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Pedregal-Montes A, Jennings E, Kothawala D, Jones K, Sjöstedt J, Langenheder S, Marcé R, Farré MJ. Disinfection by-product formation potential in response to variability in dissolved organic matter and nutrient inputs: Insights from a mesocosm study. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 258:121791. [PMID: 38830291 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Changes in rainfall patterns driven by climate change affect the transport of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and nutrients through runoff to freshwater systems. This presents challenges for drinking water providers. DOM, which is a heterogeneous mix of organic molecules, serves as a critical precursor for disinfection by-products (DBPs) which are associated with adverse health effects. Predicting DBP formation is complex due to changes in DOM concentration and composition in source waters, intensified by altered rainfall frequency and intensity. We employed a novel mesocosm approach to investigate the response of DBP precursors to variability in DOM composition and inorganic nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, export to lakes. Three distinct pulse event scenarios, mimicking extreme, intermittent, and continuous runoff were studied. Simultaneous experiments were conducted at two boreal lakes with distinct DOM composition, as reflected in their color (brown and clear lakes), and bromide content, using standardized methods. Results showed primarily site-specific changes in DBP precursors, some heavily influenced by runoff variability. Intermittent and daily pulse events in the clear-water mesocosms exhibited higher haloacetonitriles (HANs) formation potential linked to freshly produced protein-like DOM enhanced by light availability. In contrast, trihalomethanes (THMs), associated with humic-like DOM, showed no significant differences between pulse events in the brown-water mesocosms. Elevated bromide concentration in the clear mesocosms critically influenced THMs speciation and concentrations. These findings contribute to understanding how changing precipitation patterns impact the dynamics of DBP formation, thereby offering insights for monitoring the mobilization and alterations of DBP precursors within catchment areas and lake ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pedregal-Montes
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Plaça de Sant Domènec 3, 17004 Girona, Spain.
| | - Eleanor Jennings
- Centre for Freshwater and Environmental Studies, Dundalk Institute of Technology, A91 K584 Dundalk, Ireland
| | - Dolly Kothawala
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kevin Jones
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johanna Sjöstedt
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; School of Business, Innovation and Sustainability, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Silke Langenheder
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rafael Marcé
- Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 17300 Blanes, Spain
| | - Maria José Farré
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Plaça de Sant Domènec 3, 17004 Girona, Spain.
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Rasheduzzaman M, O'Connell B, Krometis LA, Brown T, Cohen A. Point-of-use chlorine residuals and disinfection byproduct occurrences in rural households served by public water utilities in Appalachian Virginia. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:1064-1074. [PMID: 38935457 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
We characterized concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs), a measure of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), in tap water samples collected from households with utility-supplied water in two rural counties in Appalachian Virginia, and assessed associations with pH, free chlorine, and metal ions which can impact THM formation. Free chlorine concentrations in all samples (n = 27 homes) complied with EPA drinking water guidelines, though 7% (n = 2) of first draw samples and 11% (n = 3) of 5-min flushed-tap water samples exceeded the US Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) maximum contaminant level (MCL) for THM (80 ppb). Regression analyses showed that free chlorine and pH were positively associated with the formation of THM levels above SDWA MCLs (OR = 1.04, p = 0.97 and OR = 1.74, p = 0.79, respectively), while temperature was negatively associated (OR = 0.78, p = 0.38). Of the eight utilities serving study households, samples from water served by three different utilities exceeded the EPA MCL for THM. Overall, these findings do not indicate substantial exposures to DBPs for rural households with utility-supplied water in this region of southwest Virginia. However, given the observed variability in THM concentrations between and across utilities, and established adverse health impacts associated with chronic and acute DBP exposure, more research on DBPs in rural Central Appalachia is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rasheduzzaman
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Bethesda O'Connell
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, East Tennessee State University (ETSU), Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Leigh-Anne Krometis
