1
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Taha AM, Najah Q, Omar MM, Abouelmagd K, Ali M, Hasan MT, Allam SA, Hamam YA, Arian R, Abd-ElGawad M. Diagnostic and prognostic value of heparin-binding protein in sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38525. [PMID: 38905400 PMCID: PMC11191987 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis remains a leading cause of death worldwide. In this context, heparin-binding protein (HBP) has emerged as a possible biomarker, drawing significant attention for its diagnostic and prognostic usefulness in septic patients. Despite this advancement, the literature yields conflicting results. This study is intended to critically evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of HBP in critically ill septic patients. METHODS We searched multiple databases, including PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and EBSCO, to identify relevant studies on April 27, 2023. We included studies investigating sepsis or its severe outcomes that reported HBP levels and the required data to create 2 × 2 tables. We used R version 4.2.2 and R Studio to analyze the pooled diagnostic accuracy outcomes. The diagmeta package was utilized to calculate the optimum cutoff value. RESULTS In our meta-analysis, we incorporated 28 studies including 5508 patients. The analysis revealed that HBP has a sensitivity of 0.71 (95% CI: 0.60; 0.79) and a specificity of 0.68 (95% CI: 0.51; 0.81) in diagnosing sepsis, respectively. HBP demonstrated moderate prognostic accuracy for mortality at a cutoff value of 161.415 ng/mL, with a sensitivity and specificity of 72%, and for severe sepsis outcomes at a cutoff value of 58.907 ng/mL, with a sensitivity and specificity of 71%. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate a relatively moderate diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of HBP for sepsis. Future studies are required to verify the accuracy of HBP as a biomarker for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qasi Najah
- Faculty of Medicine, University of EL-Mergib, Al Khums, Libya
| | | | - Khaled Abouelmagd
- Cardiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Ali
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Yasser A. Hamam
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Roua Arian
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria
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2
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Sithara S, Crowley T, Walder K, Aston-Mourney K. Identification of reversible and druggable pathways to improve beta-cell function and survival in Type 2 diabetes. Islets 2023; 15:2165368. [PMID: 36709757 PMCID: PMC9888462 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2023.2165368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting β-cell failure could prevent, delay or even partially reverse Type 2 diabetes. However, development of such drugs is limited as the molecular pathogenesis is complex and incompletely understood. Further, while β-cell failure can be modeled experimentally, only some of the molecular changes will be pathogenic. Therefore, we used a novel approach to identify molecular pathways that are not only changed in a diabetes-like state but also are reversible and can be targeted by drugs. INS1E cells were cultured in high glucose (HG, 20 mM) for 72 h or HG for an initial 24 h followed by drug addition (exendin-4, metformin and sodium salicylate) for the remaining 48 h. RNAseq (Illumina TruSeq), gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and pathway analysis (using Broad Institute, Reactome, KEGG and Biocarta platforms) were used to identify changes in molecular pathways. HG decreased function and increased apoptosis in INS1E cells with drugs partially reversing these effects. HG resulted in upregulation of 109 pathways while drug treatment downregulated 44 pathways with 21 pathways in common. Interestingly, while hyperglycemia extensively upregulated metabolic pathways, they were not altered with drug treatment, rather pathways involved in the cell cycle featured more heavily. GSEA for hyperglycemia identified many known pathways validating the applicability of our cell model to human disease. However, only a fraction of these pathways were downregulated with drug treatment, highlighting the importance of considering druggable pathways. Overall, this provides a powerful approach and resource for identifying appropriate targets for the development of β-cell drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smithamol Sithara
- School of Medicine, IMPACT, Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Tamsyn Crowley
- School of Medicine, Bioinformatics Core Research Facility, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- School of Medicine, IMPACT, Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Kathryn Aston-Mourney
- School of Medicine, IMPACT, Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- CONTACT Kathryn Aston-Mourney Building Nb, 75 Pidgons Rd, Geelong, VIC3216, Australia
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3
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Choleva L, Wang P, Liu H, Wood O, Lambertini L, Scott DK, Karakose E, Stewart AF. Structure-Function Analysis of p57KIP2 in the Human Pancreatic Beta Cell Reveals a Bipartite Nuclear Localization Signal. Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad197. [PMID: 38151968 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in CDKN1C, encoding p57KIP2, a canonical cell cycle inhibitor, underlie multiple pediatric endocrine syndromes. Despite this central role in disease, little is known about the structure and function of p57KIP2 in the human pancreatic beta cell. Since p57KIP2 is predominantly nuclear in human beta cells, we hypothesized that disease-causing mutations in its nuclear localization sequence (NLS) may correlate with abnormal phenotypes. We prepared RIP1 insulin promoter-driven adenoviruses encoding deletions of multiple disease-associated but unexplored regions of p57KIP2 and performed a comprehensive structure-function analysis of CDKN1C/p57KIP2. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analyses confirmed p57KIP2 overexpression, construct size, and beta cell specificity. By immunocytochemistry, wild-type (WT) p57KIP2 displayed nuclear localization. In contrast, deletion of a putative NLS at amino acids 278-281 failed to access the nucleus. Unexpectedly, we identified a second downstream NLS at amino acids 312-316. Further analysis showed that each individual NLS is required for nuclear localization, but neither alone is sufficient. In summary, p57KIP2 contains a classical bipartite NLS characterized by 2 clusters of positively charged amino acids separated by a proline-rich linker region. Variants in the sequences encoding these 2 NLS sequences account for functional p57KIP2 loss and beta cell expansion seen in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauryn Choleva
