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Wen J, Tian YE, Skampardoni I, Yang Z, Cui Y, Anagnostakis F, Mamourian E, Zhao B, Toga AW, Zalesky A, Davatzikos C. The genetic architecture of biological age in nine human organ systems. NATURE AGING 2024:10.1038/s43587-024-00662-8. [PMID: 38942983 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Investigating the genetic underpinnings of human aging is essential for unraveling the etiology of and developing actionable therapies for chronic diseases. Here, we characterize the genetic architecture of the biological age gap (BAG; the difference between machine learning-predicted age and chronological age) across nine human organ systems in 377,028 participants of European ancestry from the UK Biobank. The BAGs were computed using cross-validated support vector machines, incorporating imaging, physical traits and physiological measures. We identify 393 genomic loci-BAG pairs (P < 5 × 10-8) linked to the brain, eye, cardiovascular, hepatic, immune, metabolic, musculoskeletal, pulmonary and renal systems. Genetic variants associated with the nine BAGs are predominantly specific to the respective organ system (organ specificity) while exerting pleiotropic links with other organ systems (interorgan cross-talk). We find that genetic correlation between the nine BAGs mirrors their phenotypic correlation. Further, a multiorgan causal network established from two-sample Mendelian randomization and latent causal variance models revealed potential causality between chronic diseases (for example, Alzheimer's disease and diabetes), modifiable lifestyle factors (for example, sleep duration and body weight) and multiple BAGs. Our results illustrate the potential for improving human organ health via a multiorgan network, including lifestyle interventions and drug repurposing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Wen
- Laboratory of AI and Biomedical Science (LABS), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ye Ella Tian
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ioanna Skampardoni
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhijian Yang
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuhan Cui
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Mamourian
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bingxin Zhao
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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2
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Wen J, Tian YE, Skampardoni I, Yang Z, Cui Y, Anagnostakis F, Mamourian E, Zhao B, Toga AW, Zaleskey A, Davatzikos C. The Genetic Architecture of Biological Age in Nine Human Organ Systems. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2023.06.08.23291168. [PMID: 37398441 PMCID: PMC10312870 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.23291168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the genetic basis of biological aging in multi-organ systems is vital for elucidating age-related disease mechanisms and identifying therapeutic interventions. This study characterized the genetic architecture of the biological age gap (BAG) across nine human organ systems in 377,028 individuals of European ancestry from the UK Biobank. We discovered 393 genomic loci-BAG pairs (P-value<5×10-8) linked to the brain, eye, cardiovascular, hepatic, immune, metabolic, musculoskeletal, pulmonary, and renal systems. We observed BAG-organ specificity and inter-organ connections. Genetic variants associated with the nine BAGs are predominantly specific to the respective organ system while exerting pleiotropic effects on traits linked to multiple organ systems. A gene-drug-disease network confirmed the involvement of the metabolic BAG-associated genes in drugs targeting various metabolic disorders. Genetic correlation analyses supported Cheverud's Conjecture1 - the genetic correlation between BAGs mirrors their phenotypic correlation. A causal network revealed potential causal effects linking chronic diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), body weight, and sleep duration to the BAG of multiple organ systems. Our findings shed light on promising therapeutic interventions to enhance human organ health within a complex multi-organ network, including lifestyle modifications and potential drug repositioning strategies for treating chronic diseases. All results are publicly available at https://labs-laboratory.com/medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Wen
- Laboratory of AI and Biomedical Science (LABS), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ye Ella Tian
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ioanna Skampardoni
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AID), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Zhijian Yang
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AID), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Yuhan Cui
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AID), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Filippos Anagnostakis
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Mamourian
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AID), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Bingxin Zhao
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging (LONI), Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew Zaleskey
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Imaging Laboratory (AIBIL), Center for AI and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AID), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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3
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Benichou O, Coskun T, Gonciarz MD, Garhyan P, Adams AC, Du Y, Dunbar JD, Martin JA, Mather KJ, Pickard RT, Reynolds VL, Robins DA, Zvada SP, Emmerson PJ. Discovery, development, and clinical proof of mechanism of LY3463251, a long-acting GDF15 receptor agonist. Cell Metab 2023; 35:274-286.e10. [PMID: 36630958 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
GDF15 and its receptor GFRAL/RET form a non-homeostatic system that regulates food intake and body weight in preclinical species. Here, we describe a GDF15 analog, LY3463251, a potent agonist at the GFRAL/RET receptor with prolonged pharmacokinetics. In rodents and obese non-human primates, LY3463251 decreased food intake and body weight with no signs of malaise or emesis. In a first-in-human study in healthy participants, single subcutaneous LY3463251 injections showed a safety and pharmacokinetic profile supporting further clinical development with dose-dependent nausea and emesis in a subset of individuals. A subsequent 12-week multiple ascending dose study in overweight and obese participants showed that LY3463251 induced significant decreases in food intake and appetite scores associated with modest body weight reduction independent of nausea and emesis (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03764774). These observations demonstrate that agonism of the GFRAL/RET system can modulate energy balance in humans, though the decrease in body weight is surprisingly modest, suggesting challenges in leveraging the GDF15 system for clinical weight-loss applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yu Du
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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4
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Long HP, Liu J, Xu PS, Xu KP, Li J, Tan GS. Hypoglycemic flavonoids from Selaginella tamariscina (P.Beauv.) Spring. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 195:113073. [PMID: 34974412 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Six flavonoids, namely, three undescribed biflavonoids, one undescribed 8-aryl flavonoid, and two known compounds, were isolated from Selaginella tamariscina (P.Beauv.) Spring. The structures and absolute configurations of those undescribed compounds were established by NMR spectroscopy data, HRESIMS analyses and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analyses. In addition, all the isolates were evaluated for their hypoglycemic activity in HepG2 cells. Involvenflavone H, I, and J significantly increased glucose consumption in both normal and insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Interestingly, these three compounds can effectively upregulate the protein expression of glucokinase (GCK) and adenylate cyclases (ADCYs). These results suggested that involvenflavone H, I, and J (especially involvenflavone J) may have potent hypoglycemic activity, which also provided promising molecular targets for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ping Long
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, PR China
| | - Jian Liu
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, PR China
| | - Ping-Sheng Xu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Kang-Ping Xu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, PR China.
| | - Gui-Shan Tan
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, PR China.
