1
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Beiter RM, Raghavan TP, Suchocki O, Ennerfelt HE, Rivet-Noor CR, Merchak AR, Phillips JL, Bathe T, Lukens JR, Prokop S, Dupree JL, Gaultier A. Oligomeric amyloid beta prevents myelination in a clusterin-dependent manner. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4415143. [PMID: 38853911 PMCID: PMC11160922 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4415143/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Background White matter loss is a well-documented phenomenon in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients that has been recognized for decades. However, the underlying reasons for the failure of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to repair myelin deficits in these patients remain elusive. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in Clusterin has been identified as a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease and linked to a decrease in white matter integrity in healthy adults, but its specific role in oligodendrocyte function and myelin maintenance in Alzheimer's disease pathology remains unclear. Methods To investigate the impact of Clusterin on OPCs in the context of Alzheimer's disease, we employed a combination of immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy techniques, primary culture of OPCs, and an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Results Our findings demonstrate that Clusterin, a risk factor for late-onset AD, is produced by OPCs and inhibits their differentiation into oligodendrocytes. Specifically, we observed upregulation of Clusterin in OPCs in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD. We also found that the phagocytosis of debris, including amyloid beta (Aβ), myelin, and apoptotic cells leads to the upregulation of Clusterin in OPCs. In vivo experiments confirmed that Aβ oligomers stimulate Clusterin upregulation and that OPCs are capable of phagocytosing Aβ. Furthermore, we discovered that Clusterin significantly inhibits OPC differentiation and hinders the production of myelin proteins. Finally, we demonstrate that Clusterin inhibits OPC differentiation by reducing the production of IL-9 by OPCs. Conclusion Our data suggest that Clusterin may play a key role in the impaired myelin repair observed in AD and could serve as a promising therapeutic target for addressing AD-associated cognitive decline.
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Naguib S, Torres ER, Lopez-Lee C, Fan L, Bhagwat M, Norman K, Lee SI, Zhu J, Ye P, Wong MY, Patel T, Mok SA, Luo W, Sinha S, Zhao M, Gong S, Gan L. APOE3-R136S mutation confers resilience against tau pathology via cGAS-STING-IFN inhibition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.25.591140. [PMID: 38712164 PMCID: PMC11071490 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.25.591140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The Christchurch mutation (R136S) on the APOE3 (E3S/S) gene is associated with low tau pathology and slowdown of cognitive decline despite the causal PSEN1 mutation and high levels of amyloid beta pathology in the carrier1. However, the molecular effects enabling E3S/S mutation to confer protection remain unclear. Here, we replaced mouse Apoe with wild-type human E3 or E3S/S on a tauopathy background. The R136S mutation markedly mitigated tau load and protected against tau-induced synaptic loss, myelin loss, and spatial learning. Additionally, the R136S mutation reduced microglial interferon response to tau pathology both in vivo and in vitro, suppressing cGAS-STING activation. Treating tauopathy mice carrying wild-type E3 with cGAS inhibitor protected against tau-induced synaptic loss and induced similar transcriptomic alterations to those induced by the R136S mutation across brain cell types. Thus, cGAS-STING-IFN inhibition recapitulates the protective effects of R136S against tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Naguib
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Authors contributed equally
| | - Eileen Ruth Torres
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Authors contributed equally
| | - Chloe Lopez-Lee
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Authors contributed equally
| | - Li Fan
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Maitreyee Bhagwat
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Kendra Norman
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Se-In Lee
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jingjie Zhu
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Pearly Ye
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Man Ying Wong
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Tark Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Sue-Ann Mok
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Wenjie Luo
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Subhash Sinha
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Mingrui Zhao
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Shiaoching Gong
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Li Gan
- Helen and Robert Appel Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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3
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Huang Z, Jordan JD, Zhang Q. Myelin Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease: Potential Therapeutic Opportunities. Aging Dis 2024; 15:698-713. [PMID: 37548935 PMCID: PMC10917545 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. Despite significant efforts over several decades, our understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease is still incomplete. Myelin is a multi-layered membrane structure ensheathing neuronal axons, which is essential for the fast and effective propagation of action potentials along the axons. Recent studies highlight the critical involvement of myelin in memory consolidation and reveal its vulnerability in various pathological conditions. Notably, apart from the classic amyloid hypothesis, myelin degeneration has been proposed as another critical pathophysiological feature of AD, which could occur prior to the development of amyloid pathology. Here, we review recent works supporting the critical role of myelin in cognition and myelin pathology during AD progression, with a focus on the mechanisms underlying myelin degeneration in AD. We also discuss the complex intersections between myelin pathology and typical AD pathophysiology, as well as the therapeutic potential of pro-myelinating approaches for this disease. Overall, these findings implicate myelin degeneration as a critical contributor to AD-related cognitive deficits and support targeting myelin repair as a promising therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Huang
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103 USA
| | - J. Dedrick Jordan
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103 USA
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103 USA
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4
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Rubinski A, Dewenter A, Zheng L, Franzmeier N, Stephenson H, Deming Y, Duering M, Gesierich B, Denecke J, Pham AV, Bendlin B, Ewers M. Florbetapir PET-assessed demyelination is associated with faster tau accumulation in an APOE ε4-dependent manner. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 51:1035-1049. [PMID: 38049659 PMCID: PMC10881623 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The main objectives were to test whether (1) a decrease in myelin is associated with enhanced rate of fibrillar tau accumulation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease, and (2) whether apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype is associated with worse myelin decrease and thus tau accumulation. METHODS To address our objectives, we repurposed florbetapir-PET as a marker of myelin in the white matter (WM) based on previous validation studies showing that beta-amyloid (Aβ) PET tracers bind to WM myelin. We assessed 43 Aβ-biomarker negative (Aβ-) cognitively normal participants and 108 Aβ+ participants within the AD spectrum with florbetapir-PET at baseline and longitudinal flortaucipir-PET as a measure of fibrillar tau (tau-PET) over ~ 2 years. In linear regression analyses, we tested florbetapir-PET in the whole WM and major fiber tracts as predictors of tau-PET accumulation in a priori defined regions of interest (ROIs) and fiber-tract projection areas. In mediation analyses we tested whether tau-PET accumulation mediates the effect of florbetapir-PET in the whole WM on cognition. Finally, we assessed the role of myelin alteration on the association between APOE and tau-PET accumulation. RESULTS Lower florbetapir-PET in the whole WM or at a given fiber tract was predictive of faster tau-PET accumulation in Braak stages or the connected grey matter areas in Aβ+ participants. Faster tau-PET accumulation in higher cortical brain areas mediated the association between a decrease in florbetapir-PET in the WM and a faster rate of decline in global cognition and episodic memory. APOE ε4 genotype was associated with a worse decrease in the whole WM florbetapir-PET and thus enhanced tau-PET accumulation. CONCLUSION Myelin alterations are associated in an APOE ε4 dependent manner with faster tau progression and cognitive decline, and may therefore play a role in the etiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rubinski
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Dewenter
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukai Zheng
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolai Franzmeier
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Henry Stephenson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yuetiva Deming
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marco Duering
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benno Gesierich
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jannis Denecke
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - An-Vi Pham
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Bendlin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael Ewers
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
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5
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Baaklini CS, Ho MFS, Lange T, Hammond BP, Panda SP, Zirngibl M, Zia S, Himmelsbach K, Rana H, Phillips B, Antoszko D, Ibanga J, Lopez M, Lee KV, Keough MB, Caprariello AV, Kerr BJ, Plemel JR. Microglia promote remyelination independent of their role in clearing myelin debris. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113574. [PMID: 38100356 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease characterized by myelin loss. While therapies exist to slow MS progression, no treatment currently exists for remyelination. Remyelination, linked to reduced disability in MS, relies on microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). This study aims to understand the role of microglia during remyelination by lineage tracing and depleting them. Microglial lineage tracing reveals that both microglia and MDMs initially accumulate, but microglia later dominate the lesion. Microglia and MDMs engulf equal amounts of inhibitory myelin debris, but after microglial depletion, MDMs compensate by engulfing more myelin debris. Microglial depletion does, however, reduce the recruitment and proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and impairs their subsequent differentiation and remyelination. These findings underscore the essential role of microglia during remyelination and offer insights for enhancing this process by understanding microglial regulation of remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel S Baaklini
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Madelene F S Ho
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Tristan Lange
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Brady P Hammond
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Sharmistha P Panda
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Martin Zirngibl
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Sameera Zia
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Kassandre Himmelsbach
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Heli Rana
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Braxton Phillips
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Daria Antoszko
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Jeremies Ibanga
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Mizuki Lopez
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Kelly V Lee
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Michael B Keough
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Andrew V Caprariello
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
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6
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Veraldi N, Quadri ID, van de Looij Y, Modernell LM, Sinquin C, Zykwinska A, Tournier BB, Dalonneau F, Li H, Li JP, Millet P, Vives R, Colliec-Jouault S, de Agostini A, Sanches EF, Sizonenko SV. Low-molecular weight sulfated marine polysaccharides: Promising molecules to prevent neurodegeneration in mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA? Carbohydr Polym 2023; 320:121214. [PMID: 37659814 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA is a hereditary disease caused by mutations in the sulfamidase enzyme that participates in catabolism of heparan sulfate (HS), leading to HS fragment accumulation and multisystemic failure. No cure exists and death occurs around the second decade of life. Two low molecular weight highly sulfated compounds derived from marine diabolican and infernan exopolysaccharides (A5_3 and A5_4, respectively) with heparanase inhibiting properties were tested in a MPSIIIA cell line model, resulting in limited degradation of intracellular HS. Next, we observed the effects of intraperitoneal injections of the diabolican derivative A5_3 from 4 to 12 weeks of age on MPSIIIA mice. Brain metabolism and microstructure, levels of proteins and genes involved in MPSIIIA brain pathophysiology were also investigated. 1H-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) indicated deficits in energetic metabolism, tissue integrity and neurotransmission at both 4 and 12 weeks in MPSIIIA mice, with partial protective effects of A5_3. Ex-vivo Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) showed white matter microstructural damage in MPSIIIA, with noticeable protective effects of A5_3. Protein and gene expression assessments displayed both pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic profiles in MPSIIIA mice, with benefits of A5_3 counteracting neuroinflammation. Overall, derivative A5_3 was well tolerated and was shown to be efficient in preventing brain metabolism failure and inflammation, resulting in preserved brain microstructure in the context of MPSIIIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Veraldi
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Isabelle Dentand Quadri
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Yohan van de Looij
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Animal Imaging Technology section, Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics & Gynecology & Obstetrics, Children's Hospital, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Malaguti Modernell
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics & Gynecology & Obstetrics, Children's Hospital, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Benjamin B Tournier
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Honglian Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Philippe Millet
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Romain Vives
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France.