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Olivia Wood
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Luca Lambertini
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Donald K Scott
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Esra Karakose
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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4
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Rial SA, Shishani R, Cummings BP, Lim GE. Is 14-3-3 the Combination to Unlock New Pathways to Improve Metabolic Homeostasis and β-Cell Function? Diabetes 2023; 72:1045-1054. [PMID: 37471599 PMCID: PMC10382651 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery nearly five decades ago, molecular scaffolds belonging to the 14-3-3 protein family have been recognized as pleiotropic regulators of diverse cellular and physiological functions. With their ability to bind to proteins harboring specific serine and threonine phosphorylation motifs, 14-3-3 proteins can interact with and influence the function of docking proteins, enzymes, transcription factors, and transporters that have essential roles in metabolism and glucose homeostasis. Here, we will discuss the regulatory functions of 14-3-3 proteins that will be of great interest to the fields of metabolism, pancreatic β-cell biology, and diabetes. We first describe how 14-3-3 proteins play a central role in glucose and lipid homeostasis by modulating key pathways of glucose uptake, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and adipogenesis. This is followed by a discussion of the contributions of 14-3-3 proteins to calcium-dependent exocytosis and how this relates to insulin secretion from β-cells. As 14-3-3 proteins are major modulators of apoptosis and cell cycle progression, we will explore if 14-3-3 proteins represent a viable target for promoting β-cell regeneration and discuss the feasibility of targeting 14-3-3 proteins to treat metabolic diseases such as diabetes. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS 14-3-3 proteins are ubiquitously expressed scaffolds with multiple roles in glucose homeostasis and metabolism. 14-3-3ζ regulates adipogenesis via distinct mechanisms and is required for postnatal adiposity and adipocyte function. 14-3-3ζ controls glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells by regulating mitochondrial function and ATP synthesis as well as facilitating cross talk between β-cells and α-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabri A. Rial
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Cardiometabolic Axis, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rahaf Shishani
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Bethany P. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Center for Alimentary and Metabolic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Gareth E. Lim
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Cardiometabolic Axis, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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5
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Rottner AK, Ye Y, Navarro-Guerrero E, Rajesh V, Pollner A, Bevacqua RJ, Yang J, Spigelman AF, Baronio R, Bautista A, Thomsen SK, Lyon J, Nawaz S, Smith N, Wesolowska-Andersen A, Fox JEM, Sun H, Kim SK, Ebner D, MacDonald PE, Gloyn AL. A genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies CALCOCO2 as a regulator of beta cell function influencing type 2 diabetes risk. Nat Genet 2023; 55:54-65. [PMID: 36543916 PMCID: PMC9839450 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the genes and processes mediating genetic association signals for complex diseases represents a major challenge. As many of the genetic signals for type 2 diabetes (T2D) exert their effects through pancreatic islet-cell dysfunction, we performed a genome-wide pooled CRISPR loss-of-function screen in a human pancreatic beta cell line. We assessed the regulation of insulin content as a disease-relevant readout of beta cell function and identified 580 genes influencing this phenotype. Integration with genetic and genomic data provided experimental support for 20 candidate T2D effector transcripts including the autophagy receptor CALCOCO2. Loss of CALCOCO2 was associated with distorted mitochondria, less proinsulin-containing immature granules and accumulation of autophagosomes upon inhibition of late-stage autophagy. Carriers of T2D-associated variants at the CALCOCO2 locus further displayed altered insulin secretion. Our study highlights how cellular screens can augment existing multi-omic efforts to support mechanistic understanding and provide evidence for causal effects at genome-wide association studies loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje K Rottner
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yingying Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elena Navarro-Guerrero
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Varsha Rajesh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alina Pollner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Romina J Bevacqua
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Centre, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aliya F Spigelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roberta Baronio
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Austin Bautista
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Soren K Thomsen
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James Lyon
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sameena Nawaz
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nancy Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jocelyn E Manning Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Han Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Centre, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anna L Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Diabetes Research Centre, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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6