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5
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Gunasekar SK, Xie L, Kumar A, Hong J, Chheda PR, Kang C, Kern DM, My-Ta C, Maurer J, Heebink J, Gerber EE, Grzesik WJ, Elliot-Hudson M, Zhang Y, Key P, Kulkarni CA, Beals JW, Smith GI, Samuel I, Smith JK, Nau P, Imai Y, Sheldon RD, Taylor EB, Lerner DJ, Norris AW, Klein S, Brohawn SG, Kerns R, Sah R. Small molecule SWELL1 complex induction improves glycemic control and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in murine Type 2 diabetes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:784. [PMID: 35145074 PMCID: PMC8831520 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is associated with insulin resistance, impaired pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Tissue-specific SWELL1 ablation impairs insulin signaling in adipose, skeletal muscle, and endothelium, and impairs β-cell insulin secretion and glycemic control. Here, we show that ICl,SWELL and SWELL1 protein are reduced in adipose and β-cells in murine and human diabetes. Combining cryo-electron microscopy, molecular docking, medicinal chemistry, and functional studies, we define a structure activity relationship to rationally-design active derivatives of a SWELL1 channel inhibitor (DCPIB/SN-401), that bind the SWELL1 hexameric complex, restore SWELL1 protein, plasma membrane trafficking, signaling, glycemic control and islet insulin secretion via SWELL1-dependent mechanisms. In vivo, SN-401 restores glycemic control, reduces hepatic steatosis/injury, improves insulin-sensitivity and insulin secretion in murine diabetes. These findings demonstrate that SWELL1 channel modulators improve SWELL1-dependent systemic metabolism in Type 2 diabetes, representing a first-in-class therapeutic approach for diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Type 2 diabetes is associated with insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion and liver steatosis. Here the authors report a proof-of-concept study for small molecule SWELL1 modulators as a therapeutic approach to treat diabetes and associated liver steatosis by enhancing systemic insulin-sensitivity and insulin secretion in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susheel K Gunasekar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Litao Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Juan Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pratik R Chheda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Chen Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Kern
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chau My-Ta
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua Maurer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John Heebink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eva E Gerber
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Wojciech J Grzesik
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Macaulay Elliot-Hudson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Phillip Key
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chaitanya A Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joseph W Beals
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Gordon I Smith
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Isaac Samuel
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jessica K Smith
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Peter Nau
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yumi Imai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ryan D Sheldon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Eric B Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Daniel J Lerner
- Senseion Therapeutics Inc, BioGenerator Labs, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew W Norris
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Stephen G Brohawn
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert Kerns
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Rajan Sah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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6
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Zhao M, Xu S, Cavagnaro MJ, Zhang W, Shi J. Quantitative Analysis and Visualization of the Interaction Between Intestinal Microbiota and Type 1 Diabetes in Children Based on Multi-Databases. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:752250. [PMID: 34976889 PMCID: PMC8715853 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.752250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: As an important autoimmune disease, type 1 diabetes (T1D) is often diagnosed in children, but due to the complexity of the etiology of diabetes and many other factors, the disease pathogenesis of diabetes is still unclear. The intestinal microbiota has been proved to have close relationships with T1D in recent years, which is one of the most important molecular bases of pathogenesis and prognosis factors for T1D. Using the multi-omics and multicenter sample analysis method, a number of intestinal microbiota in T1D have been discovered and explained, which has provided comprehensive and rich information. However, how to find more useful information and get an intuitive understanding that people need conveniently in the huge data sea has become the focus of attention. Therefore, quantitative analysis and visualization of the interaction between intestinal microbiota and T1D in children are urgently needed. Methods: We retrieved the detailed original data from the National Center for Biotechnology Information, GMREPO, and gutMEGA databases and other authoritative multiple projects with related research; the ranking of intestinal microbiota abundance from healthy people, overall T1D patients, and T1D in children (0-18 years old) were detailed analyzed, classified, and visualized. Results: A total of 515 bacterial species and 161 related genera were fully analyzed. Also, Prevotella copri was led by 21.25% average abundance, followed by Clostridium tertium of 10.39% in all-cross T1D patients. For children with T1D, Bacteroides vulgatus has high abundance in all age periods, whereas the abundance of each intestinal microbiota was more uniform in female samples, with the ranking from high to low as Bacteroides dorei 9.56%, P. copri 9.53%, Streptococcus pasteurianus 8.15%, and C. tertium 7.53%, whereas in male samples, P. copri was accounted for the largest by 22.72%. The interaction between intestinal microbiota and comparison between healthy people and children with T1D was also detailed analyzed. Conclusions: This study provides a new method and comprehensive perspectives for the evaluation of the interaction between intestinal microbiota and T1D in children. A set of useful information of intestinal microbiota with its internal interaction and connections has been presented, which could be a compact, immediate, and practical scientific reference for further molecular biological and clinical translational research of T1D in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Zhao
- Department of Pediatric, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shaokang Xu
- Department of Pediatric, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Wei Zhang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Hematology and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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7
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Sui G, Li T, Zhang B, Wang R, Hao H, Zhou W. Recent advances on synthesis and biological activities of aurones. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 29:115895. [PMID: 33271454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aurones are naturally occurring structural isomerides of flavones that have diverse bioactivities including antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimalarial, antioxidant, neuropharmacological activities and so on. They constitute an important class of pharmacologically active scaffolds that exhibit multiple biological activities via diverse mechanisms. This review article provides an update on the recent advances (2013-2020.4) in the synthesis and biological activities of these derivatives. In the cases where sufficient information is available, some important structure-activity relationships (SAR) of their biological activities were presented, and on the strength of our expertise in medicinal chemistry and careful analysis of the recent literature, for the potential of aurones as medicinal drugs is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Sui
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Tian Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Bingyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ruizhi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hongdong Hao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Wenming Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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8
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Binding properties of marine bromophenols with human protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B: Molecular docking, surface plasmon resonance and cellular insulin resistance study. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:200-208. [PMID: 32619661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a highly validated target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Previous studies have shown that bromophenols from marine red alga Rhodomela confervoides can inhibit PTP1B activity. However, traditional in vitro enzymatic assays may result in false positive activity. Here, we reported a successful application of molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay for the characterization of small-molecule PTP1B inhibitors with high affinity. First, molecular docking study indicated that six bromophenol compounds preferred to bind PTP1B with open conformation rather than one with closed conformation. Next, SPR study indicated that compound 3 was the most potent and stable PTP1B inhibitor at the nanomolar level. Then Lineweaver-Burk plot data showed that compound 3 was a competitive PTP1B inhibitor. Moreover, compound 3 could improve palmitate-induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. Taken together, molecular docking and SPR-based methodology could apply in the development of PTP1B inhibitors with high affinity.