| | | | - Ariane de Agostini
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Eduardo Farias Sanches
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics & Gynecology & Obstetrics, Children's Hospital, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Stéphane V Sizonenko
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics & Gynecology & Obstetrics, Children's Hospital, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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7
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Mo C, Lin S, Li Z, Liu X, Ye S, Liang H, Ma H, Shen C, Fan W, Wang Y, Liu K, He Q. Qilong Capsule Alleviated MPTP-Induced Neuronal Defects by Inhibiting Apoptosis, Regulating Autophagy in Zebrafish Embryo Model. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200926. [PMID: 36661244 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Qilong capsule (QLC) originates from the famous "Buyang Huanwu decoction" prescription. It is representative of drugs used in China during recovery from stroke, but its neuroprotective mechanism of action remains obscure. HPLC was used to evaluate the similarity of 10 batches of QLC samples. Then we used a zebrafish model to study the neuroprotective effect of QLC. At 24 hpf, embryos were treated with QLC and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and zebrafish were observed the neuronal length and the number of apoptotic cells in the brain at 72 hpf. At 120 hpf, we conduct zebrafish behavioural tests. We then also used qPCR to detect the expression of genes related to autophagy and apoptosis. The results showed that QLC significantly reduced the damage of dopaminergic neurons, the number of apoptotic cells in the brain, and alleviated motor disturbances induced by MPTP. We found that the mechanism of QLC activity involved decreased neuron cell death by inhibiting mitochondrial apoptosis and autophagy, promoting autophagy, degradation of alpha-synuclein, and neuron cell growth, and rescuing the function of neurons damaged by MPTP. The results indicated that QLC protected against MPTP-induced neuron injury and provided pharmacological evidence for clinical use of QLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailian Mo
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jingshidong Road No. 28789, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong, China
| | - Shenghua Lin
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jingshidong Road No. 28789, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Shandong Jining Huaneng Pharmaceutical Factory, 272000, Jining, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jingshidong Road No. 28789, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong, China
| | - Suyan Ye
- Shandong Jining Huaneng Pharmaceutical Factory, 272000, Jining, China
| | - Huiliang Liang
- Shandong Jining Huaneng Pharmaceutical Factory, 272000, Jining, China
| | - Honglin Ma
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jingshidong Road No. 28789, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanlin Shen
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jingshidong Road No. 28789, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jingshidong Road No. 28789, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Shandong Jining Huaneng Pharmaceutical Factory, 272000, Jining, China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jingshidong Road No. 28789, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong, China
| | - Qiuxia He
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jingshidong Road No. 28789, Licheng District, Jinan, 250103, Shandong, China
- Science and technology service platform, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 250353, Jinan, China
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8
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Sharp FR, DeCarli CS, Jin LW, Zhan X. White matter injury, cholesterol dysmetabolism, and APP/Abeta dysmetabolism interact to produce Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology: A hypothesis and review. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1096206. [PMID: 36845656 PMCID: PMC9950279 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1096206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We postulate that myelin injury contributes to cholesterol release from myelin and cholesterol dysmetabolism which contributes to Abeta dysmetabolism, and combined with genetic and AD risk factors, leads to increased Abeta and amyloid plaques. Increased Abeta damages myelin to form a vicious injury cycle. Thus, white matter injury, cholesterol dysmetabolism and Abeta dysmetabolism interact to produce or worsen AD neuropathology. The amyloid cascade is the leading hypothesis for the cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The failure of clinical trials based on this hypothesis has raised other possibilities. Even with a possible new success (Lecanemab), it is not clear whether this is a cause or a result of the disease. With the discovery in 1993 that the apolipoprotein E type 4 allele (APOE4) was the major risk factor for sporadic, late-onset AD (LOAD), there has been increasing interest in cholesterol in AD since APOE is a major cholesterol transporter. Recent studies show that cholesterol metabolism is intricately involved with Abeta (Aβ)/amyloid transport and metabolism, with cholesterol down-regulating the Aβ LRP1 transporter and upregulating the Aβ RAGE receptor, both of which would increase brain Aβ. Moreover, manipulating cholesterol transport and metabolism in rodent AD models can ameliorate pathology and cognitive deficits, or worsen them depending upon the manipulation. Though white matter (WM) injury has been noted in AD brain since Alzheimer's initial observations, recent studies have shown abnormal white matter in every AD brain. Moreover, there is age-related WM injury in normal individuals that occurs earlier and is worse with the APOE4 genotype. Moreover, WM injury precedes formation of plaques and tangles in human Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) and precedes plaque formation in rodent AD models. Restoring WM in rodent AD models improves cognition without affecting AD pathology. Thus, we postulate that the amyloid cascade, cholesterol dysmetabolism and white matter injury interact to produce and/or worsen AD pathology. We further postulate that the primary initiating event could be related to any of the three, with age a major factor for WM injury, diet and APOE4 and other genes a factor for cholesterol dysmetabolism, and FAD and other genes for Abeta dysmetabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles S. DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, The MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Neurology, The MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
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9
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Thyroid Hormone Transporters MCT8 and OATP1C1 Are Expressed in Pyramidal Neurons and Interneurons in the Adult Motor Cortex of Human and Macaque Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043207. [PMID: 36834621 PMCID: PMC9965431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) and organic anion transporter polypeptide 1C1 (OATP1C1) are thyroid hormone (TH) transmembrane transporters that play an important role in the availability of TH for neural cells, allowing their proper development and function. It is important to define which cortical cellular subpopulations express those transporters to explain why MCT8 and OATP1C1 deficiency in humans leads to dramatic alterations in the motor system. By means of immunohistochemistry and double/multiple labeling immunofluorescence in adult human and monkey motor cortices, we demonstrate the presence of both transporters in long-projection pyramidal neurons and in several types of short-projection GABAergic interneurons in both species, suggesting a critical position of these transporters for modulating the efferent motor system. MCT8 is present at the neurovascular unit, but OATP1C1 is only present in some of the large vessels. Both transporters are expressed in astrocytes. OATP1C1 was unexpectedly found, only in the human motor cortex, inside the Corpora amylacea complexes, aggregates linked to substance evacuation towards the subpial system. On the basis of our findings, we propose an etiopathogenic model that emphasizes these transporters' role in controlling excitatory/inhibitory motor cortex circuits in order to understand some of the severe motor disturbances observed in TH transporter deficiency syndromes.
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10
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Spatio-temporal modeling of saltatory conduction in neurons using Poisson-Nernst–Planck treatment and estimation of conduction velocity. BRAIN MULTIPHYSICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brain.2022.100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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11
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Zhou J, Zhang P, Zhang B, Kong Y. White Matter Damage in Alzheimer's Disease: Contribution of Oligodendrocytes. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:CAR-EPUB-127137. [PMID: 36281858 PMCID: PMC9982194 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666221021115321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease, seriously influencing the quality of life and is a global health problem. Many factors affect the onset and development of AD, but specific mechanisms underlying the disease are unclear. Most studies investigating AD have focused on neurons and the gray matter in the central nervous system (CNS) but have not led to effective treatments. Recently, an increasing number of studies have focused on the white matter (WM). Magnetic resonance imaging and pathology studies have shown different degrees of WM abnormality during the progression of AD. Myelin sheaths, the main component of WM in the CNS, wrap and insulate axons to ensure conduction of the rapid action potential and axonal integrity. WM damage is characterized by progressive degeneration of axons, oligodendrocytes (OLs), and myelin in one or more areas of the CNS. The contributions of OLs to AD progression have, until recently, been largely overlooked. OLs are integral to myelin production, and the proliferation and differentiation of OLs, an early characteristic of AD, provide a promising target for preclinical diagnosis and treatment. However, despite some progress, the key mechanisms underlying the contributions of OLs to AD remain unclear. Given the heavy burden of medical treatment, a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AD is vital. This review comprehensively summarize the results on WM abnormalities in AD and explores the relationship between OL progenitor cells and the pathogenesis of AD. Finally, the underlying molecular mechanisms and potential future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing-400042, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing-400010, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing-401331, China
| | - Yuhan Kong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing-400042, China
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Mao H, Zhu J, Cheng Y, Shi L, Chen X, Zhou R, Xue Z, Liu S, Qiu Z, Jiang H. Effects of Sevoflurane Anesthesia on Cerebral Lipid Metabolism in the Aged Brain of Marmosets and Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:915570. [PMID: 35875666 PMCID: PMC9298509 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.915570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In the lipid-rich brain, lipids performed signaling processes associated with the control system of the cell cycle, stress, and inflammatory reactions, as well as maintained brain and cellular homeostasis. The effects of general anesthesia on brain impairment in the elderly were controversial and complex. The study sought to evaluate the effect of lipid metabolism in the brain of aged marmosets and mice under long-term exposure to sevoflurane. Methods A total of 6 marmosets over 8-year-old and 10 mice aged 18 months were divided into the sevoflurane anesthesia and control groups, respectively. Marmosets in the sevoflurane anesthesia group were exposed to 1.5–2.5% sevoflurane and 100% O2 for 6 h. Mice anesthetized with sevoflurane were exposed to 3% sevoflurane and 60% O2 for 6 h. All prefrontal cortex tissues of marmosets and mice were harvested for the analysis of lipidomics. Results Compared to the control group, we found that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (18:0/22:5), PE (16:0/22:5), PE (18:2/22:5), PE (14:0/22:5), and PE (18:1/22:5) increased in the prefrontal cortex of marmosets in the sevoflurane group, while triglyceride (TAG)56:5-fatty acid (FA) 20:4, TAG58:10-FA22:6, and TAG60:10-FA22:6 decreased. For aged mice, we indicated that lipid components phosphatidic acid (PA) (18:1/20:2) and TAG52:5-FA20:4 in the sevoflurane group increased, but PE (14:0/22:4), diglyceride (DAG) (16:1/18:2), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) (16:1) + AcO decreased. More deeply, sevoflurane anesthesia resulted in the presence of 70 specific lipids in mice and marmosets. The enriched lipid subclasses were mainly monoacylglycerophosphoethanolamines and five other subclasses. Conclusion Sevoflurane caused slight changes in lipid metabolism both in the aged brain of marmosets and mice. However, the pathways of lipid metabolism were not affected. The effects of sevoflurane on lipid metabolism in aged brains may differ among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoli Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyong Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingling Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Mata-Martínez E, Díaz-Muñoz M, Vázquez-Cuevas FG. Glial Cells and Brain Diseases: Inflammasomes as Relevant Pathological Entities. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:929529. [PMID: 35783102 PMCID: PMC9243488 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.929529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation mediated by the innate immune system is a physiopathological response to diverse detrimental circumstances such as microbe infections or tissular damage. The molecular events that underlie this response involve the assembly of multiprotein complexes known as inflammasomes. These assemblages are essentially formed by a stressor-sensing protein, an adapter protein and a non-apoptotic caspase (1 or 11). The coordinated aggregation of these components mediates the processing and release of pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL-β and IL-18) and cellular death by pyroptosis induction. The inflammatory response is essential for the defense of the organism; for example, it triggers tissue repair and the destruction of pathogen microbe infections. However, when inflammation is activated chronically, it promotes diverse pathologies in the lung, liver, brain and other organs. The nervous system is one of the main tissues where the inflammatory process has been characterized, and its implications in health and disease are starting to be understood. Thus, the regulation of inflammasomes in specific cellular types of the central nervous system needs to be thoroughly understood to innovate treatments for diverse pathologies. In this review, the presence and participation of inflammasomes in pathological conditions in different types of glial cells will be discussed.
