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Gowd V, Xiao J, Wang M, Chen F, Cheng KW. Multi-Mechanistic Antidiabetic Potential of Astaxanthin: An Update on Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100252. [PMID: 34636497 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a cluster of physiological dysfunctions typified by persistent hyperglycemia. Diet plays a paramount role in human health, and regular consumption of a fruit- and vegetable-rich diet can delay or prevent DM and its associated complications. The promising effect of fruits and vegetables could be partly attributed to their antioxidant constituents, including carotenoids. Carotenoids are natural antioxidants that occur in many vegetables, fruits, microalgae, and other natural sources. Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid predominantly present in microalgae and some red-colored marine organisms. It is currently marketed as a health supplement and is well-known for its antioxidant capacity. Accumulating evidence indicates that astaxanthin exerts its beneficial effects against DM by acting on various molecular targets and signaling pathways in multiple organs/tissues. Astaxanthin can lower blood glucose levels by preserving β-cell function, improving insulin resistance (IR), and increasing insulin secretion. This manuscript summarizes the connection between glucose homeostasis, oxidative stress, and DM. This is followed by a review of recent studies on astaxanthin's pharmacological effects against IR, microvascular (diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and neurological damage), and macrovascular DM complications emphasizing the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. A few lines of clinical evidence supporting its antidiabetic potential are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vemana Gowd
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, 17 University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Mingfu Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Ka-Wing Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
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Wang S, Lv W, Zhang H, Liu Y, Li L, Jefferson JR, Guo Y, Li M, Gao W, Fang X, Paul IA, Rajkowska G, Shaffery JP, Mosley TH, Hu X, Liu R, Wang Y, Yu H, Roman RJ, Fan F. Aging exacerbates impairments of cerebral blood flow autoregulation and cognition in diabetic rats. GeroScience 2020; 42:1387-1410. [PMID: 32696219 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00233-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a leading risk factor for aging-related dementia; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The present study, utilizing a non-obese T2DN diabetic model, demonstrates that the myogenic response of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and parenchymal arteriole (PA) and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the surface and deep cortex were impaired at both young and old ages. The impaired CBF autoregulation was more severe in old than young DM rats, and in the deep than the surface cortex. The myogenic tone of the MCA was enhanced at perfusion pressure in the range of 40-100 mmHg in young DM rats but was reduced at 140-180 mmHg in old DM rats. No change of the myogenic tone of the PA was observed in young DM rats, whereas it was significantly reduced at 30-60 mmHg in old DM rats. Old DM rats had enhanced blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage and neurodegeneration, reduced vascular density, tight junction, and pericyte coverage on cerebral capillaries in the CA3 region in the hippocampus. Additionally, DM rats displayed impaired functional hyperemia and spatial learning and short- and long-term memory at both young and old ages. Old DM rats had impaired non-spatial short-term memory. These results revealed that impaired CBF autoregulation and enhanced BBB leakage plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of age- and diabetes-related dementia. These findings will lay the foundations for the discovery of anti-diabetic therapies targeting restoring CBF autoregulation to prevent the onset and progression of dementia in elderly DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Wenshan Lv
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Yedan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Longyang Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Joshua R Jefferson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Ya Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Man Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Wenjun Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Xing Fang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Ian A Paul
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Grazyna Rajkowska
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - James P Shaffery
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Thomas H Mosley
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.,Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Xinlin Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Ruen Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yangang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Richard J Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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DiNicolantonio JJ, McCarty MF, O’Keefe JH. Antioxidant bilirubin works in multiple ways to reduce risk for obesity and its health complications. Open Heart 2018; 5:e000914. [PMID: 30364545 PMCID: PMC6196942 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James J DiNicolantonio
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | | | - James H O’Keefe
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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Eelen G, de Zeeuw P, Treps L, Harjes U, Wong BW, Carmeliet P. Endothelial Cell Metabolism. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:3-58. [PMID: 29167330 PMCID: PMC5866357 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are more than inert blood vessel lining material. Instead, they are active players in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) both in health and (life-threatening) diseases. Recently, a new concept arose by which EC metabolism drives angiogenesis in parallel to well-established angiogenic growth factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor). 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3-driven glycolysis generates energy to sustain competitive behavior of the ECs at the tip of a growing vessel sprout, whereas carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a-controlled fatty acid oxidation regulates nucleotide synthesis and proliferation of ECs in the stalk of the sprout. To maintain vascular homeostasis, ECs rely on an intricate metabolic wiring characterized by intracellular compartmentalization, use metabolites for epigenetic regulation of EC subtype differentiation, crosstalk through metabolite release with other cell types, and exhibit EC subtype-specific metabolic traits. Importantly, maladaptation of EC metabolism contributes to vascular disorders, through EC dysfunction or excess angiogenesis, and presents new opportunities for anti-angiogenic strategies. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of established as well as newly uncovered aspects of EC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Eelen
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pauline de Zeeuw
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucas Treps
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ulrike Harjes
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brian W Wong
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
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Pircher A, Treps L, Bodrug N, Carmeliet P. Endothelial cell metabolism: A novel player in atherosclerosis? Basic principles and therapeutic opportunities. Atherosclerosis 2016; 253:247-257. [PMID: 27594537 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Western society. Despite improved insight into disease pathogenesis and therapeutic options, additional treatment strategies are required. Emerging evidence highlights the relevance of endothelial cell (EC) metabolism for angiogenesis, and indicates that EC metabolism is perturbed when ECs become dysfunctional to promote atherogenesis. In this review, we overview the latest insights on EC metabolism and discuss current knowledge on how atherosclerosis deregulates EC metabolism, and how maladaptation of deregulated EC metabolism can contribute to atherosclerosis progression. We will also highlight possible therapeutic avenues, based on targeting EC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pircher
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Lucas Treps
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Natalia Bodrug
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Adhesion and Angiogenesis, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CR-UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium; Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.