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9
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Luo J, Zheng M, Jiang B, Li C, Guo S, Wang L, Li X, Yu R, Shi D. Antidiabetic activity in vitro and in vivo of BDB, a selective inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, from Rhodomela confervoides. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4464-4480. [PMID: 32663313 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B (PTP1B) plays a critical role in the regulation of obesity, Type 2 diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases. However, drug candidates exhibiting PTP1B selectivity and oral bioavailability are currently lacking. Here, the enzyme inhibitory characteristics and pharmacological benefits of 3-bromo-4,5-bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-1,2-benzenediol (BDB) were investigated in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay was performed to validate the direct binding of BDB to PTP1B, and Lineweaver-Burk analysis of the enzyme kinetics was used to characterise the inhibition by BDB. Both in vitro enzyme-inhibition assays and SPR experiments were also conducted to study the selectivity exhibited by BDB towards four other PTP-family proteins: TC-PTP, SHP-1, SHP-2, and LAR. C2C12 myotubes were used to evaluate cellular permeability to BDB. Effects of BDB on insulin signalling, hypoglycaemia and hypolipidaemia were investigated in diabetic BKS db mice, after oral gavage. The beneficial effects of BDB on pancreatic islets were examined based on insulin and/or glucagon staining. KEY RESULTS BDB acted as a competitive inhibitor of PTP1B and demonstrated high selectivity for PTP1B among the tested PTP-family proteins. Moreover, BDB was cell-permeable and enhanced insulin signalling in C2C12 myotubes. Lastly, oral administration of BDB produced effective antidiabetic effects in spontaneously diabetic mice and markedly improved islet architecture, which was coupled with an increase in the ratio of β-cells to α-cells. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS BDB application offers a potentially practical pharmacological approach for treating Type 2 diabetes mellitus by selectively inhibiting PTP1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Luo
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Meiling Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuju Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Rilei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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10
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Altered Metabolome of Lipids and Amino Acids Species: A Source of Early Signature Biomarkers of T2DM. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072257. [PMID: 32708684 PMCID: PMC7409008 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a disease of modern civilization, is considered the major mainstay of mortalities around the globe. A great number of biochemical changes have been proposed to occur at metabolic levels between perturbed glucose, amino acid, and lipid metabolism to finally diagnoe diabetes mellitus. This window period, which varies from person to person, provides us with a unique opportunity for early detection, delaying, deferral and even prevention of diabetes. The early detection of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia is based upon the detection and identification of biomarkers originating from perturbed glucose, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. The emerging “OMICS” technologies, such as metabolomics coupled with statistical and bioinformatics tools, proved to be quite useful to study changes in physiological and biochemical processes at the metabolic level prior to an eventual diagnosis of DM. Approximately 300–400 such metabolites have been reported in the literature and are considered as predicting or risk factor-reporting metabolic biomarkers for this metabolic disorder. Most of these metabolites belong to major classes of lipids, amino acids and glucose. Therefore, this review represents a snapshot of these perturbed plasma/serum/urinary metabolic biomarkers showing a significant correlation with the future onset of diabetes and providing a foundation for novel early diagnosis and monitoring the progress of metabolic syndrome at early symptomatic stages. As most metabolites also find their origin from gut microflora, metabolism and composition of gut microflora also vary between healthy and diabetic persons, so we also summarize the early changes in the gut microbiome which can be used for the early diagnosis of diabetes.
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Wang CY, Ai GF, Zhang YF. Two new isoflavones from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia with diacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitory activity. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2020; 22:346-352. [PMID: 30924356 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2019.1570159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two new compounds 7-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-3'-(7''-hydroxy-3'',7''-dimethyl-octa-2'',5''-dienyl)-isoflavone (1) and 7-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-3'-(6''-hydroxy-3'',7''-dimethyl-octa-2'',7''-dienyl)-isoflavone (2), together with five known compounds (3-7), were isolated from EtOAc-soluble extract of the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic and physico-chemical analyses. All the isolates were evaluated for in vitro inhibitory activity against diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT). And compounds 1-7 displayed significant inhibitory activity on DGAT1 with IC50 values ranging from 51.2 ± 1.1 to 116.4 ± 1.3 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Yun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining NO.1 People's Hospital, Jining 272000, China
| | - Guang-Feng Ai
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining NO.1 People's Hospital, Jining 272000, China
| | - Ya-Fei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining NO.1 People's Hospital, Jining 272000, China
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12
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Blitzer JT, Wang L, Summers SA. DES1: A Key Driver of Lipotoxicity in Metabolic Disease. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:733-737. [PMID: 32181687 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramides have emerged as important regulators of tissue metabolism that play essential roles in cardiometabolic disease. They are potent biomarkers of diabetes and heart disease and are now being measured clinically as predictors of major adverse cardiac events. Moreover, studies in rodents reveal that inhibitors of ceramide synthesis prevent or reverse the pathogenic features of type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, and cardiomyopathy. Herein the authors discuss inhibition of dihydroceramide desaturase-1, the final enzyme in the ceramide biosynthesis pathway, as a potential therapeutic approach to lower ceramides and combat cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liping Wang
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Scott A Summers
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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13
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Zhu G, Luo Y, Xu X, Zhang H, Zhu M. Anti-diabetic compounds from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia. Fitoterapia 2019; 139:104373. [PMID: 31629053 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new aurone named (2Z)-2-[(4'-hydroxyphenyl) methylene]-6-hydroxy-7-prenyl-3(2H)-benzofurane (1), two new flavonoids named (2S)-7-methoxy-6-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbut-3-en-1-yl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chroman-4-one (2), (2S)-4'-hydroxyl-7-hydroxymethylene-6-(2″,3″-epoxy-3″-methylbutyl)flavanone (3), and a new coumestan named bavacoumestan E (4), together with eleven known compounds (5-15), were isolated from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia. The chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and physico-chemical analyses. All isolates were evaluated for in vitro inhibitory activity against DGAT, PTP1B and α-glucosidase. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 showed potential inhibitory activities on DGAT1 with IC50 values of 35.2 ± 1.3, 51.3 ± 1.1 and 43.4 ± 0.7 μM, respectively. Compounds 6 and 8 displayed the significant inhibitory activities on α-glucosidase with IC50 value of 28.0 and 23.0 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaohui Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, and China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yanhong Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, and China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xuejiao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, and China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Huijiao Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, and China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, and China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China.