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Teresa Brown
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Virginia's College at Wise, Wise, VA 24293, USA
| | - Alasdair Cohen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA E-mail:
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Shi Y, Wan Y, Wang D, Liu J, Yang Z, Zhao X, Xia W. Measurement of haloacetic acids in human urine samples from six megacities of China using a refined detection method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 910:168379. [PMID: 37963519 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are common disinfection by-products in chlorine disinfected water. Humans are extensively exposed to them. However, nationwide biomonitoring data were not available for any country. This study developed a labor-efficient and sensitive method for the detection of urinary HAAs, including trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), and conducted an exposure assessment in a Chinese population. A total of 850 first-morning-void urine samples were collected from adults in six megacities in China: Wuhan (central), Lanzhou (northwest), Chengdu (southwest), Taiyuan (north), Shanghai (east), and Dalian (northeast). Each participant (n = 425) provided a pair of urine samples during the warm (September to October 2018) and cold (December 2018 to January 2019) seasons. The detection method achieved good retention of the target analytes using a Fluoro-Phenyl column and excellent selectivity using in-source fragmentation ions as precursor ions in multiple reaction monitoring. The detection rate of urinary TCAA in Chinese populations was high (78.5%) but varied among different regions (54.0% to 98.0%). DCAA was rarely detected (<10%). The overall median value of specific gravity adjusted TCAA concentrations was 5.70 μg/L in the warm season and 3.87 μg/L in the cold season, respectively. Higher urinary TCAA concentrations were more likely to occur in Wuhan (Yangtze River Basin), urban areas, and during the warm season. The upstream region of the Yangtze River Basin (Chengdu) typically has lower TCAA concentrations. TCAA formation in coastal cities such as Shanghai and Dalian may be impacted by seawater intrusion. Estimated daily intakes of TCAA were lower than its chronic reference dose of 20 μg/kg-bw/day. This detection method can be applied to future biomonitoring of urinary HAAs. More attention should be paid to the highly exposed subgroups when exploring the health effects of long-term TCAA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Center for Public Health Laboratory Service, Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, China.
| | - Danlu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Jiangtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | | | - Xiuge Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Nguyen HVM, Tak S, Hur J, Shin HS. Fluorescence spectroscopy in the detection and management of disinfection by-product precursors in drinking water treatment processes: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 343:140269. [PMID: 37748659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring and prevention of the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) is paramount in drinking water treatment plants (DWTP) to ensure human health safety. This review provides an overview of how fluorescence techniques are developed to predict DBP formation and to evaluate the reduction of fluorescence components and DBPs following individual DWTP processes. Evidence has shown that common DBPs, nitrogenous DBPs and specific emerging DBPs exhibit positive linear relationships with terrestrial, anthropogenic, tryptophan-like, and eutrophic humic-like fluorescence. Due to the interrelationships of both regulated and emerging DBP types with fluorescence components, the limitations arise when attempting to predict emerging DBPs solely through linear relationships. Monitoring the reduction of DBP precursors after each treatment process can be achieved by studying the relationship between fluorescence components and DBPs. During the coagulation process, highest reduction rates are observed for terrestrial humic-like fluorescence. Advanced treatments such as granular, powdered, silver-impregnated activated carbon, magnetic ion exchange resins, and reverse osmosis, have revealed a significant reduction of fluorescent DBP precursors, ranging from 53% to 100%. During chlorination, the reduction rate follows the order: terrestrial humic-like > microbial humic-like > protein/tryptophan-like fluorescence. This review provides insights into the reduction of fluorescence signatures following individual DWTP processes, which offers information regarding DBP formation. These insights could assist in optimizing the treatment process to more effectively manage DBP formation. For the identification of emerging DBP generation, the utilization of advanced models is imperative to precisely predict emerging DBPs and to more accurately trace DBP precursors within DWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Vo-Minh Nguyen
- Department of Environment Energy Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Seoul, 01811, South Korea
| | - Surbhi Tak
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea.
| | - Hyun-Sang Shin
- Department of Environment Energy Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Seoul, 01811, South Korea.