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Gupta M, Weaver DF. Microsecond molecular dynamics studies of cholesterol-mediated myelin sheath degeneration in early Alzheimer's disease. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:222-239. [PMID: 34878462 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03844c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol-mediated perturbations of membrane structural integrity are key early events in the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD, protein misfolding (proteopathy) and pro-inflammatory conditions (immunopathy) culminate in neuronal death, a process enabled by altered membrane biophysical properties which render neurons more susceptible to proteopathic and immunopathic cytotoxicities. Since cholesterol is a principal neuronal membrane lipid, normal cholesterol homeostasis is central to membrane health; also, since increased cholesterol composition is especially present in neuronal myelin sheath (i.e. brain "white matter"), recent studies have not surprisingly revealed that white matter atrophy precedes the conventional biomarkers of AD (amyloid plaques, tau tangles). Employing extensive microsecond all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated biophysical and mechanical properties of myelin sheath membrane as a function of cholesterol mole fraction (χCHL). Impaired χCHL modulates multiple bilayer properties, including surface area per lipid (APL), chain order, number and mass density profiles, area compressibility and bending moduli, bilayer thickness, lipid tilt angles, H-bonding interactions and tail interdigitation. The increased orientational ordering of both palmitoyl and oleoyl chains in model healthy myelin sheath (HMS) membranes illustrates the condensing effect of cholesterol. With an increase in χCHL, number density profiles of water tend to attain bulk water number density more quickly, indicating shrinkage in the interfacial region with increasing χCHL. The average tilt value is 11.5° for the C10-C13 angle in cholesterol and 64.2° for the P-N angle in POPC lipids in HMS. These calculations provide a molecular-level understanding of myelin sheath susceptibility to pathology as an early event in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Gupta
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, M5T 0S8, Canada.
| | - Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, M5T 0S8, Canada. .,Departments of Chemistry, Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M55 3H6, Canada
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Zhan X, Hakoupian M, Jin LW, Sharp FR. Lipopolysaccharide, Identified Using an Antibody and by PAS Staining, Is Associated With Corpora amylacea and White Matter Injury in Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:705594. [PMID: 34899263 PMCID: PMC8652352 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.705594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Corpora amylacea (CA) increase in number and size with aging. Their origins and functions remain unknown. Previously, we found that Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains have more CA in the periventricular white matter (PVWM) compared to aging controls. In addition, CA is associated with neurodegeneration as indicated by colocalization of degraded myelin basic protein (dMBP) with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), a CA marker. We also found that bacterial lipopolysaccharide is present in aging brains, with more LPS in AD compared with controls. Periodic acid-Schiff staining is used to identify CA by virtue of their high polysaccharide content. Despite the growing knowledge of CA as a contributor to AD pathology, the molecules that contribute to the polysaccharides in CA are not known. Notably, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are important cell-surface polysaccharides found in all Gram-negative bacteria. However, it is unknown whether PAS could detect LPS, whether the LPS found in aging brains contribute to the polysaccharide found in CA, and whether LPS associate with myelin injury. In this study, we found that aging brains had a myelin deficit zone (MDZ) adjacent to the ventricles in PVWM. The MDZ contained vesicles, most of which were CA. LPS and dMBP levels were higher in AD than in control brains. LPS was colocalized with dMBP in the vesicles/CA, linking white matter injury with a bacterial pro-inflammatory molecule. The vesicles also contained oxidized fibers, C-reactive protein, NG2, and GALC, markers of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and oligodendrocyte cells (OLs), respectively. The vesicles/CA were surrounded by dense astrocyte processes in control and AD brains. LPS was co-localized with CA by double staining of PAS with LPS in aging brains. The relationship of LPS with PAS staining was confirmed by PAS staining of purified LPS on nitrocellulose membranes. These findings reveal that LPS is one of the polysaccharides found in CA which can be stained with PAS. In addition, vesicles/CA are associated with oxidized and damaged myelin. The LPS in these vesicles/CA may have contributed to this oxidative myelin damage and may have contributed to oxidative stress to OPCs and OLs which could impair the ability to repair damaged myelin in AD and control brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Marisa Hakoupian
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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Zheng M, Liu Z, Mana L, Qin G, Huang S, Gong Z, Tian M, He Y, Wang P. Shenzhiling oral liquid protects the myelin sheath against Alzheimer's disease through the PI3K/Akt-mTOR pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114264. [PMID: 34082015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shenzhiling oral liquid (SZL), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound, is firstly approved by the Chinese Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). SZL is composed of ten Chinese herbs, and the precise therapy mechanism of its action to AD is far from fully understood. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to observe whether SZL is an effective therapy for amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced myelin sheath and oligodendrocytes impairments. Notably, the primary aim was to elucidate whether and through what underlying mechanism SZL protects the myelin sheath through the PI3K/Akt-mTOR signaling pathway in Aβ42-induced OLN-93 oligodendrocytes in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS APP/PS1 mice were treated with SZL or donepezil continuously for three months, and Aβ42-induced oligodendrocyte OLN-93 cells mimicking AD pathogenesis of myelin sheath impairments were incubated with SZL-containing serum or with donepezil. LC-MS/MS was used to analysis the active components of SZL and SZL-containing serum. The Y maze test was administered after 3 months of treatment, and the hippocampal tissues of the APP/PS1 mice were then harvested for observation of myelin sheath and oligodendrocyte morphology. Cell viability and toxicity were assessed using CCK-8 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays, and flow cytometry was used to measure cell apoptosis. The expression of the myelin proteins MBP, PLP, and MAG and that of Aβ42 and Aβ40 in the hippocampi of APP/PS1 mice were examined after SZL treatment. Simultaneously, the expression of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, Akt, p-mTOR, and mTOR were also examined. The expression of proteins, including CNPase, Olig2, NKX2.2, MBP, PLP, MAG, MOG, p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, Akt, p-mTOR, and mTOR, was determined by immunofluorescence and Western blot, and the corresponding gene expression was evaluated by qPCR in Aβ42-induced OLN-93 oligodendrocytes. RESULTS LC-MS/MS detected a total of 126 active compounds in SZL-containing serum, including terpenoids, flavones, phenols, phenylpropanoids and phenolic acids. SZL treatment significantly improved memory and cognition in APP/PS1 mice and decreased the G-ratio of myelin sheath, alleviated myelin sheath and oligodendrocyte impairments by decreasing Aβ42 and Aβ40 accumulation and increasing the expression of myelin proteins MBP, PLP, MAG, and PI3K/Akt-mTOR signaling pathway associated protein in the hippocampi of APP/PS1 mice. SZL-containing serum also significantly reversed the OLN-93 cell injury induced by Aβ42 by increasing cell viability and enhanced the expression of MBP, PLP, MAG, and MOG. Meanwhile, SZL-containing serum facilitated the maturation and differentiation of oligodendrocytes in Aβ42-induced OLN-93 cells by heightening the expression of CNPase, Olig2 and NKX2.2. SZL-containing serum treatment also fostered the expression of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, Akt, p-mTOR, and mTOR, indicating an activating PI3K/Akt-mTOR signaling pathway in OLN-93 cells. Furthermore, the effects of SZL on myelin proteins, p-Akt, and p-mTOR were clearly inhibited by LY294002 and/or rapamycin, antagonists of PI3K and m-TOR, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that SZL exhibits a neuroprotective effect on the myelin sheath by promoting the expression of myelin proteins during AD, and its mechanism of action is closely related to the activation of the PI3K/Akt-mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Zhenhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China; Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Lulu Mana
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China; Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China.
| | - Gaofeng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Shuaiyang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Zhuoyan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Meijing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Yannan He
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Pengwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Yang M, Ke Y, Kim P, Zhou X. ExonSkipAD provides the functional genomic landscape of exon skipping events in Alzheimer's disease. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:bbaa438. [PMID: 33497435 PMCID: PMC8425305 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exon skipping (ES), the most common alternative splicing event, has been reported to contribute to diverse human diseases due to the loss of functional domains/sites or frameshifting of the open reading frame (ORF) and noticed as therapeutic targets. Accumulating transcriptomic studies of aging brains show the splicing disruption is a widespread hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we built ExonSkipAD, the ES annotation database aiming to provide a resource/reference for functional annotation of ES events in AD and identify therapeutic targets in exon units. We identified 16 414 genes that have ~156 K, ~ 69 K, ~ 231 K ES events from the three representative AD cohorts of ROSMAP, MSBB and Mayo, respectively. For these ES events, we performed multiple functional annotations relating to ES mechanisms or downstream. Specifically, through the functional feature retention studies followed by the open reading frames (ORFs), we identified 275 important cellular regulators that might lose their cellular regulator roles due to exon skipping in AD. ExonSkipAD provides twelve categories of annotations: gene summary, gene structures and expression levels, exon skipping events with PSIs, ORF annotation, exon skipping events in the canonical protein sequence, 3'-UTR located exon skipping events lost miRNA-binding sites, SNversus in the skipped exons with a depth of coverage, AD stage-associated exon skipping events, splicing quantitative trait loci (sQTLs) in the skipped exons, correlation with RNA-binding proteins, and related drugs & diseases. ExonSkipAD will be a unique resource of transcriptomic diversity research for understanding the mechanisms of neurodegenerative disease development and identifying potential therapeutic targets in AD. Significance AS the first comprehensive resource of the functional genomics of the alternative splicing events in AD, ExonSkipAD will be useful for many researchers in the fields of pathology, AD genomics and precision medicine, and pharmaceutical and therapeutic researches.