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Goode RA, Hum JM, Kalwat MA. Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Pancreatic Islet β-Cell Proliferation, Regeneration, and Replacement. Endocrinology 2022; 164:6836713. [PMID: 36412119 PMCID: PMC9923807 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes results from insufficient insulin production by pancreatic islet β-cells or a loss of β-cells themselves. Restoration of regulated insulin production is a predominant goal of translational diabetes research. Here, we provide a brief overview of recent advances in the fields of β-cell proliferation, regeneration, and replacement. The discovery of therapeutic targets and associated small molecules has been enabled by improved understanding of β-cell development and cell cycle regulation, as well as advanced high-throughput screening methodologies. Important findings in β-cell transdifferentiation, neogenesis, and stem cell differentiation have nucleated multiple promising therapeutic strategies. In particular, clinical trials are underway using in vitro-generated β-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Significant challenges remain for each of these strategies, but continued support for efforts in these research areas will be critical for the generation of distinct diabetes therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Goode
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Julia M Hum
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael A Kalwat
- Correspondence: Michael A. Kalwat, PhD, Lilly Diabetes Center of Excellence, Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, 1210 Waterway Blvd, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. or
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7
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Wang P, Karakose E, Argmann C, Wang H, Balev M, Brody RI, Rivas HG, Liu X, Wood O, Liu H, Choleva L, Hasson D, Bernstein E, Paulo JA, Scott DK, Lambertini L, DeCaprio JA, Stewart AF. Disrupting the DREAM complex enables proliferation of adult human pancreatic β cells. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e157086. [PMID: 35700053 PMCID: PMC9337832 DOI: 10.1172/jci157086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to regeneration of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells is a fundamental challenge for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Recently, small molecule inhibitors of the kinase DYRK1A have proven effective in inducing adult human β cells to proliferate, but their detailed mechanism of action is incompletely understood. We interrogated our human insulinoma and β cell transcriptomic databases seeking to understand why β cells in insulinomas proliferate, while normal β cells do not. This search reveals the DREAM complex as a central regulator of quiescence in human β cells. The DREAM complex consists of a module of transcriptionally repressive proteins that assemble in response to DYRK1A kinase activity, thereby inducing and maintaining cellular quiescence. In the absence of DYRK1A, DREAM subunits reassemble into the pro-proliferative MMB complex. Here, we demonstrate that small molecule DYRK1A inhibitors induce human β cells to replicate by converting the repressive DREAM complex to its pro-proliferative MMB conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute
- Department of Medicine, and
| | - Esra Karakose
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute
- Department of Medicine, and
| | - Carmen Argmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Rachel I. Brody
- Department of Pathology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hembly G. Rivas
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivia Wood
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute
- Department of Medicine, and
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute
- Department of Medicine, and
| | - Lauryn Choleva
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute
- Department of Pediatrics
| | - Dan Hasson
- The Tisch Cancer Institute
- Department of Oncological Sciences
- Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing (BiNGS) Shared Resource Facility, and
| | - Emily Bernstein
- The Tisch Cancer Institute
- Department of Oncological Sciences
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joao A. Paulo
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Donald K. Scott
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute
- Department of Medicine, and
| | - Luca Lambertini
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute
- Department of Medicine, and
| | - James A. DeCaprio
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Rababa M, Bani Hamad D, Hayajneh AA. Sepsis assessment and management in critically Ill adults: A systematic review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270711. [PMID: 35776738 PMCID: PMC9249173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Early assessment and management of patients with sepsis can significantly reduce its high mortality rates and improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
Objectives
The purposes of this review are to: (1) explore nurses’ knowledge, attitude, practice, and perceived barriers and facilitators related to early recognition and management of sepsis, (2) explore different interventions directed at nurses to improve sepsis management.
Methods
A systematic review method according to the PRISMA guidelines was used. An electronic search was conducted in March 2021 on several databases using combinations of keywords. Two researchers independently selected and screened the articles according to the eligibility criteria.
Results
Nurses reported an adequate of knowledge in certain areas of sepsis assessment and management in critically ill adult patients. Also, nurses’ attitudes toward sepsis assessment and management were positive in general, but they reported some misconceptions regarding antibiotic use for patients with sepsis, and that sepsis was inevitable for critically ill adult patients. Furthermore, nurses reported they either were not well-prepared or confident enough to effectively recognize and promptly manage sepsis. Also, there are different kinds of nurses’ perceived barriers and facilitators related to sepsis assessment and management: nurse, patient, physician, and system-related. There are different interventions directed at nurses to help in improving nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and practice of sepsis assessment and management. These interventions include education sessions, simulation, decision support or screening tools for sepsis, and evidence-based treatment protocols/guidelines.
Discussion
Our findings could help hospital managers in developing continuous education and staff development training programs on assessing and managing sepsis in critical care patients.