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Li Z, Samonte PRV, Cao H, Miesel JR, Xu W. Assess the formation of disinfection by-products from pyrogenic dissolved organic matter (pyDOM): impact of wildfire on the water quality of forest watershed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165496. [PMID: 37451447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires can release pyrogenic dissolved organic matter (pyDOM) into the forest watershed, which may pose challenges for water treatment operations downstream due to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). In this study, we systematically assessed the physio-chemical properties of pyDOM (e.g., electron-donating and -accepting capacities; EDC and EAC) and their contributions to DBP formation under different disinfection scenarios using (1) ten lab samples produced from various feedstocks and pyrolysis temperatures, and (2) pre- and post-fire field samples with different burning severities. A comprehensive suite of DBPs-four trihalomethanes (THMs), nine haloacetic acids (HAAs), and seven N-nitrosamines-were included. The formations of THM and HAA showed an up to 5.7- and 8.9-fold decrease as the pyrolysis temperature increased, while the formation of N-nitrosamines exhibited an up to 6.6-fold increase for the laboratory-derived pyDOM. These results were supported by field pyDOM samples, where the post-fire samples consistently showed a higher level of N-nitrosamine formation (i.e., up to 5.3-fold), but lower THMs and HAAs compared to the pre-fire samples. To mimic environmental reducing conditions, two field samples were further reduced electrochemically and compared with Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) to evaluate their DBP formation. We found increased DBP formation in pyDOM samples following electrochemical reduction but not for SRNOM, which showed increased N-nitrosamines but decreased THMs and HAAs post-electrochemical reduction. Furthermore, this study reported for the first time the formation of two previously overlooked N-nitrosamines (i.e., nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA)) in both laboratory and field pyDOM samples, raising concerns for drinking water safety given their higher toxicity as compared to the regulated counterparts. Results from this study provide new insights for DBP mitigation during post-fire recovery, which are particularly relevant to communities that rely on forest watersheds as their drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States of America
| | - Pamela Rose V Samonte
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States of America
| | - Han Cao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States of America
| | - Jessica R Miesel
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 220 Trowbridge Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States of America.
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Vellingiri K, Kumar PG, Kumar PS, Jagannathan S, Kanmani S. Status of disinfection byproducts research in India. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 330:138694. [PMID: 37062389 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
India faces high incidents of waterborne disease outbreaks owing to their limited access to safe drinking water. In many ways, the effort to improve the quality of drinking water is performed, and it has been keenly monitored. Among those, the disinfection of drinking water is considered a necessary and important step as it controls the microbial population. Chlorination is the most practiced (greater than 80%) disinfection process in India, and it is known to generate various disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Although the toxicity and trend of DBPs are regularly monitored and investigated in most countries, still in India, the research is at the toddler level. This review summarizes i) the status of drinking water disinfection in India, ii) types of disinfection processes in centralized water treatment plants, iii) concentrations and occurrence patterns of DBPs in a different region of India, iv) a literature survey on the toxicity of DBPs, and v) removal methodologies or alternative technologies to mitigate the DBPs formation. Overall, this review may act as a roadmap to understand the trend of disinfection practices in India and their impacts on securing the goal of safe drinking water for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kowsalya Vellingiri
- Water Technology Centre, Water and Effluent Treatment IC, Larsen and Toubro, Kancheepuram, 631561, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Ganesh Kumar
- Water Technology Centre, Water and Effluent Treatment IC, Larsen and Toubro, Kancheepuram, 631561, Tamil Nadu, India; Water and Effluent Treatment IC, Larsen and Toubro, Chennai, 600089, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
| | - S Jagannathan
- Water and Effluent Treatment IC, Larsen and Toubro, Chennai, 600089, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Kanmani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Centre for Environmental Studies, Anna University 600025, Chennai, India.
