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Dos Reis Araujo T, Alves BL, Dos Santos LMB, Gonçalves LM, Carneiro EM. Association between protein undernutrition and diabetes: Molecular implications in the reduction of insulin secretion. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:259-278. [PMID: 38048021 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Undernutrition is still a recurring nutritional problem in low and middle-income countries. It is directly associated with the social and economic sphere, but it can also negatively impact the health of the population. In this sense, it is believed that undernourished individuals may be more susceptible to the development of non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, throughout life. This hypothesis was postulated and confirmed until today by several studies that demonstrate that experimental models submitted to protein undernutrition present alterations in glycemic homeostasis linked, in part, to the reduction of insulin secretion. Therefore, understanding the changes that lead to a reduction in the secretion of this hormone is essential to prevent the development of diabetes in undernourished individuals. This narrative review aims to describe the main molecular changes already characterized in pancreatic β cells that will contribute to the reduction of insulin secretion in protein undernutrition. So, it will provide new perspectives and targets for postulation and action of therapeutic strategies to improve glycemic homeostasis during this nutritional deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Dos Reis Araujo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Carl Von Linnaeus Bloco Z, Campinas, SP, Cep: 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lourençoni Alves
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Carl Von Linnaeus Bloco Z, Campinas, SP, Cep: 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Lohanna Monali Barreto Dos Santos
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Carl Von Linnaeus Bloco Z, Campinas, SP, Cep: 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Luciana Mateus Gonçalves
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Everardo Magalhães Carneiro
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Carl Von Linnaeus Bloco Z, Campinas, SP, Cep: 13083-864, Brazil.
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Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ. Hexokinase-linked glycolytic overload and unscheduled glycolysis in hyperglycemia-induced pathogenesis of insulin resistance, beta-cell glucotoxicity, and diabetic vascular complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1268308. [PMID: 38292764 PMCID: PMC10824962 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1268308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a risk factor for the development of insulin resistance, beta-cell glucotoxicity, and vascular complications of diabetes. We propose the hypothesis, hexokinase-linked glycolytic overload and unscheduled glycolysis, in explanation. Hexokinases (HKs) catalyze the first step of glucose metabolism. Increased flux of glucose metabolism through glycolysis gated by HKs, when occurring without concomitant increased activity of glycolytic enzymes-unscheduled glycolysis-produces increased levels of glycolytic intermediates with overspill into effector pathways of cell dysfunction and pathogenesis. HK1 is saturated with glucose in euglycemia and, where it is the major HK, provides for basal glycolytic flux without glycolytic overload. HK2 has similar saturation characteristics, except that, in persistent hyperglycemia, it is stabilized to proteolysis by high intracellular glucose concentration, increasing HK activity and initiating glycolytic overload and unscheduled glycolysis. This drives the development of vascular complications of diabetes. Similar HK2-linked unscheduled glycolysis in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in impaired fasting glucose drives the development of peripheral insulin resistance. Glucokinase (GCK or HK4)-linked glycolytic overload and unscheduled glycolysis occurs in persistent hyperglycemia in hepatocytes and beta-cells, contributing to hepatic insulin resistance and beta-cell glucotoxicity, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes. Downstream effector pathways of HK-linked unscheduled glycolysis are mitochondrial dysfunction and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation; activation of hexosamine, protein kinase c, and dicarbonyl stress pathways; and increased Mlx/Mondo A signaling. Mitochondrial dysfunction and increased ROS was proposed as the initiator of metabolic dysfunction in hyperglycemia, but it is rather one of the multiple downstream effector pathways. Correction of HK2 dysregulation is proposed as a novel therapeutic target. Pharmacotherapy addressing it corrected insulin resistance in overweight and obese subjects in clinical trial. Overall, the damaging effects of hyperglycemia are a consequence of HK-gated increased flux of glucose metabolism without increased glycolytic enzyme activities to accommodate it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul J. Thornalley
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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Imai D, Nakanishi N, Shinagawa N, Yamamoto S, Ichikawa T, Sumi M, Matsui T, Hosomi Y, Hasegawa Y, Munekawa C, Miyoshi T, Okamura T, Kitagawa N, Hashimoto Y, Okada H, Sakui N, Sasano R, Hamaguchi M, Fukui M. Association of Elevated Serum Branched-chain Amino Acid Levels With Longitudinal Skeletal Muscle Loss. J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvad178. [PMID: 38213909 PMCID: PMC10783241 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Context Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are substrates for protein synthesis. Although their intake may contribute to an increase in skeletal muscle mass, elevated serum BCAA levels have been reported to be associated with insulin resistance, potentially resulting in decreased skeletal muscle mass. Objective This study aimed to explore the association between elevated serum BCAA levels and longitudinal skeletal muscle loss. Design and Setting A cohort analysis was conducted, in which serum amino acids were analyzed in healthy individuals who underwent a medical health checkup at Kameoka Municipal Hospital (HOZUGAWA study), Japan. Patients Seventy-one participants (37 men and 34 women) underwent follow-up checkups after the baseline visit. The follow-up duration was 1.2 ± .4 years. Main Outcome Measures The relationship between fasting baseline serum BCAA levels and lifestyle factors, body composition, blood test results, dietary history, and changes in skeletal muscle mass was evaluated. Results In both men and women, serum BCAA levels were positively correlated with body weight, body mass index, skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), and serum triglycerides but inversely correlated with serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In men, fasting serum BCAA levels were inversely associated with the rate of change in SMI (adjusted β = -.529, P = .006), and elevated BCAA levels were independently associated with a longitudinal decrease in skeletal muscle mass (odds ratio: 1.740; 95% confidence interval: 1.023-2.960 per 50 nmol/mL serum BCAAs increase). Conclusion Increased circulating BCAAs could be an indicator of skeletal muscle loss in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Imai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakanishi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Natsuko Shinagawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shinta Yamamoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ichikawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Madoka Sumi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takaaki Matsui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yukako Hosomi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yuka Hasegawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Chihiro Munekawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomoki Miyoshi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kyoto Okamoto Memorial Hospital, Kyoto, 613-0034, Japan
| | - Takuro Okamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kitagawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Diabetology, Kameoka Municipal Hospital, Kyoto, 621-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hashimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Matsushita Memorial Hospital, Moriguchi, 570-8540, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Okada
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | | | | | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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Kugler BA, Lourie J, Berger N, Lin N, Nguyen P, DosSantos E, Ali A, Sesay A, Rosen HG, Kalemba B, Hendricks GM, Houmard JA, Sesaki H, Gona P, You T, Yan Z, Zou K. Partial skeletal muscle-specific Drp1 knockout enhances insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice, but not in lean mice. Mol Metab 2023; 77:101802. [PMID: 37690520 PMCID: PMC10511484 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) is the key regulator of mitochondrial fission. We and others have reported a strong correlation between enhanced Drp1 activity and impaired skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. This study aimed to determine whether Drp1 directly regulates skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and whole-body glucose homeostasis. METHODS We employed tamoxifen-inducible skeletal muscle-specific heterozygous Drp1 knockout mice (mDrp1+/-). Male mDrp1+/- and wildtype (WT) mice were fed with either a high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD) for four weeks, followed by tamoxifen injections for five consecutive days, and remained on their respective diet for another four weeks. In addition, we used primary human skeletal muscle cells (HSkMC) from lean, insulin-sensitive, and severely obese, insulin-resistant humans and transfected the cells with either a Drp1 shRNA (shDrp1) or scramble shRNA construct. Skeletal muscle and whole-body insulin sensitivity, skeletal muscle insulin signaling, mitochondrial network morphology, respiration, and H2O2 production were measured. RESULTS Partial deletion of the Drp1 gene in skeletal muscle led to improved whole-body glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (P < 0.05) in diet-induced obese, insulin-resistant mice but not in lean mice. Analyses of mitochondrial structure and function revealed that the partial deletion of the Drp1 gene restored mitochondrial dynamics, improved mitochondrial morphology, and reduced mitochondrial Complex I- and II-derived H2O2 (P < 0.05) under the condition of diet-induced obesity. In addition, partial deletion of Drp1 in skeletal muscle resulted in elevated circulating FGF21 (P < 0.05) and in a trend towards increase of FGF21 expression in skeletal muscle tissue (P = 0.095). In primary myotubes derived from severely obese, insulin-resistant humans, ShRNA-induced-knockdown of Drp1 resulted in enhanced insulin signaling, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and reduced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content compared to the shScramble-treated myotubes from the same donors (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that partial loss of skeletal muscle-specific Drp1 expression is sufficient to improve whole-body glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity under obese, insulin-resistant conditions, which may be, at least in part, due to reduced mitochondrial H2O2 production. In addition, our findings revealed divergent effects of Drp1 on whole-body metabolism under lean healthy or obese insulin-resistant conditions in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Kugler
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jared Lourie
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas Berger
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nana Lin
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Nguyen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edzana DosSantos
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abir Ali
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amira Sesay
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Grace Rosen
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Baby Kalemba
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory M Hendricks
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Joseph A Houmard
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Philimon Gona
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tongjian You
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute Center for Exercise Medicine Research, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kai Zou
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA.