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Ferreira S, Pitman KA, Summers BS, Wang S, Young KM, Cullen CL. Oligodendrogenesis increases in hippocampal grey and white matter prior to locomotor or memory impairment in an adult mouse model of tauopathy. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:5762-5784. [PMID: 32181929 PMCID: PMC8451881 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myelin and axon losses are associated with cognitive decline in healthy ageing but are worse in people diagnosed with tauopathy. To determine whether tauopathy is also associated with enhanced myelin plasticity, we evaluated the behaviour of OPCs in mice that expressed a human pathological variant of microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPTP301S ). By 6 months of age (P180), MAPTP301S mice overexpressed hyperphosphorylated tau and had developed reactive gliosis in the hippocampus but had not developed overt locomotor or memory impairment. By performing cre-lox lineage tracing of adult OPCs, we determined that the number of newborn oligodendrocytes added to the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and fimbria was equivalent in control and MAPTP301S mice prior to P150. However, between P150 and P180, significantly more new oligodendrocytes were added to these regions in the MAPTP301S mouse brain. This large increase in new oligodendrocyte number was not the result of increased OPC proliferation, nor did it alter oligodendrocyte density in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex or fimbria, which was equivalent in P180 wild-type and MAPTP301S mice. Furthermore, the proportion of hippocampal and fimbria axons with myelin was unaffected by tauopathy. However, the proportion of myelinated axons that were ensheathed by immature myelin internodes was significantly increased in the hippocampus and fimbria of P180 MAPTP301S mice, when compared with their wild-type littermates. These data suggest that MAPTP301S transgenic mice experience significant oligodendrocyte turnover, with newborn oligodendrocytes compensating for myelin loss early in the development of tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Ferreira
- Menzies Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Kimberley A. Pitman
- Menzies Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Benjamin S. Summers
- Menzies Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Shiwei Wang
- Menzies Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Kaylene M. Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Carlie L. Cullen
- Menzies Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
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Seiwa C, Sugiyama I, Sugawa M, Murase H, Kudoh C, Asou H. The Absence of Myelin Basic Protein Reduces Non-Amyloidogenic Processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:326-334. [PMID: 34218780 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666210701162851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accumulation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the brain is a pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ peptides originate from amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP can be proteolytically cleaved through amyloidogenic or non-amyloidogenic pathways. The molecular effects on APP metabolism / processing may be influenced by myelin and the breakdown of myelin basic protein (MBP) in AD patients and mouse models of AD pathology. METHODS We directly tested whether MBP can alter influence APP processing in MBP-/- mice, known as Shiverer (shi/shi) mice, in which no functional MBP is produced due to gene breakage from the middle of MBP exon II. RESULTS A significant reduction of the cerebral sAPPα level in Shiverer (shi/shi) mice was found, although the levels of both total APP and sAPPβ remain unchanged. The reduction of sAPPα was considered to be due to the changes in the expression levels of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-9 (ADAM9) catalysis and non-amyloid genic processing of APP in the absence of MBP because it binds to ADAM9. MBP -/- mice exhibited increased Aβ oligomer production. CONCLUSION Together, these findings suggest that in the absence of MBP, there is a marked reduction of non-amyloidogenic APP processing to sAPPα, and targeting myelin of oligodendrocytes may be a novel therapy for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ichiro Sugiyama
- Department of Neurosurgy,Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Murase
- Glovia Myelin Research Institute, 75-1, Onocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0046, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kudoh
- KUDOH Clinic for Neurosurgery and Neurology, 1-23-10, Omori-kita, Otaku, Tokyo 143-0016, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Asou
- Glovia Myelin Research Institute, 75-1, Onocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0046, Japan
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Bao C, He C, Shu B, Meng T, Cai Q, Li B, Wu G, Wu B, Li H. Aerobic exercise training decreases cognitive impairment caused by demyelination by regulating ROCK signaling pathway in aging mice. Brain Res Bull 2021; 168:52-62. [PMID: 33358939 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have discovered a strong link between physical exercise and the prevention of neuro-degenerative symptoms, especially in elderly subjects, nonetheless, the exact underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that aerobic exercise training may have a protective effect on myelin sheath in aged mice by regulating the ROCK signal pathway, which is considered as a crucial mechanism for decreasing apoptosis and promoting regeneration. Briefly, C57/BL aged mice underwent an exercise training (5 days/week, lasting 6 weeks). Memory and cognitive impairment were examined using Novel object recognition (NOR) test and Morris water maze test (MWM). Demyelination was explored using Luxol fast blue staining and transmission electron microscopy in the corpus callosum (CC), and the expression of ROCK and apoptotic protein were analyzed via western blot. We demonstrated the impairment of memory and cognitive and the decrease of myelin sheath thickness in aged mice. In addition, severe demyelination was observed in aged mice, accompanied with increased expression of RhoA, ROCK, ATF3, and Caspase 3, and reduced expression of MBP, Olig2, and NG2. Aerobic exercise training improved behavioral functions, increased the expression of MBP and myelin sheath thickness, reduced apoptosis and promoted myelination. To sum up, our data indicate that aerobic exercise training protects demyelination from aging-related white matter injury, which is associated with the up-regulation of ROCK signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuncha Bao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengqi He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Shu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University - Town Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Tao Meng
- Department of Military Joint and Force Management, Army Training Base for Health Care, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qiyan Cai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Baichuan Li
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Guangyan Wu
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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21
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Breton JM, Long KLP, Barraza MK, Perloff OS, Kaufer D. Hormonal Regulation of Oligodendrogenesis II: Implications for Myelin Repair. Biomolecules 2021; 11:290. [PMID: 33669242 PMCID: PMC7919830 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in myelin, the protective and insulating sheath surrounding axons, affect brain function, as is evident in demyelinating diseases where the loss of myelin leads to cognitive and motor dysfunction. Recent evidence suggests that changes in myelination, including both hyper- and hypo-myelination, may also play a role in numerous neurological and psychiatric diseases. Protecting myelin and promoting remyelination is thus crucial for a wide range of disorders. Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are the cells that generate myelin, and oligodendrogenesis, the creation of new OLs, continues throughout life and is necessary for myelin plasticity and remyelination. Understanding the regulation of oligodendrogenesis and myelin plasticity within disease contexts is, therefore, critical for the development of novel therapeutic targets. In our companion manuscript, we review literature demonstrating that multiple hormone classes are involved in the regulation of oligodendrogenesis under physiological conditions. The majority of hormones enhance oligodendrogenesis, increasing oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and inducing maturation and myelin production in OLs. Thus, hormonal treatments present a promising route to promote remyelination. Here, we review the literature on hormonal regulation of oligodendrogenesis within the context of disorders. We focus on steroid hormones, including glucocorticoids and sex hormones, peptide hormones such as insulin-like growth factor 1, and thyroid hormones. For each hormone, we describe whether they aid in OL survival, differentiation, or remyelination, and we discuss their mechanisms of action, if known. Several of these hormones have yielded promising results in both animal models and in human conditions; however, a better understanding of hormonal effects, interactions, and their mechanisms will ultimately lead to more targeted therapeutics for myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn M Breton
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kimberly L P Long
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew K Barraza
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Olga S Perloff
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniela Kaufer
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G1M1, Canada
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22
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Blanke N, Go V, Rosene DL, Bigio IJ. Quantitative birefringence microscopy for imaging the structural integrity of CNS myelin following circumscribed cortical injury in the rhesus monkey. NEUROPHOTONICS 2021; 8:015010. [PMID: 33763502 PMCID: PMC7984970 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.8.1.015010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Myelin breakdown is likely a key factor in the loss of cognitive and motor function associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. Aim: New methods for imaging myelin structure are needed to characterize and quantify the degradation of myelin in standard whole-brain sections of nonhuman primates and in human brain. Approach: Quantitative birefringence microscopy (qBRM) is a label-free technique for rapid histopathological assessment of myelin structural breakdown following cortical injury in rhesus monkeys. Results: We validate birefringence microscopy for structural imaging of myelin in rhesus monkey brain sections, and we demonstrate the power of qBRM by characterizing the breakdown of myelin following cortical injury, as a model of stroke, in the motor cortex. Conclusions: Birefringence microscopy is a valuable tool for histopathology of myelin and for quantitative assessment of myelin structure. Compared to conventional methods, this label-free technique is sensitive to subtle changes in myelin structure, is fast, and enables more quantitative assessment, without the variability inherent in labeling procedures such as immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Blanke
- Boston University, Neurophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Veronica Go
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Douglas L. Rosene
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Irving J. Bigio
- Boston University, Neurophotonics Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Boston University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Address all correspondence to Irving J. Bigio,
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23
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Zhang X, Wang R, Hu D, Sun X, Fujioka H, Lundberg K, Chan ER, Wang Q, Xu R, Flanagan ME, Pieper AA, Qi X. Oligodendroglial glycolytic stress triggers inflammasome activation and neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/49/eabb8680. [PMID: 33277246 PMCID: PMC7717916 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb8680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Myelin degeneration and white matter loss resulting from oligodendrocyte (OL) death are early events in Alzheimer's disease (AD) that lead to cognitive deficits; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we find that mature OLs in both AD patients and an AD mouse model undergo NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)-dependent Gasdermin D-associated inflammatory injury, concomitant with demyelination and axonal degeneration. The mature OL-specific knockdown of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1; a mitochondrial fission guanosine triphosphatase) abolishes NLRP3 inflammasome activation, corrects myelin loss, and improves cognitive ability in AD mice. Drp1 hyperactivation in mature OLs induces a glycolytic defect in AD models by inhibiting hexokinase 1 (HK1; a mitochondrial enzyme that initiates glycolysis), which triggers NLRP3-associated inflammation. These findings suggest that OL glycolytic deficiency plays a causal role in AD development. The Drp1-HK1-NLRP3 signaling axis may be a key mechanism and therapeutic target for white matter degeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rihua Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Di Hu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hisashi Fujioka
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kathleen Lundberg
- Center for Proteomics and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ernest R Chan
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Quanqiu Wang
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rong Xu
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Margaret E Flanagan
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Andrew A Pieper
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Psychiatry Case Western Reserve University, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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24
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Bruchhage MMK, Correia S, Malloy P, Salloway S, Deoni S. Machine Learning Classification Identifies Cerebellar Contributions to Early and Moderate Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:524024. [PMID: 33240072 PMCID: PMC7669549 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.524024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia, marked by progressively degrading cognitive function. Although cerebellar changes occur throughout AD progression, its involvement and predictive contribution in its earliest stages, as well as gray or white matter components involved, remains unclear. We used MRI machine learning-based classification to assess the contribution of two tissue components [volume fraction myelin (VFM), and gray matter (GM) volume] within the whole brain, the neocortex, the whole cerebellum as well as its anterior and posterior parts and their predictive contribution to the first two stages of AD and typically aging controls. While classification accuracy increased with AD stages, VFM was the best predictor for all early stages of dementia when compared with typically aging controls. However, we document overall higher cerebellar prediction accuracy when compared to the whole brain with distinct structural signatures of higher anterior cerebellar contribution to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and higher posterior cerebellar contribution to mild/moderate stages of AD for each tissue property. Based on these different cerebellar profiles and their unique contribution to early disease stages, we propose a refined model of cerebellar contribution to early AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel M. K. Bruchhage
- Advanced Baby Imaging Lab, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Stephen Correia
- Butler Hospital Memory and Aging Program, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Human Behavior and Psychiatry, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Paul Malloy
- Butler Hospital Memory and Aging Program, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Human Behavior and Psychiatry, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Stephen Salloway