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Naito Y, Uchiyama K, Kuroda M, Mizushima K, Aoi W, Kokura S, Ichikawa H, Yoshida N, Yoshikawa T. Laser capture microdissection/GeneChip analysis of gene expression in glomerular cells in diabetic db/db mice. Redox Rep 2013; 9:307-12. [PMID: 15720823 DOI: 10.1179/135100004225006786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although the gene expression patterns during the development of diabetic nephropathy have been studied in both rodent models and humans, only a small portion of the mRNAs expressed in the mesangium or in glomerular cells has been characterized. In the present study we report larger groups of transcripts displaying significant expression modulation in glomerular cells obtained from the early phase of diabetic nephropathy. METHODS We used 12-week-old female db/db mice, a rodent model of type 2 diabetes, and their non-diabetic db/m litter-mates. Glomerular cells were obtained from the kidneys of mice by laser capture microdissection. Preparation of cRNA and target hybridization were performed according to the Affymetrix GeneChip Eukaryotic Small Sample Target Labeling Assay Protocol (Version II). The gene expression profile was determined by the mouse Expression Set 430A GeneChip. RESULTS By comparison between db/m and db/db mice, 649 probes that increased in expression with the induction of diabetes and 340 probes that decreased in diabetic kidneys were identified. Although some of these genes have previously been shown to play an important role in diabetic nephropathy, the large majority of them have never been demonstrated to be regulated during the development of nephropathy. CONCLUSIONS Although the precise involvement of these genes in diabetic nephropathy remains to be clarified, the data presented here will aid in the identification of genes that play a significant role in this pathological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Naito
- Departments of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Othman A, Ahmad S, Megyerdi S, Mussell R, Choksi K, Maddipati KR, Elmarakby A, Rizk N, Al-Shabrawey M. 12/15-Lipoxygenase-derived lipid metabolites induce retinal endothelial cell barrier dysfunction: contribution of NADPH oxidase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57254. [PMID: 23437353 PMCID: PMC3577708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of 12/15- lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) metabolites on retinal endothelial cell (REC) barrier function. FITC-dextran flux across the REC monolayers and electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) were used to evaluate the effect of 12- and 15-hydroxyeicosatetreanoic acids (HETE) on REC permeability and transcellular electrical resistance (TER). Effect of 12- or 15-HETE on the levels of zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1), reactive oxygen species (ROS), NOX2, pVEGF-R2 and pSHP1 was examined in the presence or absence of inhibitors of NADPH oxidase. In vivo studies were performed using Ins2Akita mice treated with or without the 12/15-LOX inhibitor baicalein. Levels of HETE and inflammatory mediators were examined by LC/MS and Multiplex Immunoassay respectively. ROS generation and NOX2 expression were also measured in mice retinas. 12- and 15- HETE significantly increased permeability and reduced TER and ZO-1expression in REC. VEGF-R2 inhibitor reduced the permeability effect of 12-HETE. Treatment of REC with HETE also increased ROS generation and expression of NOX2 and pVEGF-R2 and decreased pSHP1 expression. Treatment of diabetic mice with baicalein significantly decreased retinal HETE, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-6, ROS generation, and NOX2 expression. Baicalein also reduced pVEGF-R2 while restored pSHP1 levels in diabetic retina. Our findings suggest that 12/15-LOX contributes to vascular hyperpermeability during DR via NADPH oxidase dependent mechanism which involves suppression of protein tyrosine phosphatase and activation of VEGF-R2 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Othman
- Department of Oral Biology/Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Saif Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sylvia Megyerdi
- Department of Oral Biology/Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rene Mussell
- Department of Oral Biology/Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Karishma Choksi
- Department of Oral Biology/Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Krishna Rao Maddipati
- Department of Pathology, Wayne States University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ahmed Elmarakby
- Department of Oral Biology/Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nasser Rizk
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Department of Oral Biology/Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University (GRU), Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sun FY, Chen XP, Wang JH, Qin HL, Yang SR, Du GH. Arjunic Acid, a Strong Free Radical Scavenger fromTerminalia arjuna. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 36:197-207. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x08005709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacities of arjunic acid, an aglycone obtained from the fruit of medicine Terminalia Fruit. Liver microsomes, mitochondria, and red blood cells (RBCs) were prepared from Wistar rats. The antioxidant capacity was determined by the inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide induced RBCs hemolysis, and RBCs autoxidative hemolysis. The free radical scavenging activity was tested by DPPH method and 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluoresc in diacetate (DCFH2-DA) assay. Ascorbic acid was chosen as the positive controls. Results showed that arjunic acid was a strong antioxidant and a free radical scavenger, more potent than ascorbic acid, in microsomes lipid peroxidation, DPPH, hydrogen peroxide induced RBCs hemolysis, and (DCFH2-DA) assay (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in the RBCs autoxidative hemolysis assay (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yun Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Tibet Nationalities Institute, Xianyang 712082, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Chen
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jin-Hua Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hai-Lin Qin
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Su-Rong Yang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guan-Hua Du
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Zhang W, Liu H, Al-Shabrawey M, Caldwell RW, Caldwell RB. Inflammation and diabetic retinal microvascular complications. J Cardiovasc Dis Res 2011; 2:96-103. [PMID: 21814413 PMCID: PMC3144626 DOI: 10.4103/0975-3583.83035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of diabetes and is a leading cause of blindness in people of the working age in Western countries. A major pathology of DR is microvascular complications such as non-perfused vessels, microaneurysms, dot/blot hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, venous beading, vascular loops, vascular leakage and neovascularization. Multiple mechanisms are involved in these alternations. This review will focus on the role of inflammation in diabetic retinal microvascular complications and discuss the potential therapies by targeting inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhang