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Liu Y, Wang D, Liu YP. Metabolite profiles of diabetes mellitus and response to intervention in anti-hyperglycemic drugs. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1237934. [PMID: 38027178 PMCID: PMC10644798 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1237934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a major health problem, threatening the quality of life of nearly 500 million patients worldwide. As a typical multifactorial metabolic disease, T2DM involves the changes and interactions of various metabolic pathways such as carbohydrates, amino acid, and lipids. It has been suggested that metabolites are not only the endpoints of upstream biochemical processes, but also play a critical role as regulators of disease progression. For example, excess free fatty acids can lead to reduced glucose utilization in skeletal muscle and induce insulin resistance; metabolism disorder of branched-chain amino acids contributes to the accumulation of toxic metabolic intermediates, and promotes the dysfunction of β-cell mitochondria, stress signal transduction, and apoptosis. In this paper, we discuss the role of metabolites in the pathogenesis of T2DM and their potential as biomarkers. Finally, we list the effects of anti-hyperglycemic drugs on serum/plasma metabolic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi-Ping Liu
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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Szrok-Jurga S, Czumaj A, Turyn J, Hebanowska A, Swierczynski J, Sledzinski T, Stelmanska E. The Physiological and Pathological Role of Acyl-CoA Oxidation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14857. [PMID: 37834305 PMCID: PMC10573383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid metabolism, including β-oxidation (βOX), plays an important role in human physiology and pathology. βOX is an essential process in the energy metabolism of most human cells. Moreover, βOX is also the source of acetyl-CoA, the substrate for (a) ketone bodies synthesis, (b) cholesterol synthesis, (c) phase II detoxication, (d) protein acetylation, and (d) the synthesis of many other compounds, including N-acetylglutamate-an important regulator of urea synthesis. This review describes the current knowledge on the importance of the mitochondrial and peroxisomal βOX in various organs, including the liver, heart, kidney, lung, gastrointestinal tract, peripheral white blood cells, and other cells. In addition, the diseases associated with a disturbance of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in the liver, heart, kidney, lung, alimentary tract, and other organs or cells are presented. Special attention was paid to abnormalities of FAO in cancer cells and the diseases caused by mutations in gene-encoding enzymes involved in FAO. Finally, issues related to α- and ω- fatty acid oxidation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Szrok-Jurga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Aleksandra Czumaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Jacek Turyn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Areta Hebanowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Julian Swierczynski
- Institue of Nursing and Medical Rescue, State University of Applied Sciences in Koszalin, 75-582 Koszalin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Ewa Stelmanska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
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Christensen IB, Blom I, Dohlmann TL, Finger F, Helge JW, Gerhart-Hines Z, Dela F, Larsen S. Effect of Simvastatin Treatment on Mitochondrial Function and Inflammatory Status of Human White Adipose Tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e916-e922. [PMID: 37161534 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statin therapy has shown pleiotropic effects affecting both mitochondrial function and inflammatory status. However, few studies have investigated the concurrent effects of statin exposure on mitochondrial function and inflammatory status in human subcutaneous white adipose tissue. OBJECTIVES In a cross-sectional study, we investigated the effects of simvastatin on mitochondrial function and inflammatory status in subcutaneous white adipose tissue of 55 human participants: 38 patients (19 females/19 males) in primary prevention with simvastatin (> 40 mg/d, > 3 mo) and 17 controls (9 females/8 males) with elevated plasma cholesterol. The 2 groups were matched on age, body mass index, and maximal oxygen consumption. METHODS Anthropometrics and fasting biochemical characteristics were measured. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity was assessed in white adipose tissue by high-resolution respirometry. Subcutaneous white adipose tissue expression of the inflammatory markers IL-6, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL-5, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-10, and IL-4 was analyzed by quantitative PCR. RESULTS Simvastatin-treated patients showed lower plasma cholesterol (P < .0001), low-density lipoprotein (P < .0001), and triglyceride levels (P = .0116) than controls. Simvastatin-treated patients had a lower oxidative phosphorylation capacity of mitochondrial complex II (P = .0001 when normalized to wet weight, P < .0001 when normalized to citrate synthase activity [intrinsic]), and a lower intrinsic mitochondrial electron transport system capacity (P = .0004). Simvastatin-treated patients showed higher IL-6 expression than controls (P = .0202). CONCLUSION Simvastatin treatment was linked to mitochondrial respiratory capacity in human subcutaneous white adipose tissue, but no clear link was found between statin exposure, respiratory changes, and inflammatory status of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Bager Christensen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ida Blom
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Tine Lovsø Dohlmann
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Fabian Finger
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Zachary Gerhart-Hines
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg University Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
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Kwok WTH, Kwak HA, Andreazza AC. N-acetylcysteine modulates rotenone-induced mitochondrial Complex I dysfunction in THP-1 cells. Mitochondrion 2023; 72:1-10. [PMID: 37419232 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Complex I dysfunction and oxidative stress have been part of the pathophysiology of several diseases ranging from mitochondrial disease to chronic diseases such as diabetes, mood disorders and Parkinson's Disease. Nonetheless, to investigate the potential of mitochondria-targeted therapeutic strategies for these conditions, there is a need further our understanding on how cells respond and adapt in the presence of Complex I dysfunction. In this study, we used low doses of rotenone, a classical inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I, to mimic peripheral mitochondrial dysfunction in THP-1 cells, a human monocytic cell line, and explored the effects of N-acetylcysteine on preventing this rotenone-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Our results show that in THP-1 cells, rotenone exposure led to increases in mitochondrial superoxide, levels of cell-free mitochondrial DNA, and protein levels of the NDUFS7 subunit. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) pre-treatment ameliorated the rotenone-induced increase of cell-free mitochondrial DNA and NDUFS7 protein levels, but not mitochondrial superoxide. Furthermore, rotenone exposure did not affect protein levels of the NDUFV1 subunit but induced NDUFV1 glutathionylation. In summary, NAC may help to mitigate the effects of rotenone on Complex I and preserve the normal function of mitochondria in THP-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston Tse-Hou Kwok
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Haejin Angela Kwak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ana Cristina Andreazza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Mitochondrial Innovation Initiative, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Argentato PP, Guerra JVDS, Luzia LA, Ramos ES, Maschietto M, Rondó PHDC. Excessive Gestational Weight Gain Alters DNA Methylation and Influences Foetal and Neonatal Body Composition. EPIGENOMES 2023; 7:18. [PMID: 37606455 PMCID: PMC10443290 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in body weight are associated with the regulation of DNA methylation (DNAm). In this study, we investigated the associations between maternal gestational weight gain-related DNAm and foetal and neonatal body composition. METHODS Brazilian pregnant women from the Araraquara Cohort Study were followed up during pregnancy, delivery, and after hospital discharge. Women with normal pre-pregnancy BMI were allocated into two groups: adequate gestational weight gain (AGWG, n = 45) and excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG, n = 30). Foetal and neonatal body composition was evaluated via ultrasound and plethysmography, respectively. DNAm was assessed in maternal blood using Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip arrays. Linear regression models were used to explore the associations between DNAm and foetal and neonatal body composition. RESULTS Maternal weight, GWG, neonatal weight, and fat mass were higher in the EGWG group. Analysis of DNAm identified 46 differentially methylated positions and 11 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between the EGWG and AGWG groups. Nine human phenotypes were enriched for these 11 DMRs located in 13 genes (EMILIN1, HOXA5, CPT1B, CLDN9, ZFP57, BRCA1, POU5F1, ANKRD33, HLA-B, RANBP17, ZMYND11, DIP2C, TMEM232), highlighting the terms insulin resistance, and hyperglycaemia. Maternal DNAm was associated with foetal total thigh and arm tissues and subcutaneous thigh and arm fat, as well as with neonatal fat mass percentage and fat mass. CONCLUSION The methylation pattern in the EGWG group indicated a risk for developing chronic diseases and involvement of maternal DNAm in foetal lean and fat mass and in neonatal fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Pizzi Argentato
- Nutrition Department, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil; (P.P.A.); (L.A.L.)
| | - João Victor da Silva Guerra
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Centre for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM) and Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro 10.000, Cidade Universitária, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil;
| | - Liania Alves Luzia
- Nutrition Department, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil; (P.P.A.); (L.A.L.)
| | - Ester Silveira Ramos
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Mariana Maschietto
- Boldrini Children’s Hospital, University of Campinas, Rua Márcia Mendes 619, Cidade Universitária, Campinas 13083-884, SP, Brazil;
| | - Patrícia Helen de Carvalho Rondó
- Nutrition Department, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil; (P.P.A.); (L.A.L.)
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10
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Zapata Bustos R, Coletta DK, Galons JP, Davidson LB, Langlais PR, Funk JL, Willis WT, Mandarino LJ. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and mitochondrial protein content predict insulin sensitivity and fuel selection during exercise in human skeletal muscle. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1208186. [PMID: 37485059 PMCID: PMC10361819 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1208186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Many investigators have attempted to define the molecular nature of changes responsible for insulin resistance in muscle, but a molecular approach may not consider the overall physiological context of muscle. Because the energetic state of ATP (ΔGATP) could affect the rate of insulin-stimulated, energy-consuming processes, the present study was undertaken to determine whether the thermodynamic state of skeletal muscle can partially explain insulin sensitivity and fuel selection independently of molecular changes. Methods: 31P-MRS was used with glucose clamps, exercise studies, muscle biopsies and proteomics to measure insulin sensitivity, thermodynamic variables, mitochondrial protein content, and aerobic capacity in 16 volunteers. Results: After showing calibrated 31P-MRS measurements conformed to a linear electrical circuit model of muscle nonequilibrium thermodynamics, we used these measurements in multiple stepwise regression against rates of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and fuel oxidation. Multiple linear regression analyses showed 53% of the variance in insulin sensitivity was explained by 1) VO2max (p = 0.001) and the 2) slope of the relationship of ΔGATP with the rate of oxidative phosphorylation (p = 0.007). This slope represents conductance in the linear model (functional content of mitochondria). Mitochondrial protein content from proteomics was an independent predictor of fractional fat oxidation during mild exercise (R2 = 0.55, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Higher mitochondrial functional content is related to the ability of skeletal muscle to maintain a greater ΔGATP, which may lead to faster rates of insulin-stimulated processes. Mitochondrial protein content per se can explain fractional fat oxidation during mild exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Zapata Bustos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Dawn K. Coletta
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jean-Philippe Galons
- Department of Medical Imaging, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Lisa B. Davidson
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Paul R. Langlais
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Janet L. Funk
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Wayne T. Willis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Lawrence J. Mandarino
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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11