- Butler Hospital Memory and Aging Program, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Human Behavior and Psychiatry, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Sean Deoni
- Advanced Baby Imaging Lab, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Discovery & Tools, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
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25
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Aharon A, Spector P, Ahmad RS, Horrany N, Sabbach A, Brenner B, Aharon-Peretz J. Extracellular Vesicles of Alzheimer's Disease Patients as a Biomarker for Disease Progression. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4156-4169. [PMID: 32676990 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative brain pathology and the most common form of dementia. Evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing cytokines and microRNA are involved in inflammation regulation. The current study aimed to explore a potential impact of AD patients' EVs on disease progression. Blood samples were collected after obtaining signed informed consent (No. 0462-14-RMB) from 42 AD patients at three stages of disease severity and from 19 healthy controls (HC). EV size and concentration were studied by nanotracking analysis. EV membrane antigens were defined by flow cytometry and Western blot; EV protein contents were screened by protein array; the miRNA content was screened by nanostring technology and validated by RT-PCR. HC and AD patients' EVs consisted of a mixture of small (< 100 nm) and larger vesicles. The myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) expression on EVs correlated with disease severity. EVs of patients with moderate and severe AD had significantly higher levels of MOG, compared with mild AD patients. Levels of EVs expressing the axonal glycoprotein CD171 were significantly higher in severe AD patients than in HC. Increase in endothelial EVs was observed in AD patients. An above twofold increase was found in the content of inflammatory cytokines and > 50% decrease in growth factors in AD patients' EVs compared with HC-EVs. Levels of let-7g-5p, miR126-3p, miR142-3p, miR-146a-5p, and mir223-3p correlated with disease severity. Neural damage, specific miRNA downregulation, and inflammatory cytokine upregulation, found in patients' EVs, might be used as a biomarker reflecting AD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Aharon
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel. .,Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel. .,Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Polina Spector
- Cognitive Neurology Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Nizar Horrany
- Cognitive Neurology Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Annie Sabbach
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Benjamin Brenner
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Judith Aharon-Peretz
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Cognitive Neurology Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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26
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Pro-Inflammatory Signaling Upregulates a Neurotoxic Conotoxin-Like Protein Encrypted Within Human Endogenous Retrovirus-K. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071584. [PMID: 32629888 PMCID: PMC7407490 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor neuron degeneration and spinal cord demyelination are hallmark pathological events in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Endogenous retrovirus-K (ERVK) expression has an established association with ALS neuropathology, with murine modeling pointing to a role for the ERVK envelope (env) gene in disease processes. Here, we describe a novel viral protein cryptically encoded within the ERVK env transcript, which resembles two distinct cysteine-rich neurotoxic proteins: conotoxin proteins found in marine snails and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Tat protein. Consistent with Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-induced retrotransposon expression, the ERVK conotoxin-like protein (CTXLP) is induced by inflammatory signaling. CTXLP is found in the nucleus, impacting innate immune gene expression and NF-κB p65 activity. Using human autopsy specimens from patients with ALS, we further showcase CTXLP expression in degenerating motor cortex and spinal cord tissues, concomitant with inflammation linked pathways, including enhancement of necroptosis marker mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein and oligodendrocyte maturation/myelination inhibitor Nogo-A. These findings identify CTXLP as a novel ERVK protein product, which may act as an effector in ALS neuropathology.
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27
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Gallart-Palau X, Guo X, Serra A, Sze SK. Alzheimer's disease progression characterized by alterations in the molecular profiles and biogenesis of brain extracellular vesicles. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:54. [PMID: 32384937 PMCID: PMC7210691 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00623-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contributions of brain intercellular communication mechanisms, specifically extracellular vesicles (EV), to the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain poorly understood. METHODS Here, we investigated the role(s) of brain EV in the progressive course of AD through unbiased proteome-wide analyses of temporal lobe-derived EV and proteome-label quantitation of complementary remaining brain portions. Furthermore, relevant proteins identified were further screened by multiple reaction monitoring. RESULTS Our data indicate that EV biogenesis was altered during preclinical AD with the genesis of a specific population of EV containing MHC class-type markers. The significant presence of the prion protein PrP was also manifested in these brain vesicles during preclinical AD. Similarly, sequestration of amyloid protein APP in brain EV coincided with the observed PrP patterns. In contrast, active incorporation of the mitophagy protein GABARAP in these brain vesicles was disrupted as AD progressed. Likewise, disrupted incorporation of LAMP1 in brain EV was evident from the initial manifestation of AD clinical symptoms, although the levels of the protein remained significantly upregulated in the temporal lobe of diseased brains. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that impaired autophagy in preclinical AD coincides with the appearance of proinflammatory and neuropathological features in brain extracellular vesicles, facts that moderately remain throughout the entire AD progression. Thus, these data highlight the significance of brain EV in the establishment of AD neuropathology and represent a further leap toward therapeutic interventions with these vesicles in human dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Gallart-Palau
- Division of Chemical Biology & BioTechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- IMDEA-Food Research Institute, +Pec Proteomics, Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Old Cantoblanco Hospital, 8 Crta. Canto Blanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Xue Guo
- Division of Chemical Biology & BioTechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Aida Serra
- IMDEA-Food Research Institute, +Pec Proteomics, Campus of International Excellence UAM+CSIC, Old Cantoblanco Hospital, 8 Crta. Canto Blanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- Division of Chemical Biology & BioTechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
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28
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Kim S, Lee Y, Jeon CY, Kim K, Jeon Y, Jin YB, Oh S, Lee C. Quantitative magnetic susceptibility assessed by 7T magnetic resonance imaging in Alzheimer's disease caused by streptozotocin administration. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2020; 10:789-797. [PMID: 32269937 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2020.02.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Streptozotocin treatment has emerged as an alternative model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD). Streptozotocin-induced alterations in iron and calcium levels reflect magnetic susceptibility changes, while susceptibility distribution in the cerebral regions has not been reported yet. This study aimed to investigate susceptibility distribution in the limbic system after streptozotocin administration to cynomolgus monkeys for exploring informative SAD biomarkers. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) using 7T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was utilized to quantitatively compare the susceptibility distributions in monkeys with sporadic Alzheimer disease and age-matched healthy controls. Compared to healthy controls, overall susceptibility values differed in the SAD models. Notable substantial susceptibility changes were observed in the hypothalamus with a 4.38-time decrease (AD: -47.45±12.19 ppb, healthy controls: 14.02±9.51 ppb) and in the posterior parts of the corpus callosum with a 2.83-times increase (AD: 31.49±15.90 ppb; healthy controls: 11.13±4.02 ppb). These susceptibility alterations may reflect neuronal death, and could serve as key biomarkers in the SAD. These results may be useful for specifying AD pathologies such as cognitive and non-cognitive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Kim
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.,Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Chang-Yeop Jeon
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Keunil Kim
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.,Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Youngjae Jeon
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.,Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Yeung Bae Jin
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sukhoon Oh
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Chulhyun Lee
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.,Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Korea
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29
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Gomez L, Odom GJ, Young JI, Martin ER, Liu L, Chen X, Griswold AJ, Gao Z, Zhang L, Wang L. coMethDMR: accurate identification of co-methylated and differentially methylated regions in epigenome-wide association studies with continuous phenotypes. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:e98. [PMID: 31291459 PMCID: PMC6753499 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent technology has made it possible to measure DNA methylation profiles in a cost-effective and comprehensive genome-wide manner using array-based technology for epigenome-wide association studies. However, identifying differentially methylated regions (DMRs) remains a challenging task because of the complexities in DNA methylation data. Supervised methods typically focus on the regions that contain consecutive highly significantly differentially methylated CpGs in the genome, but may lack power for detecting small but consistent changes when few CpGs pass stringent significance threshold after multiple comparison. Unsupervised methods group CpGs based on genomic annotations first and then test them against phenotype, but may lack specificity because the regional boundaries of methylation are often not well defined. We present coMethDMR, a flexible, powerful, and accurate tool for identifying DMRs. Instead of testing all CpGs within a genomic region, coMethDMR carries out an additional step that selects co-methylated sub-regions first. Next, coMethDMR tests association between methylation levels within the sub-region and phenotype via a random coefficient mixed effects model that models both variations between CpG sites within the region and differential methylation simultaneously. coMethDMR offers well-controlled Type I error rate, improved specificity, focused testing of targeted genomic regions, and is available as an open-source R package.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissette Gomez
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Gabriel J Odom
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Juan I Young
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Eden R Martin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Lizhong Liu
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Anthony J Griswold
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Zhen Gao
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Lanyu Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Lily Wang
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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30
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Owen JE, BenediktsdÓttir B, Gislason T, Robinson SR. Neuropathological investigation of cell layer thickness and myelination in the hippocampus of people with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 2019; 42:5139668. [PMID: 30346595 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is commonly associated with memory impairments. Although MRI studies have found volumetric differences in the hippocampus of people with OSA compared with controls, MRI lacks the spatial resolution to detect changes in the specific regions of the hippocampus that process different types of memory. The present study performed histopathological investigations on autopsy brain tissue from 32 people with OSA (17 females and 15 males) to examine whether the thickness and myelination of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (EC) vary as a function of OSA severity. Increasing OSA severity was found to be related to cortical thinning in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (r2 = 0.136, p = 0.038), the CA1 (overall, r2 = 0.135, p = 0.039; layer 1, r2 = 0.157, p = 0.025; layer 2, r2 = 0.255, p = 0.003; and layer 3, r2 = 0.185, p = 0.014) and in some layers of the EC (layer 1, r2 = 0.186, p = 0.028; trend in layer 3, r2 = 0.124, p = 0.078). OSA severity was also related to decreased myelin in the deep layers but not the superficial layers of the EC (layer 6, r2 = 0.282, p = 0.006; deep white matter, r2 = 0.390, p = 0.001). Patients known to have used continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment showed no significant reductions in cortical thickness when compared with controls, suggesting that CPAP had a protective effect. However, CPAP did not protect against myelin loss. The regions of decreased cortical thickness and demyelination are locations of synaptic connections in both the polysynaptic (episodic and spatial) and direct (semantic) memory pathways and may underpin the impairments observed in episodic, semantic, and spatial memory in people with OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Owen
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Thorarinn Gislason
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Sleep Medicine, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Stephen R Robinson
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Baaklini CS, Rawji KS, Duncan GJ, Ho MFS, Plemel JR. Central Nervous System Remyelination: Roles of Glia and Innate Immune Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:225. [PMID: 31616249 PMCID: PMC6764409 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammation can injure the myelin sheath that surrounds axons, a process known as demyelination. The spontaneous regeneration of myelin, called remyelination, is associated with restoration of function and prevention of axonal degeneration. Boosting remyelination with therapeutic intervention is a promising new approach that is currently being tested in several clinical trials. The endogenous regulation of remyelination is highly dependent on the immune response. In this review article, we highlight the cell biology of remyelination and its regulation by innate immune cells. For the purpose of this review, we discuss the roles of microglia, and also astrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) as they are being increasingly recognized to have immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel S. Baaklini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khalil S. Rawji
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Greg J. Duncan
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Madelene F. S. Ho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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32