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Zhang W, Liu H, Rojas M, Caldwell RW, Caldwell RB. Anti-inflammatory therapy for diabetic retinopathy. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:609-28. [PMID: 21554091 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of diabetes. This devastating disease is a leading cause of blindness in people of working age in industrialized countries and affects the daily lives of millions of people. Despite tight glycemic control, blood pressure control and lipid-lowering therapy, the number of DR patients keeps growing and therapeutic approaches are limited. Moreover, there are significant limitations and side effects associated with the current therapies. Thus, there is a great need for development of new strategies for prevention and treatment of DR. Studies have shown that DR has prominent features of chronic, subclinical inflammation. This article focuses on the role of inflammation in DR and summarizes the progress of studies of anti-inflammatory strategies for DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhang
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912-2500, USA.
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Park HS, Cho K, Park YJ, Lee T. Chronic nicotine exposure attenuates proangiogenic activity on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 57:287-93. [PMID: 21383590 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318206b5d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanism of nicotine, a major product of smoking, on vascular endothelial cells is not well defined yet. The purpose of this study was to determine whether chronic exposure to nicotine alters angiogenic activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and to identify a potential role for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression. Our study demonstrated that acute nicotine treatment enhanced nitric oxide release, eNOS activation, and proangiogenic activity. However, chronic nicotine exposure impaired proangiogenic function (decreased cell migration and tubular structure formation) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells compared with acute exposure, but sustained the antiapoptotic effect. These findings seem to be related to eNOS gene expression and nitric oxide production, which may be involved in the pathophysiology of chronic nicotine addicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Sub Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Frombaum M, Therond P, Djelidi R, Beaudeux JL, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Borderie D. Piceatannol is more effective than resveratrol in restoring endothelial cell dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase expression and activity after high-glucose oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:293-302. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.527337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Vascular dysfunction in retinopathy-an emerging role for arginase. Brain Res Bull 2009; 81:303-9. [PMID: 19737603 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Retinal neovascularization is a leading cause of visual disability. Retinal diseases involving neovascularization all follow the same progression, beginning with vascular inflammatory reactions and injury of the vascular endothelium and ending with neovascularization, fibrosis and retinal detachment. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this process is critical for its prevention and treatment. Research using retinopathy models has revealed that the NOX2 NADPH oxidase has a key role in inducing production of reactive oxygen species and angiogenic cytokines and causing vascular inflammatory reactions and neovascularization. This prospective review addresses the potential role of the urea/ornithine pathway enzyme arginase in this process. Studies of peripheral vessels isolated from diabetic animals have shown that increased arginase activity causes vascular endothelial cell dysfunction by decreasing availability of l-arginine to endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase which decreases nitric oxide bioavailability and increases oxidative stress. Increasing arginase activity also increases formation of polyamines and proline, which can induce cell growth and fibrosis. Studies in models of retinopathy show that increases in oxidative stress and signs of vascular inflammation are correlated with increases in arginase activity and arginase 1 expression and that decreasing arginase expression or inhibiting its activity blocks these effects. Furthermore, the induction of arginase during retinopathy is blocked by knocking out NOX2 or inhibiting NADPH oxidase activity. These observations suggest that NADPH oxidase-induced activation of the arginase pathway has a key role in causing retinal vascular dysfunction during retinopathy. Limiting the actions of arginase could provide a new strategy for treating this potentially blinding condition.
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Szabo C. Role of nitrosative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular dysfunction. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:713-27. [PMID: 19210748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we overview the role of reactive nitrogen species (nitrosative stress) and associated pathways in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. Increased extracellular glucose concentration, a principal feature of diabetes mellitus, induces a dysregulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen generating pathways. These processes lead to a loss of the vascular endothelium to produce biologically active nitric oxide (NO), which impairs vascular relaxations. Mitochondria play a crucial role in this process: endothelial cells placed in increase extracellular glucose respond with a marked increase in mitochondrial superoxide formation. Superoxide, when combining with NO generated by the endothelial cells (produced by the endothelial isoform of NO synthase), leads to the formation of peroxynitrite, a cytotoxic oxidant. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species trigger endothelial cell dysfunction through a multitude of mechanisms including substrate depletion and uncoupling of endothelial isoform of NO synthase. Another pathomechanism involves DNA strand breakage and activation of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). PARP-mediated poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase importantly contributes to the development of diabetic vascular complications: it induces activation of multiple pathways of injury including activation of nuclear factor kappa B, activation of protein kinase C and generation of intracellular advanced glycation end products. Reactive species generation and PARP play key roles in the pathogenesis of 'glucose memory' and in the development of injury in endothelial cells exposed to alternating high/low glucose concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0833, USA.