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Vidyadharan VA, Blesson CS, Tanchico D, Betancourt A, Smith C, Yallampalli C. Low Protein Programming Causes Increased Mitochondrial Fusion and Decreased Oxygen Consumption in the Hepatocytes of Female Rats. Nutrients 2023; 15:1568. [PMID: 37049409 PMCID: PMC10097083 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is one of the major organs involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis. The effectiveness of metabolic activity in hepatocytes is determined by the quality and quantity of its mitochondria. Mitochondrial function is complex, and they act via various dynamic networks, which rapidly adapt to changes in the cellular milieu. Our present study aims to investigate the effects of low protein programming on the structure and function of mitochondria in the hepatocytes of adult females. Pregnant rats were fed with a control or isocaloric low-protein diet from gestational day 4 until delivery. A normal laboratory chow was given to all dams after delivery and to pups after weaning. The rats were euthanized at 4 months of age and the livers were collected from female offspring for investigating the mitochondrial structure, mtDNA copy number, mRNA, and proteins expression of genes associated with mitochondrial function. Primary hepatocytes were isolated and used for the analysis of the mitochondrial bioenergetics profiles. The mitochondrial ultrastructure showed that the in utero low-protein diet exposure led to increased mitochondrial fusion. Accordingly, there was an increase in the mRNA and protein levels of the mitochondrial fusion gene Opa1 and mitochondrial biogenesis genes Pgc1a and Essra, but Fis1, a fission gene, was downregulated. Low protein programming also impaired the mitochondrial function of the hepatocytes with a decrease in basal respiration ATP-linked respiration and proton leak. In summary, the present study suggests that the hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction induced by an in utero low protein diet might be a potential mechanism linking glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin A. Vidyadharan
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chellakkan S. Blesson
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Division, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Family Fertility Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daren Tanchico
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ancizar Betancourt
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Craig Smith
- Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
| | - Chandra Yallampalli
- Basic Sciences Perinatology Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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12
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Wang L, Shen J, Wang Y, Bi J. Identification of fatty acid metabolism-based molecular subtypes and prognostic signature to predict immune landscape and guide clinical drug treatment in renal clear cell carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109735. [PMID: 36716517 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Three subtypes of samples were generated based on genes involved in fatty acid metabolism in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-RCC patients using a non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm. 32 co-expressed modules were identified using WCGNA. We constructed a four-gene signature in our training set using least absolute shrinkage selection operator regression analysis and verified it in our testing and overall sets. A relevant study analysis in clinical trials was conducted, which showed the model had good stability and potential application value for predicting outcomes. We analyzed the immune microenvironment using MCPcounter, CIBERSORT, quanTIseq, TIMER and ESTIMATE algorithms, and the result indicated risk was positively related to T cells, B-lineage, and fibroblasts and negatively correlated with monocytic lineage, myeloid dendritic cells, neutrophils, and endothelial cells, and CPT1B was positively related to T cells, CD8 + T cells, Cytotoxic lymphocytes and NK cells, and negatively correlated with myeloid dendritic cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells. Tumor mutation burden was positively related to risk score and the expression of CPT1B using the R packages corrplot, circlize. Through the R package pRRophetic, drug sensitivity tests showed that the low-risk score group would benefit more from sunitinib and less from pazopanib, sorafenib, temsirolimus, gemcitabine and doxorubicin than the high-risk score group. We performed the relevant basic assay validation for CPT1B, and the proliferation ability of RCC cells was inhibited after the knockdown of protein expression of CPT1B. In conclusion, we established a four-gene model that can predict outcomes of RCC with potential applications in diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Junlin Shen
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbin Bi
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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13
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Low HC, Chilian WM, Ratnam W, Karupaiah T, Md Noh MF, Mansor F, Ng ZX, Pung YF. Changes in Mitochondrial Epigenome in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Br J Biomed Sci 2023; 80:10884. [PMID: 36866104 PMCID: PMC9970885 DOI: 10.3389/bjbs.2023.10884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a major chronic metabolic disorder in public health. Due to mitochondria's indispensable role in the body, its dysfunction has been implicated in the development and progression of multiple diseases, including Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Thus, factors that can regulate mitochondrial function, like mtDNA methylation, are of significant interest in managing T2DM. In this paper, the overview of epigenetics and the mechanism of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA methylation were briefly discussed, followed by other mitochondrial epigenetics. Subsequently, the association between mtDNA methylation with T2DM and the challenges of mtDNA methylation studies were also reviewed. This review will aid in understanding the impact of mtDNA methylation on T2DM and future advancements in T2DM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ching Low
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - William M. Chilian
- Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown Township, OH, United States
| | - Wickneswari Ratnam
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tilakavati Karupaiah
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fairulnizal Md Noh
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Setia Alam, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Fazliana Mansor
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Health, Setia Alam, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Zhi Xiang Ng
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yuh Fen Pung
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia,*Correspondence: Yuh Fen Pung,
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14
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Barakati N, Bustos RZ, Coletta DK, Langlais PR, Kohler LN, Luo M, Funk JL, Willis WT, Mandarino LJ. Fuel Selection in Skeletal Muscle Exercising at Low Intensity; Reliance on Carbohydrate in Very Sedentary Individuals. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2023; 21:16-24. [PMID: 36318809 PMCID: PMC9969886 DOI: 10.1089/met.2022.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Resting skeletal muscle in insulin resistance prefers to oxidize carbohydrate rather than lipid, exhibiting metabolic inflexibility. Although this is established in resting muscle, complexities involved in directly measuring fuel oxidation using indirect calorimetry across a muscle bed have limited studies of this phenomenon in working skeletal muscle. During mild exercise and at rest, whole-body indirect calorimetry imperfectly estimates muscle fuel oxidation. We provide evidence that a method termed "ΔRER" can reasonably estimate fuel oxidation in skeletal muscle activated by exercise. Methods: Completely sedentary volunteers (n = 20, age 31 ± 2 years, V̇O2peak 24.4 ± 1.5 mL O2 per min/kg) underwent glucose clamps to determine insulin sensitivity and graded exercise consisting of three periods of mild steady-state cycle ergometry (15, 30, 45 watts, or 10%, 20%, and 30% of maximum power) with measurements of whole-body gas exchange. ΔRER, the RER in working muscle, was calculated as (V̇CO2exercise -V̇CO2rest)/(V̇O2exercise - V̇O2rest), from which the fraction of fuel accounted for by lipid was estimated. Results: Lactate levels were low and stable during steady-state exercise. Muscle biopsies were used to estimate mitochondrial content. The rise of V̇O2 at onset of exercise followed a monoexponential function, with a time constant of 51 ± 7 sec, typical of skeletal muscle; the average O2 cost of work was about 12 mL O2/watt/min, representing a mechanical efficiency of about 24%. At work rates of 30 or 45 watts, active muscle relied predominantly on carbohydrate, independent of insulin sensitivity within this group of very sedentary volunteers. Conclusions: The fraction of muscle fuel oxidation from fat was predicted by power output (P < 0.001) and citrate synthase activity (P < 0.05), indicating that low mitochondrial content may be the main driver of fuel choice in sedentary people, independent of insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neusha Barakati
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Rocio Zapata Bustos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Dawn K. Coletta
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Paul R. Langlais
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Lindsay N. Kohler
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Epidemiology and Biostatistics and The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Moulun Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Janet L. Funk
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Wayne T. Willis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Lawrence J. Mandarino
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona, Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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15
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A Metabolomics-Based Investigation of the Effects of a Short-Term Body Weight Reduction Program in a Cohort of Adolescents with Obesity: A Prospective Interventional Clinical Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030529. [PMID: 36771236 PMCID: PMC9921209 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics applied to assess the response to a body weight reduction program (BWRP) may generate valuable information concerning the biochemical mechanisms/pathways underlying the BWRP-induced cardiometabolic benefits. The aim of the present study was to establish the BWRP-induced changes in the metabolomic profile that characterizes the obese condition. In particular, a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) targeted metabolomic approach was used to determine a total of 188 endogenous metabolites in the plasma samples of a cohort of 42 adolescents with obesity (female/male = 32/10; age = 15.94 ± 1.33 year; body mass index standard deviation score (BMI SDS) = 2.96 ± 0.46) who underwent a 3-week BWRP, including hypocaloric diet, physical exercise, nutritional education, and psychological support. The BWRP was capable of significantly improving body composition (e.g., BMI SDS, p < 0.0001), glucometabolic homeostasis (e.g., glucose, p < 0.0001), and cardiovascular function (e.g., diastolic blood pressure, p = 0.016). A total of 64 metabolites were significantly reduced after the intervention (at least p < 0.05), including 53 glycerophospholipids (23 PCs ae, 21 PCs aa, and 9 lysoPCs), 7 amino acids (tyrosine, phenylalanine, arginine, citrulline, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and leucine), the biogenic amine kynurenine, 2 sphingomyelins, and (free) carnitine (C0). On the contrary, three metabolites were significantly increased after the intervention (at least p < 0.05)-in particular, glutamine, trans-4-hydroxyproline, and the octadecenoyl-carnitine (C18:1). In conclusion, when administered to adolescents with obesity, a short-term BWRP is capable of changing the metabolomic profile in the plasma.
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16
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Barbosa H, Ramadan W, Matzenbacher dos Santos J, Benite-Ribeiro SA. Effects of Physical Exercise on Mitochondrial Biogenesis of Skeletal Muscle Modulated by Histones Modifications in Type 2 Diabetes. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.10095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modification in skeletal muscle induced by environmental factors seems to modulate several metabolic pathways that underlie Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) development. Mitochondrial biogenesis is an important process for maintaining lipid metabolism homeostasis, as well as epigenetic modifications in proteins that regulate this pathway have been observed in the skeletal muscle of T2DM subjects. Moreover, physical exercise affects several metabolic pathways attenuating metabolic deregulation observed in T2DM. The pathways that regulate mitochondrial homeostasis are one of the key components for understanding such physical exercise beneficial effects. Thus, in this study, we investigate the epigenetic mechanisms underlying mitochondrial biogenesis in the skeletal muscle in T2DM, focusing on histone modifications and the possible mechanisms by which physical exercise delay or inhibit T2DM onset. The results indicate that exercise promotes improvements in cellular metabolism through increasing enzymes of the antioxidant system, AMPK and ATP-citrate lyase activity, Acetyl-CoA concentration, and enhancing the acetylation of histones. A key mediator of mitochondrial biogenesis such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC1) seems to be upregulated by exercise in T2DM and such factor positively regulates the skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, which improves energy metabolism and glucose homeostasis inhibiting or delaying insulin resistance and further T2DM.