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Yagensky O, Kohansal-Nodehi M, Gunaseelan S, Rabe T, Zafar S, Zerr I, Härtig W, Urlaub H, Chua JJ. Increased expression of heme-binding protein 1 early in Alzheimer's disease is linked to neurotoxicity. eLife 2019; 8:47498. [PMID: 31453805 PMCID: PMC6739868 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder leading to progressive cognitive decline. Despite decades of research, understanding AD progression at the molecular level, especially at its early stages, remains elusive. Here, we identified several presymptomatic AD markers by investigating brain proteome changes over the course of neurodegeneration in a transgenic mouse model of AD (3×Tg-AD). We show that one of these markers, heme-binding protein 1 (Hebp1), is elevated in the brains of both 3×Tg-AD mice and patients affected by rapidly-progressing forms of AD. Hebp1, predominantly expressed in neurons, interacts with the mitochondrial contact site complex (MICOS) and exhibits a perimitochondrial localization. Strikingly, wildtype, but not Hebp1-deficient, neurons showed elevated cytotoxicity in response to heme-induced apoptosis. Increased survivability in Hebp1-deficient neurons is conferred by blocking the activation of the mitochondrial-associated caspase signaling pathway. Taken together, our data highlight a role of Hebp1 in progressive neuronal loss during AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Yagensky
- Research Group Protein Trafficking in Synaptic Development and Function, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Saravanan Gunaseelan
- Interactomics and Intracellular Trafficking Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tamara Rabe
- Department of Genes and Behavior, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Saima Zafar
- Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.,Clinical Dementia Center, Department of Neurology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Clinical Dementia Center, Department of Neurology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Research Group Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.,Bioanalytics Group, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - John Je Chua
- Research Group Protein Trafficking in Synaptic Development and Function, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.,Interactomics and Intracellular Trafficking Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,LSI Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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33
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Graham LC, Grabowska WA, Chun Y, Risacher SL, Philip VM, Saykin AJ, Sukoff Rizzo SJ, Howell GR. Exercise prevents obesity-induced cognitive decline and white matter damage in mice. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 80:154-172. [PMID: 31170535 PMCID: PMC7846054 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity in the western world has reached epidemic proportions, and yet the long-term effects on brain health are not well understood. To address this, we performed transcriptional profiling of brain regions from a mouse model of western diet (WD)-induced obesity. Both the cortex and hippocampus from C57BL/6J (B6) mice fed either a WD or a control diet from 2 months of age to 12 months of age (equivalent to midlife in a human population) were profiled. Gene set enrichment analyses predicted that genes involved in myelin generation, inflammation, and cerebrovascular health were differentially expressed in brains from WD-fed compared to control diet-fed mice. White matter damage and cerebrovascular decline were evident in brains from WD-fed mice using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. At the cellular level, the WD caused an increase in the numbers of oligodendrocytes and myeloid cells suggesting that a WD is perturbing myelin turnover. Encouragingly, cerebrovascular damage and white matter damage were prevented by exercising WD-fed mice despite mice still gaining a significant amount of weight. Collectively, these data show that chronic consumption of a WD in B6 mice causes obesity, neuroinflammation, and cerebrovascular and white matter damage, but these potentially damaging effects can be prevented by modifiable risk factors such as exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Graham
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weronika A Grabowska
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA; College of the Atlantic, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Yoona Chun
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Gareth R Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA; Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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34
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Tang X, Li Z, Zhang W, Yao Z. Nitric oxide might be an inducing factor in cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease via downregulating the monocarboxylate transporter 1. Nitric Oxide 2019; 91:35-41. [PMID: 31326499 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a typical neurodegenerative disease in central nervous system (CNS). Generally speaking, patients with severe AD are often accompanied with cognitive impairment. Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are myelin-forming cells in CNS, and myelin injury potentially has something to do with the cognitive impairment in AD. Based on the previous experimental studies, it has been recognized that nitric oxide (NO), as a signaling molecule, might have an influence on the axon and myelin by affecting the energy transport mechanism of OLs through monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1). Interestingly, a novel model of cell signaling----axo-myelinic synapse (AMS) has been put forward. In the context of this model, chances are that a new way is established in which NO can influence the pathogenesis of AD by down-regulating the expression of MCT1. As a consequence, it may provide attractive prospective and underlying drug targeting effects for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Tang
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China; Luliang Military Airport Hospital, Yunnan, 655699, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- Luliang Military Airport Hospital, Yunnan, 655699, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhongxiang Yao
- Department of Physiology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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35
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Cai Y, Wan J. Competing Endogenous RNA Regulations in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Current Challenges and Emerging Insights. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:370. [PMID: 30344479 PMCID: PMC6182084 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed exciting breakthroughs that have contributed to the richness and complexity of a burgeoning modern RNA world, and one particular breakthrough-the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) hypothesis-has been described as the "Rosetta Stone" for decoding the RNA language used in regulating RNA crosstalk and modulating biological functions. The proposed far-reaching mechanism unites diverse RNA species and provides new insights into previously unrecognized RNA-RNA interactions and RNA regulatory networks that perhaps determine gene expression in an organized, hierarchical manner. The recently uncovered ceRNA regulatory loops and networks have emphasized the power of ceRNA regulation in a wide range of developmental stages and pathological contexts, such as in tumorigenesis and neurodegenerative disorders. Although the ceRNA hypothesis drastically enhanced our understanding of RNA biology, shortly after the hypothesis was proposed, disputes arose in relation mainly to minor discrepancies in the reported effects of ceRNA regulation under physiological conditions, and this resulted in ceRNA regulation becoming an extensively studied and fast-growing research field. Here, we focus on the evidence supporting ceRNA regulation in neurodegenerative disorders and address three critical points related to the ceRNA regulatory mechanism: the microRNA (miRNA) and ceRNA hierarchies in cross-regulations; the balance between destabilization and stable binding in ceRNA-miRNA interactions; and the true extent to which ceRNA regulatory mechanisms are involved in both health and disease, and the experimental shortcomings in current ceRNA studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China.,Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
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36
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Pisa D, Alonso R, Marina AI, Rábano A, Carrasco L. Human and Microbial Proteins From Corpora Amylacea of Alzheimer's Disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9880. [PMID: 29959356 PMCID: PMC6026157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corpora amylacea (CA) are spherical bodies mainly composed of polyglucans and, to a lesser extent, proteins. They are abundant in brains from patients with neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s disease. Although CA were discovered many years ago, their precise origin and function remain obscure. CA from the insular cortex of two Alzheimer’s patients were purified and the protein composition was assessed by proteomic analysis. A number of microbial proteins were identified and fungal DNA was detected by nested PCR.A wide variety of human proteins form part of CA. In addition, we unequivocally demonstrated several fungal and bacterial proteins in purified CA. In addition to a variety of human proteins, CA also contain fungal and bacterial polypeptides.In conclusion, this paper suggests that the function of CA is to scavenge cellular debris provoked by microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pisa
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM). c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco., 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM). c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco., 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Marina
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM). c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco., 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Department of Neuropathology and Tissue Bank, Unidad de Investigación Proyecto Alzheimer, Fundación CIEN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM). c/Nicolás Cabrera, 1. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Cantoblanco., 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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37
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Wang SS, Zhang Z, Zhu TB, Chu SF, He WB, Chen NH. Myelin injury in the central nervous system and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 2018; 140:162-168. [PMID: 29730417 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is a membrane wrapped around the axon of the nerve cell, which is composed of the mature oligodendrocytes. The role of myelin is to insulate and prevent the nerve electrical impulses from the axon of the neurons to the axons of the other neurons, which is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. Minor changes in myelin thickness could lead to substantial changes in conduction speed and may thus alter neural circuit function. Demyelination is the myelin damage, which characterized by the loss of nerve sheath and the relative fatigue of the neuronal sheath and axon. Studies have shown that myelin injury may be closely related to neurodegenerative diseases and may be an early diagnostic criteria and therapeutic target. Thus this review summarizes the recent result of pathologic effect and signal pathways of myelin injury in neurodegenerative diseases, especially the Alzheimer's disease to provide new and effective therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030619, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tian-Bi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wen-Bin He
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030619, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030619, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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38
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Chen M, Lee HK, Moo L, Hanlon E, Stein T, Xia W. Common proteomic profiles of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived three-dimensional neurons and brain tissue from Alzheimer patients. J Proteomics 2018; 182:21-33. [PMID: 29709615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We established a unique platform for proteomic analysis of cultured three-dimensional (3D) neurons and brain tissue from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. We collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), converted PBMC to induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines, and differentiated the iPSC into human 3D neuro-spheroids. The postmortem brain tissue from the superior frontal cortex, inferior frontal cortex and cerebellum area of the AD patients was compared to the same regions from the control subjects. Proteomic analysis of 3D neuro-spheroids derived from AD subjects revealed the alteration of a number of proteins involved in axon growth, mitochondrial function, and antioxidant defense. Similar analysis of post-mortem AD brain tissue revealed significant alteration in proteins involved in oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, along with proteins related to axonal injury. These results clearly indicate that the dysfunction of 3D neurons from AD patients in our in vitro environment is comparable to the post-mortem AD brain tissue in vivo. In conclusion, our study revealed a number of candidate proteins that have important implications in AD pathogenesis and supports the notion that the iPSC-derived 3D neuronal system functions as a model to examine novel aspects of AD pathology. SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we present a unique platform for proteomic analysis of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived three dimensional (3D) neurons and compare the results to those from three regions of post-mortem brain tissue from Alzheimer's disease patients and normal control subjects. Our results show that the dysfunction of 3D neurons from AD patients in our in vitro environment is comparable to the post-mortem AD brain tissue in vivo. Our results revealed several candidate proteins that have important implications in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Han-Kyu Lee
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States
| | - Lauren Moo
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States
| | - Eugene Hanlon
- Office of Research and Development, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States
| | - Thor Stein
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States; Department of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Weiming Xia
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
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Sun J, Zhou H, Bai F, Zhang Z, Ren Q. Remyelination: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 58:597-612. [PMID: 28453483 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is a lipid-rich multilamellar membrane that wraps around long segments of neuronal axons and it increases the conduction of action potentials, transports the necessary trophic support to the neuronal axons, and reduces the energy consumed by the neuronal axons. Together with axons, myelin is a prerequisite for the higher functions of the central nervous system and complex forms of network integration. Myelin impairments have been suggested to lead to neuronal dysfunction and cognitive decline. Accumulating evidence, including brain imaging and postmortem and genetic association studies, has implicated myelin impairments in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Increasing data link myelin impairments with amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau hyperphosphorylation, which are both present in patients with AD. Moreover, aging and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) may be involved in the myelin impairments observed in patients with AD. Decreased neuronal activity, increased Aβ levels, and inflammation further damage myelin in patients with AD. Furthermore, treatments that promote myelination contribute to the recovery of neuronal function and improve cognition. Therefore, strategies targeting myelin impairment may provide therapeutic opportunities for patients with AD.