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14
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Chothe PP, Czuba LC, Ayewoh EN, Swaan PW. Tyrosine Phosphorylation Regulates Plasma Membrane Expression and Stability of the Human Bile Acid Transporter ASBT (SLC10A2). Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3569-3576. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paresh P. Chothe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Lindsay C. Czuba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Ebehiremen N. Ayewoh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Peter W. Swaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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Raichur S, Brunner B, Bielohuby M, Hansen G, Pfenninger A, Wang B, Bruning JC, Larsen PJ, Tennagels N. The role of C16:0 ceramide in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes: CerS6 inhibition as a novel therapeutic approach. Mol Metab 2019; 21:36-50. [PMID: 30655217 PMCID: PMC6407366 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ectopic fat deposition is associated with increased tissue production of ceramides. Recent genetic mouse studies suggest that specific sphingolipid C16:0 ceramide produced by ceramide synthase 6 (CerS6) plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance. However, the therapeutic potential of CerS6 inhibition not been demonstrated. Therefore, we pharmacologically investigated the selective ablation of CerS6 using antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) in obese insulin resistance animal models. METHODS We utilized ASO as therapeutic modality, CerS6 ASO molecules designed and synthesized were initially screened for in-vitro knock-down (KD) potency and cytotoxicity. ASOs with >85% inhibition of CerS6 mRNA were selected for further investigations. Most promising ASOs verified for in-vivo KD efficacy in healthy mice. CerS6 ASO (AAGATGAGCCGCACC) was found most active with hepatic reduction of CerS6 mRNA expression. Prior to longitudinal metabolic studies, we performed a dose titration target engagement analysis with CerS6 ASO in healthy mice to select the optimal dose. Next, we utilized leptin deficiency ob/ob and high fat diet (HFD) induced obese mouse models for pharmacological efficacy study. RESULTS CerS6 expression were significantly elevated in the liver and brown adipose, this was correlated with significantly elevated C16:0 ceramide concentrations in plasma and liver. Treatment with CerS6 ASO selectively reduced CerS6 expression by ∼90% predominantly in the liver and this CerS6 KD resulted in a significant reduction of C16:0 ceramide by about 50% in both liver and plasma. CerS6 KD resulted in lower body weight gain and accompanied by a significant reduction in whole body fat and fed/fasted blood glucose levels (1% reduction in HbA1c). Moreover, ASO-mediated CerS6 KD significantly improved oral glucose tolerance (during oGTT) and mice displayed improved insulin sensitivity. Thus, CerS6 appear to play an important role in the development of obesity and insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS Our investigations identified specific and selective therapeutic valid ASO for CerS6 ablation in in-vivo. CerS6 should specifically be targeted for the reduction of C16:0 ceramides, that results in amelioration of insulin resistance, hyperglycemia and obesity. CerS6 mediated C16:0 ceramide reduction could be a potentially attractive target for the treatment of insulin resistance, obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bodo Brunner
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, TA Diabetes, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maximilian Bielohuby
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, TA Diabetes, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gitte Hansen
- Gubra ApS, Hørsholm Kongevej 11B, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Anja Pfenninger
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, TA Diabetes, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bing Wang
- Analytical Research & Development US Predevelopment Sciences, Sanofi, 153 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Jens C Bruning
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolic Research, Gleueler Str. 50, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Tennagels
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, TA Diabetes, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Scavone C, di Mauro G, Mascolo A, Berrino L, Rossi F, Capuano A. The New Paradigms in Clinical Research: From Early Access Programs to the Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Unmet Medical Needs. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:111. [PMID: 30814951 PMCID: PMC6381027 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite several innovative medicines gaining worldwide approval in recent years, there are still therapeutic areas for which unsatisfied therapeutic needs persist. For example, high unmet clinical need was observed in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hemophilia, as well as in specific age groups, such as the pediatric population. Given the urgent need to improve the therapy of clinical conditions for which unmet clinical need is established, clinical testing, and approval of new medicines are increasingly being carried out through accelerated authorization procedures. Starting from 1992, the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency have supported the so-called Early Access Programs (EAPs). Such procedures, which can be based on incomplete clinical data, allow an accelerated marketing authorization for innovative medicines. The growth in pharmaceutical research has also resulted in the development of novel therapeutic approaches, such as biotech drugs and advanced therapy medicinal products, including new monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of asthma, antisense oligonucleotides for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy, and new anticancer drugs that act on genetic biomarkers rather than any specific type of cancer. Even though EAPs and novel therapeutic approaches have brought huge benefits for public health, their implementation is limited by several challenges, including the high risk of safety-related label changes for medicines authorized through the accelerated procedure, the high costs, and the reimbursement and access concerns. In this context, regulatory agencies should provide the best conditions for the implementation of the described new tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Scavone
- Campania Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella di Mauro
- Campania Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Mascolo
- Campania Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Liberato Berrino
- Campania Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Rossi
- Campania Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Capuano
- Campania Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Schloot NC, Hood RC, Corrigan SM, Panek RL, Heise T. Concentrated insulins in current clinical practice. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019; 148:93-101. [PMID: 30583034 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
New concentrated insulins (exceeding 100 units/mL) and dedicated devices have recently become available, offering new treatment options for people with diabetes, for basal and prandial insulin supplementation. The concentrated insulin formulations range from 2-fold concentration (insulin lispro 200 units/mL) with rapid-acting prandial action to 5-fold concentration (human regular insulin, 500 units/mL) with basal and short-acting prandial actions. Long-acting basal insulins include degludec 200 units/mL and glargine 300 units/mL. Concentrated insulins have been developed with the goal of easing insulin therapy by reducing the volume and number of injections and in some cases making use of altered pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. This review summarizes the unique characteristics of each concentrated insulin to help healthcare providers and people with diabetes understand how to best use them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanette C Schloot
- Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Werner-Reimers-Str. 2-4, 61352 Bad Homburg, Germany.
| | - Robert C Hood
- Endocrine Clinic of Southeast Texas, 3030 North Street, Suite 560, Beaumont, TX, USA
| | | | - Robert L Panek
- Syneos Health, 3201 Beechleaf Court, Raleigh, NC 27604, USA.
| | - Tim Heise
- Profil, Hellersbergstraße 9, 41460 Neuss, Germany.