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Szabo C. Role of nitrosative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular dysfunction. Br J Pharmacol 2009. [PMID: 19210748 DOI: 10.111/j.1476-5381.2008.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we overview the role of reactive nitrogen species (nitrosative stress) and associated pathways in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. Increased extracellular glucose concentration, a principal feature of diabetes mellitus, induces a dysregulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen generating pathways. These processes lead to a loss of the vascular endothelium to produce biologically active nitric oxide (NO), which impairs vascular relaxations. Mitochondria play a crucial role in this process: endothelial cells placed in increase extracellular glucose respond with a marked increase in mitochondrial superoxide formation. Superoxide, when combining with NO generated by the endothelial cells (produced by the endothelial isoform of NO synthase), leads to the formation of peroxynitrite, a cytotoxic oxidant. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species trigger endothelial cell dysfunction through a multitude of mechanisms including substrate depletion and uncoupling of endothelial isoform of NO synthase. Another pathomechanism involves DNA strand breakage and activation of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). PARP-mediated poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase importantly contributes to the development of diabetic vascular complications: it induces activation of multiple pathways of injury including activation of nuclear factor kappa B, activation of protein kinase C and generation of intracellular advanced glycation end products. Reactive species generation and PARP play key roles in the pathogenesis of 'glucose memory' and in the development of injury in endothelial cells exposed to alternating high/low glucose concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0833, USA.
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16
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Penn JS, Madan A, Caldwell RB, Bartoli M, Caldwell RW, Hartnett ME. Vascular endothelial growth factor in eye disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2008; 27:331-71. [PMID: 18653375 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Collectively, angiogenic ocular conditions represent the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in developed countries. In the US, for example, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration are the principal causes of blindness in the infant, working age and elderly populations, respectively. Evidence suggests that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a 40kDa dimeric glycoprotein, promotes angiogenesis in each of these conditions, making it a highly significant therapeutic target. However, VEGF is pleiotropic, affecting a broad spectrum of endothelial, neuronal and glial behaviors, and confounding the validity of anti-VEGF strategies, particularly under chronic disease conditions. In fact, among other functions VEGF can influence cell proliferation, cell migration, proteolysis, cell survival and vessel permeability in a wide variety of biological contexts. This article will describe the roles played by VEGF in the pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The potential disadvantages of inhibiting VEGF will be discussed, as will the rationales for targeting other VEGF-related modulators of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Penn
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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17
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Al-Shabrawey M, Rojas M, Sanders T, Behzadian A, El-Remessy A, Bartoli M, Parpia AK, Liou G, Caldwell RB. Role of NADPH oxidase in retinal vascular inflammation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:3239-44. [PMID: 18378574 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In another study, it was demonstrated that NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important for ischemia-induced increases in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and retinal neovascularization. Diabetes-induced increases in retinal ROS, VEGF expression, and vascular permeability are accompanied by increases in the NADPH oxidase catalytic subunit NOX2 within the retinal vessels. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential role of NOX2 and NADPH oxidase activity in the development of retinal vascular inflammation. METHODS Studies were performed in wild-type mice, mice lacking NOX2, and mice treated with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin in models of endotoxemia and streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression was determined by Western blot analysis. Leukocyte adhesion was assessed by labeling adherent leukocytes with concanavalin A. Vascular permeability was assessed by extravasation of FITC-conjugated albumin. ROS production was determined by dichlorofluorescein imaging. RESULTS Both endotoxemia- and diabetes-induced increases in ICAM-1 expression and leukostasis were significantly inhibited by deletion of NOX2, indicating that this enzyme is critically involved in both conditions. Moreover, apocynin treatment and deletion of NOX2 were equally effective in preventing diabetes-induced increases in ICAM-1, leukostasis, and breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, suggesting that NOX2 is primarily responsible for these early signs of diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that NOX2 activity has a primary role in retinal vascular inflammation during acute and chronic conditions associated with retinal vascular inflammatory reactions. Targeting this enzyme could be a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of the retinopathies associated with vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Oral Biology and Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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18
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NADPH oxidase CYBA polymorphisms, oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008; 114:173-82. [PMID: 18184111 DOI: 10.1042/cs20070130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathophysiology of several major cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure, stroke and diabetes. ROS (reactive oxygen species) affect multiple tissues either directly or through NO depletion. ROS induce cardiovascular dysfunction by modulating cell contraction/dilation, migration, growth/apoptosis and extracellular matrix protein turnover, which contribute to vascular and cardiac remodelling. Of the several sources of ROS within the cardiovascular system, a family of multisubunit NADPH oxidases appears to be a predominant contributor of superoxide anion. Recent findings suggest a significant role of the genetic background in NADPH oxidase regulation. Common genetic polymorphisms within the promoter and exonic sequences of CYBA, the gene that encodes the p22(phox) subunit of NADPH oxidase, have been characterized in the context of cardiovascular diseases. This review aims to present the current state of research into these polymorphisms in their relationship to cardiovascular diseases.
