using a systematic literature search in the databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Scielo. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING META-ANALYSES Meta-analyses that examined the effects of plyometric training on physical fitness in different populations, age groups, and sex. RESULTS Twenty-nine meta-analyses with moderate-to-high methodological quality were included in this umbrella review. We identified a relevant weakness in the current literature, in which five meta-analyses included control group comparisons, while 24 included pre-to-post-effect sizes. Trivial-to-large effects were found considering the effects of plyometric training on physical performance for healthy individuals, medium-trivial effects for the sports athletes' groups and medium effects for different sports athletes' groups, age groups, and physical performance. CONCLUSION The available evidence indicates that plyometric training improves most related physical fitness parameters and sports performance. However, it is important to outline that most meta-analyses included papers lacking a control condition. As such, the results should be interpreted with caution. PROSPERO number: CRD42020217918.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael L Kons
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-100, Brazil.
| | - Lucas B R Orssatto
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathan Ache-Dias
- Research Group on Technology, Sport and Rehabilitation, Catarinense Federal Institute - IFC, Araquari, Brazil
| | - Kevin De Pauw
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group and Brussels Human Robotics Research Center (BruBotics), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group and Brussels Human Robotics Research Center (BruBotics), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gabriel S Trajano
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Juliano Dal Pupo
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Centre of Sports - CDS, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Daniele Detanico
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Centre of Sports - CDS, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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22
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Held S, Rappelt L, Giesen R, Wiedenmann T, Deutsch JP, Wicker P, Donath L. Increased oxygen uptake in well-trained runners during uphill high intensity running intervals: A randomized crossover testing. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1117314. [PMID: 36875023 PMCID: PMC9977817 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1117314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The time spent above 90% of maximal oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2max) during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions is intended to be maximized to improve V ˙ O2max. Since uphill running serves as a promising means to increase metabolic cost, we compared even and moderately inclined running in terms of time ≥90% V ˙ O2max and its corresponding physiological surrogates. Seventeen well-trained runners (8 females & 9 males; 25.8 ± 6.8yrs; 1.75 ± 0.08m; 63.2 ± 8.4kg; V ˙ O2max: 63.3 ± 4.2 ml/min/kg) randomly completed both a horizontal (1% incline) and uphill (8% incline) HIIT protocol (4-times 5min, with 90s rest). Mean oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2mean), peak oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2peak), lactate, heart rate (HR), and perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. Uphill HIIT revealed higher (p ≤ 0.012; partial eta-squared (pes) ≥ 0.351) V ˙ O2mean (uphill: 3.3 ± 0.6 vs. horizontal: 3.2 ± 0.5 L/min; standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.15), V ˙ O2peak (uphill: 4.0 ± 0.7 vs. horizontal: 3.8 ± 0.7 L/min; SMD = 0.19), and accumulated time ≥90% V ˙ O2max (uphill: 9.1 ± 4.6 vs. horizontal: 6.4 ± 4.0 min; SMD = 0.62) compared to even HIIT. Lactate, HR, and RPE responses did not show mode*time rANOVA interaction effects (p ≥ 0.097; pes ≤0.14). Compared to horizontal HIIT, moderate uphill HIIT revealed higher fractions of V ˙ O2max at comparable perceived efforts, heartrate and lactate response. Therefore, moderate uphill HiiT notably increased time spent above 90% V ˙ O2max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Held
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Fitness and Health, IST University of Applied Sciences, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ludwig Rappelt
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Movement and Training Science, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - René Giesen
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Wiedenmann
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan-Philip Deutsch
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pamela Wicker
- Department of Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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23
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Effect of Vertical Jump and Sprint Training on Power and Speed Performance Transfer. Motor Control 2022; 27:373-401. [PMID: 36513077 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2022-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effect of specific sprint and vertical jump training interventions on transfer of speed-power parameters. The data search was carried out in three electronic databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, and SPORTDiscus), and 28 articles were selected (13 on vertical jump training and 15 on sprint training). We followed the PRISMA criteria for the construction of this systematic review and used the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale to assess the quality of all studies. It included studies with a male population (athletes and nonathletes, n = 512) from 18 to 30 years old who performed a vertical jump or sprint training intervention. The effect size was calculated from the values of means and SDs pre- and posttraining intervention. The percentage changes and transfer of training effect were calculated for vertical jump training and sprint training through measures of vertical jump and sprint performance. The results indicated that both training interventions (vertical jump training and sprint training) induced improvements in vertical jump and linear sprint performance as well as transfer of training to speed-power performance. However, vertical jump training produced greater specific and training transfer effects on linear sprint than sprint training (untrained skill). It was concluded that vertical jump training and sprint training were effective in increasing specific actions of vertical jump and linear sprint performance, respectively; however, vertical jump training was shown to be a superior alternative due to the higher transfer rate.
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24
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Effects of Four Weeks of Plyometric Training Performed in Different Training Surfaces on Physical Performances in School Children: Age and Sex Comparisons. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121914. [PMID: 36553357 PMCID: PMC9776758 DOI: 10.3390/children9121914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Short- to middle-term plyometric training has been shown to be an effective method to promote youth fitness and health. However, there is no knowledge of previous studies that investigated the sex and age effects on physical fitness following different PT surfaces (i.e., firm vs. sand) in schoolchildren. This study examined the effects of age and sex on explosive and high-intensity responses following plyometric training (4 weeks, twice/week) performed on firm vs. sand surfaces in untrained schoolchildren. Ninety girls and ninety boys (under 8: age = 7.1 ± 0.5 and 7.1 ± 0.4 years; under 10: age = 9.0 ± 0.4 and 9.0 ± 0.5 years; under 12: age = 11.0 ± 0.5 and 11.0 ± 0.5 years, respectively) participated in a randomized and parallel training design with pre-to-post testing. Participants were allocated (i.e., 30 boys and 30 girls for each group) into either two experimental groups (firm group: performing plyometrics on a clay surface and sand group: performing plyometrics on a dry surface of 20 cm deep sand) or a control group (CG, habitual physical education classes) within their corresponding age groups. Children were tested for sprint, jumping and change of direction speed performances before and after 4 weeks of plyometric training. Both experimental groups induced more significant improvements in all assessed variables than CG (p < 0.0001; effect size > 0.80), whereas both surfaces induced similar improvements (p > 0.05). Older boys achieved better performances than their younger counterparts (p < 0.05) and older girls (p < 0.0001), respectively. This finding showed that age and sex could affect explosive and high-intensity performances during childhood after a short-term plyometric training. In contrast, the training-induced fitness changes were not influenced by the type of surface.