Conclusion
Nurses have poor to good knowledge, practices, and attitudes toward sepsis as well as report many barriers related to sepsis management in adult critically ill patients. Despite all education interventions, no study has collectively targeted critical care nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and practice of sepsis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rababa
- Adult Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
- * E-mail:
| | - Dania Bani Hamad
- Adult Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Audai A. Hayajneh
- Adult Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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9
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Basile G, Qadir MMF, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Vetere A, Shoba V, Modell AE, Pastori RL, Russ HA, Wagner BK, Dominguez-Bendala J. Emerging diabetes therapies: Bringing back the β-cells. Mol Metab 2022; 60:101477. [PMID: 35331962 PMCID: PMC8987999 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cell therapies are finally coming of age as a viable alternative to pancreatic islet transplantation for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. Several clinical trials using human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived β-like cells are currently underway, with encouraging preliminary results. Remaining challenges notwithstanding, these strategies are widely expected to reduce our reliance on human isolated islets for transplantation procedures, making cell therapies available to millions of diabetic patients. At the same time, advances in our understanding of pancreatic cell plasticity and the molecular mechanisms behind β-cell replication and regeneration have spawned a multitude of translational efforts aimed at inducing β-cell replenishment in situ through pharmacological means, thus circumventing the need for transplantation. SCOPE OF REVIEW We discuss here the current state of the art in hESC transplantation, as well as the parallel quest to discover agents capable of either preserving the residual mass of β-cells or inducing their proliferation, transdifferentiation or differentiation from progenitor cells. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Stem cell-based replacement therapies in the mold of islet transplantation are already around the corner, but a permanent cure for type 1 diabetes will likely require the endogenous regeneration of β-cells aided by interventions to restore the immune balance. The promise of current research avenues and a strong pipeline of clinical trials designed to tackle these challenges bode well for the realization of this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Basile
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M M F Qadir
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - F Mauvais-Jarvis
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - A Vetere
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - V Shoba
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - R L Pastori
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - H A Russ
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Colorado University Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | | | - J Dominguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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10
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Wagner BK. Small-molecule discovery in the pancreatic beta cell. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 68:102150. [PMID: 35487100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic beta cell is the only cell type in the body responsible for insulin secretion, and thus plays a unique role in the control of glucose homeostasis. The loss of beta-cell mass and function plays an important role in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Thus, using chemical biology to identify small molecules targeting the beta cell could be an important component to developing future therapeutics for diabetes. This strategy provides an attractive path toward increasing beta-cell numbers in vivo. A regenerative strategy involves enhancing proliferation, differentiation, or neogenesis. On the other hand, protecting beta cells from cell death, or improving maturity and function, could preserve beta-cell mass. Here, we discuss the current state of chemical matter available to study beta-cell regeneration, and how they were discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget K Wagner
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Science Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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11
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Eguchi N, Toribio AJ, Alexander M, Xu I, Whaley DL, Hernandez LF, Dafoe D, Ichii H. Dysregulation of β-Cell Proliferation in Diabetes: Possibilities of Combination Therapy in the Development of a Comprehensive Treatment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020472. [PMID: 35203680 PMCID: PMC8962301 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia as a result of insufficient insulin levels and/or impaired function as a result of autoimmune destruction or insulin resistance. While Type 1 DM (T1DM) and Type 2 DM (T2DM) occur through different pathological processes, both result in β-cell destruction and/or dysfunction, which ultimately lead to insufficient β-cell mass to maintain normoglycemia. Therefore, therapeutic agents capable of inducing β-cell proliferation is crucial in treating and reversing diabetes; unfortunately, adult human β-cell proliferation has been shown to be very limited (~0.2% of β-cells/24 h) and poorly responsive to many mitogens. Furthermore, diabetogenic insults result in damage to β cells, making it ever more difficult to induce proliferation. In this review, we discuss β-cell mass/proliferation pathways dysregulated in diabetes and current therapeutic agents studied to induce β-cell proliferation. Furthermore, we discuss possible combination therapies of proliferation agents with immunosuppressants and antioxidative therapy to improve overall long-term outcomes of diabetes.