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17
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Vanweert F, Schrauwen P, Phielix E. Role of branched-chain amino acid metabolism in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes-related metabolic disturbances BCAA metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Nutr Diabetes 2022; 12:35. [PMID: 35931683 PMCID: PMC9356071 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-022-00213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism has been considered to have an emerging role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disturbances in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Several studies showed elevated plasma BCAA levels in humans with insulin resistance and patients with T2D, although the underlying reason is unknown. Dysfunctional BCAA catabolism could theoretically be an underlying factor. In vitro and animal work collectively show that modulation of the BCAA catabolic pathway alters key metabolic processes affecting glucose homeostasis, although an integrated understanding of tissue-specific BCAA catabolism remains largely unknown, especially in humans. Proof-of-concept studies in rodents -and to a lesser extent in humans – strongly suggest that enhancing BCAA catabolism improves glucose homeostasis in metabolic disorders, such as obesity and T2D. In this review, we discuss several hypothesized mechanistic links between BCAA catabolism and insulin resistance and overview current available tools to modulate BCAA catabolism in vivo. Furthermore, this review considers whether enhancing BCAA catabolism forms a potential future treatment strategy to promote metabolic health in insulin resistance and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Froukje Vanweert
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Phielix
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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18
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Freitas EDS, Katsanos CS. (Dys)regulation of Protein Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle of Humans With Obesity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:843087. [PMID: 35350688 PMCID: PMC8957804 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.843087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies investigating the proteome of skeletal muscle present clear evidence that protein metabolism is altered in muscle of humans with obesity. Moreover, muscle quality (i.e., strength per unit of muscle mass) appears lower in humans with obesity. However, relevant evidence to date describing the protein turnover, a process that determines content and quality of protein, in muscle of humans with obesity is quite inconsistent. This is due, at least in part, to heterogeneity in protein turnover in skeletal muscle of humans with obesity. Although not always evident at the mixed-muscle protein level, the rate of synthesis is generally lower in myofibrillar and mitochondrial proteins in muscle of humans with obesity. Moreover, alterations in the synthesis of protein in muscle of humans with obesity are manifested more readily under conditions that stimulate protein synthesis in muscle, including the fed state, increased plasma amino acid availability to muscle, and exercise. Current evidence supports various biological mechanisms explaining impairments in protein synthesis in muscle of humans with obesity, but this evidence is rather limited and needs to be reproduced under more defined experimental conditions. Expanding our current knowledge with direct measurements of protein breakdown in muscle, and more importantly of protein turnover on a protein by protein basis, will enhance our understanding of how obesity modifies the proteome (content and quality) in muscle of humans with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christos S Katsanos
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
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19
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Rabbani N, Xue M, Thornalley PJ. Hexokinase-2-Linked Glycolytic Overload and Unscheduled Glycolysis-Driver of Insulin Resistance and Development of Vascular Complications of Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042165. [PMID: 35216280 PMCID: PMC8877341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of the glucose-induced stabilization of hexokinase-2 (HK2) to proteolysis in cell dysfunction in model hyperglycemia has revealed a likely key initiating factor contributing to the development of insulin resistance and vascular complications in diabetes. Consequently, the increased flux of glucose metabolism without a change in the expression and activity of glycolytic enzymes produces a wave of increased glycolytic intermediates driving mitochondrial dysfunction and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, the activation of hexosamine and protein kinase C pathways, the increased formation of methylglyoxal-producing dicarbonyl stress, and the activation of the unfolded protein response. This is called HK2-linked glycolytic overload and unscheduled glycolysis. The conditions required to sustain this are GLUT1 and/or GLUT3 glucose uptake and the expression of HK2. A metabolic biomarker of its occurrence is the abnormally increased deposition of glycogen, which is produced by metabolic channeling when HK2 becomes detached from mitochondria. These conditions and metabolic consequences are found in the vasculature, kidneys, retina, peripheral nerves, and early-stage embryo development in diabetes and likely sustain the development of diabetic vascular complications and embryopathy. In insulin resistance, HK2-linked unscheduled glycolysis may also be established in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. This may explain the increased glucose disposal by skeletal uptake in the fasting phase in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, compared to healthy controls, and the presence of insulin resistance in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Importantly, glyoxalase 1 inducer—trans-resveratrol and hesperetin in combination (tRES-HESP)—corrected HK2-linked glycolytic overload and unscheduled glycolysis and reversed insulin resistance and improved vascular inflammation in overweight and obese subjects in clinical trial. Further studies are now required to evaluate tRES-HESP for the prevention and reversal of early-stage type 2 diabetes and for the treatment of the vascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Rabbani
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Qatar University Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
- Correspondence: (N.R.); (P.J.T.); Tel.: +974-7479-5649 (N.R.); +974-7090-1635 (P.J.T.)
| | - Mingzhan Xue
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar;
| | - Paul J. Thornalley
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar;
- Correspondence: (N.R.); (P.J.T.); Tel.: +974-7479-5649 (N.R.); +974-7090-1635 (P.J.T.)
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20
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Liu S, Cai X, Wang T, Xu J, Cheng W, Wang X, Wei G, Yan S. Downregulation of ALDH6A1 is a New Marker of Muscle Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:2137-2147. [PMID: 35241929 PMCID: PMC8887615 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s343727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Skeletal muscle insulin resistance (IR) is an important etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, its molecular mechanism is yet to be fully defined. This study attempted to identify the gene expression patterns and molecular disorders in T2DM patients’ skeletal muscle samples. Methods First, the difference in genetic expression among GSE25462 data was analyzed. Next, PPI network analysis of differential genes was carried out, after which the maladjustment module was identified. Then, an enrichment analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were carried out. Finally, the transcription factors that regulate the modular genes by raid were predicted. Results Most differentially expressed genes were found to be able to form an interaction network and cluster into 9 modules. These modular genes were shown to possess a significant correlation with immune inflammation and metabolic response. Importantly, the top 15 genes of area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were identified, and the expression of 10 genes by GSE12643, GSE18732 and GSE29221 was confirmed. The expression and AUC value of ALDH6A1 were then verified according to three sets of data, where ALDH6A1 was found to be negatively correlated with follicular helper T cells. However, among the predicted transcription regulators, HDAC was shown to have a better regulatory effect. Conclusion The findings highlight that the dysregulation of ALDH6A1 expression in IR of T2DM may serve as a potential therapeutic target. ALDH6A1 is involved in the immune inflammation and metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- Endocrinology Department, Traditional Chinese Medicine Academy of Heilongjiang, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- Endocrinology Department, Traditional Chinese Medicine Academy of Heilongjiang, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Endocrinology Department, Traditional Chinese Medicine Academy of Heilongjiang, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Xu
- Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Teaching and Research Section, School of Basic Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weilun Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuling Wang
- Endocrinology Department, Traditional Chinese Medicine Academy of Heilongjiang, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gangjie Wei
- Medical Department, Traditional Chinese Medicine Academy of Heilongjiang, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Shuang Yan, Email
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21
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A theoretical argument to support the biological benefits for insulin stimulating mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Pérez-García A, Torrecilla-Parra M, Fernández-de Frutos M, Martín-Martín Y, Pardo-Marqués V, Ramírez CM. Posttranscriptional Regulation of Insulin Resistance: Implications for Metabolic Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020208. [PMID: 35204710 PMCID: PMC8961590 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance defines an impairment in the biologic response to insulin action in target tissues, primarily the liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and brain. Insulin resistance affects physiology in many ways, causing hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia, visceral adiposity, hyperinsulinemia, elevated inflammatory markers, and endothelial dysfunction, and its persistence leads to the development metabolic disease, including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as well as neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. In addition to classical transcriptional factors, posttranscriptional control of gene expression exerted by microRNAs and RNA-binding proteins constitutes a new level of regulation with important implications in metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we describe miRNAs and RBPs that control key genes involved in the insulin signaling pathway and related regulatory networks, and their impact on human metabolic diseases at the molecular level, as well as their potential use for diagnosis and future therapeutics.
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23
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Bettahi I, Krishnankutty R, Jaganjac M, Suleiman NNM, Ramanjaneya M, Jerobin J, Hassoun S, Alkasem M, Abdelhakam I, Iskandarani A, Samra TA, Mohamed-Ali V, Abou-Samra AB. Differences in protein expression, at the basal state and at 2 h of insulin infusion, in muscle biopsies from healthy Arab men with high or low insulin sensitivity measured by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1024832. [PMID: 36876056 PMCID: PMC9982120 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1024832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle is the main site for insulin-dependent glucose disposal. The hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HIEC) is the gold standard for the assessment of insulin sensitivity (IS). We have previously shown that insulin sensitivity, measured by HIEC, varied widely among a group of 60 young healthy men with normoglycemia. The aim of this study was to correlate the proteomic profile of skeletal muscles to insulin sensitivity. METHODS Muscle biopsies from 16 subjects having the highest (M ≥ 13; n = 8, HIS) and lowest (M ¾ 6, n = 8, LIS) IS were obtained at baseline and during insulin infusion after stabilization of the blood glucose level and glucose infusion rate at the end of the HIEC. The samples were processed using a quantitative proteomic analysis approach. RESULTS At baseline, 924 proteins were identified in the HIS and LIS groups. Among the 924 proteins detected in both groups, three were suppressed and three were increased significantly in the LIS subjects compared with the HIS subjects. Following insulin infusion, 835 proteins were detected in both groups. Among the 835 proteins, two showed differential responsiveness to insulin; ATP5F1 protein was decreased, and MYLK2 was higher in the LIS group compared with that in the HIS group. Our data suggest that alteration in mitochondrial proteins and an increased number of proteins involved in fast-twitch fiber correlate to insulin sensitivity in healthy young Arab men. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a change in a small number of differentially expressed proteins. A possible reason for this small change could be our study cohorts representing a homogeneous and healthy population. Additionally, we show differences in protein levels from skeletal muscle in low and high insulin sensitivity groups. Therefore, these differences may represent early events for the development of insulin resistance, pre-diabetes, and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham Bettahi
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Ilham Bettahi,
| | - Roopesh Krishnankutty
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Morana Jaganjac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Noor Nabeel M. Suleiman
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Manjunath Ramanjaneya
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jayakumar Jerobin
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shaimaa Hassoun
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Meis Alkasem
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ibrahem Abdelhakam
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmad Iskandarani
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tareq A. Samra
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Abdul Badi Abou-Samra
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
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24
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Energy transfer between the mitochondrial network and lipid droplets in insulin resistant skeletal muscle. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 24:100487. [PMID: 35274067 PMCID: PMC8903156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria and lipid droplets in the insulin resistant skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic individuals have both been heavily investigated independently and are characterized by more fragmented, dysfunctional mitochondrial networks and larger lipid droplets compared to skeletal muscle of healthy individuals. Specialized contacts between mitochondrial and lipid droplet membranes are known to decrease in diabetic muscle, though it remains unclear how energy transfer at the remaining mitochondria-lipid droplet contact sites may be altered by type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent data on mitochondrial structure and function and lipid droplet dynamics in type 2 diabetic skeletal muscle and to underscore the need for more detailed investigations into the functional nature of mitochondria-lipid droplet interactions in type 2 diabetes.