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Chen X, Abair TD, Ibanez MR, Su Y, Frey MR, Dise RS, Polk DB, Singh AB, Harris RC, Zent R, Pozzi A. Integrin alpha1beta1 controls reactive oxygen species synthesis by negatively regulating epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated Rac activation. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:3313-26. [PMID: 17339338 PMCID: PMC1899972 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01476-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins control many cell functions, including generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulation of collagen synthesis. Mesangial cells, found in the glomerulus of the kidney, are able to produce large amounts of ROS via the NADPH oxidase. We previously demonstrated that integrin alpha1-null mice develop worse fibrosis than wild-type mice following glomerular injury and this is due, in part, to excessive ROS production by alpha1-null mesangial cells. In the present studies, we describe the mechanism whereby integrin alpha1-null mesangial cells produce excessive ROS. Integrin alpha1-null mesangial cells have constitutively increased basal levels of activated Rac1, which result in its increased translocation to the cell membrane, excessive ROS production, and consequent collagen IV deposition. Basal Rac1 activation is a direct consequence of ligand-independent increased epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation in alpha1-null mesangial cells. Thus, our study demonstrates that integrin alpha1beta1-EGFR cross talk is a key step in negatively regulating Rac1 activation, ROS production, and excessive collagen synthesis, which is a hallmark of diseases characterized by irreversible fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwu Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Mayhan WG, Arrick DM, Sharpe GM, Patel KP, Sun H. Inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase alleviates impaired NOS-dependent responses of pial arterioles in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Microcirculation 2006; 13:567-75. [PMID: 16990215 DOI: 10.1080/10739680600885194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal was to identify the role of NAD(P)H oxidase in cerebrovascular dysfunction in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). METHODS In a first series of studies, rats were assigned to nondiabetic, diabetic (streptozotocin; 50 mg/kg IP), nondiabetic-apocynin (40 mg/kg/day in drinking water)-treated and diabetic-apocynin-treated groups. Two to three months later, the authors examined in vivo responses of pial arterioles to nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent (acetylcholine and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)) and -independent (nitroglycerin) agonists. Next, they used Western blot analysis to examine protein levels for subunits of NAD(P)H oxidase in cerebral microvessels and parietal cortex tissue of nondiabetic and diabetic rats. Finally, they measured superoxide production by parietal cortex tissue in nondiabetic and diabetic rats. RESULTS Acetylcholine- and ADP-induced dilatation of pial arterioles was impaired in diabetic compared to nondiabetic rats. In addition, while apocynin did not alter responses in nondiabetic rats, apocynin alleviated T1D-induced impairment of NOS-dependent vasodilatation. In addition, p47phox and gp91phox proteins were elevated in cerebral microvessels and parietal cortex tissue, respectively, of diabetic compared to nondiabetic rats. Further, basal production of superoxide was increased in diabetic compared to nondiabetic rats and apocynin decreased this basal production. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that T1D impairs NOS-dependent reactivity of cerebral arterioles by a mechanism related to the formation of superoxide via activation of NAD(P)H oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Mayhan
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68198-5850, USA.
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21
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Li L, Renier G. Activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form) oxidase by advanced glycation end products links oxidative stress to altered retinal vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Metabolism 2006; 55:1516-23. [PMID: 17046555 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) promote retinal alterations through oxidative stress. However, the pathways involved in AGE-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in retinal cells are poorly defined. In the present study, we investigated the role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form) (NADPH) oxidase in AGE-induced ROS intracellular generation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in bovine retinal endothelial cells (BRECs). Incubation of BRECs with 100 microg/mL AGEs increased ROS generation and VEGF expression in these cells. Treatment of the cells with the NADPH oxidase inhibitors, apocynin and diphenylene iodonium, inhibited these effects. In retinal endothelial cells exposed to AGEs, translocation of protein kinase C (PKC)-beta2 and p47phox was observed. Inhibition of PKC by treatment of the cells with calphostin C, GF10923X, and LY379196 totally suppressed AGE-mediated p47phox translocation and ROS generation. Incubation of BRECs with gliclazide inhibited AGE-induced PKC-beta2 and p47phox translocation and totally abrogated AGE-mediated ROS generation and VEGF expression. Overall, these results demonstrate that AGEs induce intracellular ROS generation and VEGF expression in retinal endothelial cells through a PKC-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase. Inhibition of retinal NADPH oxidase expression and ROS generated by this system provides a new potential mechanism by which gliclazide may affect retinal VEGF expression and exert a beneficial effect on diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- CHUM Research Centre, Vascular Immunology Laboratory, Notre-Dame Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2L 4M1
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22