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Harsted S, Holsgaard-Larsen A, Hestbæk L, Andreasen DL, Lauridsen HH. Test-retest reliability and agreement of lower-extremity kinematics captured in squatting and jumping preschool children using markerless motion capture technology. Front Digit Health 2022; 4:1027647. [PMID: 36544465 PMCID: PMC9760710 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2022.1027647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinimetric properties of new technology should be evaluated in relevant populations before its implementation in research or clinical practice. Markerless motion capture is a new digital technology that allows for data collection in young children without some drawbacks commonly encountered with traditional systems. However, important properties, such as test-retest reliability, of this new technology have so far not been investigated. We recorded 63 preschool children using markerless motion capture (The Captury GmbH, Saarbrüken, Germany) while they performed squats and standing broad jumps. A retest session was conducted after 1 week. Recordings from the test session were processed twice to estimate the software-driven instrumental variability. Recordings from the first and second test sessions were compared to evaluate the week-to-week test-retest reliability. Statistical tests included 95% limits of agreement and intraclass correlations of absolute agreement (ICC). Jump length performance and four kinematic variables demonstrated acceptable instrumental variability (ICC > 0.76). The week-to-week reliability was excellent for jump length performance (ICC = 0.90) but poor to moderate (ICC < 0.55) for the kinematic variables. Our results indicate that preschool children exhibit considerable intra-individual kinematic variation from week-to-week during jump landings and squats. Consequently, we suggest that future work should explore individuals with persistent extreme kinematics over multiple test-sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steen Harsted
- Research Unit for Clinical Biomechanics, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark,Correspondence: Steen Harsted
| | - Anders Holsgaard-Larsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lise Hestbæk
- Research Unit for Clinical Biomechanics, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark,Chiropractic Knowledge Hub, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ditte Lundsgaard Andreasen
- Research Unit for Clinical Biomechanics, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hein Lauridsen
- Research Unit for Clinical Biomechanics, Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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26
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Chang CC, Chiang CY. Using the Countermovement Jump Metrics to Assess Dynamic Eccentric Strength: A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16176. [PMID: 36498250 PMCID: PMC9736282 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the countermovement jump (CMJ) as a dynamic eccentric (Ecc) strength test. Methods: Thirty-three college male student-athletes were recruited to participate in this study. The participants first performed CMJs with the second consisting of one repetition maximum back squat (1RM-BS) test. CMJ and 1RM-BS tests were performed on twin force plates. Results: The CMJ had significant correlations with the Ecc peak force (EccPF), and Ecc mean force (EccMF) of 1RM-BS, respectively (r = 0.61−0.69). Moreover, all parameters had a coefficient of variation (CV) < 10%. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values were moderate to excellent for each metric using the CMJ (0.94−0.97). The 1RM-BS and CMJ EccPF, EccMF Bland-Altman bias estimate variance ratio is 1.31−1.67, showing a moderate-large correlation in the Bland-Altman plot. Conclusions: CMJ ECC phase kinetics were associated with the 1RM-BS EccPF and EccMF. The CMJ can be an alternative tool for eccentric dynamic strength assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Ying Chiang
- Department of Sports Training Science-Combats, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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27
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Lyons Donegan M, Eustace S, Morris R, Penny R, Tallis J. The Effects of Soccer Specific Exercise on Countermovement Jump Performance in Elite Youth Soccer Players. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121861. [PMID: 36553305 PMCID: PMC9777183 DOI: 10.3390/children9121861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to examine the test−retest reliability of force-time (F-T) characteristics and F-T curve waveform of bilateral and unilateral countermovement jumps (CMJ) in elite youth soccer players and to evaluate the effects of competitive match-play on CMJ performance. 16 male youth soccer players completed CMJs on two separate occasions to determine reliability, and immediately pre, post and 48 h following a competitive match. Coefficient of variation (CV%), Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and limits of agreement were used to assess reliability of discreate CMJ variables. Single factor repeated measures ANOVA were used to determine the effects of match play. Statistical parametric mapping was used to evaluate the repeatability of the CMJ force-time waveform and the effects of match play. Jump height had limited reliability in all three jumps and only a select few jump specific F-T variables were found to be reliable (CV < 10%, ICC > 0.5). Select variables were reduced immediately post game but recovered 48 h post game. The F-T curve waveform was found to be repeatable but did not differ following match-play. This study suggest that select F-T variables change following match-play and may be suitable tools to allow practitioners to detect decrements in performance. These data may help inform practitioners to use the most appropriate F-T variables to assess fatigue and recovery, with implications for performance and injury risk.
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The Dose–Response Relationship Between Training-Load Measures and Changes in Force–Time Components During a Countermovement Jump in Male Academy Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1634-1641. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To manage physical performance in soccer, practitioners monitor the training load (TL) and the resulting fatigue. A method frequently used to assess performance is the countermovement jump (CMJ). However, the efficacy of CMJ to detect fatigue from soccer matches and training remains uncertain, as does the relationship between TL and change in CMJ performance. The aims of the present study were 2-fold. One was to observe the changes of CMJ force–time components and jump height (JH). The second was to examine dose–response relationships between TL measures and CMJ over a 6-week preseason. Methods: Twelve male academy soccer players (17 [1] y, 71.2 [5.6] kg, and 178 [5.8] cm) were recruited. Daily changes in CMJ were assessed against baseline scores established before preseason training, along with internal and external TL measures. A series of Bayesian random intercept models were fitted to determine probability of change above/below zero and greater than the coefficient of variation established at baseline. Jumps were categorized into match day minus (MD−) categories where the higher number indicated more time from a competitive match. Results: JH was lowest on MD − 3 (28 cm) and highest on MD − 4 (34.6 cm), with the probability of change from baseline coefficient of variation highly uncertain (41% and 61%, respectively). Changes to force–time components were more likely on MD − 3 (21%–99%), which provided less uncertainty than JH. Bayes R2 ranged from .22 to .57 between TL measures and all CMJ parameters. Conclusions: Force–time components were more likely to change than JH. Practitioners should also be cautious when manipulating TL measures to influence CMJ performance.