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18
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Luo J, Jiang B, Li C, Jia X, Shi D. CYC27 Synthetic Derivative of Bromophenol from Red Alga Rhodomela confervoides: Anti-Diabetic Effects of Sensitizing Insulin Signaling Pathways and Modulating RNA Splicing-Associated RBPs. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E49. [PMID: 30641913 PMCID: PMC6356253 DOI: 10.3390/md17010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) lie at the center of posttranscriptional regulation and the dysregulation of RBPs contributes to diabetes. Therefore, the modulation of RBPs is anticipated to become a potential therapeutic approach to diabetes. CYC27 is a synthetic derivative of marine bromophenol BDB, which is isolated from red alga Rhodomela confervoides. In this study, we found that CYC27 significantly lowered the blood glucose levels of diabetic BKS db mice. Moreover, CYC27 effectively ameliorated dyslipidemia in BKS db mice by reducing their total serum cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels. Furthermore, CYC27 was an insulin-sensitizing agent with increased insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of insulin receptors and relevant downstream factors. Finally, to systemically study the mechanisms of CYC27, label-free quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis was performed to investigate global changes in phosphorylation. Enriched GO annotation showed that most regulated phosphoproteins were related to RNA splicing and RNA processing. Enriched KEGG analysis showed that a spliceosome-associated pathway was the predominant pathway after CYC27 treatment. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis showed that CYC27 modulated the process of mRNA splicing via phosphorylation of the relevant RBPs, including upregulated Cstf3 and Srrt. Our results suggested that CYC27 treatment exerted promising anti-diabetic effects by sensitizing the insulin signaling pathways and modulating RNA splicing-associated RBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Luo
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Bo Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Chao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiaoling Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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Yahaya TO, Salisu TF. A Review of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Predisposing Genes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2019; 16:52-61. [PMID: 30514191 DOI: 10.2174/1573399815666181204145806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scientists are considering the possibility of treating diabetes mellitus (DM) using a personalized approach in which various forms of the diseases will be treated based on the causal gene and its pathogenesis. To this end, scientists have identified mutations in certain genes as probable causes of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with diverse mechanisms. AIM This review was aimed at articulating already identified T2DM genes with their mechanisms of action and phenotypic presentations for the awareness of all stakeholders. METHOD The Google search engine was used to retrieve relevant information on the subject from reliable academic databases such as PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar, among others. RESULTS At least seventy (70) genes are currently being suspected in the biogenesis of T2DM. However, mutations in, or variants of KCNJ11, PPARG, HNF1B and WFS1 genes, are the most suspected and reported in the pathogenesis of the disease. Mutations in these genes can cause disruption of insulin biosynthesis through the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, change of beta cell morphology, destruction of insulin receptors, among others. These cellular events may lead to insulin resistance and hyperglycemia and, along with environmental triggers such as obesity and overweight, culminate in T2DM. It was observed that each identified gene has its distinct mechanism by which it interacts with other genes and environmental factors to cause T2DM. CONCLUSION Healthcare providers are advised to formulate T2DM drugs or treatment by targeting the causal genes along with their mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajudeen O Yahaya
- Department of Biology, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria
| | - Titilola F Salisu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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20
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Barre DE, Mizier-Barre KA. Lignans' Potential in Pre and Post-onset Type 2 Diabetes Management. Curr Diabetes Rev 2019; 16:2-11. [PMID: 30215336 DOI: 10.2174/1573399814666180914094520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) cases continue to rise dramatically despite efforts to get people to exercise and eat with a view to health and combatting the cluster of 7 issues (central obesity (elevated waist circumference), hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia, pro-thrombotic state, increased oxidation (including Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL)) and the pro-inflammatory state associated with pre- and post-onset T2D. BACKGROUND There are numerous medications available to deal with these seven major issues. However, each medication currently available manages a maximum of two cluster members at a time. Consequently, polypharmacy is frequently required to manage the cluster of seven. Polypharmacy brings with it high financial costs for numerous medications, the risk of poor compliance (particularly so in older patients), side effects and drug interactions. Thus, there is a search for new agents that reduce the high costs and risks of polypharmacy while at the same time combatting three or more of the cluster of seven. There is very limited evidence to suggest that one or more lignans may efficaciously and safely, in the short and long term, manage at least three of the cluster of seven, pre- and post-T2D onset, thus reducing polypharmacy. However, multi-centre, large clinical trials are required before any definitive conclusions about these lignans can be reached regarding their safe and efficacious polypharmacy reduction potential, both long and short-term, in pre and post-onset T2D management. CONCLUSION It is concluded that some lignans appear to have the potential to manage at least three members of the cluster of seven in pre- or post-T2D onset and hence reduce polypharmacy but much more investigation is required to confirm if such is the case. At the moment, there is not enough evidence that any of the lignans will, in the long or short term, safely and efficaciously manage the cluster of seven via polypharmacy reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Edward Barre
- Department of Health Sciences, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada
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21
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Rabiee N, Bagherzadeh M, Rabiee M. A Perspective to the Correlation Between Brain Insulin Resistance and Alzheimer: Medicinal Chemistry Approach. Curr Diabetes Rev 2019; 15:255-258. [PMID: 30381082 DOI: 10.2174/1573399814666181031154817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Substantial terms have been recognized on the associated risk elements, comorbidities as well as, putative pathophysiological processes of Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRDs) as well as, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a few from greatest important disease from the moments. Very much is considered regarding the biology and chemistry of each predicament, nevertheless T2DM and ADRDs are an actually similar pattern developing from the similar origins of maturing or synergistic conditions connected by aggressive patho-corporeal terms and continues to be ambiguous. In this depth-critique article, we aimed to investigate all possibilities and represented a novel and applicable approach from the Medicinal Chemistry concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterial Group, Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Potential Applications of Gliclazide in Treating Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Formulation with Bile Acids and Probiotics. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 43:269-280. [PMID: 29039071 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-017-0441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A major advancement in therapy of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is the discovery of new treatment which avoids and even replaces the absolute requirement for injected insulin. The need for multiple drug therapy of comorbidities associated with T1DM increases demand for developing novel therapeutic alternatives with new mechanisms of actions. Compared to other sulphonylurea drugs used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, gliclazide exhibits a pleiotropic action outside pancreatic β cells, the so-called extrapancreatic effects, such as antiinflammatory and cellular protective effects, which might be beneficial in the treatment of T1DM. Results from in vivo experiments confirmed the positive effects of gliclazide in T1DM that are even more pronounced when combined with other hypoglycaemic agents such as probiotics and bile acids. Even though the exact mechanism of interaction at the molecular level is still unknown, there is a clear synergistic effect between gliclazide, bile acids and probiotics illustrated by the reduction of blood glucose levels and improvement of diabetic complications. Therefore, the manipulation of bile acid pool and intestinal microbiota composition in combination with old drug gliclazide could be a novel therapeutic approach for patients with T1DM.