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Mahrouf M, Ouslimani N, Peynet J, Djelidi R, Couturier M, Therond P, Legrand A, Beaudeux JL. Metformin reduces angiotensin-mediated intracellular production of reactive oxygen species in endothelial cells through the inhibition of protein kinase C. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:176-83. [PMID: 16730666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis and in the onset of macrovascular complications of diabetes. We previously reported that the antihyperglycaemic drug metformin was able to decrease significantly intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) activated by high levels of glucose and angiotensin II (ANG). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the antioxidant effect of metformin on BAEC could be mediated through a modulation of protein kinase C (PKC) activity, which plays a key role in the pathophysiology of diabetes. The effects of metformin on intracellular ROS production, PKC translocation and activity were studied on endothelial cells stimulated by PMA (a direct PKC activator), ANG or high levels of glucose as pathophysiological stimuli of endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. We showed that metformin decreased ROS production on PMA-, ANG- and glucose-stimulated BAEC in a similar manner to that obtained by PKC specific inhibitors (calphostin C, chelerythrine) alone. On the other hand, metformin reduced both PKC membrane translocation and kinase activity in ANG-stimulated cells. In PMA-activated cells, metformin reduced membrane PKC activity but we did not observe any alteration of PKC membrane translocation. Finally, in vitro incubation with purified PKC indicated that metformin had no direct effect on PKC activity. Taken together, our results suggest that metformin exerted intracellular antioxidant properties by decreasing ROS production through the inhibition of PKC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mahrouf
- EA 3617 Stress Oxydant et Atteintes Vasculaires, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Pharmacie, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, F75006 Paris, France
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Borradaile NM, Buhman KK, Listenberger LL, Magee CJ, Morimoto ETA, Ory DS, Schaffer JE. A critical role for eukaryotic elongation factor 1A-1 in lipotoxic cell death. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 17:770-8. [PMID: 16319173 PMCID: PMC1356587 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-08-0742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The deleterious consequences of fatty acid (FA) and neutral lipid accumulation in nonadipose tissues, such as the heart, contribute to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. To elucidate mechanisms of FA-induced cell death, or lipotoxicity, we generated Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants resistant to palmitate-induced death and isolated a clone with disruption of eukaryotic elongation factor (eEF) 1A-1. eEF1A-1 involvement in lipotoxicity was confirmed in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts, in which small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown also conferred palmitate resistance. In wild-type CHO and H9c2 cells, palmitate increased reactive oxygen species and induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, changes accompanied by increased eEF1A-1 expression. Disruption of eEF1A-1 expression rendered these cells resistant to hydrogen peroxide- and ER stress-induced death, indicating that eEF1A-1 plays a critical role in the cell death response to these stressors downstream of lipid overload. Disruption of eEF1A-1 also resulted in actin cytoskeleton defects under basal conditions and in response to palmitate, suggesting that eEF1A-1 mediates lipotoxic cell death, secondary to oxidative and ER stress, by regulating cytoskeletal changes critical for this process. Furthermore, our observations of oxidative stress, ER stress, and induction of eEF1A-1 expression in a mouse model of lipotoxic cardiomyopathy implicate this cellular response in the pathophysiology of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nica M Borradaile
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Sun H, Zheng H, Molacek E, Fang Q, Patel KP, Mayhan WG. Role of NAD(P)H oxidase in alcohol-induced impairment of endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent dilation of cerebral arterioles. Stroke 2005; 37:495-500. [PMID: 16373635 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000199033.06678.c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Our goal was to determine whether NAD(P)H oxidase is involved in impaired endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-dependent reactivity of cerebral arterioles during chronic alcohol consumption. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with an alcohol diet for 2 to 3 months. We determined the effects of acute and chronic treatment with an NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, on responses of pial arterioles to eNOS-dependent agonists (acetylcholine and ADP) and an eNOS-independent agonist (nitroglycerin). Expression of NAD(P)H oxidase in pial arterioles was measured with the use of real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, and superoxide production was measured with the use of lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence. RESULTS Vasodilation in response to acetylcholine and ADP, but not nitroglycerin, was significantly less in alcohol-fed rats. Treatment with apocynin did not alter vasodilation in non-alcohol-fed rats but significantly improved impaired vasodilation in alcohol-fed rats. In addition, an upregulation of p47phox in pial arterioles was found in alcohol-fed rats. Furthermore, alcohol consumption increased superoxide production under basal conditions and in the presence of ADP and NAD(P)H. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that NAD(P)H oxidase plays a role in chronic alcohol consumption-induced impairment of eNOS-dependent dilation of cerebral arterioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA.