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Möck S, Hartmann R, Wirth K. Vertical jumping performance relates to the one-repetition maximum in the standing calf raise and in the squat. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-022-00852-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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Marqués-Jiménez D, Calleja-González J, Arratibel-Imaz I, Terrados N. Biochemical and Physical Performance Responses to a Soccer Match after a 72-Hour Recovery Period. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10100140. [PMID: 36287753 PMCID: PMC9610486 DOI: 10.3390/sports10100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological and neuromuscular responses at 72 h post-match are not widely researched, despite evidence showing substantial changes in recovery markers at 72 h post-match. Consequently, the aim of this study was to determine the biochemical and physical performance responses to a soccer match after a 72-h recovery period. Male soccer players of a semiprofessional team participated in this study. Before playing a friendly match, blood values of testosterone, cortisol, the testosterone-to-cortisol ratio and urea were collected and the squat jump and the Bangsbo Repeated Sprint Ability test were performed. These measurements were considered as baseline (pre match) and were obtained again after a 72-h recovery period. Results indicate that physical performance at 72 h post-match was similar to baseline (squat jump: p = 0.974; total Repeated Sprint Ability time: p = 0.381; Repeated Sprint Ability fatigue index: p = 0.864). However, perturbations in the biochemical milieu derived from the soccer match metabolic and physiological stress were still evident at this time point. While no significant differences compared to pre match were obtained in testosterone and urea concentrations after the recovery period, cortisol and testosterone-to-cortisol ratio values were significantly higher (14.74 ± 3.68 µg/dL vs. 17.83 ± 2.65 µg/dL; p = 0.045; ES 0.92 [0.00; 1.84], very likely) and lower (39.08 ± 13.26 vs. 28.29 ± 7.45; p = 0.038; ES −0.96 [−1.89; −0.04], very likely), respectively. In conclusion, soccer players have similar physical performance to the pre match after a 72-h recovery period, even with signs of biochemical and physiological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Marqués-Jiménez
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education & Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Iñaki Arratibel-Imaz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Education & Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Sports Medicine Center Tolosa Kirol Medikuntza, 20400 Tolosa, Spain
| | - Nicolás Terrados
- Regional Unit of Sports Medicine of Principado de Asturias, Municipal Sports Foundation of Avilés, 33401 Avilés, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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Varesco G, Coratella G, Rozand V, Cuinet B, Lombardi G, Mourot L, Vernillo G. Downhill running affects the late but not the early phase of the rate of force development. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2049-2059. [PMID: 35790580 PMCID: PMC9381441 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04990-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the acute changes in the knee extensors maximum voluntary isometric contraction force (MVIC), rate of force development (RFD), and rate of EMG rise (RER) following a bout of downhill running. Methods MVIC and RFD at 0–50, 50–100, 100–200, and 0–200 ms were determined in thirteen men (22 ± 2 yr) before and after 30 min of downhill running (speed: 10 km h−1; slope: − 20%). Vastus lateralis maximum EMG (EMGmax) and RER at 0–30, 0–50, and 0–75 ms were also recorded. Results MVIC, RFD0–200, and EMGmax decreased by ~ 25% [Cohen’s d = − 1.09 (95% confidence interval: − 1.88/− 0.24)], ~ 15% [d = − 0.50 (− 1.26/0.30)], and ~ 22% [d = − 0.37 (− 1.13/0.42)] (all P < 0.05), respectively. RFD100–200 was also reduced [− 25%; d = − 0.70 (− 1.47/0.11); P < 0.001]. No change was observed at 0–50 ms and 50–100 ms (P ≥ 0.05). RER values were similar at each time interval (all P > 0.05). Conclusion Downhill running impairs the muscle capacity to produce maximum force and the overall ability to rapidly develop force. No change was observed for the early phase of the RFD and the absolute RER, suggesting no alterations in the neural mechanisms underlying RFD. RFD100–200 reduction suggests that impairments in the rapid force-generating capacity are located within the skeletal muscle, likely due to a reduction in muscle–tendon stiffness and/or impairments in the muscle contractile apparatus. These findings may help explain evidence of neuromuscular alterations in trail runners and following prolonged duration races wherein cumulative eccentric loading is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Varesco
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), UJM-Saint-Etienne, Université de Lyon, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Building 2, via G. Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Vianney Rozand
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), UJM-Saint-Etienne, Université de Lyon, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Benjamin Cuinet
- Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies (EA3920), Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, 20161, Milan, Italy.,Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871, Poznań, Poland
| | - Laurent Mourot
- Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies (EA3920), Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France.,Division for Physical Education, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk Oblast, 634050, Russia
| | - Gianluca Vernillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Building 2, via G. Colombo 71, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Akyildiz Z, Ocak Y, Clemente FM, Birgonul Y, Günay M, Nobari H. Monitoring the post-match neuromuscular fatigue of young Turkish football players. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13835. [PMID: 35974069 PMCID: PMC9381501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular fatigue tests have been used in previous studies to organize post-match training programs and to minimize injuries. The aim of this study is to describe the neuromuscular fatigue that occurs after a football match and to examine the relationship between internal and external load values in the match and fatigue parameters obtained at different time intervals. Twenty male U19 academy league soccer players (age: 19; height: 181.3 ± 4.3; weight: 73.4 ± 6.7) participated in the study. The countermovement jump (CMJ) test was applied to the players 24 h before, as well as 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h after a football match. During the CMJ tests, the maximum velocity of each player during the jump was recorded by using the GymAware linear position transducer. The CMJ maximum velocity values 24 h before and 24 h after the match, as well as the CMJ height values (Cohen’s d: 1.210; p < 0.001), were statistically different from the values recorded 24 h before and 24 and 48 h after the match (Cohen’s d: 1.578; p < 0.001; Cohen’s d: 0,922; p < 0.009). The correlation values were not statistically significant. The results suggest, CMJ height and CMJ maximum velocity values, which determine neuromuscular fatigue after a football match, can be used by practitioners to display post-match neuromuscular fatigue measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeki Akyildiz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yücel Ocak
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Delegação da Covilhã, Instituto de Telecomunicações, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yasar Birgonul
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Günay
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain. .,Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068, Braşov, Romania. .,Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran.