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12
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Shcheglova E, Blaszczyk K, Borowiak M. Mitogen Synergy: An Emerging Route to Boosting Human Beta Cell Proliferation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:734597. [PMID: 35155441 PMCID: PMC8829426 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.734597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased number and function of beta cells are a key aspect of diabetes mellitus (diabetes), a disease that remains an onerous global health problem. Means of restoring beta cell mass are urgently being sought as a potential cure for diabetes. Several strategies, such as de novo beta cell derivation via pluripotent stem cell differentiation or mature somatic cell transdifferentiation, have yielded promising results. Beta cell expansion is another promising strategy, rendered challenging by the very low proliferative capacity of beta cells. Many effective mitogens have been identified in rodents, but the vast majority do not have similar mitogenic effects in human beta cells. Extensive research has led to the identification of several human beta cell mitogens, but their efficacy and specificity remain insufficient. An approach based on the simultaneous application of several mitogens has recently emerged and can yield human beta cell proliferation rates of up to 8%. Here, we discuss recent advances in restoration of the beta cell population, focusing on mitogen synergy, and the contribution of RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to accelerating the elucidation of signaling pathways in proliferating beta cells and the discovery of novel mitogens. Together, these approaches have taken beta cell research up a level, bringing us closer to a cure for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Shcheglova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Blaszczyk
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Malgorzata Borowiak, ;
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13
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Abstract
This review focuses on the human pancreatic islet-including its structure, cell composition, development, function, and dysfunction. After providing a historical timeline of key discoveries about human islets over the past century, we describe new research approaches and technologies that are being used to study human islets and how these are providing insight into human islet physiology and pathophysiology. We also describe changes or adaptations in human islets in response to physiologic challenges such as pregnancy, aging, and insulin resistance and discuss islet changes in human diabetes of many forms. We outline current and future interventions being developed to protect, restore, or replace human islets. The review also highlights unresolved questions about human islets and proposes areas where additional research on human islets is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Walker
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Diane C Saunders
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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14
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Aitken TJ, Crabtree JE, Jensen DM, Hess KH, Leininger BR, Tessem JS. Decreased proliferation of aged rat beta cells corresponds with enhanced expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p27 KIP1. Biol Cell 2021; 113:507-521. [PMID: 34523154 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 400 million people are diabetic. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are characterized by decreased functional β-cell mass and, consequently, decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. A potential intervention is transplantation of β-cell containing islets from cadaveric donors. A major impediment to greater application of this treatment is the scarcity of transplant-ready β-cells. Therefore, inducing β-cell proliferation ex vivo could be used to expand functional β-cell mass prior to transplantation. Various molecular pathways are sufficient to induce proliferation of young β-cells; however, aged β-cells are refractory to these proliferative signals. Given that the majority of cadaveric donors fit an aged demographic, defining the mechanisms that impede aged β-cell proliferation is imperative. RESULTS We demonstrate that aged rat (5-month-old) β-cells are refractory to mitogenic stimuli that otherwise induce young rat (5-week-old) β-cell proliferation. We hypothesized that this change in proliferative capacity could be due to differences in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor expression. We measured levels of p16INK4a , p15INK4b , p18INK4c , p19INK4d , p21CIP1 , p27KIP1 and p57KIP2 by immunofluorescence analysis. Our data demonstrates an age-dependent increase of p27KIP1 in rat β-cells by immunofluorescence and was validated by increased p27KIP1 protein levels by western blot analysis. Interestingly, HDAC1, which modulates the p27KIP1 promoter acetylation state, is downregulated in aged rat islets. These data demonstrate increased p27KIP1 protein levels at 5 months of age, which may be due to decreased HDAC1 mediated repression of p27KIP1 expression. SIGNIFICANCE As the majority of transplant-ready β-cells come from aged donors, it is imperative that we understand why aged β-cells are refractory to mitogenic stimuli. Our findings demonstrate that increased p27KIP1 expression occurs early in β-cell aging, which corresponds with impaired β-cell proliferation. Furthermore, the correlation between HDAC1 and p27 levels suggests that pathways that activate HDAC1 in aged β-cells could be leveraged to decrease p27KIP1 levels and enhance β-cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talon J Aitken
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.,Medical Education Program, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Crabtree
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Daelin M Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.,Biomedical Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kavan H Hess
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.,Medical Education Program, Idaho College of Osteopathic Medicine, Meridian, ID, 83642, USA
| | - Brennan R Leininger
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.,Dental Education Program, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Jeffery S Tessem
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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15
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Docherty FM, Sussel L. Islet Regeneration: Endogenous and Exogenous Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073306. [PMID: 33804882 PMCID: PMC8037662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are characterized by a progressive loss of beta cell mass that contributes to impaired glucose homeostasis. Although an optimal treatment option would be to simply replace the lost cells, it is now well established that unlike many other organs, the adult pancreas has limited regenerative potential. For this reason, significant research efforts are focusing on methods to induce beta cell proliferation (replication of existing beta cells), promote beta cell formation from alternative endogenous cell sources (neogenesis), and/or generate beta cells from pluripotent stem cells. In this article, we will review (i) endogenous mechanisms of beta cell regeneration during steady state, stress and disease; (ii) efforts to stimulate endogenous regeneration and transdifferentiation; and (iii) exogenous methods of beta cell generation and transplantation.
