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Kubica C, Ketelhut S, Nigg CR. Polarized running training adapted to versus contrary to the menstrual cycle phases has similar effects on endurance performance and cardiovascular parameters. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05545-9. [PMID: 38977510 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared the effects of polarized running training adapted to the menstrual cycle (MC) phases versus polarized training adapted contrary to the MC on endurance performance and cardiovascular parameters. METHODS Thirty-three naturally menstruating, moderately trained females (age: 26 ± 4 years; BMI: 22.3 ± 3.2 kg/m2; V ˙ O2max/rel: 40.35 ± 4.61 ml/min/kg) were randomly assigned to a control (CON) and intervention (INT) group. Both groups participated in a load-matched eight-week running training intervention. In the INT, high-intensity sessions were aligned with the mid and late follicular phase, low-intensity sessions with the early and mid-luteal phase, and recovery with the late luteal and early follicular phase. In the CON, high-intensity sessions were matched to the late luteal and early follicular phase, and recovery to the mid and late follicular phase. Endurance performance and cardiovascular parameters were assessed at baseline and after the intervention. RESULTS Twenty-six females completed the intervention. A repeated measures ANOVA determined no time × group interaction effect for any parameter. A significant time effect was found for maximal oxygen uptake (F(1,12) = 18.753, p = 0.005, ηp2 = 0.630), the velocity at the ventilatory threshold one (F(1,12) = 10.704, p = 0.007, ηp2 = 0.493) and two (F(1,12) = 7.746, p = .018, ηp2 = .413). CONCLUSION The training intervention improved endurance performance in both groups, with no further benefit observed from the MC-adapted polarized training in a group-based analysis. Replications with an extended intervention period, a larger sample size, and a more reliable MC determination are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kubica
- Health Science Department, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Sascha Ketelhut
- Health Science Department, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Zhang J, Tian Z, Qin C, Momeni MR. The effects of exercise on epigenetic modifications: focus on DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs. Hum Cell 2024; 37:887-903. [PMID: 38587596 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-024-01057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Physical activity on a regular basis has been shown to bolster the overall wellness of an individual; research is now revealing that these changes are accompanied by epigenetic modifications. Regular exercise has been proven to make intervention plans more successful and prolong adherence to them. When it comes to epigenetic changes, there are four primary components. This includes changes to the DNA, histones, expression of particular non-coding RNAs and DNA methylation. External triggers, such as physical activity, can lead to modifications in the epigenetic components, resulting in changes in the transcription process. This report pays attention to the current knowledge that pertains to the epigenetic alterations that occur after exercise, the genes affected and the resulting characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiong Zhang
- Xiamen Academy of Art and Design, Fuzhou University, Xiamen, 361024, Fujian, China.
| | - Zhongxin Tian
- College of Physical Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China.
| | - Chao Qin
- College of Physical Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
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3
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Tee CCL, Chong MC, Cooke MB, Rahmat N, Yeo WK, Camera DM. Effects of exercise modality combined with moderate hypoxia on blood glucose regulation in adults with overweight. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1396108. [PMID: 38903909 PMCID: PMC11188384 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1396108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of moderate hypoxia with three different exercise modes on glucose regulation in healthy overweight adults. Methods: Thirteen overweight males (age: 31 ± 4 years; body fat 26.3 ± 3.2%) completed three exercise trials in a randomized crossover design involving 60 min cycling exercise at 90% lactate threshold (LOW), sprint interval training (20 × 4 s all-out; SIT) and lower limb functional bodyweight exercises (8 sets of 4 × 20 s; FEX) under moderate hypoxia (FiO2 = 16.5%). Post-exercise oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed following each trial. Heart rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2), physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES), and perceptual measures were recorded during each exercise session. Venous blood was collected pre-, immediately post-, and 24 h post-exercise and analysed for plasma glucose and insulin, incremental area under curve (iAUC), and circulating microRNA expression (c-miRs-486-5p, -126-5p, and -21-5p). Interstitial glucose concentrations were measured using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Results: Post-exercise OGTT iAUC for plasma glucose and insulin concentration were lower in SIT and LOW vs. control (p < 0.05) while post-exercise interstitial glucose iAUC and c-miRs were not different between exercise modes. Heart rate was greater in SIT vs. LOW and FEX, and FEX vs. LOW (p < 0.05), SpO2 was lower in SIT, while PACES was not different between exercise modes. Perceptual measures were greater in SIT vs. LOW and FEX. Conclusion: Acute SIT and LOW under moderate hypoxia improved post-exercise plasma insulin compared to FEX exercises. Considering SIT was also time-efficient, well tolerated, and enjoyable for participants, this may be the preferred exercise modality for improving glucose regulation in adult males with overweight when combined with moderate hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chow Li Tee
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Mee Chee Chong
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Matthew B. Cooke
- Sport, Performance and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nurhamizah Rahmat
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wee Kian Yeo
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Donny M. Camera
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Hawthorn, Australia
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4
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Etayo-Urtasun P, Sáez de Asteasu ML, Izquierdo M. Effects of Exercise on DNA Methylation: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02033-0. [PMID: 38839665 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular exercise reduces chronic disease risk and extends a healthy lifespan, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. DNA methylation is implicated in this process, potentially altering gene expression without changing DNA sequence. However, previous findings appear partly contradictory. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to elucidate exercise effects on DNA methylation patterns. METHODS PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. All articles published up to November 2023 were considered for inclusion and assessed for eligibility using the PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study) framework. Randomized controlled trials that assessed the impact of exercise interventions on DNA methylation in previously inactive adults were included. We evaluated the methodological quality of trials using the PEDro scale. RESULTS A total of 852 results were identified, of which 12 articles met the inclusion criteria. A total of 827 subjects were included in the studies. Intervention lengths varied from 6 weeks to 12 months. Most trials indicated that exercise interventions can significantly alter the DNA methylation of specific genes and global DNA methylation patterns. CONCLUSIONS The heterogeneity of results may arise from differences in participant demographics, intervention factors, measurement techniques, and the genomic contexts examined. Future research should analyze the influences of activity type, intensity, and duration, as well as the physical fitness outcomes on DNA methylation. Characterizing such dose-response relationships and identifying genes responsive to exercise are crucial for understanding the molecular mechanisms of exercise, unlocking its full potential for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikel L Sáez de Asteasu
- Navarrabiomed, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN)-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Av. De Barañain s/n, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Pamplona, Spain.
- Department of Health Sciences, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN)-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Av. De Barañain s/n, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Langston PK, Mathis D. Immunological regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise. Cell Metab 2024; 36:1175-1183. [PMID: 38670108 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Exercise has long been acknowledged for its powerful disease-preventing, health-promoting effects. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of exercise are not fully understood. Inflammation is a component of the stress response to exercise. Recent work has revealed that such inflammation is not merely a symptom of exertion; rather, it is a key regulator of exercise adaptations, particularly in skeletal muscle. The purpose of this piece is to provide a conceptual framework that we hope will integrate exercise immunology with exercise physiology, muscle biology, and cellular immunology. We start with an overview of early studies in the field of exercise immunology, followed by an exploration of the importance of stromal cells and immunocytes in the maintenance of muscle homeostasis based on studies of experimental muscle injury. Subsequently, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the functions and physiological relevance of the immune system in exercised muscle. Finally, we highlight a potential immunological basis for the benefits of exercise in musculoskeletal diseases and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kent Langston
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Wernhart S, Rassaf T. Relevance of Cardiovascular Exercise in Cancer and Cancer Therapy-Related Cardiac Dysfunction. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2024; 21:238-251. [PMID: 38696059 PMCID: PMC11090948 DOI: 10.1007/s11897-024-00662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Cancer therapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD) has been identified as a threat to overall and cancer-related survival. Although aerobic exercise training (AET) has been shown to improve cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), the relationship between specific exercise regimens and cancer survival, heart failure development, and reduction of CTRCD is unclear. In this review, we discuss the impact of AET on molecular pathways and the current literature of sports in the field of cardio-oncology. RECENT FINDINGS Cardio-oncological exercise trials have focused on variations of AET intensity by using moderate continuous and high intensity interval training, which are applicable, safe, and effective approaches to improve CRF. AET increases CRF, reduces cardiovascular morbidity and heart failure hospitalization and should thus be implemented as an adjunct to standard cancer therapy, although its long-term effect on CTRCD remains unknown. Despite modulating diverse molecular pathways, it remains unknown which exercise regimen, including variations of AET duration and frequency, is most suited to facilitate peripheral and central adaptations to exercise and improve survival in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wernhart
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart- and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - Tienush Rassaf
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart- and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
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7
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Snyder M, Brewer C, Taylor K. Multi-Ingredient Preworkout Supplementation Compared With Caffeine and a Placebo Does Not Improve Repetitions to Failure in Resistance-Trained Women. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:593-599. [PMID: 38608716 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
There has been an increase in the use of commercially available multi-ingredient preworkout supplements (MIPS); however, there are inconsistencies regarding the efficacy of MIPS in resistance-trained women. PURPOSE To determine the effect of varying doses of MIPS compared with caffeine only (C) and a placebo (PL) on resistance-training performance in trained women. METHODS Ten women (21.5 [2.3] y) completed 1-repetition-maximum tests at baseline for leg press and bench press. A within-group, double-blind, and randomized design was used to assign supplement drinks (ie, PL, C, MIPS half scoop [MIPS-H], and MIPS full scoop [MIPS-F]). Repetitions to failure were assessed at 75% and 80% to 85% of 1-repetition maximum for bench and leg press, respectively. Total performance volume was calculated as load × sets × repetitions for each session. Data were analyzed using a 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and reported as means and SDs. RESULTS There were no differences in repetitions to failure for bench press (PL: 14.4 [3.2] repetitions, C: 14.4 [2.9] repetitions, MIPS-H: 14.2 [2.6] repetitions, MIPS-F: 15.1 [3.1] repetitions; P = .54) or leg press (PL: 13.9 [7.8] repetitions, C: 10.8 [5.9] repetitions, MIPS-H: 13.1 [7.1] repetitions, MIPS-F: 12.4 [10.7] repetitions; P = .44). Furthermore, there were no differences in total performance volume across supplements for bench press (PL: 911.2 [212.8] kg, C: 910.7 [205.5] kg, MIPS-H: 913.6 [249.3] kg, MIPS-F: 951.6 [289.6] kg; P = .39) or leg press (PL: 4318.4 [1633.6] kg, C: 3730.0 [1032.5] kg, MIPS-H: 4223.0 [1630.0] kg, MIPS-F: 4085.5 [2098.3] kg; P = .34). CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings suggest that caffeine and MIPS do not provide ergogenic benefits for resistance-trained women in delaying muscular failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariah Snyder
- Department of Wellness and Movement Sciences, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, USA
| | - Christi Brewer
- Department of Wellness and Movement Sciences, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, USA
| | - Katrina Taylor
- Department of Wellness and Movement Sciences, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, USA
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8
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Warneke K, Behm DG, Alizadeh S, Hillebrecht M, Konrad A, Wirth K. Discussing Conflicting Explanatory Approaches in Flexibility Training Under Consideration of Physiology: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02043-y. [PMID: 38819597 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying range of motion enhancements via flexibility training discussed in the literature show high heterogeneity in research methodology and study findings. In addition, scientific conclusions are mostly based on functional observations while studies considering the underlying physiology are less common. However, understanding the underlying mechanisms that contribute to an improved range of motion through stretching is crucial for conducting comparable studies with sound designs, optimising training routines and accurately interpreting resulting outcomes. While there seems to be no evidence to attribute acute range of motion increases as well as changes in muscle and tendon stiffness and pain perception specifically to stretching or foam rolling, the role of general warm-up effects is discussed in this paper. Additionally, the role of mechanical tension applied to greater muscle lengths for range of motion improvement will be discussed. Thus, it is suggested that physical training stressors can be seen as external stimuli that control gene expression via the targeted stimulation of transcription factors, leading to structural adaptations due to enhanced protein synthesis. Hence, the possible role of serial sarcomerogenesis in altering pain perception, reducing muscle stiffness and passive torque, or changes in the optimal joint angle for force development is considered as well as alternative interventions with a potential impact on anabolic pathways. As there are limited possibilities to directly measure serial sarcomere number, longitudinal muscle hypertrophy remains without direct evidence. The available literature does not demonstrate the necessity of only using specific flexibility training routines such as stretching to enhance acute or chronic range of motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- Department of Movement Sciences, Institute of Sport Science, University of Klagenfurt, Universitatsstraße 65, 9020, Klagenfurt Am Wörthersee, Austria.