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25
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Mengeste AM, Rustan AC, Lund J. Skeletal muscle energy metabolism in obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1582-1595. [PMID: 34464025 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Comparing energy metabolism in human skeletal muscle and primary skeletal muscle cells in obesity, while focusing on glucose and fatty acid metabolism, shows many common changes. Insulin-mediated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and primary myotubes is decreased by obesity, whereas differences in basal glucose metabolism are inconsistent among studies. With respect to fatty acid metabolism, there is an increased uptake and storage of fatty acids and a reduced complete lipolysis, suggesting alterations in lipid turnover. In addition, fatty acid oxidation is decreased, probably at the level of complete oxidation, as β -oxidation may be enhanced in obesity, which indicates mitochondrial dysfunction. Metabolic changes in skeletal muscle with obesity promote metabolic inflexibility, ectopic lipid accumulation, and formation of toxic lipid intermediates. Skeletal muscle also acts as an endocrine organ, secreting myokines that participate in interorgan cross talk. This review highlights interventions and some possible targets for treatment through action on skeletal muscle energy metabolism. Effects of exercise in vivo on obesity have been compared with simulation of endurance exercise in vitro on myotubes (electrical pulse stimulation). Possible pharmaceutical targets, including signaling pathways and drug candidates that could modify lipid storage and turnover or increase mitochondrial function or cellular energy expenditure through adaptive thermogenic mechanisms, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel M Mengeste
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild C Rustan
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jenny Lund
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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26
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Waldman HS, Bryant AR, McAllister MJ. Effects of Betaine Supplementation on Markers of Metabolic Flexibility, Body Composition, and Anaerobic Performance in Active College-Age Females. J Diet Suppl 2021; 20:89-105. [PMID: 34477469 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1973644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Betaine (BET) has shown to be effective in improving body composition and performance, although research in women is lacking. This study investigated the effects of BET supplementation on markers of metabolic flexibility, body composition, and anaerobic performance in college females. Twenty-three active subjects with 21.8 ± 3.0 years of age, 66.6 ± 8.8 kg body mass, 1.6 ± 0.1 m height, and 23.2 ± 5.3% body fat performed a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer consisting of 4 incremental, 3 min stages for collection of fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates. Three 10 s sprint tests were then completed against a resistance of 7.5% of body mass, separated by 2.5 min of recovery. The study comprised 3 phases: (a) pre-supplementation, (b) randomization to supplement for 2-weeks with either 2.4 g/day BET or placebo (parallel design), and (c) post-supplementation. Repeated-measures analysis of variance were conducted to determine interactions or main effects. There were no group differences for substrate oxidation rates (p > 0.05). Although body composition improved pre-post for both groups (p < 0.05), only the BET group experienced a significant increase in fat free mass (p < 0.01; ∼3%). Further, only the BET group experienced improvements to performance such as a higher mean power output during the final sprint (p = 0.02; ∼3%) and a lower RPE during the final stage of the graded exercise test (p = 0.02). Results from this study suggest BET supplementation may improve body composition and some markers of performance during exercise in collegiate women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter S Waldman
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA
| | - Andrea R Bryant
- Human Performance Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA
| | - Matthew J McAllister
- Metabolic and Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
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27
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Vieira-Lara MA, Dommerholt MB, Zhang W, Blankestijn M, Wolters JC, Abegaz F, Gerding A, van der Veen YT, Thomas R, van Os RP, Reijngoud DJ, Jonker JW, Kruit JK, Bakker BM. Age-related susceptibility to insulin resistance arises from a combination of CPT1B decline and lipid overload. BMC Biol 2021; 19:154. [PMID: 34330275 PMCID: PMC8323306 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skeletal muscle plays a central role in glucose homeostasis through the uptake of glucose from the extracellular medium in response to insulin. A number of factors are known to disrupt the normal response to insulin leading to the emergence of insulin resistance (IR). Advanced age and a high-fat diet are factors that increase the susceptibility to IR, with lipid accumulation in the skeletal muscle being a key driver of this phenomenon. It is debated, however, whether lipid accumulation arises due to dietary lipid overload or from a decline of mitochondrial function. To gain insights into the interplay of diet and age in the flexibility of muscle lipid and glucose handling, we combined lipidomics, proteomics, mitochondrial function analysis and computational modelling to investigate young and aged mice on a low- or high-fat diet (HFD). RESULTS As expected, aged mice were more susceptible to IR when given a HFD than young mice. The HFD induced intramuscular lipid accumulation specifically in aged mice, including C18:0-containing ceramides and diacylglycerols. This was reflected by the mitochondrial β-oxidation capacity, which was upregulated by the HFD in young, but not in old mice. Conspicuously, most β-oxidation proteins were upregulated by the HFD in both groups, but carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B (CPT1B) declined in aged animals. Computational modelling traced the flux control mostly to CPT1B, suggesting a CPT1B-driven loss of flexibility to the HFD with age. Finally, in old animals, glycolytic protein levels were reduced and less flexible to the diet. CONCLUSION We conclude that intramuscular lipid accumulation and decreased insulin sensitivity are not due to age-related mitochondrial dysfunction or nutritional overload alone, but rather to their combined effects. Moreover, we identify CPT1B as a potential target to counteract age-dependent intramuscular lipid accumulation and thereby IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A Vieira-Lara
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 196, 9700, AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen B Dommerholt
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 196, 9700, AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wenxuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 196, 9700, AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Blankestijn
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 196, 9700, AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 196, 9700, AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fentaw Abegaz
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 196, 9700, AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Gerding
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 196, 9700, AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Centre, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ydwine T van der Veen
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 196, 9700, AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel Thomas
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Centre, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P van Os
- Central Animal Facility, Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Reijngoud
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 196, 9700, AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 196, 9700, AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janine K Kruit
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 196, 9700, AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara M Bakker
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Postbus 196, 9700, AD, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Finlayson J, Barakati N, Langlais PR, Funk J, Zapata Bustos R, Coletta DK, Luo M, Willis WT, Mandarino LJ. Site-specific acetylation of adenine nucleotide translocase 1 at lysine 23 in human muscle. Anal Biochem 2021; 630:114319. [PMID: 34332952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests acetylation of human adenine nucleotide translocase 1 (ANT1) at lysine 23 (Lys23) reduces binding of ADP. Lys23 contributes to the positive charge that facilitates this interaction. This study was undertaken to characterize ANT1 abundance and acetylation by a novel method using small amounts of human skeletal muscle biopsies. Lysates of whole muscle or mitochondria from the same tissue were prepared from needle biopsies of vastus lateralis muscle of healthy volunteers. Lysed proteins were resolved on gels, the section containing ANT1 (surrounding 30 Kd) was excised, digested with trypsin, spiked with labeled unacetylated and acetylated synthetic standard peptides and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Natural logarithm transformation of data linearized ion intensities over a 10-fold range of peptide mass. Coefficients of variation ranged from 7 to 30% for ANT1 abundance and Lys23 acetylation. In three volunteers, ANT1 content was 8.36 ± 0.33 nmol/g wet weight muscle and 0.64 ± 0.05 nmol/mg mitochondria, so mitochondrial content was 13.3 ± 2.4 mg mitochondria per gram muscle. Acetylation of Lys23 averaged 14.3 ± 4.2% and 4.87 ± 1.84% in whole muscle and mitochondria, respectively. This assay makes it possible to assess effects of acetylation on the function of ANT1 in human muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Finlayson
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Science, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Neusha Barakati
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Science, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Paul R Langlais
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Science, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Janet Funk
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rocio Zapata Bustos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Science, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Dawn K Coletta
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Science, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Moulun Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Science, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wayne T Willis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Science, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lawrence J Mandarino
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Science, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Flockhart M, Nilsson LC, Tais S, Ekblom B, Apró W, Larsen FJ. Excessive exercise training causes mitochondrial functional impairment and decreases glucose tolerance in healthy volunteers. Cell Metab 2021; 33:957-970.e6. [PMID: 33740420 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training positively affects metabolic health through increased mitochondrial oxidative capacity and improved glucose regulation and is the first line of treatment in several metabolic diseases. However, the upper limit of the amount of exercise associated with beneficial therapeutic effects has not been clearly identified. Here, we used a training model with a progressively increasing exercise load during an intervention over 4 weeks. We closely followed changes in glucose tolerance, mitochondrial function and dynamics, physical exercise capacity, and whole-body metabolism. Following the week with the highest exercise load, we found a striking reduction in intrinsic mitochondrial function that coincided with a disturbance in glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. We also assessed continuous blood glucose profiles in world-class endurance athletes and found that they had impaired glucose control compared with a matched control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Flockhart
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Åstrand Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Stockholm 114 33, Sweden.
| | - Lina C Nilsson
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Åstrand Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Stockholm 114 33, Sweden
| | - Senna Tais
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Åstrand Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Stockholm 114 33, Sweden
| | - Björn Ekblom
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Åstrand Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Stockholm 114 33, Sweden
| | - William Apró
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Åstrand Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Stockholm 114 33, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filip J Larsen
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Åstrand Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, Stockholm 114 33, Sweden.