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16
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CDK2 limits the highly energetic secretory program of mature β cells by restricting PEP cycle-dependent K ATP channel closure. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108690. [PMID: 33503433 PMCID: PMC7882066 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hallmarks of mature β cells are restricted proliferation and a highly energetic secretory state. Paradoxically, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) is synthesized throughout adulthood, its cytosolic localization raising the likelihood of cell cycle-independent functions. In the absence of any changes in β cell mass, maturity, or proliferation, genetic deletion of Cdk2 in adult β cells enhanced insulin secretion from isolated islets and improved glucose tolerance in vivo. At the single β cell level, CDK2 restricts insulin secretion by increasing KATP conductance, raising the set point for membrane depolarization in response to activation of the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) cycle with mitochondrial fuels. In parallel with reduced β cell recruitment, CDK2 restricts oxidative glucose metabolism while promoting glucose-dependent amplification of insulin secretion. This study provides evidence of essential, non-canonical functions of CDK2 in the secretory pathways of quiescent β cells. Despite loss of proliferative capacity with age, mature β cells continually synthesize CDK2. Sdao et al. demonstrate that CDK2 depletion in adult β cells improves glucose tolerance in vivo. By augmenting PEP cycle-dependent KATP channel closure, CDK2 inactivation lowers the set point for membrane depolarization, augmenting oxidative metabolism and insulin secretion.
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17
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Rosselot C, Baumel-Alterzon S, Li Y, Brill G, Lambertini L, Katz LS, Lu G, Garcia-Ocaña A, Scott DK. The many lives of Myc in the pancreatic β-cell. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100122. [PMID: 33239359 PMCID: PMC7949031 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.011149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes results from insufficient numbers of functional pancreatic β-cells. Thus, increasing the number of available functional β-cells ex vivo for transplantation, or regenerating them in situ in diabetic patients, is a major focus of diabetes research. The transcription factor, Myc, discovered decades ago lies at the nexus of most, if not all, known proliferative pathways. Based on this, many studies in the 1990s and early 2000s explored the potential of harnessing Myc expression to expand β-cells for diabetes treatment. Nearly all these studies in β-cells used pathophysiological or supraphysiological levels of Myc and reported enhanced β-cell death, dedifferentiation, or the formation of insulinomas if cooverexpressed with Bcl-xL, an inhibitor of apoptosis. This obviously reduced the enthusiasm for Myc as a therapeutic target for β-cell regeneration. However, recent studies indicate that "gentle" induction of Myc expression enhances β-cell replication without induction of cell death or loss of insulin secretion, suggesting that appropriate levels of Myc could have therapeutic potential for β-cell regeneration. Furthermore, although it has been known for decades that Myc is induced by glucose in β-cells, very little is known about how this essential anabolic transcription factor perceives and responds to nutrients and increased insulin demand in vivo. Here we summarize the previous and recent knowledge of Myc in the β-cell, its potential for β-cell regeneration, and its physiological importance for neonatal and adaptive β-cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rosselot
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sharon Baumel-Alterzon
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yansui Li
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gabriel Brill
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Luca Lambertini
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Liora S Katz
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Geming Lu
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Donald K Scott
- Diabetes Obesity Metabolism Institute, and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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18
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Sever D, Grapin-Botton A. Regeneration of the pancreas: proliferation and cellular conversion of surviving cells. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 64:84-93. [PMID: 32721583 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The most common pancreas-related disorders are diabetes, pancreatitis and different types of pancreatic cancers. Diabetes is a chronic condition which results from insufficient functional β-cell mass, either as a result of an autoimmune destruction of insulin producing β-cells, or as their death or de-differentiation following years of hyperactivity to compensate for insulin resistance. Chronic pancreatitis leads to cell death and can develop into diabetes or pancreatic cancer. To stimulate regeneration in such pathologies, it is of high importance to evaluate the endogenous regeneration capacity of the pancreas, to understand the conditions needed to trigger it, and to investigate the cellular and molecular regenerative responses. This short review focuses on observations made in the last 2 years on the mechanisms enhancing pancreatic cell proliferation, notably new combinations of pharmacological agents, as well as those triggering cellular conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Sever
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, Blegdamsvej, 3B 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, Blegdamsvej, 3B 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 1307 Dresden, Germany.