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Boudon S, Heidl M, Vuorinen A, Wandeler E, Campiche R, Odermatt A, Jackson E. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel selective peptide inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5128-5139. [PMID: 30245006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 11β-HSD1 plays a crucial role in the tissue-specific regulation of cortisol levels and it has been associated with various diseases. Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 is an attractive intervention strategy and the discovery of novel selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors is of high relevance. In this study, we identified and evaluated a new series of selective peptide 11β-HSD1 inhibitors with potential for skin care applications. This novel scaffold was designed with the aid of molecular modeling and two previously reported inhibitors. SAR optimization yielded highly active peptides (IC50 below 400 nM) that were inactive at 1 µM concentration against structurally related enzymes (11β-HSD2, 17β-HSD1 and 17β-HSD2). The best performing peptides inhibited the conversion of cortisone into cortisol in primary human keratinocytes and the most active compound, 5d, was further shown to reverse cortisone-induced collagen damage in human ex-vivo tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Boudon
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Marc Heidl
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Anna Vuorinen
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Wandeler
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Remo Campiche
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Eileen Jackson
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
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Hong F, Xu P, Zhai Y. The Opportunities and Challenges of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Ligands in Clinical Drug Discovery and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082189. [PMID: 30060458 PMCID: PMC6121873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a well-known pharmacological target for the treatment of multiple diseases, including diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases and even primary biliary cholangitis, gout, cancer, Alzheimer's disease and ulcerative colitis. The three PPAR isoforms (α, β/δ and γ) have emerged as integrators of glucose and lipid metabolic signaling networks. Typically, PPARα is activated by fibrates, which are commonly used therapeutic agents in the treatment of dyslipidemia. The pharmacological activators of PPARγ include thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which are insulin sensitizers used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), despite some drawbacks. In this review, we summarize 84 types of PPAR synthetic ligands introduced to date for the treatment of metabolic and other diseases and provide a comprehensive analysis of the current applications and problems of these ligands in clinical drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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Kim TH, Lee JH, Chae YN, Jung IH, Kim MK. Additive effects of evogliptin in combination with pioglitazone on fasting glucose control through direct and indirect hepatic effects in diabetic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 830:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Liu Y, Dong JY, Ren B. A New Flavanone from Seeds of Psoralea corylifolia with α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new flavanone (2 S)-7,4'-hydroxyl-6-(2″,3″-epoxy-3″-methylbutyl)flavanone (1), together with five known compounds (2–6) were isolated from EtOAc-soluble extract of seeds of Psoralea corylifolia. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and physico-chemical analyses. All compounds were evaluated for in vitro inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase. Among them, new compound 1 was found to exhibit inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase with IC50 value of 29.2 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Jia-Yue Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Bo Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
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Mechanick JI, Leroith D. Synthesis: Deriving a Core Set of Recommendations to Optimize Diabetes Care on a Global Scale. Ann Glob Health 2018; 81:874-83. [PMID: 27108155 DOI: 10.1016/j.aogh.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes afflicts 382 million people worldwide, with increasing prevalence rates and adverse effects on health, well-being, and society in general. There are many drivers for the complex presentation of diabetes, including environmental and genetic/epigenetic factors. OBJECTIVE The aim was to synthesize a core set of recommendations from information from 14 countries that can be used to optimize diabetes care on a global scale. METHODS Information from 14 papers in this special issue of Annals of Global Health was reviewed, analyzed, and sorted to synthesize recommendations. PubMed was searched for relevant studies on diabetes and global health. FINDINGS Key findings are as follows: (1) Population-based transitions distinguish region-specific diabetes care; (2) biological drivers for diabetes differ among various populations and need to be clarified scientifically; (3) principal resource availability determines quality-of-care metrics; and (4) governmental involvement, independent of economic barriers, improves the contextualization of diabetes care. Core recommendations are as follows: (1) Each nation should assess region-specific epidemiology, the scientific evidence base, and population-based transitions to establish risk-stratified guidelines for diagnosis and therapeutic interventions; (2) each nation should establish a public health imperative to provide tools and funding to successfully implement these guidelines; and (3) each nation should commit to education and research to optimize recommendations for a durable effect. CONCLUSIONS Systematic acquisition of information about diabetes care can be analyzed, extrapolated, and then used to provide a core set of actionable recommendations that may be further studied and implemented to improve diabetes care on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Mechanick
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
| | - Derek Leroith
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Namekawa J, Yasui M, Katayanagi A, Shirai M, Asai F. Increased hepatic triglyceride level induced by a glucokinase activator in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2131/fts.5.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Namekawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
- Teijin Pharma Limited
| | | | | | - Mitsuyuki Shirai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Fumitoshi Asai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
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29
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Riddy DM, Delerive P, Summers RJ, Sexton PM, Langmead CJ. G Protein–Coupled Receptors Targeting Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 70:39-67. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Scheen AJ, Paquot N, Lefèbvre PJ. Investigational glucagon receptor antagonists in Phase I and II clinical trials for diabetes. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 26:1373-1389. [PMID: 29052441 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2017.1395020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite type 2 diabetes (T2D) being recognized as a bihormonal pancreatic disease, current therapies are mainly focusing on insulin, while targeting glucagon has been long dismissed. However, glucagon receptor (GCGr) antagonists are currently investigated in clinical trials. Area covered: Following a brief description of the rationale for antagonizing GCGr in T2D, lessons from GCGr knock-out mice and pharmacological means to antagonize GCGr, a detailed description of the main results obtained with GCGr antagonists in Phase I-II clinical trials is provided. The development of several small molecules has been discontinued, while new ones are currently considered as well as innovative approaches such as monoclonal antibodies or antisense oligonucleotides inhibiting GCGr gene expression. Their potential benefits but also limitations are discussed. Expert opinion: The proof-of-concept that antagonizing GCGr improves glucose control in T2D has been confirmed in humans. Nevertheless, some adverse events led to stopping the development of some of these GCGr antagonists. New approaches seem to have a better benefit/risk balance, although none has progressed to Phase III clinical trials so far. Pharmacotherapy of T2D is becoming a highly competitive field so that GCGr antagonists should provide clear advantages over numerous existing glucose-lowering medications before eventually reaching clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- André J Scheen
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology , Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liège , Belgium.,b Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine , CHU , Liège , Belgium
| | - Nicolas Paquot
- b Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine , CHU , Liège , Belgium
| | - Pierre J Lefèbvre
- b Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine , CHU , Liège , Belgium