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Truzsi A, Kovács B, Bodnár I, Fábián I. Controlling the formation of halogenated byproducts in the chlorination of source waters by oxidative pre-treatment with the Fe(II)/Fe(III)-S(IV)-air system. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 244:114036. [PMID: 36049334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Breakpoint chlorination is a generally accepted method for removing ammonium ion from source waters in drinking water treatment technologies. This process is often accompanied by the formation of halogenated organic byproducts. The presence of these compounds in potable water is of primary concern. In this paper, we demonstrate that the concentration of the precursors of the halogenated species can sufficiently be decreased by oxidizing the organic pollutants with the Fe(II)/Fe(III) - S(IV) - air system. Pre-oxidative treatment of the source waters results in a substantial reduction of chemical oxygen demand, while the ammonium ion concentration remains unaffected. The breakpoint chlorination produces substantially less trihalomethanes (THMs) and adsorbable halogenated organic compounds (AOXs) in oxidatively pre-treated source waters than in raw waters. These results offer a possibility to improve drinking water treatment technologies for better controlling the formation of antagonistic byproducts. It is demonstrated that reaching the regulated concentration levels of THMs is feasible with this method even in source waters containing organic pollutants at relatively high concentration levels. The main advantage of the procedure is that the reagents used for the oxidative pre-treatment are converted into non-toxic products (Fe(III) and SO42-) by the end of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Truzsi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Debrecen, Ótemető u. 2-4., Debrecen H-4028, Hungary; Doctoral School of Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Boglárka Kovács
- Debrecen Waterworks Ltd., Benczúr Gyula u. 7., Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Bodnár
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Debrecen, Ótemető u. 2-4., Debrecen H-4028, Hungary
| | - István Fábián
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen H-4032, Hungary; ELKH-DE Mechanisms of Complex Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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8
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Ordonez D, Valencia A, Pereira B, Chang NB. Color removal for large-scale interbasin water transfer: Experimental comparison of five sorption media. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113208. [PMID: 35367430 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasing needs of drinking water due to population growth requires seeking for new tap water sources. However, these large-scale tap water sources are oftentimes abundant with dissolved natural organic matter (NOM), such as tannic acid issue causing color in water. If not removed at the source locations beforehand, NOM would impact coagulation and flocculation unit, and/or become precursors to prompt the production of disinfectant by-products after chlorination in drinking water treatment. This study focuses on developing and testing a suite of cost-effective, scalable, adaptable, and sustainable sorption media that can be implemented near the source locations of tap water as a pretreatment option to remove color for a long-distance interbasin transfer. Within the five tested sorption media, a media recipe of Zero-valent-Iron and Perlite based Green Sorption Media (ZIPGEM) with ingredients of 85% sand, 5% clay, 6% zero-valent-iron (ZVI) and 4% perlite by volume stood out as the best option for color removal. Findings showed that ZIPGEM can maintain a color removal of ∼77% for about 14,080 min, maintaining the effluent concentration below 40 Pt-Co units given the influent condition of 175 ± 10 Pt-Co units. A recovery on the adsorption capacity of ZIPGEM was observed around 40,000 min due to synergetic effects among several different ingredients of recycled ZVI, clay, sand, and perlites. ZIPGEM can be applied to industrial wastewater treatment for dye removal as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ordonez
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Andrea Valencia
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Bianca Pereira
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ni-Bin Chang
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
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Varma K, Jha PK, Mukherjee S, Singhal A, Kumar M. Provenances, preponderances, and distribution of humic acids and organic pollutants in hydro-geosphere: The co-existence, interaction and isotopic biomarkers in the riverine ecosystem. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 313:114996. [PMID: 35395527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to critically review the importance of geochemical fingerprinting and tracing using biomarkers and stable isotopes in the riverine ecosystem and depicts that isotopic ratios of δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S can be used for tracing pollution sources. Stable isotopes like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur are being used for this purpose, and their isotopic signatures are primarily used to distinguish close sources of organic matter through dual isotopes. The present review is articulated to bridge the critical research gaps of the previous and contemporary documented literature on the genesis and transport of OM between freshwater and marine systems. This review comprehensively provides methods and techniques in geochemical tracing and discusses the future directions to address the challenges of the current methods to enhance the knowledge about the source identification of organic matter in the riverine environment. Tracer geochemistry emphasizes the implications of elemental abundances and isotope ratio variations in geologic substances to track natural earth processes, anthropogenic contaminants, and geochemical signatures in the hydrologic system. The principal constituent of organic matter comprises humic substances like humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin, and these comprise 50-75% of the sediments and DOC in natural waters. Their structural and functional characterization is required to elucidate the transport and fate of organic matter, which are often influenced by several paleoenvironmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Varma
- Centre of Environmental Studies, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Jha
- Centre of Environmental Studies, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Santanu Mukherjee
- School of Agriculture Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anjali Singhal
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Sustainability Cluster, School for Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttrakhand, 248007, India.