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Effects of Surface-Type Plyometric Training on Physical Fitness in Schoolchildren of Both Sexes: A Randomized Controlled Intervention. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071035. [PMID: 36101416 PMCID: PMC9312845 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plyometric training (PT) has been found to be effective for children’s fitness. However, no study has examined the effects of sex on physical fitness adaptations from surface-type PT in children. This study compared the effects of short-term surface-type PT (firm vs. sand) on the physical fitness of schoolchildren of both sexes. Sixty girls (age = 10.00 ± 1.15 years) and sixty boys (age = 10.02 ± 1.12 years) participated in a short-term (4 weeks), randomized and parallel PT design with pre-to-post measurements. Children were divided into two experimental groups (firm group: PT performed on a clay surface, 20 boys and 20 girls; sand group: PT performed on a dry surface of 20 cm deep sand, 20 boys and 20 girls) and a control group (CG, 20 boys and 20 girls). Squat jump, standing long jump, 20 m sprint, 5-10-5 shuttle, dynamic balance, and maximal aerobic velocity were measured at baseline and after intervention. Both experimental groups showed greater pre-post changes in all assessed variables than the CG (p < 0.0001). No significant differences in pre-post changes were observed relative to surface type or sex (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that a twice-weekly PT program induced physical fitness improvements, which may have transfer to health status during childhood. Additionally, surface type and sex did not affect the training-induced changes in physical fitness.
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Ruf L, Drust B, Ehmann P, Skorski S, Meyer T. Are Measurement Instruments Responsive to Assess Acute Responses to Load in High-Level Youth Soccer Players? Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:879858. [PMID: 35847450 PMCID: PMC9283776 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.879858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeThe aim of this study was to assess the short-term responsiveness of measurement instruments aiming at quantifying the acute psycho-physiological response to load in high-level adolescent soccer players.MethodsData were collected from 16 high-level male youth soccer players from the Under 15 age group. Players were assessed on two occasions during the week: after 2 days of load accumulation (“high load”) and after at least 48 h of rest. Measurements consisted of the Short Recovery and Stress Scale (SRSS), a countermovement jump (CMJ) and a sub-maximal run to assess exercise heart-rate (HRex) and heart-rate recovery (HRR60s). Training load was quantified using total distance and high-speed running distance to express external and sRPE training load to express internal load. It was expected that good instruments can distinguish reliably between high load and rest.ResultsOdd ratios (0.74–1.73) of rating one unit higher or lower were very low for athlete-reported ratings of stress and recovery of the SRSS. Standardized mean high load vs. rest differences for CMJ parameters were trivial to small (−0.31 to 0.34). The degree of evidence against the null hypothesis that changes are interchangeable ranged from p = 0.04 to p = 0.83. Moderate changes were observed for HRex (−0.62; 90% Cl −0.78 to −0.47; p = 3.24 × 10−9), while small changes were evident for HRR60s (0.45; 90% Cl 0.08–0.80; p = 0.04). Only small to moderate repeated-measures correlations were found between the accumulation of load and acute responses across all measurement instruments. The strongest relationships were observed between HRex and total distance (rm-r = −0.48; 90% Cl −0.76 to −0.25).ConclusionResults suggest that most of the investigated measurement instruments to assess acute psycho-physiological responses in adolescent soccer players have limited short-term responsiveness. This questions their potential usefulness to detect meaningful changes and manage subsequent training load and program adequate recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Ruf
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ludwig Ruf ; orcid.org/0000-0001-8589-8910
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ehmann
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Skorski
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Yang S, Zhang P, Sevilla-Sanchez M, Zhou D, Cao J, He J, Gao B, Carballeira E. Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Squat as Conditioning Activity Within a Contrast Training Sequence in High-Level Preadolescent Trampoline Gymnasts. Front Physiol 2022; 13:852693. [PMID: 35770193 PMCID: PMC9234321 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.852693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of implementing low-load blood flow restriction exercises (LL-BFRE) instead of high-load exercises (HL-RE) in a contrast training program on strength and power performance of high-level young gymnasts. Fifteen high-level pre-pubescent trampoline gymnasts (national level, Tanner Stage II, intermediate experience in strength training) were divided into two groups to complete the same structure of a ten-week contrast strength training program differing only in the configuration of the first resistance exercise of the contrast sequence. The LL-BFRE group (n = 7, four girls, 13.9 ± 0.4 y) performed the first resistance exercise of the contrast with LL-BFRE (20%–30% 1RM, perceived pressure of 7 on a scale from 0 to 10). The HL-RE group (n = 8, four girls, 13.8 ± 0.5 y) trained the first resistance exercise of the contrast sequence with moderate-to-high load (60%–85% 1RM). Before and after the training period, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ), and drop-jump (DJ) were performed to evaluate the effect of the intervention on strength and power capacities as primary outcomes. Changes in participants’ anthropometric measures, muscle mass, left and right thigh girth, IMTP relative to bodyweight (IMTP-R), eccentric utilization ratio (EUR), and reactive strength index (RSI) were assessed as secondary outcomes. There was no significant interaction (p > 0.05) between group x time in any power and strength outcome, although SJ and EUR showed a trend to significant interaction (p = 0.06 and p = 0.065, respectively). There was an overall effect of time (p < 0.05) in all power and strength variables (CMJ, SJ, EUR, DJ, RSI, IMTP, and IMTP-R). There was a significant interaction in muscle mass (MM) [β = 0.57 kg, 95% CI = (0.15; 0.98), t13 = 2.67, p = 0.019], revealing that participants in LL-BFRE increased their muscle mass (6.6 ± 3.1%) compared to HL-RE (3.6 ± 2.0%). Anthropometric variables did not present any group or interaction effect. However, there was a time effect (p < 0.05). Implementing LL-BFRE in place of HL-RE as a conditioning activity in a contrast training sequence might be equally effective in improving lower-body strength and power in preadolescent trampoline gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Yang
- School of Physical Education and Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Professional Sports Research Center, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Professional Sports Research Center, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Marta Sevilla-Sanchez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Campus Bastiagueiro, University of A Coruna, Oleiros, Spain
| | - Dong Zhou
- Professional Sports Research Center, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Professional Sports Research Center, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajian He
- Professional Sports Research Center, Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Binghong Gao