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19
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Grotz AK, Abaitua F, Navarro-Guerrero E, Hastoy B, Ebner D, Gloyn AL. A CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing pipeline in the EndoC-βH1 cell line to study genes implicated in beta cell function. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 4:150. [PMID: 31976379 PMCID: PMC6961417 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15447.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global pandemic with a strong genetic component, but most causal genes influencing the disease risk remain unknown. It is clear, however, that the pancreatic beta cell is central to T2D pathogenesis. In vitro gene-knockout (KO) models to study T2D risk genes have so far focused on rodent beta cells. However, there are important structural and functional differences between rodent and human beta cell lines. With that in mind, we have developed a robust pipeline to create a stable CRISPR/Cas9 KO in an authentic human beta cell line (EndoC-βH1). The KO pipeline consists of a dual lentiviral sgRNA strategy and we targeted three genes ( INS, IDE, PAM) as a proof of concept. We achieved a significant reduction in mRNA levels and complete protein depletion of all target genes. Using this dual sgRNA strategy, up to 94 kb DNA were cut out of the target genes and the editing efficiency of each sgRNA exceeded >87.5%. Sequencing of off-targets showed no unspecific editing. Most importantly, the pipeline did not affect the glucose-responsive insulin secretion of the cells. Interestingly, comparison of KO cell lines for NEUROD1 and SLC30A8 with siRNA-mediated knockdown (KD) approaches demonstrate phenotypic differences. NEUROD1-KO cells were not viable and displayed elevated markers for ER stress and apoptosis. NEUROD1-KD, however, only had a modest elevation, by 34%, in the pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP and a gene expression profile indicative of chronic ER stress without evidence of elevated cell death. On the other hand, SLC30A8-KO cells demonstrated no reduction in K ATP channel gene expression in contrast to siRNA silencing. Overall, this strategy to efficiently create stable KO in the human beta cell line EndoC-βH1 will allow for a better understanding of genes involved in beta cell dysfunction, their underlying functional mechanisms and T2D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje K. Grotz
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Fernando Abaitua
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | - Benoit Hastoy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Anna L. Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
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20
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Abstract
Diabetes is a major worldwide health problem which results from the loss and/or dysfunction of pancreatic insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas. Therefore, there is great interest in understanding the endogenous capacity of β cells to regenerate under normal or pathological conditions, with the goal of restoring functional β cell mass in patients with diabetes. Here, we summarize the current status of β cell regeneration research, which has been broadly divided into three in vivo mechanisms: 1. proliferation of existing β cells; 2. neogenesis of β cells from adult ductal progenitors; and 3. transdifferentiation of other cell types into β cells. We discuss the evidence and controversies for each mechanism in mice and humans, as well as the prospect of using these approaches for the treatment of diabetes.
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21
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Grotz AK, Abaitua F, Navarro-Guerrero E, Hastoy B, Ebner D, Gloyn AL. A CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing pipeline in the EndoC-βH1 cell line to study genes implicated in beta cell function. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:150. [PMID: 31976379 PMCID: PMC6961417 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15447.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global pandemic with a strong genetic component, but most causal genes influencing the disease risk remain unknown. It is clear, however, that the pancreatic beta cell is central to T2D pathogenesis. In vitro gene-knockout (KO) models to study T2D risk genes have so far focused on rodent beta cells. However, there are important structural and functional differences between rodent and human beta cell lines. With that in mind, we have developed a robust pipeline to create a stable CRISPR/Cas9 KO in an authentic human beta cell line (EndoC-βH1). The KO pipeline consists of a dual lentiviral sgRNA strategy and we targeted three genes ( INS, IDE, PAM) as a proof of concept. We achieved a significant reduction in mRNA levels and complete protein depletion of all target genes. Using this dual sgRNA strategy, up to 94 kb DNA were cut out of the target genes and the editing efficiency of each sgRNA exceeded >87.5%. Sequencing of off-targets showed no unspecific editing. Most importantly, the pipeline did not affect the glucose-responsive insulin secretion of the cells. Interestingly, comparison of KO cell lines for NEUROD1 and SLC30A8 with siRNA-mediated knockdown (KD) approaches demonstrate phenotypic differences. NEUROD1-KO cells were not viable and displayed elevated markers for ER stress and apoptosis. NEUROD1-KD, however, only had a modest elevation, by 34%, in the pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP and a gene expression profile indicative of chronic ER stress without evidence of elevated cell death. On the other hand, SLC30A8-KO cells demonstrated no reduction in K ATP channel gene expression in contrast to siRNA silencing. Overall, this strategy to efficiently create stable KO in the human beta cell line EndoC-βH1 will allow for a better understanding of genes involved in beta cell dysfunction, their underlying functional mechanisms and T2D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje K. Grotz
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Fernando Abaitua
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | - Benoit Hastoy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Anna L. Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
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22
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Wang Y, Sun J, Ni Q, Nie A, Gu Y, Wang S, Zhang W, Ning G, Wang W, Wang Q. Dual Effect of Raptor on Neonatal β-Cell Proliferation and Identity Maintenance. Diabetes 2019; 68:1950-1964. [PMID: 31345937 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Immature pancreatic β-cells are highly proliferative, and the expansion of β-cells during the early neonatal period largely determines functional β-cell mass; however, the mechanisms are poorly characterized. We generated Ngn3RapKO mice (ablation of Raptor, an essential component of mechanistic target of rapamycin [mTORC1] in Ngn3+ endocrine progenitor cells) and found that mTORC1 was dispensable for endocrine cell lineage formation but specifically regulated both proliferation and identity maintenance of neonatal β-cells. Ablation of Raptor in neonatal β-cells led to autonomous loss of cell identity, decelerated cell cycle progression, compromised proliferation, and caused neonatal diabetes as a result of inadequate establishment of functional β-cell mass at postnatal day 14. Completely different from mature β-cells, Raptor regulated G1/S and G2/M phase cell cycle transition, thus permitting a high proliferation rate in neonatal β-cells. Moreover, Ezh2 was identified as a critical downstream target of mTORC1 in neonatal β-cells, which was responsible for G2/M phase transition and proliferation. Our discovery of the dual effect of mTORC1 in immature β-cells has revealed a potential target for replenishing functional β-cell pools by promoting both expansion and functional maturation of newly formed immature β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors and E-Institute for Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors and E-Institute for Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qicheng Ni