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Hu X, Hu P, Yang H. Influences of charge properties and hydrophobicity on the coagulation of inorganic and organic matters from water associated with starch-based coagulants. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134346. [PMID: 35314179 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, two series of binary graft cationic starch-based coagulants (CS-DMCs and CS-DMLs) with different hydrophobicities and charge densities (CDs) were prepared by graft copolymerization of acrylamide with 2-(methacryloyloxy)-N,N,N- trimethylethanaminium chloride and acryloyloxyethyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, respectively, on the starch (St) backbone. Kaolin particles, sodium humate (NaHA), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were used as the simulated sources of inorganic colloidal particles and different organic pollutants in the micropolluted turbid surface water. The influences of the CD and hydrophobicity associated with the St-based coagulants on the removal of kaolin particles, NaHA, and BSA from single, binary, and ternary pollutant aqueous systems were investigated systematically. On the basis of the apparent coagulation performance, the floc characteristics, and the zeta potentials of the supernatants after coagulation, the coagulation mechanisms associated with the structural features of the St-based coagulants and the pollutants treated were explored and discussed in detail. The St-based coagulants with a higher CD and a stronger hydrophobicity showed better coagulation performance due to the synergistic effects of charge neutralization and hydrophobic association. The maximum efficiencies of the optimized St-based coagulant in removal of Kaolin, NaHA and BSA were 93.85%, 100% and 97.52% in their respective single pollutant systems. In addition to these simulated water samples, a real micropolluted turbid surface water tested and compared, further confirming the superiority of the hydrophobically modified cationic St-based coagulants, especially in the purification of organic pollutants in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Pan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Hu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China; Quanzhou Institute for Environmental Protection Industry, Nanjing University, Beifeng Road, Quanzhou, 362000, PR China.
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11
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Nshemereirwe A, Zewge F, Malambala E. Evaluation of formation and health risks of disinfection by-products in drinking water supply of Ggaba waterworks, Kampala, Uganda. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:560-574. [PMID: 35350008 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In developing countries, the evaluation of disinfection by-products in drinking water has been neglected because most water utility companies focus on microbial elimination. As a result, this study aimed at evaluating trihalomethane formation, the relation between water quality parameters and trihalomethane formation, and the estimation of the associated potential health risks in drinking water. The headspace purge and trap coupled with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique was used to quantify trihalomethane. The concentrations of trihalomethane found in the water were within the National Water and Sewerage Corporation, World Health Organization guidelines, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency standards. Total organic carbon, ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm, bromide concentration, and the temperature had a positive and significant correlation, pH had a positive but non-significant correlation, while the residual chlorine had a negative but significant correlation with trihalomethane formation. The potential health risk using the WHO index was 0.4, indicating no noncarcinogenic risk to human health in the study area. The lifetime carcinogenic risks of trihalomethane due to oral ingestion, dermal, and inhalation were 2.5×10-5, 9.1×10-6, and 8.3×10-6 for females and 2.4×10-5, 1×10-5, and 7.9×10-6 for males, and the values were within the USEPA acceptable low-risk range of 1×10-6<CR<5.1×10-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annitah Nshemereirwe
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia E-mail: ; National Water and Sewerage Corporation Ggaba Water Quality Laboratory, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Feleke Zewge
- Africa Center of Excellence for Water Management, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Enos Malambala
- National Water and Sewerage Corporation Ggaba Water Quality Laboratory, Kampala, Uganda
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Tak S, Han SJ, Lee YK, Cho J, Hur J. Exploring applicability of end member mixing approach for predicting environmental reactivity of dissolved organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118044. [PMID: 34454197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the wide applications of end member mixing analysis (EMMA) for assigning the sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic environment, there was no study attempting to test the applicability of EMMA for predicting environmental reactivity of DOM. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of EMMA, or the concept of ideal mixing behavior of end members, for describing several well-known DOM reactivities using two DOM end member sources (i.e., soil and algae) at varying mixing ratios. The selected DOM reactivities were trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), mineral adsorption amount, pyrene binding, membrane resistance, and biodegradation potential. Among the tested DOM functions, all were found to follow the ideal mixing behavior, presenting the linear relationships between the source mixing ratios and the tested reactivity with the R2 value of >0.80. The ideal mixing behavior of the DOM functions was more pronounced than that based on several spectroscopic indicators derived from UV absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. This study provided insight into potential applicability and limitation of EMMA approach in monitoring and predicting environmental functions of DOM in aquatic systems where identified DOM sources are mixed and vary dynamically with the mixing ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Tak
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - So-Jeong Han
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Yun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Jinwoo Cho
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea.