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
- Human Performance Lab, Department of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Martin Hillebrecht
- University Sports Center, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
- University Sports Center, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Wirth
- University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Reisman EG, Hawley JA, Hoffman NJ. Exercise-Regulated Mitochondrial and Nuclear Signalling Networks in Skeletal Muscle. Sports Med 2024; 54:1097-1119. [PMID: 38528308 PMCID: PMC11127882 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Exercise perturbs energy homeostasis in skeletal muscle and engages integrated cellular signalling networks to help meet the contraction-induced increases in skeletal muscle energy and oxygen demand. Investigating exercise-associated perturbations in skeletal muscle signalling networks has uncovered novel mechanisms by which exercise stimulates skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and promotes whole-body health and fitness. While acute exercise regulates a complex network of protein post-translational modifications (e.g. phosphorylation) in skeletal muscle, previous investigations of exercise signalling in human and rodent skeletal muscle have primarily focused on a select group of exercise-regulated protein kinases [i.e. 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), protein kinase A (PKA), Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)] and only a small subset of their respective protein substrates. Recently, global mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic approaches have helped unravel the extensive complexity and interconnection of exercise signalling pathways and kinases beyond this select group and phosphorylation and/or translocation of exercise-regulated mitochondrial and nuclear protein substrates. This review provides an overview of recent advances in our understanding of the molecular events associated with acute endurance exercise-regulated signalling pathways and kinases in skeletal muscle with a focus on phosphorylation. We critically appraise recent evidence highlighting the involvement of mitochondrial and nuclear protein phosphorylation and/or translocation in skeletal muscle adaptive responses to an acute bout of endurance exercise that ultimately stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and contribute to exercise's wider health and fitness benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Reisman
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Level 5, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Level 5, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Nolan J Hoffman
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Level 5, 215 Spring Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
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10
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Cao G, Zuo J, Wu B, Wu Y. Polyphenol supplementation boosts aerobic endurance in athletes: systematic review. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1369174. [PMID: 38651044 PMCID: PMC11033476 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1369174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing trend has been observed in the consumption of specific polyphenols, such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, derived from green tea, berries, and other similar sources. These compounds are believed to alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation resulting from exercise, potentially enhancing athletic performance. This systematic review critically examines the role of polyphenol supplementation in improving aerobic endurance among athletes and individuals with regular exercise habits. The review involved a thorough search of major literature databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus, and Embase, covering re-search up to the year 2023. Out of 491 initially identified articles, 11 met the strict inclusion criteria for this review. These studies specifically focused on the incorporation of polyphenols or polyphenol-containing complexes in their experimental design, assessing their impact on aerobic endurance. The methodology adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and the risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane bias risk assessment tool. While this review suggests that polyphenol supplementation might enhance certain aspects of aerobic endurance and promote fat oxidation, it is important to interpret these findings with caution, considering the limited number of studies available. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42023453321.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gexin Cao
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Sports Science, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Sports Stress and Adaptation of General Administration of Sport, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zuo
- Laboratory of Sports Stress and Adaptation of General Administration of Sport, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
- Department of Anatomy Laboratory, School of Sports Science, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Baile Wu
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Sports Science, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Sports Stress and Adaptation of General Administration of Sport, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Sports Science, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Sports Stress and Adaptation of General Administration of Sport, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
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11
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Noone J, Mucinski JM, DeLany JP, Sparks LM, Goodpaster BH. Understanding the variation in exercise responses to guide personalized physical activity prescriptions. Cell Metab 2024; 36:702-724. [PMID: 38262420 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that contribute to exercise response variation is the first step in achieving the goal of developing personalized exercise prescriptions. This review discusses the key molecular and other mechanistic factors, both extrinsic and intrinsic, that influence exercise responses and health outcomes. Extrinsic characteristics include the timing and dose of exercise, circadian rhythms, sleep habits, dietary interactions, and medication use, whereas intrinsic factors such as sex, age, hormonal status, race/ethnicity, and genetics are also integral. The molecular transducers of exercise (i.e., genomic/epigenomic, proteomic/post-translational, transcriptomic, metabolic/metabolomic, and lipidomic elements) are considered with respect to variability in physiological and health outcomes. Finally, this review highlights the current challenges that impede our ability to develop effective personalized exercise prescriptions. The Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) aims to fill significant gaps in the understanding of exercise response variability, yet further investigations are needed to address additional health outcomes across all populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Noone
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | | | - James P DeLany
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA.
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12
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Moncion K, Rodrigues L, Wiley E, Noguchi KS, Negm A, Richardson J, MacDonald MJ, Roig M, Tang A. Aerobic exercise interventions for promoting cardiovascular health and mobility after stroke: a systematic review with Bayesian network meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:392-400. [PMID: 38413134 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the superiority of aerobic exercise (AE) interventions on key outcomes of stroke recovery, including cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O2peak, primary outcome), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and mobility (6 min Walk Test (6MWT) distance and 10 m Usual Gait Speed) after stroke. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, CENTRAL, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO and AMED Allied and Complementary Medicine were searched from inception to February 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials were included that compared the effects of any AE interventions (low-intensity, moderate-intensity, high-intensity continuous training (HICT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT)) to no exercise, usual care or other AE interventions in individuals poststroke. ANALYSES Systematic review with Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA) methodology was employed. Surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values were used to rank interventions. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation minimally contextualised framework for NMA was followed. RESULTS There were 28 studies (n=1298) included in the NMA for V̇O2peak, 11 (n=648) for SBP, 28 (n=1494) for 6MWT and 18 (n=775) for the 10 m Usual Gait Speed. The greatest effect on V̇O2peak, 6MWT and 10 m Usual Gait Speed was observed after HIIT and HICT. No differences between interventions were found for SBP. SUCRA values identified HIIT as the superior AE intervention for all outcomes of interest. HIIT was the most effective intervention for improving V̇O2peak (2.9 mL/kg/min (95% credible interval 0.8 to 5.0) moderate certainty) compared with usual care. CONCLUSION This NMA suggests that higher-intensity AE is superior to traditional low-intensity to moderate-intensity AE for improving outcomes after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Moncion
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lynden Rodrigues
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elise Wiley
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth S Noguchi
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmed Negm
- University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Julie Richardson
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods Evidence and Impact, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maureen Jane MacDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University Faculty of Science, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc Roig
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ada Tang
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Dolan C, Quiles JM, Goldsmith JA, Mendez KM, Klemp A, Robinson ZP, Pelland JC, Coccia C, Zourdos MC. The Effect of Time-Equated Concurrent Training Programs in Resistance-Trained Men. J Hum Kinet 2024; 91:87-103. [PMID: 38689592 PMCID: PMC11057620 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/185637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effects of three different concurrent training (CT) programs and a resistance training (RT) program. Twenty-three resistance trained men (age: 24 ± 3 years) were randomized into four groups: concurrent RT and high intensity interval cycling (CTH, n = 6), concurrent RT and moderate intensity continuous cycling (CTM, n = 5), RT and barbell circuit training (RTC, n = 6), or RT only (RT, n = 6). Back squat and bench press strength, quadriceps, and pectoralis muscle thickness, VO2peak, and maximum workload (Wmax, Watts) were assessed. Squat strength gains were meaningful in all groups and comparable among CTH (16.88 kg [95% CrI: 11.15, 22.63]), CTM (25.54 kg [95% CrI: 19.24, 31.96]), RTC (17.5 kg [95% CrI: 11.66, 23.39]), and RT (20.36 kg [95% CrI: 15.29, 25.33]) groups. Bench press strength gains were meaningful in all groups and comparable among CTH (11.86 kg [95% CrI: 8.28, 15.47]), CTM (10.3 kg [95% CrI: 6.49, 14.13]), RTC (4.84 kg [95% CrI: 1.31, 8.47]), and RT (10.16 kg [95% CrI: 7.02, 13.22]) groups. Quadriceps hypertrophy was meaningful in all groups and comparable among CTH (2.29 mm [95% CrI: 0.84, 3.76]), CTM (3.41 mm [95% CrI: 1.88, 4.91]), RTC (2.6 mm [95% CrI: 1.17, 4.05]), and RT (2.83 mm [95% CrI: 1.55, 4.12]) groups. Pectoralis hypertrophy was meaningful in CTH (2.29 mm [95% CrI: -0.52, 5.1]), CTM (5.14 mm [95% CrI: 2.1, 8.15]), and RTC (7.19 mm [95% CrI: 4.26, 10.02]) groups, but not in the RT group (1 mm [95% CrI: -1.59, 3.59]); further, between-group contrasts indicated less pectoralis growth in the RT compared to the RTC group. Regarding cardiovascular outcomes, only the RTH and RTM groups experienced meaningful improvements in either measure (VO2peak or Wmax). These data suggest that the interference effect on maximal strength and hypertrophy can be avoided when the aerobic training is moderate intensity cycling, high intensity cycling, or a novel barbell circuit for ~one hour per week and on non-RT days. However, the barbell circuit failed to elicit meaningful cardiovascular adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Dolan
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Justin M. Quiles
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Jacob A. Goldsmith
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Spinal Cord Injury Research, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Kristin M. Mendez
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Alex Klemp
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Zac P. Robinson
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Joshua C. Pelland
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Catherine Coccia
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael C. Zourdos
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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14
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Tian J, Miao M. How Does Altering the Volume-Load of Plyometric Exercises Affect the Inflammatory Response, Oxidative Stress, and Muscle Damage in Male Soccer Players? J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:97-106. [PMID: 38455429 PMCID: PMC10915621 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Incorporating plyometric exercises (PE) into soccer players' conditioning routines is vital for boosting their performance. Nevertheless, the effects of PE sessions with diverse volume loads on inflammation, oxidative stress, and muscle damage are not yet clearly understood. This study aimed to examine the effects of altering the volume-loads of PE on indicators of oxidative muscle damage and inflammation. The study involved forty young male soccer players who were randomly assigned to three different volume-loads of PE (Low volume-load [100 jumps]: LVL, n = 10; Moderate volume-load [150 jumps]: MVL, n = 10; and High volume-load [200 jumps]: HVL, n = 10) and a control group (CON = 10). The levels of various biomarkers including delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), leukocytes, neutrophils, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured at different time points. These measurements were taken at rest, immediately after completion of PE, and 24-, 48-, and 72-hours post-PE. The CK, LDH, DOMS, 8-OHdG, MDA, and PC levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05) after the PE protocol, reaching their peak values between 24 to 48 hours post-PE for all the volume-loaded groups. The levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, and IL-6 also increased after the PE session but returned to resting values within 24 hours post-PE. On the other hand, CRP levels increased at 24 hours post-PE for all the treatment groups (p < 0.05). The changes observed in the indicators of muscle damage and inflammation in response to different volume-loads of PE was not significant. However, the HVL and MVL indicated significant differences compared to LVL in the 8-OHdG (at 48-hour) and MDA (at 72-hour). Athletes engaging in higher volume-loads demonstrated more pronounced responses in terms of biochemical variables (specifically, LVL < MVL < HVL); however, these changes were not statistically significant (except 8-OHdG and MDA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tian