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Xiao L, Pan G. An important intestinal transporter that regulates the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and cholesterol homeostasis: The apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (SLC10A2/ASBT). Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2017; 41:509-515. [PMID: 28336180 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids (BAs) is governed by specific transporters expressed in the liver and the intestine and plays a critical role in the digestion of fats and oils. During this process, the majority of the BAs secreted from the liver is reabsorbed in intestinal epithelial cells via the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT/SLC10A2) and then transported into the portal vein. Previous studies revealed that regulation of the ASBT involves BAs and cholesterol. In addition, abnormal ASBT expression and function might lead to some diseases associated with disorders in the enterohepatic circulation of BAs and cholesterol homeostasis, such as diarrhoea and gallstones. However, decreasing cholesterol or BAs by partly inhibiting ASBT-mediated transport might be used for treatments of hypercholesterolemia, cholestasis and diabetes. This review mainly discusses the regulation of the ASBT by BAs and cholesterol and its relevance to diseases and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Hai-ke Rd, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyu Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Hai-ke Rd, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Trevaskis JL, Sacramento CB, Jouihan H, Ali S, Le Lay J, Oldham S, Bhagroo N, Boland BB, Cann J, Chang Y, O'Day T, Howard V, Reers C, Winzell MS, Smith DM, Feigh M, Barkholt P, Schreiter K, Austen M, Andag U, Thompson S, Jermutus L, Coghlan MP, Grimsby J, Dohrmann C, Rhodes CJ, Rondinone CM, Sharma A. Neurturin and a GLP-1 Analogue Act Synergistically to Alleviate Diabetes in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. Diabetes 2017; 66:2007-2018. [PMID: 28408435 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurturin (NRTN), a member of the glial-derived neurotrophic factor family, was identified from an embryonic chicken pancreatic cDNA library in a screen for secreted factors. In this study, we assessed the potential antidiabetic activities of NRTN relative to liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Subcutaneous administration of NRTN to 8-week-old male ZDF rats prevented the development of hyperglycemia and improved metabolic parameters similar to liraglutide. NRTN treatment increased pancreatic insulin content and β-cell mass and prevented deterioration of islet organization. However, unlike liraglutide-treated rats, NRTN-mediated improvements were not associated with reduced body weight or food intake. Acute NRTN treatment did not activate c-Fos expression in key feeding behavior and metabolic centers in ZDF rat brain or directly enhance glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. Treating 10-week-old ZDF rats with sustained hyperglycemia with liraglutide resulted in some alleviation of hyperglycemia, whereas NRTN was not as effective despite improving plasma lipids and fasting glucose levels. Interestingly, coadministration of NRTN and liraglutide normalized hyperglycemia and other metabolic parameters, demonstrating that combining therapies with distinct mechanism(s) can alleviate advanced diabetes. This emphasizes that therapeutic combinations can be more effective to manage diabetes in individuals with uncontrolled hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Trevaskis
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD
| | | | - Hani Jouihan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Safina Ali
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - John Le Lay
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Stephanie Oldham
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Nicholas Bhagroo
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Brandon B Boland
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Jennifer Cann
- Translational Sciences (Pathology), MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Yuan Chang
- Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD
| | | | - Victor Howard
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD
| | | | | | - David M Smith
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines & Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon Thompson
- Research Project and Portfolio Management, MedImmune Ltd., Cambridge, U.K
| | - Lutz Jermutus
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune Ltd., Cambridge, U.K
| | - Matthew P Coghlan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune Ltd., Cambridge, U.K
| | - Joseph Grimsby
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD
| | | | - Christopher J Rhodes
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Cristina M Rondinone
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Arun Sharma
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD
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A Narrative Review of Potential Future Antidiabetic Drugs: Should We Expect More? Indian J Clin Biochem 2017; 33:121-131. [PMID: 29651202 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-017-0668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, is growing worldwide. The majority of the cases belong to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Globally, India ranks second in terms of diabetes prevalence among adults. Currently available classes of therapeutic agents are used alone or in combinations but seldom achieve treatment targets. Diverse pathophysiology and the need of therapeutic agents with more favourable pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamics profile make newer drug discoveries in the field of T2DM essential. A large number of molecules, some with novel mechanisms, are in pipeline. The essence of this review is to track and discuss these potential agents, based on their developmental stages, especially those in phase 3 or phase 2. Unique molecules are being developed for existing drug classes like insulins, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 analogues; and under newer classes like dual/pan PPAR agonists, dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitors, glimins, anti-inflammatory agents, glucokinase activators, G-protein coupled receptor agonists, hybrid peptide agonists, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitors, glucagon receptor antagonists etc. The heterogeneous clinical presentation and therapeutic outcomes in phenotypically similar patients is a clue to think beyond the standard treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Alcántara
- Organic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés R. Alcántara
- Biotransformations Group, Organic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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35
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Qin L, Chen S, Flood E, Shaunik A, Romero B, de la Cruz M, Alvarez C, Grandy S. Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Treatment Attributes Important to Injection-Naïve Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Multinational Preference Study. Diabetes Ther 2017; 8:321-334. [PMID: 28155131 PMCID: PMC5380493 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-017-0230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) differ in efficacy, side effects, dosing frequency, and device-related attributes. This study assessed the relative importance of treatment-related attributes in influencing preferences for GLP-1RAs among injection-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS Injection-naïve T2DM patients from five countries completed a Web-based discrete choice experiment (DCE) survey. Patients chose between hypothetical treatment profiles reflecting important and differentiating attributes of GLP-1RAs. Eight attributes were included: efficacy, side effects, device size, needle size, titration, preparation, evidence of long-term efficacy/safety, and dosing frequency. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a conditional logit model to indicate the likelihood of choosing a treatment with a given attribute level versus a reference attribute level. The influence of individual attributes when considering full treatment profiles was examined using exenatide once weekly (QW) and liraglutide once daily (QD) as case examples. RESULTS A total of 1482 patients with T2DM completed the DCE survey. Side effects, efficacy, and dosing frequency were the three most important attributes influencing preferences; needle size, device size, and required preparation were least important. Total sample analysis indicated that a profile of GLP-1RA approximating exenatide QW (single pen) was preferred over a profile approximating liraglutide QD (OR 3.36; p < 0.001), when efficacy was assumed to be equal. CONCLUSION The most influential drivers of treatment preferences for a hypothetical GLP-RA profile were side effects, efficacy, and dosing frequency among injection-naïve T2DM patients. Preference elicitation can promote patient-centered care and inform new generations of T2DM treatments, which can lead to improved adherence and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
| | | | - Emuella Flood
- ICON plc, Clinical Outcomes Assessments, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Beverly Romero
- ICON plc, Clinical Outcomes Assessments, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Cynthia Alvarez
- ICON plc, Medical Affairs Statistical Analysis, San Diego, CA, USA
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Tsumura Y, Tsushima Y, Tamura A, Hasebe M, Kanou M, Kato H, Kobayashi T. TMG-123, a novel glucokinase activator, exerts durable effects on hyperglycemia without increasing triglyceride in diabetic animal models. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172252. [PMID: 28207836 PMCID: PMC5313197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) plays a critical role for maintaining glucose homeostasis with regulating glucose uptake in liver and insulin secretion in pancreas. GK activators have been reported to decrease blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, clinical development of GK activators has failed due to the loss of glucose-lowering effects and increased plasma triglyceride levels after chronic treatment. Here, we generated a novel GK activator, TMG-123, examined its in vitro and in vivo pharmacological characteristics, and evaluated its risks of aforementioned clinical issues. TMG-123 selectively activated GK enzyme activity without increasing Vmax. TMG-123 improved glucose tolerance without increasing plasma insulin levels in both insulin-deficient (Goto-Kakizaki rats) and insulin-resistant (db/db mice) models. The beneficial effect on glucose tolerance was greater than results observed with clinically available antidiabetic drugs such as metformin and glibenclamide in Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats. TMG-123 also improved glucose tolerance in combination with metformin. After 4 weeks of administration, TMG-123 reduced the Hemoglobin A1c levels without affecting liver and plasma triglyceride levels in Goto-Kakizaki rats and Diet-Induced Obesity mice. Moreover, TMG-123 sustained its effect on Hemoglobin A1c levels even after 24 weeks of administration without affecting triglycerides. Taken together, these data indicate that TMG-123 exerts glucose-lowering effects in both insulin-deficient and -resistant diabetes, and sustains reduced Hemoglobin A1c levels without affecting hepatic and plasma triglycerides even after chronic treatment. Therefore, TMG-123 is expected to be an antidiabetic drug that overcomes the concerns previously reported with other GK activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Tsumura
- Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Tsushima
- Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Azusa Tamura
- Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Hasebe
- Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kanou
- Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Kato
- Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsunefumi Kobayashi
- Pharmaceutical Development Research Laboratories, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
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Recio C, Maione F, Iqbal AJ, Mascolo N, De Feo V. The Potential Therapeutic Application of Peptides and Peptidomimetics in Cardiovascular Disease. Front Pharmacol 2017; 7:526. [PMID: 28111551 PMCID: PMC5216031 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Numerous therapies are currently under investigation to improve pathological cardiovascular complications, but yet, there have been very few new medications approved for intervention/treatment. Therefore, new approaches to treat CVD are urgently required. Attempts to prevent vascular complications usually involve amelioration of contributing risk factors and underlying processes such as inflammation, obesity, hyperglycaemia, or hypercholesterolemia. Historically, the development of peptides as therapeutic agents has been avoided by the Pharmaceutical industry due to their low stability, size, rate of degradation, and poor delivery. However, more recently, resurgence has taken place in developing peptides and their mimetics for therapeutic intervention. As a result, increased attention has been placed upon using peptides that mimic the function of mediators involved in pathologic processes during vascular damage. This review will provide an overview on novel targets and experimental therapeutic approaches based on peptidomimetics for modulation in CVD. We aim to specifically examine apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and apoE mimetic peptides and their role in cholesterol transport during atherosclerosis, suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1-derived peptides and annexin-A1 as potent inhibitors of inflammation, incretin mimetics and their function in glucose-insulin tolerance, among others. With improvements in technology and synthesis platforms the future looks promising for the development of novel peptides and mimetics for therapeutic use. However, within the area of CVD much more work is required to identify and improve our understanding of peptide structure, interaction, and function in order to select the best targets to take forward for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Recio
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Francesco Maione
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Asif J Iqbal
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Mascolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno Salerno, Italy
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Mittermayer F, Caveney E, De Oliveira C, Fleming GA, Gourgiotis L, Puri M, Tai LJ, Turner JR. Addressing Unmet Medical Needs in Type 1 Diabetes: A Review of Drugs Under Development. Curr Diabetes Rev 2017; 13:300-314. [PMID: 27071617 PMCID: PMC5748875 DOI: 10.2174/1573399812666160413115655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is increasing worldwide and there is a very large need for effective therapies. Essentially no therapies other than insulin are currently approved for the treatment of T1D. Drugs already in use for type 2 diabetes and many new drugs are under clinical development for T1D, including compounds with both established and new mechanisms of action. Content of the Review: Most of the new compounds in clinical development are currently in Phase 1 and 2. Drug classes discussed in this review include new insulins, SGLT inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, immunomodulatory drugs including autoantigens and anti-cytokines, agents that regenerate β-cells and others. Regulatory Considerations: In addition, considerations are provided with regard to the regulatory environment for the clinical development of drugs for T1D, with a focus on the United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. Future opportunities, such as combination treatments of immunomodulatory and beta-cell regenerating therapies, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica Caveney
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Quintiles,
Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mala Puri
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Quintiles, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - J. Rick Turner
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Quintiles,
Durham, NC, USA
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Camastra S. Andrew J. Krentz, Lutz Heinemann, Marcus Hompesch (Eds). Translational Research Methods for Diabetes, Obesity and Cardiometabolic Drug Development: A Focus on Early Phase Clinical Studies. Pharmaceut Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40290-016-0144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abuhammad A, Taha MO. QSAR studies in the discovery of novel type-II diabetic therapies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 11:197-214. [PMID: 26558613 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1118046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type-II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex chronic disease that represents a major therapeutic challenge. Despite extensive efforts in T2DM drug development, therapies remain unsatisfactory. Currently, there are many novel and important antidiabetic drug targets under investigation by many research groups worldwide. One of the main challenges to develop effective orally active hypoglycemic agents is off-target effects. Computational tools have impacted drug discovery at many levels. One of the earliest methods is quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies. QSAR strategies help medicinal chemists understand the relationship between hypoglycemic activity and molecular properties. Hence, QSAR may hold promise in guiding the synthesis of specifically designed novel ligands that demonstrate high potency and target selectivity. AREAS COVERED This review aims to provide an overview of the QSAR strategies used to model antidiabetic agents. In particular, this review focuses on drug targets that raised recent scientific interest and/or led to successful antidiabetic agents in the market. Special emphasis has been made on studies that led to the identification of novel antidiabetic scaffolds. EXPERT OPINION Computer-aided molecular design and discovery techniques like QSAR have a great potential in designing leads against complex diseases such as T2DM. Combined with other in silico techniques, QSAR can provide more useful and rational insights to facilitate the discovery of novel compounds. However, since T2DM is a complex disease that includes several faulty biological targets, multi-target QSAR studies are recommended in the future to achieve efficient antidiabetic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej Abuhammad
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , The University of Jordan , Amman 11942 , Jordan
| | - Mutasem O Taha
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , The University of Jordan , Amman 11942 , Jordan
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Lin S, Zhang F, Jiang G, Qureshi SA, Yang X, Chicchi GG, Tota L, Bansal A, Brady E, Trujillo M, Salituro G, Miller C, Tata JR, Zhang BB, Parmee ER. A novel series of indazole-/indole-based glucagon receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4143-7. [PMID: 26303893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel, potent series of glucagon receptor antagonists (GRAs) was discovered. These indazole- and indole-based compounds were designed on an earlier pyrazole-based GRA lead MK-0893. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies were focused on the C3 and C6 positions of the indazole core, as well as the benzylic position on the N-1 of indazole. Multiple potent GRAs were identified with excellent in vitro profiles and good pharmacokinetics in rat. Among them, GRA 16d was found to be orally active in blunting glucagon induced glucose excursion in an acute glucagon challenge model in glucagon receptor humanized (hGCGR) mice at 1, 3 and 10mg/kg (mpk), and significantly lowered acute glucose levels in hGCGR ob/ob mice at 3 mpk dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songnian Lin
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States.
| | - Fengqi Zhang
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Guoqiang Jiang
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Sajjad A Qureshi
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Gary G Chicchi
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Laurie Tota
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Alka Bansal
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Edward Brady
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Maria Trujillo
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Gino Salituro
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Corey Miller
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - James R Tata
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Bei B Zhang
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Emma R Parmee
- Early Development and Discovery Science, and Preclinical Development, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
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