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40
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Zhan X, Stamova B, Sharp FR. Lipopolysaccharide Associates with Amyloid Plaques, Neurons and Oligodendrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease Brain: A Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29520228 PMCID: PMC5827158 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review proposes that lipopolysaccharide (LPS, found in the wall of all Gram-negative bacteria) could play a role in causing sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This is based in part upon recent studies showing that: Gram-negative E. coli bacteria can form extracellular amyloid; bacterial-encoded 16S rRNA is present in all human brains with over 70% being Gram-negative bacteria; ultrastructural analyses have shown microbes in erythrocytes of AD patients; blood LPS levels in AD patients are 3-fold the levels in control; LPS combined with focal cerebral ischemia and hypoxia produced amyloid-like plaques and myelin injury in adult rat cortex. Moreover, Gram-negative bacterial LPS was found in aging control and AD brains, though LPS levels were much higher in AD brains. In addition, LPS co-localized with amyloid plaques, peri-vascular amyloid, neurons, and oligodendrocytes in AD brains. Based upon the postulate LPS caused oligodendrocyte injury, degraded Myelin Basic Protein (dMBP) levels were found to be much higher in AD compared to control brains. Immunofluorescence showed that the dMBP co-localized with β amyloid (Aβ) and LPS in amyloid plaques in AD brain, and dMBP and other myelin molecules were found in the walls of vesicles in periventricular White Matter (WM). These data led to the hypothesis that LPS acts on leukocyte and microglial TLR4-CD14/TLR2 receptors to produce NFkB mediated increases of cytokines which increase Aβ levels, damage oligodendrocytes and produce myelin injury found in AD brain. Since Aβ1–42 is also an agonist for TLR4 receptors, this could produce a vicious cycle that accounts for the relentless progression of AD. Thus, LPS, the TLR4 receptor complex, and Gram-negative bacteria might be treatment or prevention targets for sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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41
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Menal MJ, Jorba I, Torres M, Montserrat JM, Gozal D, Colell A, Piñol-Ripoll G, Navajas D, Almendros I, Farré R. Alzheimer's Disease Mutant Mice Exhibit Reduced Brain Tissue Stiffness Compared to Wild-type Mice in both Normoxia and following Intermittent Hypoxia Mimicking Sleep Apnea. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1. [PMID: 29403429 PMCID: PMC5780342 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence from patients and animal models suggests that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and that AD is associated with reduced brain tissue stiffness. Aim To investigate whether intermittent hypoxia (IH) alters brain cortex tissue stiffness in AD mutant mice exposed to IH mimicking OSA. Methods Six-eight month old (B6C3-Tg(APPswe,PSEN1dE9)85Dbo/J) AD mutant mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were subjected to IH (21% O2 40 s to 5% O2 20 s; 6 h/day) or normoxia for 8 weeks. After euthanasia, the stiffness (E) of 200-μm brain cortex slices was measured by atomic force microscopy. Results Two-way ANOVA indicated significant cortical softening and weight increase in AD mice compared to WT littermates, but no significant effects of IH on cortical stiffness and weight were detected. In addition, reduced myelin was apparent in AD (vs. WT), but no significant differences emerged in the cortex extracellular matrix components laminin and glycosaminoglycans when comparing baseline AD and WT mice. Conclusion AD mutant mice exhibit reduced brain tissue stiffness following both normoxia and IH mimicking sleep apnea, and such differences are commensurate with increased edema and demyelination in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Menal
- Unitat Biofísica I Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Jorba
- Unitat Biofísica I Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Torres
- Sleep Laboratory, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep M Montserrat
- Sleep Laboratory, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anna Colell
- Department of Mort I Proliferació Cellular, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerard Piñol-Ripoll
- Unitat Trastorns Cognitius, Clinical Neuroscience Research, IRBLleida-Hospital Universitari Santa Maria Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Daniel Navajas
- Unitat Biofísica I Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isaac Almendros
- Unitat Biofísica I Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain.,Institut Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Farré
- Unitat Biofísica I Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain.,Institut Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Dong YX, Zhang HY, Li HY, Liu PH, Sui Y, Sun XH. Association between Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and early demyelination and oligodendrocyte dysfunction. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:908-914. [PMID: 29863022 PMCID: PMC5998637 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.232486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The APPSwe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mouse model is an Alzheimer's disease mouse model exhibiting symptoms of dementia, and is commonly used to explore pathological changes in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Previous clinical autopsy and imaging studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease patients have white matter and oligodendrocyte damage, but the underlying mechanisms of these have not been revealed. Therefore, the present study used APP/PS1 mice to assess cognitive change, myelin loss, and corresponding changes in oligodendrocytes, and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Morris water maze tests were performed to evaluate cognitive change in APP/PS1 mice and normal C57BL/6 mice aged 3 and 6 months. Luxol fast blue staining of the corpus callosum and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for myelin basic protein (MBP) mRNA were carried out to quantify myelin damage. Immunohistochemistry staining for NG2 and qRT-PCR for monocarboxylic acid transporter 1 (MCT1) mRNA were conducted to assess corresponding changes in oligodendrocytes. Our results demonstrate that compared with C57BL/6 mice, there was a downregulation of MBP mRNA in APP/PS1 mice aged 3 months. This became more obvious in APP/PS1 mice aged 6 months accompanied by other abnormalities such as prolonged escape latency in the Morris water maze test, shrinkage of the corpus callosum, upregulation of NG2-immunoreactive cells, and downregulation of MCT1 mRNA. These findings indicate that the involvement of early demyelination at 3 months and the oligodendrocyte dysfunction at 6 months in APP/PS1 mice are in association with Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xia Dong
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang; Department of Neurology, Fushun Second Hospital, Fushun, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hui-Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hui-Yuan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Pei-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang; Department of Neurology, Huludao Central Hospital, Huludao, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yi Sui
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University; Department of Neurology, Shenyang First People's Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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43
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Mizoguchi K, Ikarashi Y. Cellular Pharmacological Effects of the Traditional Japanese Kampo Medicine Yokukansan on Brain Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:655. [PMID: 28979206 PMCID: PMC5611794 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Yokukansan (YKS) is a traditional Japanese Kampo medicine currently used for the treatment of the behavioral psychological symptoms associated with dementia (BPSD), which is frequently problematic in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Regarding the pharmacological mechanisms underlying its efficacy, we recently reviewed the multiple effects of YKS on the neurotransmitter systems (e.g., glutamatergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic, GABAergic, and adrenergic neurotransmission) in various brain regions that are related to the psychological, emotional, cognitive, or memory functions. These multiple effects are thought to be caused by multiple components included in YKS. In addition, YKS exhibits various effects on brain cells (i.e., neurons, glial cells including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells, and endothelial cells). In this review, we summarize recent evidence demonstrating the cellular pharmacological effects of YKS on these brain cells, and discuss the current understanding of its efficacy and mechanism. In particular, YKS maintains the neuronal survival and function by multiple beneficial effects, including anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidation, anti-endoplasmic reticulum stress, and neurogenesis. YKS also acts on glial cells by: facilitating the transport of glutamate into astrocytes; promoting the proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocytes; and enhancing the anti-inflammatory properties of microglial cells. These glial effects are thought to support neuronal functioning within the brain. Various ingredients involved in these effects have been identified, some of which can pass through the artificial blood–brain barrier without disrupting the endothelial tight junctions. This multitude of interactive effects displayed by YKS on neuronal and glial cells is suggested to be involved in the multitude of neuropsychopharmacological actions of YKS, which are related to the improvement of BPSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Mizoguchi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co.Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ikarashi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Kampo Research & Development Division, Tsumura & Co.Ibaraki, Japan
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44
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Bennett IJ, Greenia DE, Maillard P, Sajjadi SA, DeCarli C, Corrada MM, Kawas CH. Age-related white matter integrity differences in oldest-old without dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 56:108-114. [PMID: 28527525 PMCID: PMC5647141 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aging is known to have deleterious effects on cerebral white matter, yet little is known about these white matter alterations in advanced age. In this study, 94 oldest-old adults without dementia (90-103 years) underwent diffusion tensor imaging to assess relationships between chronological age and multiple measures of integrity in 18 white matter regions across the brain. Results revealed significant age-related declines in integrity in regions previously identified as being sensitive to aging in younger-old adults (corpus callosum, fornix, cingulum, external capsule). For the corpus callosum, the effect of age on genu fractional anisotropy was significantly weaker than the relationship between age and splenium fractional anisotropy. Importantly, age-related declines in white matter integrity did not differ in cognitively normal and cognitively impaired not demented oldest-old, suggesting that they were not solely driven by cognitive dysfunction or preclinical dementia in this advanced age group. Instead, white matter in these regions appears to remain vulnerable to normal aging processes through the 10th decade of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana J Bennett
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Dana E Greenia
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Pauline Maillard
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S Ahmad Sajjadi
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Maria M Corrada
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Claudia H Kawas
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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45
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Characterization of circRNA-Associated-ceRNA Networks in a Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Prone 8 Brain. Mol Ther 2017; 25:2053-2061. [PMID: 28669840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Although many researchers have attempted to explain the origins of AD, developing an effective strategy in AD clinical therapy is difficult. Recent studies have revealed a potential link between AD and circRNA-associated-ceRNA networks. However, few genome-wide studies have identified the potential circRNA-associated-ceRNA pairs involved in AD. In this study, we systematically explored the circRNA-associated-ceRNA mechanism in a 7-month-old senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) model brain through deep RNA sequencing. We obtained 235 significantly dysregulated circRNA transcripts, 30 significantly dysregulated miRNAs, and 1,202 significantly dysregulated mRNAs. We then constructed the most comprehensive circRNA-associated-ceRNA networks in SAMP8 brain. GO analysis revealed that these networks were involved in regulating the development of AD from various angles, for instance, axon terminus (GO: 0043679) and synapse (GO: 0045202). Following rigorous selection, we discovered that the circRNA-associated-ceRNA networks in this AD mouse model were mainly involved in the regulation of Aβ clearance (Hmgb2) and myelin function (Dio2). This research is the first to provide a systematic dissection of circRNA-associated-ceRNA profiling in SAMP8 mouse brain. The selected circRNA-associated-ceRNA networks can profoundly affect the diagnosis and therapy of AD in the future.