- School of Physical Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Miao Miao
- School of Physical Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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15
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Stathas I, Kalliakmanis A, Kekelekis A, Danassi Afentaki D, Tsepis E, Fousekis K. Effectiveness of an On-Field Rehabilitation framework for return to sports in injured male professional football players: a single-blinded, prospective, randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001849. [PMID: 38268525 PMCID: PMC10806762 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives In football, on-field rehabilitation (OFR) is critical during injury recovery for a player's safe return to sports (RTS). The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an OFR framework for RTS in injured male professional football players. Trial design A prospective block-randomised controlled-parallel trial was conducted (level of evidence 1b). Methods Male professional football players (mean age, 26.3±3.6 years) from Greece diagnosed with an acute, lower limb musculoskeletal (MSK) injury (confirmed clinically and through imaging) participated in the study. During rehabilitation, the participants' OFR was guided by either the On-Field Rehabilitation (On FI.RE.) accelerated framework (experimental group) or a traditional OFR framework for a late injury recovery phase (comparison group). Between July 2021 and January 2022, 76 players were randomly allocated to the experimental group (n=38) and the comparison group (n=38). Participants were blinded during the study regarding intervention therapeutic protocols. The primary outcome measure was the effect of On FI.RE. framework on the time needed to return to team training (RTT) participation. The correlation between the time needed to return to on-field activity and RTT was calculated. Subsequent injuries were registered for a 12-month follow-up period. Results The intervention protocol, On FI.RE. framework, had a statistically significant effect on the time needed to RTT (F(1) = 49 626, p<0.001) with a large effect size (ES; η2=0.422) and fewer days (mean=23.8±9.1 days) needed than the comparison group (mean=30.3±9.8 days). There was a strong correlation between return to on-field activity and the time needed to RTT (r(76) = 0.901, p<0001) with a large ES (r>0.5). Six subsequent injuries were registered in the traditional OFR framework group, and one subsequent injury in the On FI.RE. framework group after a follow-up period of 12 months. Conclusion The On FI.RE., an accelerated OFR framework during injury recovery, is more effective than a traditional OFR framework, reducing the time a player needs to RTS. It entails a very low risk of reinjury. Trial registration number NCT05163470.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Stathas
- Physiotherapy Department, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, Patra, Greece
- Head of Physiotherapy and rehabilitation department, OFI Crete FC, Herakleion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Afxentios Kekelekis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Elias Tsepis
- Physiotherapy Dept School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, Patra, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Fousekis
- Physiotherapy Department Therapeutic exercise and Sports Rehabilitation exercise laboratory, University of Patras, Patra, Greece
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16
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Chen Y, Feng X, Huang L, Wang K, Mi J. Comparative efficacy of concurrent training types on lower limb strength and muscular hypertrophy: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Exerc Sci Fit 2024; 22:86-96. [PMID: 38187085 PMCID: PMC10767279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to compare, through quantitative analysis, the effectiveness of different endurance training types on increasing lower limb strength and muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA) in concurrent training. Methods This systematic literature search was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) [PROSPERO ID: CRD42023396886]. Web of Science, SportDiscuss, Pubmed, Cochrane, and Scopus were systematically searched from their inception date to October 20, 2023. Results A total of 40 studies (841 participants) were included in this meta-analysis. MCSA analysis showed that, compared to resistance training alone, concurrent high-intensity interval running training and resistance training and concurrent moderate-intensity continuous cycling training and resistance training were more effective (SMD = 0.15, 95% CI = -0.46 to 0.76, and SMD = 0.07, 95% CI = -0.24 to 0.38 respectively), while other modalities of concurrent training not. Lower body maximal strength analysis showed that all modalities of concurrent training were inferior to resistance training alone, but concurrent high-intensity interval training and resistance training showed an advantage in four different concurrent training modalities (SMD = -0.08, 95% CI = -0.25 to 0.08). For explosive strength, only concurrent high-intensity interval training and resistance training was superior to resistance training (SMD = 0.06, 95% CI = -0.21 to 0.33). Conclusion Different endurance training types have an impact on the effectiveness of concurrent training, particularly on lower limb strength. Adopting high-intensity interval running as the endurance training type in concurrent training can effectively minimize the adverse effects on lower limb strength and MCSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Chen
- School of Competitive Sports, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinmiao Feng
- School of Competitive Sports, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lanmin Huang
- School of Competitive Sports, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Keli Wang
- School of Competitive Sports, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Mi
- School of Competitive Sports, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, PR China
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17
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Lee MJ, Caruana NJ, Saner NJ, Kuang J, Stokes T, McLeod JC, Oikawa SY, Bishop DJ, Bartlett JD, Phillips SM. Resistance-only and concurrent exercise induce similar myofibrillar protein synthesis rates and associated molecular responses in moderately active men before and after training. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23392. [PMID: 38153675 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302024r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic and resistance exercise (RE) induce distinct molecular responses. One hypothesis is that these responses are antagonistic and unfavorable for the anabolic response to RE when concurrent exercise is performed. This thesis may also depend on the participants' training status and concurrent exercise order. We measured free-living myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) rates and associated molecular responses to resistance-only and concurrent exercise (with different exercise orders), before and after training. Moderately active men completed one of three exercise interventions (matched for age, baseline strength, body composition, and aerobic capacity): resistance-only exercise (RE, n = 8), RE plus high-intensity interval exercise (RE+HIIE, n = 8), or HIIE+RE (n = 9). Participants trained 3 days/week for 10 weeks; concurrent sessions were separated by 3 h. On the first day of Weeks 1 and 10, muscle was sampled immediately before and after, and 3 h after each exercise mode and analyzed for molecular markers of MyoPS and muscle glycogen. Additional muscle, sampled pre- and post-training, was used to determine MyoPS using orally administered deuterium oxide (D2 O). In both weeks, MyoPS rates were comparable between groups. Post-exercise changes in proteins reflective of protein synthesis were also similar between groups, though MuRF1 and MAFbx mRNA exhibited some exercise order-dependent responses. In Week 10, exercise-induced changes in MyoPS and some genes (PGC-1ɑ and MuRF1) were dampened from Week 1. Concurrent exercise (in either order) did not compromise the anabolic response to resistance-only exercise, before or after training. MyoPS rates and some molecular responses to exercise are diminished after training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Lee
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nikeisha J Caruana
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Saner
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tanner Stokes
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan C McLeod
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Y Oikawa
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Bartlett
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Marques J, Chamari K. Performance Management in Elite Football: A Teamwork Modeling Approach. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1371-1373. [PMID: 37917956 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joao Marques
- Aspetar, Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Karim Chamari
- Aspetar, Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
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19
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Langston PK, Sun Y, Ryback BA, Mueller AL, Spiegelman BM, Benoist C, Mathis D. Regulatory T cells shield muscle mitochondria from interferon-γ-mediated damage to promote the beneficial effects of exercise. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadi5377. [PMID: 37922340 PMCID: PMC10860652 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adi5377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Exercise enhances physical performance and reduces the risk of many disorders such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, dementia, and cancer. Exercise characteristically incites an inflammatory response, notably in skeletal muscles. Although some effector mechanisms have been identified, regulatory elements activated in response to exercise remain obscure. Here, we have addressed the roles of Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the healthful activities of exercise via immunologic, transcriptomic, histologic, metabolic, and biochemical analyses of acute and chronic exercise models in mice. Exercise rapidly induced expansion of the muscle Treg compartment, thereby guarding against overexuberant production of interferon-γ and consequent metabolic disruptions, particularly mitochondrial aberrancies. The performance-enhancing effects of exercise training were dampened in the absence of Tregs. Thus, exercise is a natural Treg booster with therapeutic potential in disease and aging contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Kent Langston
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Yizhi Sun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, 02115, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Birgitta A. Ryback
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Amber L. Mueller
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Bruce M. Spiegelman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, 02115, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, 02115, USA
| | | | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, 02115, USA
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20
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Warneke K, Lohmann LH, Lima CD, Hollander K, Konrad A, Zech A, Nakamura M, Wirth K, Keiner M, Behm DG. Physiology of Stretch-Mediated Hypertrophy and Strength Increases: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:2055-2075. [PMID: 37556026 PMCID: PMC10587333 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing muscle strength and cross-sectional area is of crucial importance to improve or maintain physical function in musculoskeletal rehabilitation and sports performance. Decreases in muscular performance are experienced in phases of reduced physical activity or immobilization. These decrements highlight the need for alternative, easily accessible training regimens for a sedentary population to improve rehabilitation and injury prevention routines. Commonly, muscle hypertrophy and strength increases are associated with resistance training, typically performed in a training facility. Mechanical tension, which is usually induced with resistance machines and devices, is known to be an important factor that stimulates the underlying signaling pathways to enhance protein synthesis. Findings from animal studies suggest an alternative means to induce mechanical tension to enhance protein synthesis, and therefore muscle hypertrophy by inducing high-volume stretching. Thus, this narrative review discusses mechanical tension-induced physiological adaptations and their impact on muscle hypertrophy and strength gains. Furthermore, research addressing stretch-induced hypertrophy is critically analyzed. Derived from animal research, the stretching literature exploring the impact of static stretching on morphological and functional adaptations was reviewed and critically discussed. No studies have investigated the underlying physiological mechanisms in humans yet, and thus the underlying mechanisms remain speculative and must be discussed in the light of animal research. However, studies that reported functional and morphological increases in humans commonly used stretching durations of > 30 min per session of the plantar flexors, indicating the importance of high stretching volume, if the aim is to increase muscle mass and maximum strength. Therefore, the practical applicability seems limited to settings without access to resistance training (e.g., in an immobilized state at the start of rehabilitation), as resistance training seems to be more time efficient. Nevertheless, further research is needed to generate evidence in different human populations (athletes, sedentary individuals, and rehabilitation patients) and to quantify stretching intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, Universitätsallee 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Deutschland, Germany.