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Manea A, Raicu M, Simionescu M. Expression of functionally phagocyte-type NAD(P)H oxidase in pericytes: effect of angiotensin II and high glucose. Biol Cell 2005; 97:723-34. [PMID: 15859946 DOI: 10.1042/bc20040107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION A growing body of evidence demonstrates the involvement of the oxidative stress in the development of vascular complications associated with diabetes, such as hypertension, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and atherosclerosis. However, the molecular mechanisms accountable for the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) remain uncertain. Among others, the NAD(P)H oxidase is one of the most important sources of superoxide anion (O2-) that induce dysfunction of vascular cells. Pericytes (PCs) have an essential role in the capillary dysfunction in retinopathy and other vascular complications in diabetes. We questioned whether PCs express a functional phagocyte-type NAD(P)H oxidase, and examined the role of angiotensin II and high glucose on the activity of the oxidase complex and expression of the essential subunit p22(phox). RESULTS The mRNA expression of p22(phox), p47(phox), p67(phox) and NOX 1 subunits, and the lack of gp91(phox) component, were detected in PCs by reverse transcriptase PCR. Western-blotting analysis demonstrated the protein expression of p22(phox), p47(phox) and p67(phox) subunits. As compared with the normal condition, stimulation of PCs with angiotensin II or high glucose induced: (i) an increase in ROS production and NAD(P)H oxidase activity, and (ii) an up-regulation of p22(phox) mRNA and protein expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the present study provides the first evidence that PCs express a functional phagocyte-type NAD(P)H oxidase, which is up-regulated by both angiotensin II and high glucose. Given the importance of ROS in vascular physiology and pathology, the NAD(P)H oxidase complex could be an important therapeutic target in the treatment of microvascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Manea
- Nicolae Simionescu Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, 8, B.P. Hasdeu Street, Bucharest, Romania
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Fang Q, Sun H, Arrick DM, Mayhan WG. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase improves impaired reactivity of pial arterioles during chronic exposure to nicotine. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 100:631-6. [PMID: 16210431 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00975.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our goals were to determine whether chronic exposure to nicotine alters nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent reactivity of cerebral (pial) arterioles and to identify a potential role for NADPH oxidase in impaired NOS-dependent responses during chronic exposure to nicotine. We measured in vivo diameter of pial arterioles to NOS-dependent (acetylcholine and ADP) and -independent (nitroglycerin) agonists in saline-treated rats and rats chronically treated with nicotine (2 mg.kg(-1).day(-1) for 2 wk via an osmotic minipump). We found that NOS-dependent, but not -independent, vasodilatation was impaired in nicotine-treated compared with saline-treated rats. In addition, the production of superoxide anion (lucigenin chemiluminescence) was increased in rats treated with nicotine compared with saline-treated rats. Furthermore, using Western blot analysis, we found that chronic exposure to nicotine increased p47phox protein in the parietal cortex. Finally, we found that apocynin (40 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)) in the drinking water to inhibit NADPH oxidase alleviated impaired NOS-dependent cerebral vasodilatation in nicotine treated rats but did not alter NOS-dependent responses in saline treated rats and did not alter NOS-independent reactivity in saline- or nicotine-treated rats. These findings suggest that chronic exposure to nicotine impairs NOS-dependent dilatation of pial arterioles by a mechanism that appears to be related to the formation of superoxide anion via activation of NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Fang
- Dept. of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, 985850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5850, USA
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Shimada S, Tanaka Y, Ohmura C, Tamura Y, Shimizu T, Uchino H, Watada H, Hirose T, Nakaniwa T, Miwa S, Kawamori R. N-(carboxymethyl)valine residues in hemoglobin (CMV-Hb) reflect accumulation of oxidative stress in diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005; 69:272-8. [PMID: 16098924 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Revised: 12/02/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
While carboxymethylated proteins are considered to be advanced glycation end products (AGE), they can also be induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) independently of the AGE-forming process. To clarify whether N-(carboxymethyl)valine residues in hemoglobin (CMV-Hb) were a useful marker of the accumulation of ROS in diabetes, we evaluated CMV-Hb formation in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro studying, purified human hemoglobin was incubated with D-glucose or D-glucose and hydrogen peroxide. For the in vivo study, CMV-Hb was extracted from peripheral red blood cells in diabetic patients and compared with that from non-diabetic subjects. Furthermore, the effect of antioxidants was evaluated after 6 months in 15 diabetic patients showing very high CMV-Hb levels. In vitro CMV-Hb formation increased in a glucose concentration and time-dependent manner. Co-incubation with glucose and hydrogen peroxide synergistically increased CMV-Hb formation. The CMV-Hb level was higher in the diabetic group than the non-diabetic group, and CMV-Hb was correlated with the plasma total cholesterol and serum creatinine levels. The CMV-Hb level was decreased by antioxidant therapy, whereas HbA1c did not change. These results demonstrate that CMV-Hb may be a useful marker for accumulation of oxidative stress in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Shimada
- Department of Medicine, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Zalba G, San José G, Moreno MU, Fortuño A, Díez J. NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress: genetic studies of the p22(phox) gene in hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7:1327-36. [PMID: 16115038 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2005.7.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Increased vascular production of reactive oxygen species, especially superoxide anion, significantly contributes to the oxidative stress associated with hypertension. An enhanced superoxide production causes an increased inactivation of nitric oxide that diminishes nitric oxide bioavailability, thus contributing to endothelial dysfunction and hypertrophy of vascular cells. It has been shown that NADPH oxidases play a major role as the most important sources of superoxide anion in phagocytic and vascular cells. Several experimental observations have described an enhanced superoxide generation as a result of NADPH oxidase activation in hypertension. Although these enzymes respond to stimuli such as vasoactive factors, growth factors, and cytokines, recent data suggest a significant role of the genetic background in the modulation of the expression of its different components. Several polymorphisms have been identified in the promoter and in the coding region of CYBA, the gene that encodes the essential subunit of the NADPH oxidase p22phox, some of which seem to influence significantly the activity of these enzymes in the context of cardiovascular diseases. Among CYBA polymorphisms, genetic investigations have provided a novel marker, the -930(A/G) polymorphism, which determines the genetic susceptibility of hypertensive patients to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Zalba
- Area of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Pillarisetti S, Saxena U. Role of oxidative stress and inflammation in the origin of Type 2 diabetes--a paradigm shift. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005; 8:401-8. [PMID: 15469391 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.8.5.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In Type 2 diabetes the body either produces too little insulin, or does not respond well to it. Current pharmacological treatments, which are less than optimal, either target defective insulin secretion (sulfonylureas, glinides) or insulin resistance (metformin, thiazolidinediones). Exciting new research is now helping us to understand novel pathways that may contribute to defective insulin secretion as well as decreased response to insulin. Such pathways may explain the development of diabetes and associated complications (atherosclerosis and diabetic nephropathy). Understanding the way a cell metabolises glucose may be the key to understanding how cells secrete insulin and respond to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaram Pillarisetti
- Reddy US Therapeutics, Dr Reddy Laboratories, 3065 Northwoods Circle, Norcross, GA 30071, USA.