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46
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Wu Z, He H, Sun Y, Du Y, Zhong J. High resolution myelin water imaging incorporating local tissue susceptibility analysis. Magn Reson Imaging 2017. [PMID: 28629954 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative myelin water imaging (MWI) from signal T2* decay acquired with multiple Gradient-Recalled Echo (mGRE) sequence has been widely used since its first report. A recent study showed that with low resolution data (2mm isotropic voxels), direct application of complex fitting to a three-pool WM model with frequency shift terms could produce more stable parameter estimation for myelin water fraction mapping. MWI maps of higher spatial resolution resulting in more detailed tissue structures and reduced partial volume effects around white matter/gray matter (WM/GM) interface, however, is more desirable. Furthermore, as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of original images decreases due to reduced voxel size, the direct complex fitting procedure of myelin water imaging becomes more prone to systematic errors which severely compromised stability and reliability of the result. Instead of using the original part of T2* decay, this work presents a new method based on the WM-induced phase from tissue susceptibility calculated with the same mGRE dataset, in a three-pool WM model (water of myelin, axonal and extracellular water), to improve high resolution MWI. Compared with direct complex fitting for the higher spatial resolution case, the proposed method is shown to provide a more stable and accurate estimation of MWI parameters, and finer details near WM/GM boundaries with greatly reduced partial volume effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wu
- Center for Brain Imaging Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongjian He
- Center for Brain Imaging Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yi Sun
- MR Collaboration NE Asia, Siemens Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiping Du
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhui Zhong
- Center for Brain Imaging Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrumental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Innovative and Collaborative Detection and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, NY, USA.
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47
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Zhan X, Stamova B, Jin LW, DeCarli C, Phinney B, Sharp FR. Gram-negative bacterial molecules associate with Alzheimer disease pathology. Neurology 2016; 87:2324-2332. [PMID: 27784770 PMCID: PMC5135029 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We determined whether Gram-negative bacterial molecules are associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology given that previous studies demonstrate Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria can form extracellular amyloid and Gram-negative bacteria have been reported as the predominant bacteria found in normal human brains. Methods: Brain samples from gray and white matter were studied from patients with AD (n = 24) and age-matched controls (n = 18). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and E coli K99 pili protein were evaluated by Western blots and immunocytochemistry. Human brain samples were assessed for E coli DNA followed by DNA sequencing. Results: LPS and E coli K99 were detected immunocytochemically in brain parenchyma and vessels in all AD and control brains. K99 levels measured using Western blots were greater in AD compared to control brains (p < 0.01) and K99 was localized to neuron-like cells in AD but not control brains. LPS levels were also greater in AD compared to control brain. LPS colocalized with Aβ1-40/42 in amyloid plaques and with Aβ1-40/42 around vessels in AD brains. DNA sequencing confirmed E coli DNA in human control and AD brains. Conclusions: E coli K99 and LPS levels were greater in AD compared to control brains. LPS colocalized with Aβ1-40/42 in amyloid plaques and around vessels in AD brain. The data show that Gram-negative bacterial molecules are associated with AD neuropathology. They are consistent with our LPS-ischemia-hypoxia rat model that produces myelin aggregates that colocalize with Aβ and resemble amyloid-like plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhan
- From the Department of Neurology (X.Z., B.S., C.D., F.R.S.), MIND Institute (X.Z., B.S., F.R.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.-W.J., C.D.), Department of Pathology (L.-W.J.), and Proteomics Core Facility, Genome Center (B.P.), University of California at Davis, Sacramento.
| | - Boryana Stamova
- From the Department of Neurology (X.Z., B.S., C.D., F.R.S.), MIND Institute (X.Z., B.S., F.R.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.-W.J., C.D.), Department of Pathology (L.-W.J.), and Proteomics Core Facility, Genome Center (B.P.), University of California at Davis, Sacramento
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- From the Department of Neurology (X.Z., B.S., C.D., F.R.S.), MIND Institute (X.Z., B.S., F.R.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.-W.J., C.D.), Department of Pathology (L.-W.J.), and Proteomics Core Facility, Genome Center (B.P.), University of California at Davis, Sacramento
| | - Charles DeCarli
- From the Department of Neurology (X.Z., B.S., C.D., F.R.S.), MIND Institute (X.Z., B.S., F.R.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.-W.J., C.D.), Department of Pathology (L.-W.J.), and Proteomics Core Facility, Genome Center (B.P.), University of California at Davis, Sacramento
| | - Brett Phinney
- From the Department of Neurology (X.Z., B.S., C.D., F.R.S.), MIND Institute (X.Z., B.S., F.R.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.-W.J., C.D.), Department of Pathology (L.-W.J.), and Proteomics Core Facility, Genome Center (B.P.), University of California at Davis, Sacramento
| | - Frank R Sharp
- From the Department of Neurology (X.Z., B.S., C.D., F.R.S.), MIND Institute (X.Z., B.S., F.R.S.), Alzheimer's Disease Center (L.-W.J., C.D.), Department of Pathology (L.-W.J.), and Proteomics Core Facility, Genome Center (B.P.), University of California at Davis, Sacramento
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48
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Zhan X, Cox C, Ander BP, Liu D, Stamova B, Jin LW, Jickling GC, Sharp FR. Inflammation Combined with Ischemia Produces Myelin Injury and Plaque-Like Aggregates of Myelin, Amyloid-β and AβPP in Adult Rat Brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:507-23. [PMID: 25790832 PMCID: PMC4878315 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Ischemia, white matter injury, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathologies often co-exist in aging brain. How one condition predisposes to, interacts with, or perhaps causes the others remains unclear. Objectives: To better understand the link between ischemia, white matter injury, and AD, adult rats were administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to serve as an inflammatory stimulus, and 24 h later subjected to 20-min focal cerebral ischemia (IS) followed by 30-min hypoxia (H). Methods: Myelin and axonal damage, as well as amyloid-β (Aβ) and amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) deposition were examined by Western blot and immunocytochemistry following LPS/IS/H. Findings were compared to the 5XFAD mouse AD brain. Results: Myelin/axonal injury was observed bilaterally in cortex following LPS/IS/H, along with an increase in IL-1, granzyme B, and LPS. AβPP deposition was present in ischemic striatum in regions of myelin loss. Aβ1-42 and AβPP were deposited in small foci in ischemic cortex that co-localized with myelin aggregates. In the 5XFAD mouse AD model, cortical amyloid plaques also co-localized with myelin aggregates. Conclusions: LPS/IS/H produce myelin injury and plaque-like aggregates of myelin. AβPP and Aβ co-localize with these myelin aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Cox
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Bradley P Ander
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Dazhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Glen C Jickling
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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49
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Yeo HG, Lee Y, Jeon CY, Jeong KJ, Jin YB, Kang P, Kim SU, Kim JS, Huh JW, Kim YH, Sim BW, Song BS, Park YH, Hong Y, Lee SR, Chang KT. Characterization of Cerebral Damage in a Monkey Model of Alzheimer's Disease Induced by Intracerebroventricular Injection of Streptozotocin. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:989-1005. [PMID: 25881906 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In line with recent findings showing Alzheimer's disease (AD) as an insulin-resistant brain state, a non-transgenic animal model with intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (icv-STZ) administration has been proposed as a representative experimental model of AD. Although icv-STZ rodent models of AD have been increasingly researched, studies in non-human primate models are very limited. In this study, we aimed to characterize the cerebral damage caused by icv-STZ in non-human primates; to achieve this, three cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were administered four dosages of STZ (2 mg/kg) dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid and another three controls were injected with only artificial cerebrospinal fluid at the cerebellomedullary cistern. In vivo neuroimaging was performed with clinical 3.0 T MRI, followed by quantitative analysis with FSL for evaluation of structural changes of the brain. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate cerebral histopathology. We showed that icv-STZ caused severe ventricular enlargement and parenchymal atrophy, accompanying amyloid-β deposition, hippocampal cell loss, tauopathy, ependymal cell loss, astrogliosis, and microglial activation, which are observed in human aged or AD brain. The findings suggest that the icv-STZ monkey model would be a valuable resource to study the mechanisms and consequences of a variety of cerebral pathologies including major pathological hallmarks of AD. Furthermore, the study of icv-STZ monkeys could contribute to the development of treatments for age- or AD-associated cerebral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Gu Yeo
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Yeop Jeon
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Jin Jeong
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeung Bae Jin
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Philyong Kang
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Huh
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyun Kim
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Woong Sim
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Seok Song
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Park
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Rae Lee
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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50
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Effects of Chronic Scopolamine Treatment on Cognitive Impairments and Myelin Basic Protein Expression in the Mouse Hippocampus. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:579-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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