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
- Institute of Sport Science, Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Germany.
| | - Lars H Lohmann
- University Sports Center, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Camila D Lima
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Ozaki, Kanzaki, Saga, Japan
| | - Klaus Wirth
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Sport Science, German University of Health and Sport, Ismaning, Germany
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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21
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Kawakami R, Matsui H, Matsui M, Iso T, Yokoyama T, Ishii H, Kurabayashi M. Empagliflozin induces the transcriptional program for nutrient homeostasis in skeletal muscle in normal mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18025. [PMID: 37865720 PMCID: PMC10590450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) improve heart failure (HF) outcomes across a range of patient characteristics. A hypothesis that SGLT2i induce metabolic change similar to fasting has recently been proposed to explain their profound clinical benefits. However, it remains unclear whether SGLT2i primarily induce this change in physiological settings. Here, we demonstrate that empagliflozin administration under ad libitum feeding did not cause weight loss but did increase transcripts of the key nutrient sensors, AMP-activated protein kinase and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, and the master regulator of mitochondrial gene expression, PGC-1α, in quadriceps muscle in healthy mice. Expression of these genes correlated with that of PPARα and PPARδ target genes related to mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative stress response, and also correlated with serum ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate. These results were not observed in the heart. Collectively, this study revealed that empagliflozin activates transcriptional programs critical for sensing and adaptation to nutrient availability intrinsic to skeletal muscle rather than the heart even in normocaloric condition. As activation of PGC-1α is sufficient for metabolic switch from fatigable, glycolytic metabolism toward fatigue-resistant, oxidative mechanism in skeletal muscle myofibers, our findings may partly explain the improvement of exercise tolerance in patients with HF receiving empagliflozin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kawakami
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsui
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Miki Matsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Iso
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokoyama
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hideki Ishii
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kurabayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
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22
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Park SY, Yang WH. Applied high-intensity interval cardio yoga improves cardiometabolic fitness, energetic contributions, and metabolic flexibility in healthy adults. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1279505. [PMID: 37916218 PMCID: PMC10616977 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1279505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Currently, there is no interventional approach to increase the intensity of Surya Namaskar a popular hatha yoga sequence used worldwide. Therefore, this study investigated how tempo-based high-intensity interval cardio yoga (HIICY) and traditional interval hatha yoga (TIHY) affects cardiometabolic fitness in active adults. Methods: Twenty physically active male and female individuals were randomly separated into HIICY (5 males, 5 females, 1.5 s tempo) and TIHY (5 males, 5 females, 3 s tempo) groups. The intervention included twelve exercise sessions for 4 weeks in both groups. Participants conducted a ramp test to determine their maximal oxygen uptake (V ˙ O2max), maximal velocity at V ˙ O2max (vV ˙ O2max), and maximal heart rate (HRmax). Afterward, they performed a 10-min high-intensity cardio yoga test (HICYT) to determine heart rate (HRpeak and HRmean), oxygen uptake (V ˙ O2peak and V ˙ O2mean), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood lactate concentrations (La- peak and ∆La-), fat and carbohydrate oxidations (FATox, CHOox), and energetic contributions (oxidative; W Oxi, glycolytic; W Gly, and phosphagen; W PCr, total energy demand; W Total). Results: V ˙ O2max and vV ˙ O2max showed time and group × time interactions (p < 0.01, p < 0.0001, p < 0.001, respectively). V ˙ O2max after HIICY was significantly higher than in pre-testing and following TIHY (p < 0.001, p < 0.0001, respectively). V ˙ O2peak, V ˙ O2mean, RER, HRpeak, and HRmean during the 10-min HICYT showed significant time effects (p < 0.05). ∆La- indicated a group × time interaction (p < 0.05). Group x time interaction effects for FATox at the fourth and sixth minute were observed (p < 0.05, respectively). Absolute (kJ) and relative (%) W Oxi, W Gly, and W Total showed time and group × time interaction effects (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, %W Gly was reduced following HIICY (p < 0.05). Additionally, V ˙ O2max and vV ˙ O2max were highly correlated with W Oxi in kJ (r = 0.91, 0.80, respectively). Moderate to high correlations were observed among CHOox, FATox, and absolute V ˙ O2max (r = 0.76, 0.62, respectively). Conclusion: A 4-week period of HIICY improved cardiometabolic fitness, oxidative capacity, and metabolic flexibility compared with TIHY, in physically active adults. Therefore, HIICY is suitable as HY-specific HIIT and time-efficient approach for relatively healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Park
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Hwi Yang
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, General Graduate School, CHA University, Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Zakharova AN, Milovanova KG, Orlova AA, Dyakova EY, Kalinnikova JG, Kollantay OV, Shuvalov IY, Chibalin AV, Kapilevich LV. Effects of Treadmill Running at Different Light Cycles in Mice with Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15132. [PMID: 37894813 PMCID: PMC10606442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus accounts for about 90% of cases of diabetes and is considered one of the most important problems of our time. Despite a significant number of studies on glucose metabolism, the molecular mechanisms of its regulation in health and disease remain insufficiently studied. That is why non-drug treatment of metabolic disorders is of great relevance, including physical activity. Metabolic changes under the influence of physical activity are very complex and are still difficult to understand. This study aims to deepen the understanding of the effect of physical exercise on metabolic changes in mice with diabetes mellitus. We studied the effect of forced treadmill running on body weight and metabolic parameters in mice with metabolic disorders. We developed a high-fat-diet-induced diabetic model of metabolic disorders. We exposed mice to forced treadmill running for 4 weeks. We determined glucose and insulin levels in the blood plasma biochemically and analyzed Glut-4 and citrate synthase in M. gastrocnemius muscle tissue using Western blotting. The research results show that daily treadmill running has different effects on different age groups of mice with metabolic disorders. In young-age animals, forced running has a more pronounced effect on body weight. At week 12, young obese mice had a 17% decrease in body weight. Body weight did not change in old mice. Moreover, at weeks 14 and 16, the decrease in body weight was more significant in the young mice (by 17%) compared to the old mice (by 6%) (p < 0.05). In older animals, it influences the rate of glucose uptake. At 60 min, the blood glucose in the exercised older mice decreased to 14.46 mmol/L, while the glucose concentration in the non-exercised group remained at 17 mmol/L. By 120 min, in mice subjected to exercise, the blood glucose approached the initial value (6.92 mmol/L) and amounted to 8.35 mmol/L. In the non-exercised group, this difference was 45%. The effects of physical activity depend on the time of day. The greater effect is observed when performing shift training or exercise during the time when animals are passive (light phase). In young mice, light phase training had a significant effect on increasing the content of Glut-4 in muscle tissue (84.3 ± 11.3%, p < 0.05 with control group-59.3 ± 7.8%). In aged mice, shift training caused an increase in the level of Glut-4 in muscle tissue (71.3 ± 4.1%, p < 0.05 with control group-56.4 ± 10,9%). In the group of aged mice, a lower CS level was noticed in all groups in comparison with young mice. It should also be noted that we observed that CS increased during exercise in the group of young mice, especially during light phase training. The CS content in the light phase subgroup (135.8 ± 7.0%) was higher than in the dark phase subgroup (113.3 ± 7.7%) (p = 0.0006). The CS decreased in aged chow-fed mice and increased in the high-fat-fed group. The CS content in the chow diet group (58.2 ± 5.0%) was 38% lower than in the HFD group (94.9 ± 8.8%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nikolaevna Zakharova
- Department of Sport Tourism, Sport Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.G.M.); (A.A.O.); (E.Y.D.); (J.G.K.); (O.V.K.); (I.Y.S.); (A.V.C.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Kseniya Gennadievna Milovanova
- Department of Sport Tourism, Sport Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.G.M.); (A.A.O.); (E.Y.D.); (J.G.K.); (O.V.K.); (I.Y.S.); (A.V.C.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Anna Alekseevna Orlova
- Department of Sport Tourism, Sport Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.G.M.); (A.A.O.); (E.Y.D.); (J.G.K.); (O.V.K.); (I.Y.S.); (A.V.C.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Elena Yuryevna Dyakova
- Department of Sport Tourism, Sport Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.G.M.); (A.A.O.); (E.Y.D.); (J.G.K.); (O.V.K.); (I.Y.S.); (A.V.C.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Julia Gennadievna Kalinnikova
- Department of Sport Tourism, Sport Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.G.M.); (A.A.O.); (E.Y.D.); (J.G.K.); (O.V.K.); (I.Y.S.); (A.V.C.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Olesya Vadimovna Kollantay
- Department of Sport Tourism, Sport Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.G.M.); (A.A.O.); (E.Y.D.); (J.G.K.); (O.V.K.); (I.Y.S.); (A.V.C.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Igor Yurievich Shuvalov
- Department of Sport Tourism, Sport Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.G.M.); (A.A.O.); (E.Y.D.); (J.G.K.); (O.V.K.); (I.Y.S.); (A.V.C.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Alexander Valerievich Chibalin
- Department of Sport Tourism, Sport Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.G.M.); (A.A.O.); (E.Y.D.); (J.G.K.); (O.V.K.); (I.Y.S.); (A.V.C.); (L.V.K.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonid Vladimirovich Kapilevich
- Department of Sport Tourism, Sport Physiology and Medicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (K.G.M.); (A.A.O.); (E.Y.D.); (J.G.K.); (O.V.K.); (I.Y.S.); (A.V.C.); (L.V.K.)
- Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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24
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Krause A, Walser N, Centner C, Memmert D, da Mota de Moreia I, Ritzmann R. Running with whole-body electromyostimulation improves physiological determinants of endurance performance - a randomized control trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:126. [PMID: 37794506 PMCID: PMC10548652 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and metabolic adaptations to an eight-week running intervention with whole-body electromyostimulation (wbEMS) compared to running without wbEMS. METHODS In a randomized controlled trial (RCT), 59 healthy participants (32 female/ 27 male, 41 ± 7 years, rel.V̇O2max 40.2 ± 7.4 ml/min/kg) ran twice weekly à 20 min for eight weeks either with a wbEMS suit (EG) or without wbEMS (control group, CG). Before and after the intervention, (i) rel.V̇O2max, heart rate and time to exhaustion were recorded with an incremental step test with an incremental rate of 1.20 km/h every 3 min. They were interpreted at aerobic and (indirect) anaerobic lactate thresholds as well as at maximum performance. (ii) Resting metabolic rate (RQ) as well as (iii) body composition (%fat) were assessed. RESULTS Following the intervention, V̇O2max was significantly enhanced for both groups (EG ∆13 ± 3%, CG ∆9 ± 3%). Velocity was elevated at lactate thresholds and maximum running speed (EG ∆3 ± 1%, CG ∆2 ± 1%); HRmax was slightly reduced by -1 beat/min. No significant changes were observed for time until exhaustion and lactate. RQ was significantly enhanced following both trainings by + 7%. %fat was reduced for both groups (EG ∆-11 ± 3%, CG ∆-16 ± 5%), without any changes in body mass. Results did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS Both interventions had a positive impact on aerobic power. The rightward shift of the time-velocity graph points towards improved endurance performance. The effects of wbEMS are comparable to those after high-intensity training and might offer a time-efficient alternative to affect physiological and metabolic effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register, ID DRKS00026827, date 10/26/21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Krause
- Institute of Training and Computer Science, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Centner
- Praxisklinik Rennbahn, Muttenz, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport and Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Training and Computer Science, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ivo da Mota de Moreia
- Institute of Training and Computer Science, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ramona Ritzmann
- Institute of Sport and Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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25
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Baxter BA, Baross AW, Ryan DJ, Wright BH, Kay AD. The acute and repeated bout effects of multi-joint eccentric exercise on physical function and balance in older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2131-2143. [PMID: 37217609 PMCID: PMC10492690 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Eccentric muscle actions generate high levels of force at a low metabolic cost, making them a suitable training modality to combat age-related neuromuscular decline. The temporary muscle soreness associated with high intensity eccentric contractions may explain their limited use in clinical exercise prescription, however any discomfort is often alleviated after the initial bout (repeated bout effect). Therefore, the aims of the present study were to examine the acute and repeated bout effects of eccentric contractions on neuromuscular factors associated with the risk of falling in older adults. METHODS Balance, functional ability [timed up-and-go and sit-to-stand], and lower-limb maximal and explosive strength were measured in 13 participants (67.6 ± 4.9 year) pre- and post-eccentric exercise (0, 24, 48, and 72 hr) in Bout 1 and 14 days later in Bout 2. The eccentric exercise intervention was performed on an isokinetic unilateral stepper ergometer at 50% of maximal eccentric strength at 18 step‧min-1 per limb for 7 min (126 steps per limb). Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted to identify any significant effects (P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS Eccentric strength significantly decreased (- 13%) in Bout 1 at 24 hr post-exercise; no significant reduction was observed at any other time-point after Bout 1. No significant reductions occurred in static balance or functional ability at any time-point in either bout. CONCLUSION Submaximal multi-joint eccentric exercise results in minimal disruption to neuromuscular function associated with falls in older adults after the initial bout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Baxter
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK.