- School of Physical Education and Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Binghong Gao, ; Eduardo Carballeira,
| | - Eduardo Carballeira
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Campus Bastiagueiro, University of A Coruna, Oleiros, Spain
- *Correspondence: Binghong Gao, ; Eduardo Carballeira,
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Chottidao M, Kuo CH, Tsai SC, Hwang IS, Lin JJ, Tsai YS. A Comparison of Plyometric and Jump Rope Training Programs for Improving Punching Performance in Junior Amateur Boxers. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:878527. [PMID: 35685089 PMCID: PMC9171322 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.878527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving lower extremity sports performance may contribute to punching performance in boxers. We compared the effects of two typical boxing routines for developing lower extremity sports performance and subsequent punching performance. Twenty-four high school amateur boxers between the ages of 12 and 18 performed training at least 3 days per week. All Athletes had 3–5 years of experience in boxing training. The participants separated into two groups to receive an 8-week plyometric or jump rope training program. They performed each training program for 30 min on 3 days/week. Lower extremity sports performance in countermovement jump (leg stiffness, jump power, and rate of force development) and jab-cross punching performance (punch velocity, punch force, reaction time, movement time, and ground reaction force) were assessed at pre-and post-training. The data were analyzed using a two-way mixed-design analysis of variance (ANOVA) (group × time). Both training programs improved the rate of force development in countermovement jump, the reaction time of punch, the peak ground reaction force of the rear leg during the jab punch, and the velocity of the jab punch. There were no group differences and interaction effects in all variables analyzed. It is concluded that 8 weeks of plyometric and rope jumping programs had a similar impact on improving lower extremity strength and punching performance. Both training programs may improve muscle strength and power, rate of force development, and reaction time. These improvements may contribute to lower extremity strength for driving a punch at the target with excellent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monchai Chottidao
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Chwen Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Shiou Hwang
- Department of Physical Therapy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jiu-Jenq Lin
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Shen Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Sports Equipment Technology, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yung-Shen Tsai,
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Jordan MJ, Morris N, Nimphius S, Aagaard P, Herzog W. Attenuated Lower Limb Stretch-Shorten-Cycle Capacity in ACL Injured vs. Non-Injured Female Alpine Ski Racers: Not Just a Matter of Between-Limb Asymmetry. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:853701. [PMID: 35434617 PMCID: PMC9008592 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.853701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective analysis of routine countermovement jump (CMJ) testing, a coupled eccentric-concentric (stretch-shorten-cycle: SSC) movement, was performed in female elite alpine skiers with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) and without ACLR. A total of 567 tests obtained from the daily training environment were analyzed in 41 elite female athletes (non-injured control: n = 30, ACLR: n = 17), including n = 6 athletes with pre-injury data, between 16 and 32 years of age from alpine ski racing (n = 32) and skier cross (n = 9). Bilateral CMJ testing was conducted on a dual force plate system, and the limb-specific vertical ground reaction force (Fz) was analyzed to obtain the net eccentric deceleration impulse (Ecc), lower limb stiffness (Stiff), maximal vertical jump height (JH), peak external mechanical power (PP) exerted on the body center of mass (BCM), modified-reactive-strength-index (RSImod), and the loss in BCM velocity during the final phase of the takeoff Δ(Vmax-Vtakeoff). Eccentric and concentric phase-specific between-limb asymmetry indexes (AIs) were also calculated. Additive mixed effects models (AMMs) were used to compare the age-dependent and post-injury time course change between groups. The mean values for non-injured controls >25 years of age were used as a comparative benchmark for recovery given the absence of pre-injury data. Net eccentric deceleration impulse increased and Δ(Vmax-Vtakeoff) decreased with age for the non-injured control group (p < 0.001) while between-limb AI (mean ± SD) fell between 1 ± 5% for the concentric phase and 3 ± 7% for the eccentric deceleration phase. Between-limb asymmetry became smaller in ACLR skiers with time-from-surgery to reach non-injured control values by 2 years, but SSC function, such as JH and PP, remained depressed up to 5 years post-surgery (p < 0.01), indicating impairments in SSC function. This highlights the importance of evaluating SSC performance capacity alongside vertical jump force-time asymmetries in female ACLR alpine skiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Jordan
- Canadian Sport Institute Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- School of Medical and Health Science, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | | | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Science, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Walter Herzog
- Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Does Physical Conditioning Influence Performance Attenuation and Recovery in Gaelic Football? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:862-870. [PMID: 35240577 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the influence of components of fitness on measures of performance attenuation and recovery following Gaelic football match play. METHODS Measurements of players' anthropometric characteristics, body composition, running speed, lower-body strength and power, blood lactate concentrations, running economy, and maximal aerobic capacity (V˙O2max) were taken over 2 separate days 1 week prior to a competitive match. Creatine kinase, countermovement jump height, drop jump height, contact time, reactive strength index, and perceptual responses were tested prematch, at full time, 24 hours postmatch, and 48 hours postmatch. RESULTS Multiple components of fitness were associated with reduced performance attenuation and improved recovery responses (adjusted R2 = 9.8%-27.6%; P < .05). Players were divided into higher-standard and lower-standard V˙O2max (higher standard: 57.4 [4.2] mL·kg-1·min-1; lower standard: 45.3 [3.8] mL·kg-1·min-1) and relative squat (higher standard: 1.46 [0.11] 1-repetition-maximum kg·body mass-1; lower standard: 1.20 [0.08] 1-repetition-maximum kg·body mass-1) groups. After adjusting for prematch baseline differences, there were significant differences between V˙O2max groups in drop jump height at 24 hours postmatch (ηp2=.078-.154; P < .05) and countermovement jump height at 48 hours postmatch (ηp2=.134; P < .05), where the lower-standard group displayed larger decrements. In addition, there were significant differences between relative squat groups at all postmatch time points in contact time (ηp2=.156-.194; P < .05) and reactive strength index (ηp2=.127-.223; P < .05) and in perceptual responses at 24 hours postmatch (ηp2=.152; P < .05), where the lower-standard group expressed larger decrements. CONCLUSION Coaches should prioritize the development of aerobic capacity and neuromuscular function as an effective method of reducing performance attenuation and enhancing recovery kinetics in Gaelic football.