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30
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Pileggi CA, Parmar G, Harper ME. The lifecycle of skeletal muscle mitochondria in obesity. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13164. [PMID: 33442950 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle possesses dramatic metabolic plasticity that allows for the rapid adaptation in cellular energy transduction to meet the demands of the organism. Obesity elicits changes in skeletal muscle structure and function, resulting in the accumulation of intramuscular lipids. The accumulation of intramuscular lipids in obesity is associated with impaired skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and function. Mitochondria exist as a dynamic network that is regulated by the processes of biogenesis, fusion, fission, and mitophagy. In this review, we outline adaptations in molecular pathways that regulate mitochondrial structure and function in obesity. We highlight the emerging role of dysregulated skeletal muscle macroautophagy and mitochondrial turnover in obesity. Future research should further elucidate the role of mitophagy in observed reductions in mitochondrial content and function during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal A Pileggi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Gaganvir Parmar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.,Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
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31
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Zapata-Bustos R, Finlayson J, Langlais PR, Coletta DK, Luo M, Grandjean D, De Filippis EA, Mandarino L. Altered Transcription Factor Expression Responses to Exercise in Insulin Resistance. Front Physiol 2021; 12:649461. [PMID: 33897458 PMCID: PMC8058368 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Insulin resistant muscle is resistant to gene expression changes induced by acute exercise. This study was undertaken to identify transcription factors that differentially respond to exercise in insulin resistance. Candidate transcription factors were identified from analysis of 5'-untranslated regions (5'-UTRs) of exercise responsive genes and from analysis of the 5'-UTRs of genes coding for proteins that differ in abundance in insulin resistance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty participants took part in this study. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by an euglycemic clamp. Participants were matched for aerobic capacity and performed a single 48 min bout of exercise with sets at 70 and 90% of maximum heart rate. Muscle biopsies were obtained at resting conditions, 30 min and 24 h after exercise. Global proteomics analysis identified differentially abundant proteins in muscle. The 5'-UTRs of genes coding for significant proteins were subjected to transcription factor enrichment analysis to identify candidate transcription factors. Q-rt-PCR to determine expression of candidate transcription factors was performed on RNA from resting and post-exercise muscle biopsies; immunoblots quantified protein abundance. RESULTS Proteins involved in mitochondrial function, protein targeting and translation, and metabolism were among those significantly different between lean and obese groups. Transcription factor enrichment analysis of genes coding for these proteins revealed new candidate transcription factors to be evaluated along the previously identified factors. Q-rt-PCR analysis of RNA and immunoblot analysis from pre- and post-exercise muscle biopsies revealed several transcription and growth factors that had altered responses to exercise in insulin resistant participants. A significant increase (EGR3 and CTGF) and decrease (RELA and ATF2) in the mRNA expression of transcription and growth factors was found after exercise in the lean group, but not in the obese participants. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm findings of an association between insulin sensitivity and transcription factor mRNA response to exercise and show that obesity also may be a sufficient prerequisite for exercise resistance. Analysis of the muscle proteome together with determination of effects of exercise on expression of transcription factors suggests that abnormal responses of transcription factors to exercise may be responsible for differences in protein abundances in insulin resistant muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Zapata-Bustos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jean Finlayson
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Paul R. Langlais
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Dawn K. Coletta
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Moulun Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | | | - Lawrence Mandarino
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Center for Disparities in Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Søndergård SD, Cintin I, Kuhlman AB, Morville TH, Bergmann ML, Kjær LK, Poulsen HE, Giustarini D, Rossi R, Dela F, Helge JW, Larsen S. The effects of 3 weeks of oral glutathione supplementation on whole body insulin sensitivity in obese males with and without type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1133-1142. [PMID: 33740389 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of oral glutathione (GSH) supplementation was studied in obese subjects with and without type 2 diabetes (T2DM) on measures of glucose homeostasis and markers of oxidative stress. Twenty subjects (10 patients with T2DM and 10 obese subjects) were recruited for the study, and randomized in a double-blinded placebo-controlled manner to consume either 1000 mg GSH per day or placebo for 3 weeks. Before and after the 3 weeks insulin sensitivity was measured with the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and a muscle biopsy was obtained to measure GSH and skeletal muscle mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) emission rate. Whole body insulin sensitivity increased significantly in the GSH group. Skeletal muscle GSH was numerically increased (∼19%) in the GSH group; no change was seen in GSH to glutathione disulfide ratio. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial H2O2 emission rate did not change in response to the intervention and neither did the urinary excretion of the RNA oxidation product 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine or the DNA oxidation product 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), although 8-oxodG decreased as a main effect of time. Oral GSH supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in obese subjects with and without T2DM, although it does not alter markers of oxidative stress. The study has been registered in clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02948673). Novelty: Reduced glutathione supplementation increases insulin sensitivity in obese subjects with and without T2DM. H2O2 emission rate from skeletal muscle mitochondria was not affected by GSH supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine D Søndergård
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Cintin
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja B Kuhlman
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas H Morville
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Louise Bergmann
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura K Kjær
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik E Poulsen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Araújo de Melo Campos JT, Dantas de Medeiros JL, Cardoso de Melo ME, Alvares da Silva M, Oliveira de Sena M, Sales Craveiro Sarmento A, Fassarella Agnez Lima L, de Freitas Fregonezi GA, Gomes Lima J. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and muscle dysfunction in congenital lipodystrophies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166120. [PMID: 33713793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lipodystrophy syndromes are a group of rare diseases related to the pathological impairment of adipose tissue and metabolic comorbidities, including dyslipidemia, diabetes, insulin resistance, hypoleptinemia, and hypoadiponectinemia. They can be categorized as partial or generalized according to the degree of fat loss, and inherited or acquired disorders, if they are associated with genetic mutations or are related to autoimmunity, respectively. Some types of lipodystrophies have been associated with changes in both redox and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis as well as muscle dysfunction (MD). Although ER stress (ERS) has been related to muscle dysfunction (MD) in many diseases, there is no data concerning its role in lipodystrophies' muscle physiopathology. Here we focused on congenital lipodystrophies associated with ERS and MD. We also described recent advances in our understanding of the relationships among ERS, MD, and genetic lipodystrophies, highlighting the adiponectin-protective roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julliane Tamara Araújo de Melo Campos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Luiz Dantas de Medeiros
- PneumoCardioVascular Lab/HUOL, Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares and Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Maria Eduarda Cardoso de Melo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Monique Alvares da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Matheus Oliveira de Sena
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Aquiles Sales Craveiro Sarmento
- Unidade de Laboratório de Análises Clínicas e Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário de Lagarto (HUL)/UFS, Lagarto, SE, Brazil
| | - Lucymara Fassarella Agnez Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Augusto de Freitas Fregonezi
- PneumoCardioVascular Lab/HUOL, Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares and Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica em Reabilitação, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Josivan Gomes Lima
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes (HUOL)/UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Allman BR, Spray BJ, Mercer KE, Andres A, Børsheim E. Markers of branched-chain amino acid catabolism are not affected by exercise training in pregnant women with obesity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:651-659. [PMID: 33444120 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00673.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the role of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in physiological processes such as nutrient signaling and protein synthesis, there is ongoing debate about the link between circulating BCAAs and insulin resistance (IR) in various populations. In healthy women, IR mildly increases during pregnancy, whereas both BCAAs and markers of BCAA catabolism decrease, indicating that fetal growth is being prioritized. Exercise reduces IR in nonpregnant adults, but less is known about the effect of exercise during pregnancy in women with obesity on IR and BCAA breakdown. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a moderate-intensity exercise intervention during pregnancy on maternal circulating BCAAs and markers of BCAA catabolism [short-chain acylcarnitines (ACs)], and their associations with IR. Healthy obese [n = 80, means ± SD; body mass index (BMI): 36.9 ± 5.7 kg/m2] pregnant women were randomized into an exercise (n = 40, aerobic/resistance 3×/wk, ∼13th gestation week until birth) or a nonexercise control (n = 40) group. Blood was collected at 12.2 ± 0.5 and 36.0 ± 0.4 gestation weeks and analyzed for BCAA-derived acylcarnitine concentrations as markers of BCAA breakdown toward oxidative pathways, and glucose and insulin concentrations [updated homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA2-IR)]. After adjusting for HOMA2-IR, there were no interaction effects of group by time. In addition, there was a main positive effect of time on HOMA2-IR (12 wk: 2.3 ± 0.2, 36 wk: 3.0 ± 0.2, P = 0.003). A moderate-intensity exercise intervention during pregnancy in women with obesity was not associated with changes in BCAA-derived ACs versus standard of care. The decrease in BCAA-derived ACs throughout gestation could not be explained by IR.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This research showed an increase in insulin resistance (IR) and decrease in branched-chain amino acid catabolism throughout gestation in women with obesity, and addition of a moderate exercise intervention (known to attenuate IR in nonpregnant populations) did not alter these shifts. Findings provide support for metabolic safety of exercise during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany R Allman
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas.,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Beverly J Spray
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Kelly E Mercer
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Aline Andres
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas.,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Elisabet Børsheim
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas.,Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.,Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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35
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Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests a role for mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including type 2 diabetes, aging, and ovarian failure. Because of the central role of mitochondria in energy production, heme biosynthesis, calcium buffering, steroidogenesis, and apoptosis signaling within cells, understanding the molecular mechanisms behind mitochondrial dysregulation and its potential implications in disease is critical. This review will take a journey through the past and summarize what is known about mitochondrial dysfunction in various disorders, focusing on metabolic alterations and reproductive abnormalities. Evidence is presented from studies in different human populations, and rodents with genetic manipulations of pathways known to affect mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Das
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Consuelo Sauceda
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Nicholas J G Webster
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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36
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Roszczyc-Owsiejczuk K, Zabielski P. Sphingolipids as a Culprit of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:635175. [PMID: 33815291 PMCID: PMC8013882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.635175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is defined as a complex pathological condition of abnormal cellular and metabolic response to insulin. Obesity and consumption of high-fat diet lead to ectopic accumulation of bioactive lipids in insulin-sensitive tissues. Intracellular lipid accumulation is regarded as one of the major factors in the induction of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). A significant number of studies have described the involvement of ceramides and other sphingolipids in the inhibition of insulin-signaling pathway in both skeletal muscles and the liver. Adverse effects of sphingolipid accumulation have recently been linked to the activation of protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), which, in turn, negatively affect phosphorylation of serine/threonine kinase Akt [also known as protein kinase B (PKB)], leading to decreased glucose uptake in skeletal muscles as well as increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver. Sphingolipids, in addition to their direct impact on the insulin signaling pathway, may be responsible for other negative aspects of diabetes, namely mitochondrial dysfunction and deficiency. Mitochondrial health, which is characterized by appropriate mitochondrial quantity, oxidative capacity, controlled oxidative stress, undisturbed respiratory chain function, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and mitochondrial proliferation through fission and fusion, is impaired in the skeletal muscles and liver of T2D subjects. Recent findings suggest that impaired mitochondrial function may play a key role in the development of insulin resistance. Mitochondria stay in contact with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi membranes and mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM) that are the main places of sphingolipid synthesis. Moreover, mitochondria are capable of synthesizing ceramide though ceramide synthase (CerS) activity. Recently, ceramides have been demonstrated to negatively affect mitochondrial respiratory chain function and fission/fusion activity, which is also a hallmark of T2D. Despite a significant correlation between sphingolipids, mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance and T2D, this subject has not received much attention compared to the direct effect of sphingolipids on the insulin signaling pathway. In this review, we focus on the current state of scientific knowledge regarding the involvement of sphingolipids in the induction of insulin resistance by inhibiting mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Roszczyc-Owsiejczuk