| | - Anthony W Baross
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Declan J Ryan
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Ben H Wright
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Anthony D Kay
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK
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Denben B, Sripinyowanich S, Ruangthai R, Phoemsapthawee J. Beneficial Effects of Asparagus officinalis Extract Supplementation on Muscle Mass and Strength following Resistance Training and Detraining in Healthy Males. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:175. [PMID: 37755852 PMCID: PMC10537221 DOI: 10.3390/sports11090175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytoecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) is widely used for resistance training (RT). Little is known about its potential ergogenic value and detraining effects post-RT. This study aimed to examine the effects of 20E extracted from Asparagus officinalis (A. officinalis) on muscle strength and mass, as well as anabolic and catabolic hormones following RT and detraining. Twenty males, aged 20.1 ± 1.1 years, were matched and randomly assigned to consume double-blind supplements containing either a placebo (PLA) or 30 mg/day of 20E for 12 weeks of RT and detraining. Before and after RT and detraining, muscle strength and mass and anabolic and catabolic hormones were measured. This study found that 20E reduced cortisol levels significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the PLA, yet no effect was observed on muscle mass, strength, or anabolic hormones after RT. Subsequent to 6 weeks of detraining, the 20E demonstrated a lower percentage change in 1RM bench press/FFM than the PLA (p < 0.05). Compared to the PLA, detraining throughout the 12 weeks resulted in a lower percentage change in thigh (p < 0.05) and chest (p < 0.01) circumferences, as well as reduced cortisol levels (p < 0.01), with 20E. Our findings demonstrate that 20E supplementation is a promising way to maintain muscle mass and strength during detraining. Accordingly, 20E may prevent muscle mass and strength loss due to detraining by lowering catabolic hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barakat Denben
- Department of Sports Science and Health, Faculty of Sports Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand; (B.D.); (R.R.)
| | - Siriporn Sripinyowanich
- Department of Science and Bioinnovation, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand;
| | - Ratree Ruangthai
- Department of Sports Science and Health, Faculty of Sports Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand; (B.D.); (R.R.)
| | - Jatuporn Phoemsapthawee
- Department of Sports Science and Health, Faculty of Sports Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand; (B.D.); (R.R.)
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Davie A, Beavers R, Hargitaiová K, Denham J. The Emerging Role of Hypoxic Training for the Equine Athlete. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2799. [PMID: 37685063 PMCID: PMC10486977 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive discussion on the physiological impacts of hypoxic training, its benefits to endurance performance, and a rationale for utilizing it to improve performance in the equine athlete. All exercise-induced training adaptations are governed by genetics. Exercise prescriptions can be tailored to elicit the desired physiological adaptations. Although the application of hypoxic stimuli on its own is not ideal to promote favorable molecular responses, exercise training under hypoxic conditions provides an optimal environment for maximizing physiological adaptations to enhance endurance performance. The combination of exercise training and hypoxia increases the activity of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway compared to training under normoxic conditions. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is known as a master regulator of the expression of genes since over 100 genes are responsive to HIF-1α. For instance, HIF-1-inducible genes include those critical to erythropoiesis, angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, and glucose transport, all of which are intergral in physiological adaptations for endurance performance. Further, hypoxic training could conceivably have a role in equine rehabilitation when high-impact training is contraindicated but a quality training stimulus is desired. This is achievable through purpose-built equine motorized treadmills inside commercial hypoxic chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Davie
- Australian Equine Racing and Research Centre, Ballina, NSW 2478, Australia
| | - Rosalind Beavers
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia;
| | - Kristýna Hargitaiová
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, 930 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Joshua Denham
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4305, Australia;
- Centre for Health Research, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
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28
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Thurlow F, Weakley J, Townshend AD, Timmins RG, Morrison M, McLaren SJ. The Acute Demands of Repeated-Sprint Training on Physiological, Neuromuscular, Perceptual and Performance Outcomes in Team Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:1609-1640. [PMID: 37222864 PMCID: PMC10356687 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01853-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated-sprint training (RST) involves maximal-effort, short-duration sprints (≤ 10 s) interspersed with brief recovery periods (≤ 60 s). Knowledge about the acute demands of RST and the influence of programming variables has implications for training prescription. OBJECTIVES To investigate the physiological, neuromuscular, perceptual and performance demands of RST, while also examining the moderating effects of programming variables (sprint modality, number of repetitions per set, sprint repetition distance, inter-repetition rest modality and inter-repetition rest duration) on these outcomes. METHODS The databases Pubmed, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE and Scopus were searched for original research articles investigating overground running RST in team sport athletes ≥ 16 years. Eligible data were analysed using multi-level mixed effects meta-analysis, with meta-regression performed on outcomes with ~ 50 samples (10 per moderator) to examine the influence of programming factors. Effects were evaluated based on coverage of their confidence (compatibility) limits (CL) against elected thresholds of practical importance. RESULTS From 908 data samples nested within 176 studies eligible for meta-analysis, the pooled effects (± 90% CL) of RST were as follows: average heart rate (HRavg) of 163 ± 9 bpm, peak heart rate (HRpeak) of 182 ± 3 bpm, average oxygen consumption of 42.4 ± 10.1 mL·kg-1·min-1, end-set blood lactate concentration (B[La]) of 10.7 ± 0.6 mmol·L-1, deciMax session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE) of 6.5 ± 0.5 au, average sprint time (Savg) of 5.57 ± 0.26 s, best sprint time (Sbest) of 5.52 ± 0.27 s and percentage sprint decrement (Sdec) of 5.0 ± 0.3%. When compared with a reference protocol of 6 × 30 m straight-line sprints with 20 s passive inter-repetition rest, shuttle-based sprints were associated with a substantial increase in repetition time (Savg: 1.42 ± 0.11 s, Sbest: 1.55 ± 0.13 s), whereas the effect on sRPE was trivial (0.6 ± 0.9 au). Performing two more repetitions per set had a trivial effect on HRpeak (0.8 ± 1.0 bpm), B[La] (0.3 ± 0.2 mmol·L-1), sRPE (0.2 ± 0.2 au), Savg (0.01 ± 0.03) and Sdec (0.4; ± 0.2%). Sprinting 10 m further per repetition was associated with a substantial increase in B[La] (2.7; ± 0.7 mmol·L-1) and Sdec (1.7 ± 0.4%), whereas the effect on sRPE was trivial (0.7 ± 0.6). Resting for 10 s longer between repetitions was associated with a substantial reduction in B[La] (-1.1 ± 0.5 mmol·L-1), Savg (-0.09 ± 0.06 s) and Sdec (-1.4 ± 0.4%), while the effects on HRpeak (-0.7 ± 1.8 bpm) and sRPE (-0.5 ± 0.5 au) were trivial. All other moderating effects were compatible with both trivial and substantial effects [i.e. equal coverage of the confidence interval (CI) across a trivial and a substantial region in only one direction], or inconclusive (i.e. the CI spanned across substantial and trivial regions in both positive and negative directions). CONCLUSIONS The physiological, neuromuscular, perceptual and performance demands of RST are substantial, with some of these outcomes moderated by the manipulation of programming variables. To amplify physiological demands and performance decrement, longer sprint distances (> 30 m) and shorter, inter-repetition rest (≤ 20 s) are recommended. Alternatively, to mitigate fatigue and enhance acute sprint performance, shorter sprint distances (e.g. 15-25 m) with longer, passive inter-repetition rest (≥ 30 s) are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser Thurlow
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia.