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Wang P, Ding S, Xiao R, An G, Fang C, Chu W. Enhanced coagulation for mitigation of disinfection by-product precursors: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 296:102518. [PMID: 34507242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The unintended formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) has received considerable attention as it may pose risks to human health. Coagulation is the most common process for removing particulates as well as dissolved organic matter (DOM) (i.e., DBP precursors) during drinking water and wastewater treatments. With the improvement of water quality standards and the increased fluctuation in source water quality, conventional coagulation becomes challenging. Thus, significant efforts have been made to enhance coagulation to promote the removal of DOM in source water and mitigate the formation of DBPs in drinking water. This review provides a brief summary of the properties of DBP precursors and summarizes the effectiveness of enhanced coagulation involving three types of coagulants (metal-based coagulants, organic polymers, and organic-inorganic hybrid coagulants) in controlling the formation of DBPs during chlor(am)ination disinfection. Metal-based coagulants can achieve a reduction in DBP formation potential of approximately 20%-60% in natural water under enhanced coagulation conditions. Both the organic polymers (used as coagulant aids) and novel hybrid coagulants increase the removal of DOM and exhibit high potential for mitigating DBP formation. In addition, integrated treatments combining coagulation with other treatment processes (e.g., oxidation, membrane filtration, ion exchange, and adsorption) to enhance DBP precursor removal are evaluated in terms of performance, mechanisms, and features. Advanced treatments, such as membrane filtration and activated carbon adsorption, are effective coagulation-assisted processes, and can further control chlorinated DBPs; however, the elevated formation of bromate or highly brominated DBPs is of particular concern.
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The Role of Catalytic Ozonation Processes on the Elimination of DBPs and Their Precursors in Drinking Water Treatment. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11040521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water treatment (DWT) as a result of pathogen removal has always been an issue of special attention in the preparation of safe water. DBPs are formed by the action of oxidant-disinfectant chemicals, mainly chlorine derivatives (chlorine, hypochlorous acid, chloramines, etc.), that react with natural organic matter (NOM), mainly humic substances. DBPs are usually refractory to oxidation, mainly due to the presence of halogen compounds so that advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are a recommended option to deal with their removal. In this work, the application of catalytic ozonation processes (with and without the simultaneous presence of radiation), moderately recent AOPs, for the removal of humic substances (NOM), also called DBPs precursors, and DBPs themselves is reviewed. First, a short history about the use of disinfectants in DWT, DBPs formation discovery and alternative oxidants used is presented. Then, sections are dedicated to conventional AOPs applied to remove DBPs and their precursors to finalize with the description of principal research achievements found in the literature about application of catalytic ozonation processes. In this sense, aspects such as operating conditions, reactors used, radiation sources applied in their case, kinetics and mechanisms are reviewed.
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Krupińska I. Removing Iron and Organic Substances from Water over the Course of Its Treatment with the Application of Average and Highly Alkaline Polyaluminium Chlorides. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051367. [PMID: 33806418 PMCID: PMC7961557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In topic-related literature pertaining to the treatment of water, there is a lack of information on the influence of iron ions in highly basic polyaluminum chlorides on the efficiency of purifying water with increased contents of organic substance. The aim of this work was to determine the changes in the content of organic substances as well as iron compounds in water intended for human consumption following unit treatment processes with particular attention paid to the coagulation process. As coagulants, polyaluminium chloride PAXXL10 with an alkalinity of 70%, as well as polyaluminium chloride PAXXL1911 with an alkalinity of 85% the composition of which also contained iron, were tested. The analysis of the obtained results showed that iron compounds and organic substances were removed to the greatest extent by the coagulation process, which also had a significant influence on the final efficiency of water treatment. The effectiveness of water treatment was determined by the type of tested polyaluminum chloride, which influenced the formation of iron-organic complexes. The reason behind the formation of colored iron-organic complexes during coagulation using PAXXL1911 coagulant was the high pH (approx. 8), at which the functional groups of organic substances, due to their dissociation, are more reactive in relation to iron, and possibly the fact of introducing additional iron ions along with the coagulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Krupińska
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, 15 Prof. Z. Szafrana St, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