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Zabielski
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Piotr Zabielski,
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37
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Braude S, Holtze S, Begall S, Brenmoehl J, Burda H, Dammann P, Marmol D, Gorshkova E, Henning Y, Hoeflich A, Höhn A, Jung T, Hamo D, Sahm A, Shebzukhov Y, Šumbera R, Miwa S, Vyssokikh MY, Zglinicki T, Averina O, Hildebrandt TB. Surprisingly long survival of premature conclusions about naked mole‐rat biology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:376-393. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stan Braude
- Biology Department Washington University, One Brookings Drive St. Louis MO 63130 U.S.A
| | - Susanne Holtze
- Department of Reproduction Management Leibniz‐Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin 10315 Germany
| | - Sabine Begall
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology University of Duisburg‐Essen, Universitätsstr Essen 45147 Germany
| | - Julia Brenmoehl
- Institute for Genome Biology Leibniz‐Institute for Farm Animal Biology Dummerstorf 18196 Germany
| | - Hynek Burda
- Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Praha 16500 Czech Republic
| | - Philip Dammann
- Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology University of Duisburg‐Essen, Universitätsstr Essen 45147 Germany
- University Hospital Essen Hufelandstr Essen 45141 Germany
| | - Delphine Marmol
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit (URPhyM), NARILIS University of Namur Namur 5000 Belgium
| | - Ekaterina Gorshkova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova str. 32 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Faculty of Biology Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Yoshiyuki Henning
- University Hospital Essen Hufelandstr Essen 45141 Germany
- Institute of Physiology Department of General Zoology University of Duisburg Essen Germany
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Division Signal Transduction Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz‐Institute for Farm Animal Biology, FBN Dummerstorf, Wilhelm‐Stahl‐Allee 2 Dummerstorf 18196 Germany
| | - Annika Höhn
- Department of Molecular Toxicology German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam‐Rehbrücke Nuthetal 14558 Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) München‐Neuherberg 85764 Germany
| | - Tobias Jung
- Department of Molecular Toxicology German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam‐Rehbrücke Nuthetal 14558 Germany
| | - Dania Hamo
- Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Berlin 13353 Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin (DRFZ) Berlin 10117 Germany
| | - Arne Sahm
- Computational Biology Group Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute Jena 07745 Germany
| | - Yury Shebzukhov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova str. 32 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Berlin 13353 Germany
| | - Radim Šumbera
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice 37005 Czech Republic
| | - Satomi Miwa
- Biosciences Institute, Edwardson building, Campus for Ageing and Vitality Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL U.K
| | - Mikhail Y. Vyssokikh
- Belozersky Institute of Physico‐Chemical Biology Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Thomas Zglinicki
- Biosciences Institute, Edwardson building, Campus for Ageing and Vitality Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL U.K
| | - Olga Averina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico‐Chemical Biology Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Thomas B. Hildebrandt
- Department of Reproduction Management Leibniz‐Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin 10315 Germany
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38
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Zhou Y, Tan Y, Hou G, Ren Y, Deng Y, Yan K, Zhang Y, Lin L, Lou X, Liu S. Pathway attenuation of fatty acid beta-oxidation in the skeletal muscle of a type 2 diabetic mouse model. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8869. [PMID: 32562559 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Whether catabolic abnormalities of fatty acids exist in the skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has not been determined. In this study, we postulated that a systematic evaluation of the protein abundance and metabolic activity related to fatty acids in the skeletal muscle tissues of a T2DM mouse model was feasible to address this question. METHODS Mitochondria were extracted from wild-type (WT) and db/db mice followed by quantitative analysis of the proteins involved in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (mFAO). The pathway activity of mFAO in skeletal muscle tissues was monitored in vitro using mass spectrometry, and tissue lipidomic analysis was conducted in profiling and target mode to distinguish the levels of long-chain acylcarnitines between WT and db/db mice. RESULTS Two proteins related to the mFAO pathway were significantly downregulated in the skeletal muscle mitochondria of db/db mice. The measurement of mFAO pathway activity in vitro revealed that the abundance of long-chain acylcarnitines (C14 to C18) in db/db mice was lower than that in WT mice, and the determination of acylcarnitines in skeletal muscle tissues in vivo revealed that most long-chain acylcarnitines were decreased in db/db mice. CONCLUSIONS The findings of lower abundance of ACAD9 and CPT1B, reduced activity of the mFAO pathway in vitro and decreased acylcarnitines in vivo firmly support that the mFAO pathway in the skeletal muscle of diabetic mice is attenuated, possibly resulting in cell/tissue dysfunction in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yifan Tan
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guixue Hou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Ren
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yamei Deng
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Keqiang Yan
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Lin
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaomin Lou
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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39
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Franzke B, Schwingshackl L, Wagner KH. Chromosomal damage measured by the cytokinesis block micronucleus cytome assay in diabetes and obesity - A systematic review and meta-analysis. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 786:108343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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40
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Abid H, Ryan ZC, Delmotte P, Sieck GC, Lanza IR. Extramyocellular interleukin-6 influences skeletal muscle mitochondrial physiology through canonical JAK/STAT signaling pathways. FASEB J 2020; 34:14458-14472. [PMID: 32885495 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000965rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has been shown to be produced acutely by skeletal muscle in response to exercise, yet chronically elevated with obesity and aging. The mechanisms by which IL-6 influences skeletal muscle mitochondria acutely and chronically are unclear. To better understand the influence of extramyocellular IL-6 on skeletal muscle mitochondrial physiology, we treated differentiated myotubes with exogenous IL-6 to evaluate the dose- and duration-dependent effects of IL-6 on salient aspects of mitochondrial biology and the role of canonical IL-6 signaling in muscle cells. Acute exposure of myotubes to IL-6 increased the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production and oxygen consumption rates (JO2 ) in a manner that was dependent on activation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Furthermore, STAT3 activation by IL-6 was partly attenuated by MitoQ, a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant, suggesting that mtROS potentiates STAT3 signaling in skeletal muscle in response to IL-6 exposure. In concert with effects on mitochondrial physiology, acute IL-6 exposure induced several mitochondrial adaptations, consistent with the stress-induced mitochondrial hyperfusion. Exposure of myotubes to chronically elevated IL-6 further increased mtROS with eventual loss of respiratory capacity. These data provide new evidence supporting the interplay between cytokine signaling and mitochondrial physiology in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinnah Abid
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zachary C Ryan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Philippe Delmotte
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Kruse R, Sahebekhtiari N, Højlund K. The Mitochondrial Proteomic Signatures of Human Skeletal Muscle Linked to Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155374. [PMID: 32731645 PMCID: PMC7432338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Mitochondria are essential in energy metabolism and cellular survival, and there is growing evidence that insulin resistance in chronic metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and aging, is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. Protein profiling by proteomics is a powerful tool to investigate mechanisms underlying complex disorders. However, despite significant advances in proteomics within the past two decades, the technologies have not yet been fully exploited in the field of skeletal muscle proteome. Area covered: Here, we review the currently available studies characterizing the mitochondrial proteome in human skeletal muscle in insulin-resistant conditions, such as obesity, T2D, and aging, as well as exercise-mediated changes in the mitochondrial proteome. Furthermore, we outline technical challenges and limitations and methodological aspects that should be considered when planning future large-scale proteomics studies of mitochondria from human skeletal muscle. Authors’ view: At present, most proteomic studies of skeletal muscle or isolated muscle mitochondria have demonstrated a reduced abundance of proteins in several mitochondrial biological processes in obesity, T2D, and aging, whereas the beneficial effects of exercise involve an increased content of muscle proteins involved in mitochondrial metabolism. Powerful mass-spectrometry-based proteomics now provides unprecedented opportunities to perform in-depth proteomics of muscle mitochondria, which in the near future is expected to increase our understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance in chronic metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Kruse
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; (R.K.); (N.S.)
- Department of Clinical Research & Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Navid Sahebekhtiari
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; (R.K.); (N.S.)
- Department of Clinical Research & Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; (R.K.); (N.S.)
- Department of Clinical Research & Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-2532-06-48
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Dittmann A, Kennedy NJ, Soltero NL, Morshed N, Mana MD, Yilmaz ÖH, Davis RJ, White FM. High-fat diet in a mouse insulin-resistant model induces widespread rewiring of the phosphotyrosine signaling network. Mol Syst Biol 2020; 15:e8849. [PMID: 31464373 PMCID: PMC6674232 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20198849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated type 2 diabetes and accompanying diseases have developed into a leading human health risk across industrialized and developing countries. The complex molecular underpinnings of how lipid overload and lipid metabolites lead to the deregulation of metabolic processes are incompletely understood. We assessed hepatic post-translational alterations in response to treatment of cells with saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids and the consumption of a high-fat diet by mice. These data revealed widespread tyrosine phosphorylation changes affecting a large number of enzymes involved in metabolic processes as well as canonical receptor-mediated signal transduction networks. Targeting two of the most prominently affected molecular features in our data, SRC-family kinase activity and elevated reactive oxygen species, significantly abrogated the effects of saturated fat exposure in vitro and high-fat diet in vivo. In summary, we present a comprehensive view of diet-induced alterations of tyrosine signaling networks, including proteins involved in fundamental metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Dittmann
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Norman J Kennedy
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Nina L Soltero
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nader Morshed
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Miyeko D Mana
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roger J Davis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Forest M White
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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43
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Wahwah N, Kras KA, Roust LR, Katsanos CS. Subpopulation-specific differences in skeletal muscle mitochondria in humans with obesity: insights from studies employing acute nutritional and exercise stimuli. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E538-E553. [PMID: 31990577 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00463.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria from skeletal muscle of humans with obesity often display alterations with respect to their morphology, proteome, biogenesis, and function. These changes in muscle mitochondria are considered to contribute to metabolic abnormalities observed in humans with obesity. Most of the evidence describing alterations in muscle mitochondria in humans with obesity, however, lacks reference to a specific subcellular location. This is despite data over the years showing differences in the morphology and function of subsarcolemmal (found near the plasma membrane) and intermyofibrillar (nested between the myofibrils) mitochondria in skeletal muscle. Recent studies reveal that impairments in mitochondrial function in obesity with respect to the subcellular location of the mitochondria in muscle are more readily evident following exposure of the skeletal muscle to physiological stimuli. In this review, we highlight the need to understand skeletal muscle mitochondria metabolism in obesity in a subpopulation-specific manner and in the presence of physiological stimuli that modify mitochondrial function in vivo. Experimental approaches employed under these conditions will allow for more precise characterization of impairments in skeletal muscle mitochondria and their implications in inducing metabolic dysfunction in human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisreen Wahwah
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Katon A Kras
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Lori R Roust
- College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Christos S Katsanos
- Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Scottsdale, Arizona
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Qi Y, Zhang X, Seyoum B, Msallaty Z, Mallisho A, Caruso M, Damacharla D, Ma D, Al-janabi W, Tagett R, Alharbi M, Calme G, Mestareehi A, Draghici S, Abou-Samra A, Kowluru A, Yi Z. Kinome Profiling Reveals Abnormal Activity of Kinases in Skeletal Muscle From Adults With Obesity and Insulin Resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5607358. [PMID: 31652310 PMCID: PMC6991621 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity-related insulin resistance (OIR) is one of the main contributors to type 2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases. Protein kinases are implicated in insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. Molecular mechanisms underlying OIR involving global kinase activities remain incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate abnormal kinase activity associated with OIR in human skeletal muscle. DESIGN Utilization of stable isotopic labeling-based quantitative proteomics combined with affinity-based active enzyme probes to profile in vivo kinase activity in skeletal muscle from lean control (Lean) and OIR participants. PARTICIPANTS A total of 16 nondiabetic adults, 8 Lean and 8 with OIR, underwent hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with muscle biopsy. RESULTS We identified the first active kinome, comprising 54 active protein kinases, in human skeletal muscle. The activities of 23 kinases were different in OIR muscle compared with Lean muscle (11 hyper- and 12 hypo-active), while their protein abundance was the same between the 2 groups. The activities of multiple kinases involved in adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and p38 signaling were lower in OIR compared with Lean. On the contrary, multiple kinases in the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway exhibited higher activity in OIR vs Lean. The kinase-substrate-prediction based on experimental data further confirmed a potential downregulation of insulin signaling (eg, inhibited phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 and AKT1/2). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide a global view of the kinome activity in OIR and Lean muscle, pinpoint novel specific impairment in kinase activities in signaling pathways important for skeletal muscle insulin resistance, and may provide potential drug targets (ie, abnormal kinase activities) to prevent and/or reverse skeletal muscle insulin resistance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Berhane Seyoum