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew D Townshend
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ryan G Timmins
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew Morrison
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shaun J McLaren
- Newcastle Falcons Rugby Club, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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29
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Ferguson H, Harnish C, Klich S, Michalik K, Dunst AK, Zhou T, Chase JG. Power-duration relationship comparison in competition sprint cyclists from 1-s to 20-min. Sprint performance is more than just peak power. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280658. [PMID: 37235558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Current convention place peak power as the main determinant of sprint cycling performance. This study challenges that notion and compares two common durations of sprint cycling performance with not only peak power, but power out to 20-min. There is also a belief where maximal efforts of longer durations will be detrimental to sprint cycling performance. 56 data sets from 27 cyclists (21 male, 6 female) provided maximal power for durations from 1-s to 20-min. Peak power values are compared to assess the strength of correlation (R2), and any relationship (slope) across every level. R2 between 15-s- 30-s power and durations from 1-s to 20-min remained high (R2 ≥ 0.83). Despite current assumptions around 1-s power, our data shows this relationship is stronger around competition durations, and 1-s power also still shared strong relationships with longer durations out to 20-min. Slopes for relationships at shorter durations were closer to a 1:1 relationship than longer durations, but closer to long-duration slopes than to a 1:1 line. The present analyses contradicts both well-accepted hypotheses that peak power is the main driver of sprint cycling performance and that maximal efforts of longer durations out to 20-min will hinder sprint cycling. This study shows the importance and potential of training durations from 1-s to 20-min over a preparation period to improve competition sprint cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish Ferguson
- Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Chris Harnish
- Department of Exercise Science, Murphy Deming College of Health Sciences, Mary Baldwin University, Fishersville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Klich
- Department of Paralympic Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Michalik
- Department of Paralympic Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Tony Zhou
- Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J Geoffrey Chase
- Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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30
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Robbins JM, Rao P, Deng S, Keyes MJ, Tahir UA, Katz DH, Beltran PMJ, Marchildon F, Barber JL, Peterson B, Gao Y, Correa A, Wilson JG, Smith JG, Cohen P, Ross R, Bouchard C, Sarzynski MA, Gerszten RE. Plasma proteomic changes in response to exercise training are associated with cardiorespiratory fitness adaptations. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e165867. [PMID: 37036009 PMCID: PMC10132160 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.165867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise leads to widespread salutary effects, and there is increasing recognition that exercise-stimulated circulating proteins can impart health benefits. Despite this, limited data exist regarding the plasma proteomic changes that occur in response to regular exercise. Here, we perform large-scale plasma proteomic profiling in 654 healthy human study participants before and after a supervised, 20-week endurance exercise training intervention. We identify hundreds of circulating proteins that are modulated, many of which are known to be secreted. We highlight proteins involved in angiogenesis, iron homeostasis, and the extracellular matrix, many of which are novel, including training-induced increases in fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a membrane-bound and circulating protein relevant in body-composition homeostasis. We relate protein changes to training-induced maximal oxygen uptake adaptations and validate our top findings in an external exercise cohort. Furthermore, we show that FAP is positively associated with survival in 3 separate, population-based cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Robbins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Prashant Rao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuliang Deng
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michelle J. Keyes
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Usman A. Tahir
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel H. Katz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - François Marchildon
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jacob L. Barber
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Bennet Peterson
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yan Gao
- Jackson Heart Study, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Jackson Heart Study, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - James G. Wilson
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Jackson Heart Study, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - J. Gustav Smith
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- The Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg University and the Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine and
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Heart Failure and Valvular Disease, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert Ross
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mark A. Sarzynski
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Robert E. Gerszten
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Currie KD, Dizonno V, Oh PI, Goodman JM. Acute physiological responses to high-intensity interval exercise in patients with coronary artery disease. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:737-747. [PMID: 36445494 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Time spent closer to maximal effort during exercise is a potent stimulus for cardiorespiratory adaptations. The primary purpose was to determine which high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) protocol provided the greatest physiological stimulus by comparing time spent ≥ 90% peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak) and heart rate reserve (HRR) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) in response to 3 HIIE protocols and the exercise standard of care, moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE). A secondary purpose was to assess protocol preference. METHODS Fifteen patients with CAD (6 females, 67 ± 6 years) underwent measurements of V̇O2 and heart rate during MICE and three HIIE protocols all performed on a treadmill. The HIIE protocols included one with long intervals (4 × 4-min), short intervals (10 × 1-min), and an adapted version of the 4 × 4 [Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Protocol, (TRIP)]. Time spent ≥ 90% V̇O2peak and HRR were compared. RESULTS Time spent ≥ 90% V̇O2peak was higher during 4 × 4 (6.3 ± 8.4 min) vs. MICE (1.7 ± 3.9 min; P = 0.001), while time spent ≥ 90% HRR was higher during 4 × 4 (6.0 ± 5.3 min) vs. MICE (0.1 ± 0.2 min; P < 0.001) and 10 × 1 (0.7 ± 0.8 min; P = 0.016). TRIP had similar responses as 10 × 1 and MICE. The 10 × 1 was the most preferred protocol and the 4 × 4 was the least preferred protocol. CONCLUSION Longer intervals (4 × 4) provided the greatest physiological stimulus compared to the exercise standard of care and shorter intervals. However, this protocol was least preferred which may impact exercise adherence. Although the physiological stimulus is important to maximize training adaptations, exercise preferences and attitudes should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine D Currie
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Vanessa Dizonno
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul I Oh
- University Health Network, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jack M Goodman
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University Health Network, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Metabolic and Body Composition Changes in Ice Hockey Players Using an Ergogenic Drug (Cytoflavin). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020214. [PMID: 36829493 PMCID: PMC9953230 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES In ice hockey, the major physical workload comes from acceleration in all planes of motion and transitions between skating trajectories. Hockey players' anthropometric characteristics correlate with performance. In team sports, the use of ergogenic drugs for recovery is relevant to avoid athletes' overtraining. It is very important to protect athletes' health and allow them to maintain high-performance levels. Cytoflavin is an ergogenic drug whose action is based on the combined effects of its active ingredients (succinic acid, inosine, nicotinamide and riboflavin), which are naturally occurring metabolites that stimulate tissue respiration. The study aimed to assess the 6-week Cytoflavin consumption effects on body composition (body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage and bioimpedance phase angle) and aerobic performance. METHODS This study included 60 male professional hockey players (aged 19 to 36 years) divided into two groups of 30 subjects: group I (body weight 87.90 ± 7.44 kg, BMI 25.86 ± 2.04 kg/m2) and group II (body weight 87.04 ± 6.22 kg, BMI 25.52 ± 2.38 kg/m2). Athletes in group I received Cytoflavin, whereas athletes in group II did not. RESULTS In group I, statistically significant reductions in body weight and body mass index were not observed until 14 and 35 days, respectively. In contrast, in group II, both body weight and BMI significantly decreased both times. Aerobic performance significantly increased in both groups, with significantly greater increases in group I. CONCLUSIONS Cytoflavin can be considered an ergogenic drug that improves body composition parameters, especially in the control of weight reduction and improvement in aerobic performance.
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Rokkam MP, Gora O, Konda MR, Koushik A. A proprietary blend of Sphaeranthus indicus flower head and Mangifera indica bark extracts increases muscle strength and enhances endurance in young male volunteers: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Food Nutr Res 2023; 67:8972. [PMID: 36794013 PMCID: PMC9899043 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v67.8972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The demand for safe and efficacious botanical formulations to increase muscle mass, strength, and stamina is increasing among athletes and the general population. The nutraceutical supplements of medicinal plant origin exert minimal health concern. Objective This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was aimed to evaluate the ergogenic potential of a proprietary, standardized formulation (LI12542F6) of Sphaeranthus indicus flower head and Mangifera indica stem bark extracts. Methods Forty male participants 18-40 years of age were assigned to receive either a placebo (n = 20) or 650 mg/day LI12542F6 (n = 20) for 56 days. All participants performed a fixed set of resistance exercises during the intervention. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline muscle strength, assessed by one-repetition maximum (1-RM) bench and leg presses, and handgrip strength. The secondary endpoints included cable pull-down repetitions, time to exhaustion on a treadmill, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), body composition using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and free testosterone and cortisol levels in serum. Results Fifty-six days supplementation of LI12542F6 significantly improved baseline bench press (P < 0.0001), leg press (P < 0.0001), handgrip strength (P < 0.0006), number of repetitions (P < 0.0001), and time to exhaustion (P < 0.0008), compared to placebo. Post-trial, the LI12542F6 group also showed significantly increased MUAC and improved body composition and serum hormone levels. The participants' hematology, clinical chemistry, and vital signs were within the normal range. No adverse events were observed. Conclusion This study demonstrates that LI12542F6 supplementation significantly increases muscle strength and size and improves endurance in healthy men. Also, LI12542F6 is well-tolerated by the participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meher Prasanna Rokkam
- Department of Orthopedics, Meher Hospital, Vijayawada, India;,Meher Prasanna Rokkam Department of Orthopedics, Meher Hospital, Gandhinagar, Vijayawada-520003, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Olos Gora
- Department of Physiotherapy, Vijaya Institute Medical Sciences College of Physiotherapy, NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada, India
| | | | - Ajay Koushik
- Department of Orthopedics, Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysuru, India
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Tee CCL, Cooke MB, Chong MC, Yeo WK, Camera DM. Mechanisms for Combined Hypoxic Conditioning and Divergent Exercise Modes to Regulate Inflammation, Body Composition, Appetite, and Blood Glucose Homeostasis in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:327-348. [PMID: 36441492 PMCID: PMC9877079 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major global health issue and a primary risk factor for metabolic-related disorders. While physical inactivity is one of the main contributors to obesity, it is a modifiable risk factor with exercise training as an established non-pharmacological treatment to prevent the onset of metabolic-related disorders, including obesity. Exposure to hypoxia via normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude via reduced inspired oxygen fraction), termed hypoxic conditioning, in combination with exercise has been increasingly shown in the last decade to enhance blood glucose regulation and decrease the body mass index, providing a feasible strategy to treat obesity. However, there is no current consensus in the literature regarding the optimal combination of exercise variables such as the mode, duration, and intensity of exercise, as well as the level of hypoxia to maximize fat loss and overall body compositional changes with hypoxic conditioning. In this narrative review, we discuss the effects of such diverse exercise and hypoxic variables on the systematic and myocellular mechanisms, along with physiological responses, implicated in the development of obesity. These include markers of appetite regulation and inflammation, body conformational changes, and blood glucose regulation. As such, we consolidate findings from human studies to provide greater clarity for implementing hypoxic conditioning with exercise as a safe, practical, and effective treatment strategy for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chow Li Tee
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Matthew B Cooke
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Mee Chee Chong
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Wee Kian Yeo
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Donny M Camera
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia.