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Naito Y, Akagiri S, Uchiyama K, Kokura S, Yoshida N, Hasegawa G, Nakamura N, Ichikawa H, Toyokuni S, Ijichi T, Yoshikawa T. Reduction of diabetes-induced renal oxidative stress by a cantaloupe melon extract/gliadin biopolymers, oxykine, in mice. Biofactors 2005; 23:85-95. [PMID: 16179750 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520230204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated as an important mechanism by which diabetes causes nephropathy. Oxykine is the cantaloupe melon extract rich in vegetal superoxide dismutase covered by polymeric films of wheat matrix gliadin. In this study, we examined whether chronic oral administration of oxykine could prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy induced by oxidative stress using preclinical rodent model of type 2 diabetes. We used female db/db mice and their non-diabetic db/m littermates. The mice were divided into the following three groups: non-diabetic db/m; diabetic db/db, and diabetic db/db treated with oxykine. Blood glucose level, body weight, urinary albumin, and urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were measured during the experiments. Histological and 8-OHdG immunohistochemical studies were preformed on 12 weeks from the beginning of treatment. After 12 weeks of treatment, the levels of blood glucose and the body weight were not significantly different between the oxykine-treated group and the non-treated db/db group, however both groups kept significantly high levels rather than db/m mice. The relative mesangial area calculated by mesangial area/total glomerular area ratio was significantly ameliorated in the oxykine treated group compared with non-treated db/db group. The increases in urinary albumin and 8-OHdG at 12 weeks of treatment were significantly inhibited by chronic treatment with oxykine. The 8-OHdG immunoreactive cells in the glomeruli of non-treated db/db mice were more numerous than that of oxykine-treated db/db mice. In this study, treatment of oxykine ameliorated the progression and acceleration of diabetic nephropathy for rodent model of type 2 diabetes. These results indicated that the oxykine reduced the diabetes-induced oxidative stress and renal mesangial cell injury. In conclusion, oxykine might be a novel approach for the prevention of diabetes nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Naito
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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31
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Naito Y, Uchiyama K, Aoi W, Hasegawa G, Nakamura N, Yoshida N, Maoka T, Takahashi J, Yoshikawa T. Prevention of diabetic nephropathy by treatment with astaxanthin in diabetic db/db mice. Biofactors 2004; 20:49-59. [PMID: 15096660 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated as an important mechanism by which diabetes causes nephropathy. Astaxanthin, which is found as a common pigment in algae, fish, and birds, is a carotenoid with significant potential for antioxidative activity. In this study, we examined whether chronic administration of astaxanthin could prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy induced by oxidative stress in mice. We used female db/db mice, a rodent model of type 2 diabetes, and their non-diabetic db/m littermates. The mice were divided into three groups as follows: non-diabetic db/m, diabetic db/db, and diabetic db/db treated with astaxanthin. Blood glucose level, body weight, urinary albumin, and urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were measured during the experiments. Histological and 8-OHdG immunohistochemical studies were performed for 12 weeks from the beginning of treatment. After 12 weeks of treatment, the astaxanthin-treated group showed a lower level of blood glucose compared with the non-treated db/db group; however, both groups had a significantly high level compared with the db/m mice. The relative mesangial area calculated by the mesangial area/total glomerular area ratio was significantly ameliorated in the astaxanthin-treated group compared with the non-treated db/db group. The increases in urinary albumin and 8-OHdG at 12 weeks of treatment were significantly inhibited by chronic treatment with astaxanthin. The 8-OHdG immunoreactive cells in glomeruli of non-treated db/db mice were more numerous than in the astaxanthin-treated db/db mice. In this study, treatment with astaxanthin ameliorated the progression and acceleration of diabetic nephropathy in the rodent model of type 2 diabetes. The results suggested that the antioxidative activity of astaxanthin reduced the oxidative stress on the kidneys and prevented renal cell damage. In conclusion, administration of astaxanthin might be a novel approach for the prevention of diabetes nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Naito
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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