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Effects of Eccentric vs. Concentric Sports on Blood Muscular Damage Markers in Male Professional Players. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030343. [PMID: 35336717 PMCID: PMC8945725 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Muscle eccentric contractions produce a higher degree of damage compared to concentric contractions. However, during sport practice (training and competition), eccentric as well as concentric actions appear at different levels. The presence of muscle-specific proteins in circulation is indicative of damage. The present report compares three sport disciplines: cycling, mainly concentric, volleyball, mainly eccentric in the legs and concentric in the arms, and basketball, mainly eccentric. The aim was to analyze the pattern of muscular injury blood markers in professional players in two moments of the season: after a training period and after a competition period. Results show that after a training period, muscle damage blood markers are higher in basketball and volleyball players, as expected due to their dominant eccentric component. However, during competition, these markers are higher in cyclists as a result of frequent eccentric actions. Therefore, the component eccentric–concentric is not defined exclusively by the sport discipline. The moment of the season (training vs. competition) has to be considered as well. This information could help sport professional to planify more specific training programs, preparations for competition, as well as post-exercise recovery. Abstract Background: Repetitive eccentric contractions can lead to higher degree of damage compared to repetitive concentric contractions. However, this type of exercise does not reproduce the real situations during the season in competitive sport disciplines. Methods: We analyzed the pattern of muscle damage blood markers in male professionals from three disciplines: cycling (n = 18), mainly concentric, vs. basketball (n = 12) and volleyball (n = 14), both mainly eccentric. Circulating muscle markers were analyzed in two moments of the regular season: after a 20-day training (no competition) period (T1) and after a 20-day period of high demanding competition (T2). Results: Blood levels of creatine kinase and myoglobin (muscle markers) increased in all groups at T2 compared to T1 as a result of competition intensity. The lower increases were noticed in cyclists at the end of both periods. Testosterone levels decreased at T2 compared to T1 in all disciplines, with lower levels found in cyclists. However, cortisol plasma levels decreased in basketball and volleyball players at T2, but increased significantly in cyclists, suggesting a limited adaptation to the effort. Conclusions: The pattern of circulating muscle markers is different depending of the demanding efforts (training vs. competition) of each particular discipline.
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Volleyball Competition on Consecutive Days Modifies Jump Kinetics but Not Height. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:711-719. [PMID: 35193111 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In volleyball, jump execution is critical for the match outcome. Game-play-related neuromuscular impairments may manifest as decreased jump height (JH) or increased jump total duration, both of which are pivotal for performance. To investigate changes in JH and kinetics with game play, the authors conducted a prospective exploratory analysis using minimal-effect testing (MET) and equivalence testing with the 2 one-sided tests procedure, univariate, and bivariate functional principal component analysis, respectively. METHODS Twelve male varsity athletes completed 3-set matches on 2 consecutive days. Countermovement jumps were performed on a force platform immediately prematch and postmatch on days 1 and 2 and once on days 3 and 4. RESULTS Across sessions, JH was equivalent (P < .022, equivalence test), while total duration reported inconclusive changes (P > .227). After match 2, MET indicated that relative force at zero velocity (P = .036) decreased, while braking duration (P = .040) and time to peak force (P = .048) increased compared with baseline. With the first and second functional principal components, these alterations, together with decreased relative braking rate of force development (P = .092), were already evident after match 1. On day 4, MET indicated that relative peak force (P = .049), relative force at zero velocity (P = .023), and relative braking rate of force development (P = .021) decreased, whereas braking duration (P = .025) increased from baseline. CONCLUSIONS Impairments in jump kinetics were evident from variables related to the countermovement-jump braking phase, while JH was equivalent. In addition to these experimental findings, the present research provides information for the choice of sample size and smallest effect size of interest when using MET and 1- and 2-dimensional analyses for countermovement-jump height and kinetics.
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Abstract
In recent years, there has been a significant expansion in female participation in endurance (road and trail) running. The often reported sex differences in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) are not the only differences between sexes during prolonged running. The aim of this narrative review was thus to discuss sex differences in running biomechanics, economy (both in fatigue and non-fatigue conditions), substrate utilization, muscle tissue characteristics (including ultrastructural muscle damage), neuromuscular fatigue, thermoregulation and pacing strategies. Although males and females do not differ in terms of running economy or endurance (i.e. percentage VO2max sustained), sex-specificities exist in running biomechanics (e.g. females have greater non-sagittal hip and knee joint motion compared to males) that can be partly explained by anatomical (e.g. wider pelvis, larger femur-tibia angle, shorter lower limb length relative to total height in females) differences. Compared to males, females also show greater proportional area of type I fibres, are more able to use fatty acids and preserve carbohydrates during prolonged exercise, demonstrate a more even pacing strategy and less fatigue following endurance running exercise. These differences confer an advantage to females in ultra-endurance performance, but other factors (e.g. lower O2 carrying capacity, greater body fat percentage) counterbalance these potential advantages, making females outperforming males a rare exception. The present literature review also highlights the lack of sex comparison in studies investigating running biomechanics in fatigue conditions and during the recovery process.
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Jofré-Saldía E, Villalobos-Gorigoitía Á, Gea-García G. Methodological Proposal for Strength and Power Training in Older Athletes: A Narrative Review. Curr Aging Sci 2022; 15:135-146. [PMID: 35227189 DOI: 10.2174/1874609815666220228153646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Within the adult population, it is not uncommon to meet older athletes who challenge the negative stereotypes associated with aging. Although their physical performance is superior to their sedentary counterparts, they are not immune to impaired neuromuscular function, leading to a decreased physical capacity and an increased risk of injuries. Despite the abundant information about the benefits of strength/power training in advanced ages, there are no methodological proposals that guide physical activity professionals to program this type of training. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to review the factors related to the decrease in sports performance within older athletes and the benefits of a strength/power program in order to provide a methodological proposal to organize training in this population. METHODS This is a review article. First, databases from PubMed, Science Direct, and SPORTSDiscus and search engines, namely Google Scholar and Scielo, were reviewed, using standard keywords such as strength and power training, evaluation of physical performance, neuromuscular function, and risk of injury in the elderly athlete. All related articles published during the period 1963 to 2020 were considered. A total of 1837 documents were found. By removing 1715 unrelated documents, 122 articles were included in the study after revision control. RESULTS Strength/power training is key to alleviating the loss of performance in older athletes and the benefits in neuromuscular function, which helps reduce the rate of serious injuries, maintaining sports practice for a longer period of time. In order to design an appropriate program, a prior evaluation of the individual's physical-technical level must be carried out, respecting the biologicalpedagogical principles and safety regulations. CONCLUSION The methodological proposal delivered in this review can serve as a technical guide for physical activity professionals, which will be able to structure the strength/power training and thus preserve the sports practice in older athletes for a longer time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Jofré-Saldía
- Instituto del Deporte, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, Facultad de Deporte, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | | | - Gemma Gea-García
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, Facultad de Deporte, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, España