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Tee CCL, Parr EB, Cooke MB, Chong MC, Rahmat N, Md Razali MR, Yeo WK, Camera DM. Combined effects of exercise and different levels of acute hypoxic severity: A randomized crossover study on glucose regulation in adults with overweight. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1174926. [PMID: 37123278 PMCID: PMC10133678 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1174926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of manipulating hypoxic severity with low-intensity exercise on glucose regulation in healthy overweight adults. Methods: In a randomized crossover design, 14 males with overweight (age: 27 ± 5 years; body mass index (BMI) 27.1 ± 1.8 kg⋅m2) completed three exercise trials involving 60 min aerobic exercise cycling at 90% lactate threshold in normoxia (NM, FiO2 = 20.9%), moderate hypoxia (MH, FiO2 = 16.5%) and high hypoxia (HH, FiO2 = 14.8%). A post-exercise oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Venous blood samples were analyzed for incremental area under the curve (iAUC), plasma glucose and insulin, as well as exerkine concentrations (plasma apelin and fibroblast growth factor 21 [FGF-21]) pre- and post-exercise. A 24-h continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was used to determine interstitial glucose concentrations. Heart rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2) and perceptual measures were recorded during exercise. Results: Post-exercise OGTT iAUC for plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were lower in MH vs. control (p = 0.02). Post-exercise interstitial glucose iAUC, plasma apelin and FGF-21 were not different between conditions. Heart rate was higher in HH vs. NM and MH, and MH vs. NM (p < 0.001), while SpO2 was lower in HH vs. NM and MH, and MH vs. NM (p < 0.001). Overall perceived discomfort and leg discomfort were higher in HH vs. NM and MH (p < 0.05), while perceived breathing difficulty was higher in HH vs. NM only (p = 0.003). Conclusion: Compared to higher hypoxic conditions, performing acute aerobic-based exercise under moderate hypoxia provided a more effective stimulus for improving post-exercise glucose regulation while concomitantly preventing excessive physiological and perceptual stress in healthy overweight adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chow Li Tee
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Hawthorn, VI, Australia
- *Correspondence: Chris Chow Li Tee,
| | - Evelyn B. Parr
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australia Catholic University, Melbourne, VI, Australia
| | - Matthew B. Cooke
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Hawthorn, VI, Australia
| | - Mee Chee Chong
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Hawthorn, VI, Australia
| | - Nurhamizah Rahmat
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rizal Md Razali
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wee Kian Yeo
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Donny M. Camera
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Hawthorn, VI, Australia
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Pellegrino JK, Anthony TG, Gillies P, Arent SM. The exercise metabolome: acute aerobic and anaerobic signatures. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:603-622. [PMID: 36250148 PMCID: PMC9559054 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2115858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise modality differentially alters body composition and physical performance. Metabolic changes underlying these outcomes can be tracked through assessment of circulating metabolites. Here, global responses to an acute bout of aerobic or anaerobic exercise were compared in the serum of male and female subjects using a discovery-based metabolomics platform. Methods On separate days, 40 healthy, active participants completed 45 min of aerobic cycling or resistance exercise, and blood samples were collected at rest, immediately after (T1) and 1 hour post-exercise (T2) to examine the serum metabolomic landscape. Results The two exercise metabolomes appeared more similar than different in this healthy cohort. Overall, metabolomic signatures of both exercise modalities were markedly altered from rest at T1, and returned toward baseline by T2. Metabolomic perturbations at T1 and the T1-T2 rate of recovery post-exercise were greater following aerobic cycling than resistance exercise. Shared signatures included elevations in purine metabolism, substrate catabolism and mobilization, and inflammatory signaling. Aerobic exercise resulted in greater substrate diversity and use of fatty acids, whereas resistance exercise displayed higher purine turnover and glycolytic flux. Discussion Individual metabolite differences between conditions were seen in magnitude but not direction. Metabolomic signatures of the exercise responses appeared fairly robust across exercise modalities. An initial perturbation and subsequent shift toward recovery by an hour post-exercise defined the signature in our healthy cohort. The expedited recovery following aerobic cycling may be explained by globally elevated lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K. Pellegrino
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, USA
| | - Tracy G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Peter Gillies
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Shawn M. Arent
- Department of Exercise Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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DENİZOĞLU KÜLLİ H, ALPAY K, DURGUT E, TEMİZEL A. Acute Effect of Unilateral Muscle Training Supported with Visual Feedback on Contralateral Muscle Strength and Joint Position Sense. İSTANBUL GELIŞIM ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.38079/igusabder.1131359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Unilateral exercise training is an effective and useful technique, especially in immobilization and neurological conditions, but the effect of unilateral muscle exercise training on muscle strength is modest. Therefore, the aim of this study is to detect the acute concomitant effect of mirror therapy and unilateral exercise training on muscle strength and joint position sense in healthy adults.Method: Thirty-one participants were randomly enrolled in two groups the mirror (n=16) and control groups (n=15). Hand grip (HG), pinch grip (PG) strengths, and joint position sense (JPS) of the wrist were assessed in both hands before and after a single exercise session which include 300 repetitive ball squeezing exercises by right (exercised) hand for all groups. The participants in the mirror group were asked to watch the mirror to see the reflection of their exercised hands, the control group only watched their exercised and unexercised hands without any visual feedback support during the exercise session. Repeated Measure ANOVA and Mixed ANOVA tests were performed to analyze in- and between-group differences.Results: The statistically significant differences were determined in unexercised hand HG and PG strength in the mirror group (F=10,105; p=0,006, ηp2=0,403; F=5,341; p=0,035; ηp2=0,263, respectively). However, any group×time interaction was found in JPS, HG, or PG tests (p<0;05). Additionally, no difference was shown in JPS in-group comparisons (p<0;05).Conclusion: The result of the study suggested that unilateral exercise training should apply concomitant with visual feedback. Further studies are needed to compare the effect of different sensory feedbacks on unilateral exercise training.
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Kang J, Ye Z, Yin X, Zhou C, Gong B. Effects of Concurrent Strength and HIIT-Based Endurance Training on Physical Fitness in Trained Team Sports Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14800. [PMID: 36429528 PMCID: PMC9690105 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concurrent strength and HIIT-based endurance training (CT) has merit in time-saving in team sports. However, the effect of CT on physical fitness remained equivocal. This meta-analysis aimed to determine whether CT would produce an interference effect on the development of physical fitness when compared to strength training (ST) or HIIT-based endurance training (HET) alone in trained team sports players. METHODS A total of 2478 studies from three databases were screened. 52 full texts were reviewed. Seven studies were finally included and then subgroups were used for quantitative analysis. RESULTS Compared to ST alone, CT had a significant effect on the development of maximal lower-body strength in trained team sports players (MD 4.20 kg, 95% CI 0.71-7.68, p = 0.02, I2 = 20%), but there was no significant difference between the groups on training adaptation in lower-body power (SMD 0.08, 95% CI -0.23-0.39, p = 0.62, I2 = 26%). Furthermore, a sub-group analysis based on the internal organization order of CT revealed that there was no statistically significant subgroup effect between CT and ST alone in all parameters. CONCLUSIONS Well-designed CT regimens did not interfere with the development of physical fitness of trained team sports players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Kang
- School of Elite Sport, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhijing Ye
- School of Elite Sport, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
- Shanghai Shenhua FC, No. 2600 Hu Nan Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201315, China
| | - Xinxing Yin
- School of Marxism Studies, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Changjing Zhou
- School of Elite Sport, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bo Gong
- School of Elite Sport, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
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Viecelli C, Ewald CY. The non-modifiable factors age, gender, and genetics influence resistance exercise. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:1005848. [PMID: 36172603 PMCID: PMC9510838 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.1005848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Muscle mass and force are key for movement, life quality, and health. It is well established that resistance exercise is a potent anabolic stimulus increasing muscle mass and force. The response of a physiological system to resistance exercise is composed of non-modifiable (i.e., age, gender, genetics) and modifiable factors (i.e., exercise, nutrition, training status, etc.). Both factors are integrated by systemic responses (i.e., molecular signaling, genetic responses, protein metabolism, etc.), consequently resulting in functional and physiological adaptations. Herein, we discuss the influence of non-modifiable factors on resistance exercise: age, gender, and genetics. A solid understanding of the role of non-modifiable factors might help to adjust training regimes towards optimal muscle mass maintenance and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Viecelli
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Collin Y. Ewald
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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Qi C, Song X, Wang H, Yan Y, Liu B. The role of exercise-induced myokines in promoting angiogenesis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:981577. [PMID: 36091401 PMCID: PMC9459110 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.981577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic diseases are a major cause of mortality or disability in the clinic. Surgical or medical treatment often has poor effect on patients with tissue and organ ischemia caused by diffuse stenoses. Promoting angiogenesis is undoubtedly an effective method to improve perfusion in ischemic tissues and organs. Although many animal or clinical studies tried to use stem cell transplantation, gene therapy, or cytokines to promote angiogenesis, these methods could not be widely applied in the clinic due to their inconsistent experimental results. However, exercise rehabilitation has been written into many authoritative guidelines in the treatment of ischemic diseases. The function of exercise in promoting angiogenesis relies on the regulation of blood glucose and lipids, as well as cytokines that secreted by skeletal muscle, which are termed as myokines, during exercise. Myokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), chemokine ligand (CXCL) family proteins, irisin, follistatin-like protein 1 (FSTL1), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), have been found to be closely related to the expression and function of angiogenesis-related factors and angiogenesis in both animal and clinical experiments, suggesting that myokines may become a new molecular target to promote angiogenesis and treat ischemic diseases. The aim of this review is to show current research progress regarding the mechanism how exercise and exercise-induced myokines promote angiogenesis. In addition, the limitation and prospect of researches on the roles of exercise-induced myokines in angiogenesis are also discussed. We hope this review could provide theoretical basis for the future mechanism studies and the development of new strategies for treating ischemic diseases.
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The Effect of Selected Polymorphisms of the ACTN3, ACE, HIF1A and PPARA Genes on the Immediate Supercompensation Training Effect of Elite Slovak Endurance Runners and Football Players. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091525. [PMID: 36140693 PMCID: PMC9498790 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effect of selected polymorphisms of the ACTN3, ACE, HIF1A and PPARA genes on the immediate supercompensation training effect of elite Slovak endurance runners and football players compared with a sedentary control group. Adaptation effect levels were evaluated by 10 s continuous vertical jump test parameters measured by Optojump. Genetic polymorphisms were determined by PCR and Sanger sequencing. We found significant differences in the effect of PPARA genotypes in the experimental group. C allele genotypes represented an advantage in immediate supercompensation (p < 0.05). We observed a significant combined effect of multiple genes on immediate supercompensation (p < 0.05): the RR genotype of the ACTN3 gene, the ID genotype of the ACE gene, the Pro/Pro genotype of HIF1A, and the GC and GG genotypes of PPARA genes. In the control group, we found a significant effect (p < 0.05) on immediate supercompensation of the II genotype of the ACE gene and the Pro/Ser genotype of the HIF1A gene. We found significant differences in genotype frequency of ACE (p < 0.01) and PPARA (p < 0.001) genes. We confirmed that individual genetic polymorphisms of ACTN3, ACE, HIF1A and PPARA genes have a different effect on the level of immediate supercompensation of the lower limbs depending on the training adaptation of the probands and the combination of genotypes.