- Division of Endocrinology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Zaher Msallaty
- Division of Endocrinology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Abdullah Mallisho
- Division of Endocrinology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Michael Caruso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Divyasri Damacharla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Danjun Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Wissam Al-janabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Rebecca Tagett
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Majed Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Griffin Calme
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Aktham Mestareehi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Sorin Draghici
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Abdul Abou-Samra
- Division of Endocrinology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
- Department of Medicine, Qatar Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anjaneyulu Kowluru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
- β-Cell Biochemistry Laboratory, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, MI
| | - Zhengping Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
- Correspondence: Zhengping Yi, PhD, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences – Room 3146, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy/Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI 48202. E-mail:
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Schlaepfer IR, Joshi M. CPT1A-mediated Fat Oxidation, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5695911. [PMID: 31900483 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Energy homeostasis during fasting or prolonged exercise depends on mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO). This pathway is crucial in many tissues with high energy demand and its disruption results in inborn FAO deficiencies. More than 15 FAO genetic defects have been currently described, and pathological variants described in circumpolar populations provide insights into its critical role in metabolism. The use of fatty acids as energy requires more than 2 dozen enzymes and transport proteins, which are involved in the activation and transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria. As the key rate-limiting enzyme of FAO, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) regulates FAO and facilitates adaptation to the environment, both in health and in disease, including cancer. The CPT1 family of proteins contains 3 isoforms: CPT1A, CPT1B, and CPT1C. This review focuses on CPT1A, the liver isoform that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of converting acyl-coenzyme As into acyl-carnitines, which can then cross membranes to get into the mitochondria. The regulation of CPT1A is complex and has several layers that involve genetic, epigenetic, physiological, and nutritional modulators. It is ubiquitously expressed in the body and associated with dire consequences linked with genetic mutations, metabolic disorders, and cancers. This makes CPT1A an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. This review discusses our current understanding of CPT1A expression, its role in heath and disease, and the potential for therapeutic opportunities targeting this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Schlaepfer
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Aurora
| | - Molishree Joshi
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Aurora, Colorado
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Torres MJ, McLaughlin KL, Renegar RH, Valsaraj S, Whitehurst KS, Sharaf OM, Sharma UM, Horton JL, Sarathy B, Parks JC, Brault JJ, Fisher-Wellman KH, Neufer PD, Virag JAI. Intracardiac administration of ephrinA1-Fc preserves mitochondrial bioenergetics during acute ischemia/reperfusion injury. Life Sci 2019; 239:117053. [PMID: 31733316 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Intracardiac injection of recombinant EphrinA1-Fc immediately following coronary artery ligation in mice reduces infarct size in both reperfused and non-reperfused myocardium, but the cellular alterations behind this phenomenon remain unknown. MAIN METHODS Herein, 10 wk-old B6129SF2/J male mice were exposed to acute ischemia/reperfusion (30minI/24hrsR) injury immediately followed by intracardiac injection of either EphrinA1-Fc or IgG-Fc. After 24 h of reperfusion, sections of the infarct margin in the left ventricle were imaged via transmission electron microscopy, and mitochondrial function was assessed in both permeabilized fibers and isolated mitochondria, to examine mitochondrial structure, function, and energetics in the early stages of repair. KEY FINDINGS At a structural level, EphrinA1-Fc administration prevented the I/R-induced loss of sarcomere alignment and mitochondrial organization along the Z disks, as well as disorganization of the cristae and loss of inter-mitochondrial junctions. With respect to bioenergetics, loss of respiratory function induced by I/R was prevented by EphrinA1-Fc. Preservation of cardiac bioenergetics was not due to changes in mitochondrial JH2O2 emitting potential, membrane potential, ADP affinity, efficiency of ATP production, or activity of the main dehydrogenase enzymes, suggesting that EphrinA1-Fc indirectly maintains respiratory function via preservation of the mitochondrial network. Moreover, these protective effects were lost in isolated mitochondria, further emphasizing the importance of the intact cardiomyocyte ultrastructure in mitochondrial energetics. SIGNIFICANCE Collectively, these data suggest that intracardiac injection of EphrinA1-Fc protects cardiac function by preserving cardiomyocyte structure and mitochondrial bioenergetics, thus emerging as a potential therapeutic strategy in I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Torres
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Kelsey L McLaughlin
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA; Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Randall H Renegar
- Dept of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Smrithi Valsaraj
- Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - K'Shylah S Whitehurst
- Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Omar M Sharaf
- Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Uma M Sharma
- Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Julie L Horton
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA; Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Brinda Sarathy
- Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Justin C Parks
- Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Brault
- Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA; Dept of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Kelsey H Fisher-Wellman
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA; Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA; Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Jitka A I Virag
- Dept of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
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Ovariectomy and obesity have equal impact in causing mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired skeletal muscle contraction in rats. Menopause 2019; 25:1448-1458. [PMID: 29994976 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have demonstrated that either an obese-insulin resistance condition or a condition involving loss of estrogen impaired skeletal muscle function as indicated by a decrease in muscle contraction. The differing effects of combined estrogen deficiency over obese-insulin resistance on skeletal muscle function have, however, not yet been determined. Our hypothesis was that estrogen deficiency aggravates skeletal muscle dysfunction in obese-insulin resistant rats, via increased muscle oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. METHODS Twenty-four female Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups and animals in each group were fed either a normal diet (ND) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 24 weeks. At week 13, rats in each group were subdivided into 2 subgroups: sham-operated or ovariectomized (n = 6/subgroup). At the end of the experimental period the contraction of the gastrocnemius muscles was tested before the rats were sacrificed. Skeletal muscle was removed to assess oxidative stress and mitochondrial function. RESULTS We found that an obese-insulin resistant condition was observed in sham-operated HFD-fed rats, ovariectomized ND-fed rats, and ovariectomized HFD-fed rats. Skeletal muscle contractile function (peak-force ratio [g/g]; 25.40 ± 2.03 [ovariectomized ND-fed rats], 22.44 ± 0.85 [sham-operated HFD-fed rats] and 25.06 ± 0.61 [ovariectomized HFD-fed rats]), skeletal muscle mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress were equally significantly impaired in all 3 groups, when compared with those of sham-operated ND-fed rats (31.12 ± 1.88 g/g [NDS]; P < 0.05). Surprisingly, loss of estrogen did not aggravate these dysfunctions of skeletal muscles in HFD-fed rats. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that skeletal muscle dysfunction may occur due to increased muscle oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction as a result of ovariectomy and obese-insulin resistance. Loss of estrogen, however, did not aggravate these impairments in the muscle of rats with obese-insulin resistant condition.
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Merdzo I, Rutkai I, Sure VNLR, Katakam PVG, Busija DW. Effects of prolonged type 2 diabetes on mitochondrial function in cerebral blood vessels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H1086-H1092. [PMID: 31490734 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00341.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the major characteristics of hyperglycemic states such as type 2 diabetes is increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Since mitochondria are a major source of ROS, it is vital to understand the involvement of these organelles in the pathogenesis of ROS-mediated conditions. Therefore, we investigated mitochondrial function and ROS production in cerebral blood vessels of 21-wk-old Zucker diabetic fatty obese rats and their lean controls. We have previously shown that in the early stages of insulin resistance, and short periods of type 2 diabetes mellitus, only mild differences exist in mitochondrial function. In the present study, we examined mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial protein expression, and ROS production in large-surface cerebral arteries. We used 21-wk-old animals exposed to peak glucose levels for 7 wk and compared them with our previous studies on younger diabetic animals. We found that the same segments of mitochondrial respiration (basal respiration and proton leak) were diminished in diabetic groups as they were in younger diabetic animals. Levels of rattin, a rat humanin analog, tended to decrease in the diabetic group but did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.08). Other mitochondrial proteins were unaffected, which might indicate the existence of compensatory mechanisms with extension of this relatively mild form of diabetes. Superoxide levels were significantly higher in large cerebral vessels of diabetic animals compared with the control group. In conclusion, prolonged dietary diabetes leads to stabilization, rather than deterioration, of metabolic status in the cerebral circulation, despite continued overproduction of ROS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have characterized for the first time the dynamics of mitochondrial function during the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus with regard to mitochondrial respiration, protein expression, and reactive oxygen species production. In addition, this is the first measurement of rattin levels in the cerebral vasculature, which could potentially lead to novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Merdzo
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Mostar, School of Medicine, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ibolya Rutkai
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Venkata N L R Sure
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Prasad V G Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - David W Busija
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Abstract
The cause of insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is not limited to impaired insulin signalling but also involves the complex interplay of multiple metabolic pathways. The analysis of large data sets generated by metabolomics and lipidomics has shed new light on the roles of metabolites such as lipids, amino acids and bile acids in modulating insulin sensitivity. Metabolites can regulate insulin sensitivity directly by modulating components of the insulin signalling pathway, such as insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) and AKT, and indirectly by altering the flux of substrates through multiple metabolic pathways, including lipogenesis, lipid oxidation, protein synthesis and degradation and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Moreover, the post-translational modification of proteins by metabolites and lipids, including acetylation and palmitoylation, can alter protein function. Furthermore, the role of the microbiota in regulating substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity is unfolding. In this Review, we discuss the emerging roles of metabolites in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and T2DM. A comprehensive understanding of the metabolic adaptations involved in insulin resistance may enable the identification of novel targets for improving insulin sensitivity and preventing, and treating, T2DM.
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50
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Proteomic changes in oocytes after in vitro maturation in lipotoxic conditions are different from those in cumulus cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3673. [PMID: 30842615 PMCID: PMC6403224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal lipolytic metabolic disorders result in a lipotoxic microenvironment in the ovarian follicular fluid (FF) which deteriorates oocyte quality. Although cellular stress response mechanisms are well defined in somatic cells, they remain largely unexplored in oocytes, which have distinct organelle structure and nuclear transcription patterns. Here we used shotgun proteomic analyses to study cellular responses of bovine oocytes and cumulus cells (CCs) after in vitro maturation under lipotoxic conditions; in the presence of pathophysiological palmitic acid (PA) concentration as a model. Differentially regulated proteins (DRPs) were mainly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and nuclei of CCs and oocytes, however the DRPs and their direction of change were cell-type specific. Proteomic changes in PA-exposed CCs were predominantly pro-apoptotic unfolded protein responses (UPRs), mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunctions, and apoptotic pathways. This was also functionally confirmed. Interestingly, although the oocytes were enclosed by CCs during PA exposure, elevated cellular stress levels were also evident. However, pro-survival UPRs, redox regulatory and compensatory metabolic mechanisms were prominent despite evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and reduced subsequent embryo development. The data provides a unique insight that enriches the understanding of the cellular stress responses in metabolically-compromised oocytes and forms a fundamental base to identify new targets for fertility treatments as discussed within.
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