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Dal Pupo J, Kons RL, Barth J, Ache-Dias J. Acute and delayed impairments of muscle function after a sprint training session performed at different exercise regimens. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Byrne PJ, Moody JA, Cooper SM, Kinsella S. Acute Effects of "Composite" Training on Neuromuscular and Fast Stretch-Shortening Cycle Drop Jump Performance in Hurling Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:3474-3481. [PMID: 31361731 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Byrne, PJ, Moody, JA, Cooper, SM, and Kinsella, S. Acute effects of "composite" training on neuromuscular and fast stretch-shortening cycle drop jump performance in hurling players. J Strength Cond Res 35(12): 3474-3481, 2021-"Composite" training is a term developed by the authors and defined as the combination of a plyometric exercise with an explosive activity such as a sprint run, performed as a "combined repetition"/session. The purposes of this study were to investigate the acute effect of a "composite" training session on neuromuscular and fast stretch-shortening cycle bounce drop jumps (BDJs) in hurling players' immediately, after session, and after 7 days of recovery. Eight hurling players first completed a drop jump test to identify individual BDJ drop height, followed 72 hours later with a single "composite" training session. Three repetition maximum (3RM) back squat strength, BDJ, countermovement jump (CMJ), and sprint performance testing were performed 10 minutes before and immediately after session and 7 days after session. An analysis of variance reported a significant decrease in CMJ measures (height, velocity, and eccentric rate of force development) and sprint performance from presession to postsession (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, a significant increase was evident for CMJ performance (height and power), sprint performance (5 and 20 m), 3RM back squat strength, and BDJ performance (reactive strength index and height) from postsession to post-7-day recovery (p ≤ 0.05). Pairwise comparisons indicated that absolute and relative 3RM strength significantly increased from presession to post-7 days (absolute 3RM: p = 0.0001; relative 3RM: p = 0.01). The findings indicate that "composite" training results in an immediate decline in CMJ measures after session possibly due to acute muscle fatigue, and supercompensation augments maximum lower-limb strength after 7 days of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Byrne
- Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Carlow, Ireland ; and
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences (Sport), Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy A Moody
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences (Sport), Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen-Mark Cooper
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences (Sport), Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Kinsella
- Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Carlow, Ireland ; and
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Radnor JM, Oliver JL, Waugh CM, Myer GD, Lloyd RS. Influence of Muscle Architecture on Maximal Rebounding in Young Boys. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:3378-3385. [PMID: 35133997 PMCID: PMC8863209 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Radnor, JM, Oliver, JL, Waugh, CM, Myer, GD, and Lloyd, RS. Influence of muscle architecture on maximal rebounding in young boys. J Strength Cond Res 35(12): 3378-3385, 2021-The aims of the current study were to (a) investigate differences in maximal rebound jump kinetics in boys at different stages of maturity and (b) determine the relationship of muscle architecture characteristics to maximal rebound jump kinetics. One hundred twenty-seven male, secondary school children were categorized into maturity groups (pre-, circa-, and post-peak height velocity) based on their maturity offset value. Muscle architecture of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and vastus lateralis (VL) was evaluated at rest using B-mode ultrasonography. Subjects then performed maximal rebound jumps quantified on a force platform. There were moderate to large differences across all maturity groups for peak ground reaction force, impulse measures, and average power variables (d = 0.73-2.67; p < 0.05). Gastrocnemius medialis and VL muscle thickness explained between 38.5 and 55.8% of the variance in peak force, impulse, and power variables; however, muscle architecture was less important determinant of contact time, jump height, reactive strength index, rate of force development, eccentric velocity, concentric velocity, and allometrically scaled measures (3.3-17.2%). The current results indicate that most kinetics used during maximal vertical rebounding are greater in more mature boys. Furthermore, maturational increases in GM muscle architecture seem important for maximal vertical jumping and are specifically associated with increased force, power, and impulse measures. Practically, these findings may underline benefits in targeting resistance training activities that are focused to increase lower limb muscle mass to positively influence maximal rebounding kinetics in young boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Radnor
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
| | - Jon L. Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, New Zealand
| | - Charlie M. Waugh
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Gregory D. Myer
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Emory Sport Performance and Research Center, Flowery Branch, GA, USA
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- The Micheli Centre for Sports Injury Prevention, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, AUT University, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Vuong JL, Fett J, Ulbricht A, Ferrauti A. Physical determinants, intercorrelations, and relevance of movement speed components in elite junior tennis players. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1805-1815. [PMID: 34753414 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2005150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Movement speed is considered essential for success in elite tennis. The aim of the present study was to develop a model of movement speed components and quantify their age- and gender-related relevance for tennis performance. Physical testing data obtained from 1,434 nationally ranked junior squad tennis players were divided according to the age at peak height velocity (YPHV) into two age groups (pre-PHV: n=103 girls, 11.7 ± 0.6 yrs.; n=466 boys, 12.7 ± 1.0 yrs.; post-PHV: n=524 girls, 14.2 ± 1.4 yrs.; n=344 boys, 15.3 ± 1.2 yrs.). After assessing anthropometrics and maturity status, all players passed a series of standardized physical tests on an indoor hard court. All data were z-standardized, filtered and sorted by gender, maturity level, and ranking position. The structuring of the speed-related performance parameters resulted in four factors ('Elementary Speed', 'Jumping Power', 'Linear Speed', and 'COD Speed'), which were then confirmed by factor analysis. The correlation of these factors to the national ranking position was mostly significant but rather low, with 'Linear Speed' reaching the lowest (r=0.10-0.18) and 'COD Speed' the highest correlation (r=0.22-0.34). Path analytic models revealed 'COD Speed' as the most important factor, which is strongly influenced by 'Jumping Power' and 'Linear Speed,' with medium effect sizes, while 'Elementary Speed' affects this factor only slightly. It can be concluded that the relationship between movement speed and junior players' tennis ranking is lower than expected. The development of 'COD Speed' should be prioritized during testing, training, and talent identification, independent of age group and gender.Performance parameters for 1,434 junior players with national rankings were analyzed and assigned to four superior factors.The impact of the factors on the ranking position, as well as the internal causal relationships, were investigated via path analysis.'COD Speed' was the most impactful factor for tennis performance and was strongly influenced by 'Linear Speed' and 'Jumping Power.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Lâm Vuong
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Janina Fett
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
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Jarvis P, Turner A, Read P, Bishop C. Reactive Strength Index and its Associations with Measures of Physical and Sports Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 52:301-330. [PMID: 34606061 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive strength index (RSI) is used frequently in the testing and monitoring of athletes. Associations with sports performance measures may vary dependent on the task but a literature synthesis has not been performed. OBJECTIVES The aim of this meta-analysis was to examine associations between RSI measured during rebound jumping tasks and measures of strength, linear and change of direction speed, and endurance performance. METHODS A systematic literature search with meta-analysis was conducted using databases PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Ovid. Inclusion criteria required studies to (1) examine the relationship between RSI and an independent measure of physical or sporting performance for at least one variable; and (2) provide rebound test instructions to minimise ground contact time and maximise displacement of the jump. Methodological quality was assessed using a modified version of the Downs and Black Quality Index tool. Heterogeneity was examined via the Q statistic and I2. Pooled effect sizes were calculated using a random-effects model, with Egger's regression test used to assess small study bias (inclusive of publication bias). RESULTS Of the 1320 citations reviewed, a total of 32 studies were included in this meta-analysis. RSI was significantly and moderately associated with strength (isometric: r = 0.356 [95% CI 0.209-0.504]; isotonic: r = 0.365 [0.075-0.654]; pooled strength measures: r = 0.339 [0.209-0.469]) and endurance performance (r = 0.401 [0.173-0.629]). Significant moderate and negative associations were indicated for acceleration (r = - 0.426 [- 0.562 to - 0.290]), top speed (r = - 0.326 [- 0.502 to - 0.151]), and significant large negative associations were noted for change of direction speed (r = - 0.565 [- 0.726 to - 0.404]). Heterogeneity was trivial to moderate across all measures (I2 = 0-66%), and significant for isotonic strength and change of direction speed (p < 0.1). Evidence of small study bias was apparent for both acceleration and change of direction speed (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We identified primarily moderate associations between RSI and independent measures of physical and sporting performance, and the strength of these relationships varied based on the task and physical quality assessed. The findings from this meta-analysis can help practitioners to develop more targeted testing and monitoring processes. Future research may wish to examine if associations are stronger in tasks that display greater specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Jarvis
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK.