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Almeida A, Correia T, Pires R, da Silva D, Coqueiro R, Machado M, de Magalhães A, Queiroz R, Soares T, Pereira R. Nephroprotective effect of exercise training in cisplatin-induced renal damage in mice: influence of training protocol. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e12116. [PMID: 35976270 PMCID: PMC9377535 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2022e12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is an effective antineoplastic agent, but its use is limited by its nephrotoxicity caused by the oxidative stress in tubular epithelium of nephrons. On the other hand, regular exercise provides beneficial adaptations in different tissues and organs. As with many drugs, dosing is extremely important to get the beneficial effects of exercise. Thus, we aimed to investigate the influence of exercise intensity and frequency on cisplatin-induced (20 mg/kg) renal damage in mice. Forty male Swiss mice were divided into five experimental groups (n=8 per group): 1) sedentary; 2) low-intensity forced swimming, three times per week; 3) high-intensity forced swimming, three times per week; 4) low-intensity forced swimming, five times per week; and 5) high-intensity forced swimming, five times per week. Body composition, renal structure, functional indicators (plasma urea), lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activity, expression of genes related to antioxidant defense, and inflammatory and apoptotic pathways were evaluated. Comparisons considered exercise intensity and frequency. High lipid peroxidation was observed in the sedentary group compared with trained mice, regardless of exercise intensity and frequency. Groups that trained three times per week showed more benefits, as reduced tubular necrosis, plasma urea, expression of CASP3 and Rela (NFkB subunit-p65) genes, and increased total glutathione peroxidase activity. No significant difference in Nfe2l2 (Nrf2) gene expression was observed between groups. Eight weeks of regular exercise training promoted nephroprotection against cisplatin-mediated oxidative injury. Exercise frequency was critical for nephroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.A. Almeida
- Núcelo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia Integrativa, Departamento de
Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Jequié, BA,
Brasil,Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas
(Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da
Conquista, BA, Brasil
| | - T.M.L. Correia
- Núcelo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia Integrativa, Departamento de
Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Jequié, BA,
Brasil,Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas
(Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da
Conquista, BA, Brasil
| | - R.A. Pires
- Núcelo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia Integrativa, Departamento de
Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Jequié, BA,
Brasil,Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Bioquímica e Biologia
Molecular (Sociedade Brasileira de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular),
Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, BA,
Brasil
| | - D.A. da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal
da Bahia, Campus Anísio Teixeira, Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brasil
| | - R.S. Coqueiro
- Núcelo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia Integrativa, Departamento de
Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Jequié, BA,
Brasil
| | - M. Machado
- Fundação Universitária de Itaperuna, Itaperuna, RJ, Brasil,Laboratório de Fisiologia e Biocinética, Faculdade de Ciências
Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Iguaçu Campus V, Itaperuna, RJ, Brasil
| | - A.C.M. de Magalhães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas
(Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da
Conquista, BA, Brasil
| | - R.F. Queiroz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Bioquímica e Biologia
Molecular (Sociedade Brasileira de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular),
Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, BA,
Brasil
| | - T.J. Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas
(Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da
Conquista, BA, Brasil
| | - R. Pereira
- Núcelo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia Integrativa, Departamento de
Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Jequié, BA,
Brasil,Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas
(Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da
Conquista, BA, Brasil,Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Bioquímica e Biologia
Molecular (Sociedade Brasileira de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular),
Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, BA,
Brasil,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem e Saúde, Universidade
Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Jequié, BA, Brasil
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43
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Yu K, Feng Z, Du H, Lee KH, Li K, Zhang Y, Masri SF, Wang Q. Constructive adaptation of 3D-printable polymers in response to typically destructive aquatic environments. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac139. [PMID: 36741439 PMCID: PMC9896903 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to environmental stressors, biological systems exhibit extraordinary adaptive capacity by turning destructive environmental stressors into constructive factors; however, the traditional engineering materials weaken and fail. Take the response of polymers to an aquatic environment as an example: Water molecules typically compromise the mechanical properties of the polymer network in the bulk and on the interface through swelling and lubrication, respectively. Here, we report a class of 3D-printable synthetic polymers that constructively strengthen their bulk and interfacial mechanical properties in response to the aquatic environment. The mechanism relies on a water-assisted additional cross-linking reaction in the polymer matrix and on the interface. As such, the typically destructive water can constructively enhance the polymer's bulk mechanical properties such as stiffness, tensile strength, and fracture toughness by factors of 746% to 790%, and the interfacial bonding by a factor of 1,000%. We show that the invented polymers can be used for soft robotics that self-strengthen matrix and self-heal cracks after training in water and water-healable packaging materials for flexible electronics. This work opens the door for the design of synthetic materials to imitate the constructive adaptation of biological systems in response to environmental stressors, for applications such as artificial muscles, soft robotics, and flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunhao Yu
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zhangzhengrong Feng
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Haixu Du
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kyung Hoon Lee
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ketian Li
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yanchu Zhang
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sami F Masri
- Sonny Astani Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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44
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Touron J, Perrault H, Maisonnave L, Patrac V, Walrand S, Malpuech-Brugère C, Pereira B, Burelle Y, Costes F, Richard R. Effects of exercise-induced metabolic and mechanical loading on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in male rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:611-621. [PMID: 35900326 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00719.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, a growing interest in eccentric (ECC) exercise has emerged, but mitochondrial adaptations to ECC training remain poorly documented. Using an approach for manipulating mechanical and metabolic exercise power, we positioned that for same metabolic power, training using concentric (CON) or ECC contractions would induce similar skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations. Sixty adult rats were randomly assigned to a control (CTRL) or three treadmill training groups running at 15m·min-1 for 45min, 5days weekly for 8 weeks at targeted upward or downward slopes. Animals from the CON (+15%) and ECC30 (-30%) groups trained at iso-metabolic power while CON and ECC15 (-15%) exercised at iso-mechanical power. Assessments were made of Vastus Intermedius mitochondrial respiration (oxygraphy), enzymatic activities (spectrophotometry) and real-time qPCR for mRNA transcripts. Maximal rates of mitochondrial respiration was 14-15% higher in CON and ECC30 compared to CTRL and ECC15. Apparent Km for ADP for trained groups was 40-66% higher than CTRL, with statistical significance reached for CON and ECC30. Complex I and citrate synthase activities were 1.6 (ECC15) to 1.8 (ECC30 and CON) times values of CTRL. Complex IV activity was higher than CTRL (p<0.05) only for CON and ECC30. mRNA transcripts analyses showed higher TFAM, SLC25A4, CKMT2 and PPID in the ECC30 compared to CTRL. Findings confirm that training-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial function adaptations are governed by the extent of metabolic overload irrespective of exercise modality. The distinctive ECC30 mRNA transcript pattern may reflect a cytoskeleton damage-repair or ECC adaptive cycle that differs from that of biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Touron
- UCA- INRAE UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS team, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hélène Perrault
- Respiratory Division, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Laura Maisonnave
- UCA- INRAE UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS team, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Véronique Patrac
- UCA- INRAE UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS team, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stephane Walrand
- UCA- INRAE UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS team, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Bruno Pereira
- Delegation to Clinical Research and Innovation, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yan Burelle
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Frédéric Costes
- UCA- INRAE UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS team, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Department of Sports Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ruddy Richard
- UCA- INRAE UMR 1019, Human Nutrition Unit, ASMS team, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Delegation to Clinical Research and Innovation, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Department of Sports Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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45
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Katz A, Gonen M, Shahar Y, Roichman A, Lerrer B, Cohen HY. Hypothalamus–Muscle Parallel Induction of Metabolic Pathways Following Physical Exercise. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:897005. [PMID: 35928013 PMCID: PMC9344923 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.897005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern lifestyle requires less physical activity and skills during our daily routine, leading to multiple pathologies related to physical disabilities and energy accessibility. Thus, exploring the mechanisms underlying the metabolic regulation of exercise is crucial. Here, we characterized the effect of forced and voluntary endurance exercises on three key metabolic signaling pathways, sirtuins, AMPK, and mTOR, across several metabolic tissues in mice: brain, muscles, and liver. Both voluntary and forced exercises induced AMPK with higher intensity in the first. The comparison between those metabolic tissues revealed that the hypothalamus and the hippocampus, two brain parts, showed different metabolic signaling activities. Strikingly, despite the major differences in the physiology of muscles and hypothalamic tissues, the hypothalamus replicates the metabolic response of the muscle in response to physical exercise. Specifically, muscles and hypothalamic tissues showed an increase and a decrease in AMPK and mTOR signaling, respectively. Overall, this study reveals new insight into the relation between the hypothalamus and muscles, which enhances the coordination within the muscle–brain axis and potentially improves the systemic response to physical activity performance and delaying health inactivity disorders.
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46
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Alizadeh H. Meteorin-like protein (Metrnl): A metabolic syndrome biomarker and an exercise mediator. Cytokine 2022; 157:155952. [PMID: 35780711 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metrnl is a secreted protein able to activate different intracellular signaling pathways in adipocytes, macrophages, myocytes and cardiomyocytes with physiological effects of the browning of white adipose tissue (BWT), insulin sensitivity, inflammation inhibition, skeletal muscle regeneration and heart protection. Shown to be regulated by obesity, diabetes, caloric restriction, weight loss and heart diseases, Metrnl is definitely involved in metabolic turbulences, and may play roles in metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, due to the conflicting data yielded, Metrnl is still far from clinical application as a diagnostic and/or a therapeutic agent or even a therapeutic target in MetS-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. Nevertheless, blood Metrnl levels as well as Metrnl as a cardiokine have been reported to play cardioprotective roles against heart diseases. Considering the established metabolic and anti-inflammatory hallmarks, exercise-induced Metrnl (as a myokine) is regarded as an exercise mediator in improving obesity-induced complications such as insulin resistance, T2D and inflammation. Besides, due to its healing role in muscle damage, Metrnl is also a potential therapeutic candidate to enhance regeneration with ageing or other inflammatory myopathies like Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Therefore, there are still many exercise-related questions unanswered on Metrnl, such as Metrnl-mediated fat browning in humans, exercise effects on heart Metrnl production and secretion and the effects of other exercise-induced skeletal muscle stressors like hypoxia and oxidative in Metrnl production other than exercise-induced muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Alizadeh
- Exercise Physiology, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran.
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47
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INGLIS W, KHOLVADIA A, KRAMER M. Cardiopulmonary and metabolic markers following a 6-week high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training intervention in moderately trained individuals. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.21.04608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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48
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Maharaj SS, Nuhu JM. Effect of treadmill walking for anxiety, depression and social well-being in women with diabetes type 2: A randomized controlled trial. Health Care Women Int 2022; 44:734-752. [PMID: 35763045 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2022.2090566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety and depression are higher in persons with diabetes leading to poor glycaemic control and diabetes-related emotional distress. Some diabetic women do not engage in exercises perceiving it to make their diabetes worse. The researchers' objective of this treadmill walking program was to determine its effect on anxiety, depression and social well-being in women with diabetes type 2 (DT2). We randomized 49 sedentary women with DT2 into treadmill walking at moderate intensity of 40-60% of their age-adjusted maximal heart rate, three times per week on alternate days for 12 weeks. The control attended electronic lectures on diet, diabetes and mental health. The treadmill group had no adverse effects and their anxiety, depression and social well-being scores improved with no significant changes for the control. We offer women with DT2 an easy, safe indoors exercise preventing them from abuse from men, erratic drivers and extreme weather conditions with positive physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonill S. Maharaj
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jibril M. Nuhu
- UKZN and Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
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49
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Hurst C, Sayer AA. Improving muscle strength and physical function in older people living with sarcopenia and physical frailty: Not all exercise is created equal. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2022; 52:166-171. [DOI: 10.1177/14782715221104859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is an increasingly widely used treatment for older people across a range of clinical conditions including sarcopenia and physical frailty. Whilst exercise can have many benefits for older people, adaptations to exercise are specific to the exercise mode that is performed and not all exercise is created equal. The correct type of exercise, at the correct dose, needs to be prescribed to maximise effectiveness in treating sarcopenia and physical frailty where maintaining or improving muscle strength and physical function represent key aims. Resistance exercise (RE) is the most potent approach to improving muscle strength and physical function and should be prioritised within exercise programmes delivered to this group. Resistance exercise programme design should be underpinned by the fundamental principles of exercise prescription in order to deliver an appropriate and individualised exercise dose to maximise the potential of RE as a treatment for older people living with sarcopenia and physical frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hurst
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - Avan A Sayer
- AGE Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
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50
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Telles GD, Conceição MS, Vechin FC, Libardi CA, Mori MADS, Derchain S, Ugrinowitsch C. Exercise-Induced Circulating microRNAs: Potential Key Factors in the Control of Breast Cancer. Front Physiol 2022; 13:800094. [PMID: 35784874 PMCID: PMC9244175 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.800094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Losses in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and metabolic function are harmful in the pathophysiology of serious diseases, including breast cancer. Physical exercise training is an effective non-pharmacological strategy to improve health and quality of life in patients with breast cancer, mainly through positive effects on skeletal muscle mass, strength, and metabolic function. Emerging evidence has also highlighted the potential of exercise-induced crosstalk between skeletal muscle and cancer cells as one of the mechanisms controlling breast cancer progression. This intercellular communication seems to be mediated by a group of skeletal muscle molecules released in the bloodstream known as myokines. Among the myokines, exercise-induced circulating microRNAs (c-miRNAs) are deemed to mediate the antitumoral effects produced by exercise training through the control of key cellular processes, such as proliferation, metabolism, and signal transduction. However, there are still many open questions regarding the molecular basis of the exercise-induced effects on c-miRNA on human breast cancer cells. Here, we present evidence regarding the effect of exercise training on c-miRNA expression in breast cancer, along with the current gaps in the literature and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Defante Telles
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel Soares Conceição
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Felipe Cassaro Vechin
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleiton Augusto Libardi
- MUSCULAB—Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves da Silva Mori
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sophie Derchain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Carlos Ugrinowitsch,
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