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Oskarsson A, Rosenmai AK, Mandava G, Johannisson A, Holmes A, Tröger R, Lundqvist J. Assessment of source and treated water quality in seven drinking water treatment plants by in vitro bioassays - Oxidative stress and antiandrogenic effects after artificial infiltration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:144001. [PMID: 33338789 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water quality and treatment efficacy was investigated in seven drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), using water from the river Göta Älv, which also is a recipient of treated sewage water. A panel of cell-based bioassays was used, including measurements of receptor activity of aryl hydrocarbon (AhR), estrogen (ER), androgen (AR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) as well as induction of oxidative stress (Nrf2) and micronuclei formation. Grab water samples were concentrated by solid phase extraction (SPE) and water samples were analyzed at a relative enrichment factor of 50. High activities of AhR, ER and AR antagonism were present in WWTP outlets along the river. Inlet water from the river exhibited AhR and AR antagonistic activities. AhR activity was removed by DWTPs using granulated activated carbon (GAC) and artificial infiltration. AR antagonistic activity was removed by the treatment plants, except the artificial infiltration plant, which actually increased the activity. Furthermore, treated drinking water from the DWTP using artificial infiltration exhibited high Nrf2 activity, which was not found in any of the other water samples. Nrf2 activity was found in water from eight of the 13 abstraction wells, collecting water from the artificial infiltration. No genotoxic activity was detected at non-cytotoxic concentrations. No Nrf2 or AR antagonistic activities were detected in the inlet or outlet water after the DWTP had been replaced by a new plant, using membrane ultrafiltration and GAC. Neither target chemical analysis, nor chemical analysis according to the drinking water regulation, detected any presence of chemicals, which could be responsible of the prominent effects on oxidative stress and AR antagonistic activity in the drinking water samples. Thus, bioanalysis is a useful tool for detection of unknown hazards in drinking water and for assessment of drinking water treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Oskarsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anna Kjerstine Rosenmai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Geeta Mandava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Johannisson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Kungälv Drinking Water Treatment Plant, Filaregatan 15, SE-442 81 Kungälv, Sweden
| | - Rikard Tröger
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Lundqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Lin MH, Bulman DM, Remucal CK, Chaplin BP. Chlorinated Byproduct Formation during the Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Process at Magnéli Phase Ti 4O 7 Electrodes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12673-12683. [PMID: 32841010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This research investigated chlorinated byproduct formation at Ti4O7 anodes. Resorcinol was used as a model organic compound representative of reactive phenolic groups in natural organic matter and industrial phenolic contaminants and was oxidized in the presence of NaCl (0-5 mM). Resorcinol mineralization was >68% in the presence and absence of NaCl at 3.1 V/SHE (residence time = 13 s). Results indicated that ∼4.3% of the initial chloride was converted to inorganic byproducts (free Cl2, ClO2-, ClO3-) in the absence of resorcinol, and this value decreased to <0.8% in the presence of resorcinol. Perchlorate formation rates from chlorate oxidation were 115-371 mol m-2 h-1, approximately two orders of magnitude lower than reported values for boron-doped diamond anodes. Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy detected two chlorinated organic products. Multichlorinated alcohol compounds (C3H2Cl4O and C3H4Cl4O) at 2.5 V/SHE and a monochlorinated phenolic compound (C8H7O4Cl) at 3.1 V/SHE were proposed as possible structures. Density functional theory calculations estimated that the proposed alcohol products were resistant to direct oxidation at 2.5 V/SHE, and the C8H7O4Cl compound was likely a transient intermediate. Chlorinated byproducts should be carefully monitored during electrochemical advanced oxidation processes, and multibarrier treatment approaches are likely necessary to prevent halogenated byproducts in the treated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 929 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Devon Manley Bulman
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 North Park Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Christina K Remucal
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 North Park Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 660 North Park Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Brian P Chaplin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 929 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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18
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Bibliometric review of research trends on disinfection by-products in drinking water during 1975–2018. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Peller JR, Nelson CR, Babu BG, Iceman C, Kostelnik E. A Review of Microplastics in Freshwater Environments: Locations, Methods, and Pollution Loads. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2020-1352.ch004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie R. Peller
- Department of Chemistry, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383, United States
| | - Cassandra R. Nelson
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Division of Life Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Bharath Ganesh Babu
- Department of Geography, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383, United States
| | - Christopher Iceman
- Department of Chemistry, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383, United States