| | - Anthony Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Paul Read
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, UK.,Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
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Costa FE, Kons RL, Nakamura FY, Pupo JD. Acute and prolonged effects of the simulated physical demands of a futsal match on lower limb muscle power and strength, sprint performance and muscle soreness. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-210153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Prolonged fatigue effects may be a concern after futsal matches mainly because of the actions performed by futsal players (e.g., sprinting, jumping) that usually involve the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC). However, there no studies analyzed the prolonged effects of futsal-specific fatigue and how futsal players can recover from performance tasks. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the acute and prolonged effects of a protocol that simulates specific physical demands of futsal on countermovement-jump, sprint performance, muscle strength and muscle soreness. METHODS: Fifteen amateur futsal male athletes (18.3 ± 3.8 years) performed a futsal intermittent running protocol (FIRP) and were assessed for (moment production, sprint and jumping performance and muscle soreness) at pre, during half-time, immediately after, post 24 and 48 hours after the FIRP. Analysis of variance (repeated measures) was used to compare variable means over time. RESULTS: The main results indicated a decrement in the CMJ height (p= 0.03) and an increase of 10 m and 20 m sprint times (p= 0.01–p< 0.01, respectively) during half-time and the post FIRP. There was a decrement in eccentric peak moment of the knee extensors (p= 0.02) and flexors (p< 0.01) until 48h post protocol and a decrement in concentric peak moment of the flexors (p< 0.01) post protocol. Athletes reported muscle soreness in the hamstrings (p= 0.03) post and 24 h after the FIRP. CONCLUSION: FIRP induced acute effects in the jump and sprint performances only. On the other hand, the knee moment production capability (mainly eccentric) suffered acute and also prolonged effects of the FIRP accompanied by delayed muscle soreness in the hamstring muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe E. Costa
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafael L. Kons
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabio Y. Nakamura
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Juliano Dal Pupo
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Tenberg S, Kalo K, Niederer D, Vogt L. Effect of warm-up and muscle fatiguing exercise on knee joint sounds in motion by vibroarthrography: A randomized crossover trial. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257652. [PMID: 34534253 PMCID: PMC8448316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibroarthrography measures joint sounds caused by sliding of the joint surfaces over each other. and can be affected by joint health, load and type of movement. Since both warm-up and muscle fatigue lead to local changes in the knee joint (e.g., temperature increase, lubrication of the joint, muscle activation), these may impact knee joint sounds. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of warm-up and muscle fatiguing exercise on knee joint sounds during an activity of daily living. Seventeen healthy, physically active volunteers (25.7 ± 2 years, 7 males) performed a control and an intervention session with a wash-out phase of one week. The control session consisted of sitting on a chair, while the intervention session contained a warm-up (walking on a treadmill) followed by a fatiguing exercise (modified sit-to-stand) protocol. Knee sounds were recorded by vibroarthrography (at the medial tibia plateau and at the patella) at three time points in each session during a sit-to-stand movement. The primary outcome was the mean signal amplitude (MSA, dB). Differences between sessions were determined by repeated measures ANOVA with intra-individual pre-post differences for the warm-up and for the muscle fatigue effect. We found a significant difference for MSA at the medial tibia plateau (intervention: mean 1.51 dB, standard deviation 2.51 dB; control: mean -1.28 dB, SD 2.61 dB; F = 9.5; p = .007; η2 = .37) during extension (from sit to stand) after the warm-up. There was no significant difference for any parameter after the muscle fatiguing exercise (p > .05). The increase in MSA may mostly be explained by an increase in internal knee load and joint friction. However, neuromuscular changes may also have played a role. It appears that the muscle fatiguing exercise has no impact on knee joint sounds in young, active, symptom-free participants during sit to stand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tenberg
- Department of Computer Science / Therapy Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Kristin Kalo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Medical Center of the University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Niederer
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Lutz Vogt
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
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The Effects of Knee Flexion on Tennis Serve Performance of Intermediate Level Tennis Players. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165254. [PMID: 34450697 PMCID: PMC8398391 DOI: 10.3390/s21165254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of knee flexion during the preparation phase of a serve on the tennis serve performance, using inertial sensors. Thirty-two junior tennis players were divided into two groups based on their maximum knee flexion during the preparation phase of serve: Smaller (SKF) and Greater (GKF) Knee Flexion. Their racket velocity, racket height, and knee extension velocity were compared during the tennis serve. Inertial sensors tracked participants’ shank, thigh, and racket motions while performing five first, flat, and valid serves. Knee flexion was analysed during the preparation phase of serve, knee extension velocity after this phase, racket velocity just before ball impact, and racket height at impact. Pre-impact racket velocity (mean difference [MD] = 3.33 km/h, p = 0.004) and the knee extension velocity (MD = 130.30 °/s, p = 0.012) were higher in the GKF than SKF; however, racket impact height was not different between groups (p = 0.236). This study’s findings support the importance of larger knee flexion during the preparation phase of serve-to-serve performance. This motion should be seen as a contributor to racket velocity.
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