| | - Edward Kostelnik
- Department of Chemistry, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383, United States
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20
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Baig N. Recent Progress on the Development of Superhydrophobic and Superoleophilic Meshes for Oil and Water Separation: A Review. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2020-1352.ch010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Baig
- Center for Research Excellence in Desalination & Water Treatment, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Environment and Water, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261¸ Saudi Arabia
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Tak S, Vellanki BP. Applicability of advanced oxidation processes in removing anthropogenically influenced chlorination disinfection byproduct precursors in a developing country. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 186:109768. [PMID: 31606645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The studies on occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern in drinking water treatment plants or even wastewater treatment plants in developing country like India, are very limited. Trihalomethanes (THMs) is one such contaminant of concern in drinking water treatment sector. THMs are the major disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formed during the widely used chlorination process. Their identification and removal is of utmost importance in developed as well as developing nations. This study is first of its kind to assess the removal of mixture of urban run-off driven organic matter, agricultural run-off driven organic matter, untreated sewage effluent driven organic matter and little natural organic matter (NOM) (altogether NefOM) (major DBP precursors) using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in the Indian region. Since, NOM vary geographically, this study will add up to applicability of generally utilized AOPs for removal of site explicit (Indian) NefOM. Trihalomethanes at a conventional water treatment plant at Mathura and a moving bed biofilm based non-conventional water treatment plant at Agra were monitored over a year, demonstrating the inability of the water treatment plants to limit formation of DBPs from Yamuna inlet water at any time of the year. Various AOPs (UV-H2O2, O3-H2O2, O3) and UV (ultraviolet) photolysis were assessed for their ability to decrease the trihalomethane forming potential (THMFP) by degrading the contaminants in the waters of Yamuna. Kinetic studies were conducted to evaluate the selected AOPs based on their ability to mineralize dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and decrease UV254 at various pH, UV intensities, and ozone and hydrogen peroxide concentrations. UV-L/H2O2 at an intensity of 47 mJ/cm2/min, pH = 7, and at hydrogen peroxide concentration of 0.5 mM provided an optimum reduction of DOC (64%) and UV254 (87%). Fractionation studies indicated that treatment by UV-L/H2O2 leads to the most significant decrease in the hydrophobic fraction of the water, while further study indicated that UV-L/H2O2 also showed maximum attenuation of THMFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Tak
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
| | - Bhanu Prakash Vellanki
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
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Gonsior M, Powers LC, Williams E, Place A, Chen F, Ruf A, Hertkorn N, Schmitt-Kopplin P. The chemodiversity of algal dissolved organic matter from lysed Microcystis aeruginosa cells and its ability to form disinfection by-products during chlorination. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 155:300-309. [PMID: 30852317 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Algal-derived dissolved organic matter (ADOM) originating from lysed Microcystis aeruginosa cells was investigated as precursor material to form disinfection by-products upon disinfection with free chlorine. Non-targeted ultrahigh resolution 12 T negative mode electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) revealed high molecular diversity in solid-phase extracted and ionizable components of Microcystis aeruginosa ADOM. The toxin microcystin LR was effectively degraded by free chlorine, which was expected. However, we found a high diversity of disinfection by-products associated with the addition of free chlorine to the water-soluble and solid-phase extractable fraction of ADOM and of double-bond moieties in abundant and known unsaturated fatty acids. Aromatic DOM precursors were absent from known metabolites of Microcystis aeruginosa and no evidence for aromatic disinfection by-products (DBPs) was found, despite N-containing compounds. A large diversification of N-containing molecular formulas was observed after chlorination, which seems indicative for the breakdown and oxidation of larger peptides. Additionally, a diverse group of N-compounds with presumed chloramine functional groups was observed. This study highlights the importance to evaluate ADOM and its ability to form different DBPs when compared to allochthonous or terrestrially-derived DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gonsior
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, USA.
| | - Leanne C Powers
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, USA
| | - Ernest Williams
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, USA
| | - Allen Place
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Baltimore, USA
| | - Alexander Ruf
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; Université Aix-Marseille, Laboratoire de Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires (PIIM), UMR CNRS 7345, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Norbert Hertkorn
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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