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors and E-Institute for Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aifang Nie
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors and E-Institute for Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Gu
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors and E-Institute for Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors and E-Institute for Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors and E-Institute for Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors and E-Institute for Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qidi Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors and E-Institute for Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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23
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Increased proliferation and altered cell cycle regulation in pancreatic stem cells derived from patients with congenital hyperinsulinism. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222350. [PMID: 31525223 PMCID: PMC6746350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is characterised by inappropriate insulin secretion causing profound hypoglycaemia and brain damage if inadequately controlled. Pancreatic tissue isolated from patients with diffuse CHI shows abnormal proliferation rates, the mechanisms of which are not fully resolved. Understanding cell proliferation in CHI may lead to new therapeutic options, alongside opportunities to manipulate β-cell mass in patients with diabetes. We aimed to generate cell-lines from CHI pancreatic tissue to provide in vitro model systems for research. Three pancreatic mesenchymal stem cell-lines (CHIpMSC1-3) were derived from patients with CHI disease variants: focal, atypical and diffuse. All CHIpMSC lines demonstrated increased proliferation compared with control adult-derived pMSCs. Cell cycle alterations including increased CDK1 levels and decreased p27Kip1 nuclear localisation were observed in CHIpMSCs when compared to control pMSCs. In conclusion, CHIpMSCs are a useful in vitro model to further understand the cell cycle alterations leading to increased islet cell proliferation in CHI.
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pancreatic β-cells play a critical role in whole-body glucose homeostasis by regulating the release of insulin in response to minute by minute alterations in metabolic demand. As such, β-cells are staunchly resilient but there are circumstances where they can become functionally compromised or physically lost due to pathophysiological changes which culminate in overt hyperglycemia and diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS In humans, β-cell mass appears to be largely defined in the postnatal period and this early replicative and generative phase is followed by a refractory state which persists throughout life. Despite this, efforts to identify physiological and pharmacological factors which might re-initiate β-cell replication (or cause the replenishment of β-cells by neogenesis or transdifferentiation) are beginning to bear fruit. Controlled manipulation of β-cell mass in humans still represents a holy grail for therapeutic intervention in diabetes, but progress is being made which may lead to ultimate success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Basile
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rohit N. Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Noel G. Morgan
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
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25
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Wang P, Karakose E, Liu H, Swartz E, Ackeifi C, Zlatanic V, Wilson J, González BJ, Bender A, Takane KK, Ye L, Harb G, Pagliuca F, Homann D, Egli D, Argmann C, Scott DK, Garcia-Ocaña A, Stewart AF. Combined Inhibition of DYRK1A, SMAD, and Trithorax Pathways Synergizes to Induce Robust Replication in Adult Human Beta Cells. Cell Metab 2019; 29:638-652.e5. [PMID: 30581122 PMCID: PMC6402958 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule inhibitors of dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) induce human beta cells to proliferate, generating a labeling index of 1.5%-3%. Here, we demonstrate that combined pharmacologic inhibition of DYRK1A and transforming growth factor beta superfamily (TGFβSF)/SMAD signaling generates remarkable further synergistic increases in human beta cell proliferation (average labeling index, 5%-8%, and as high as 15%-18%), and increases in both mouse and human beta cell numbers. This synergy reflects activation of cyclins and cdks by DYRK1A inhibition, accompanied by simultaneous reductions in key cell-cycle inhibitors (CDKN1C and CDKN1A). The latter results from interference with the basal Trithorax- and SMAD-mediated transactivation of CDKN1C and CDKN1A. Notably, combined DYRK1A and TGFβ inhibition allows preservation of beta cell differentiated function. These beneficial effects extend from normal human beta cells and stem cell-derived human beta cells to those from people with type 2 diabetes, and occur both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Esra Karakose
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ethan Swartz
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Courtney Ackeifi
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Viktor Zlatanic
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jessica Wilson
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bryan J González
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Aaron Bender
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Karen K Takane
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lillian Ye
- Semma Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - George Harb
- Semma Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Dirk Homann
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dieter Egli
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Carmen Argmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Donald K Scott
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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26
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Akbib S, Stichelmans J, Stangé G, Ling Z, Assefa Z, Hellemans KH. Glucocorticoids and checkpoint tyrosine kinase inhibitors stimulate rat pancreatic beta cell proliferation differentially. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212210. [PMID: 30779812 PMCID: PMC6380609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy for diabetes could benefit from the identification of small-molecule compounds that increase the number of functional pancreatic beta cells. Using a newly developed screening assay, we previously identified glucocorticoids as potent stimulators of human and rat beta cell proliferation. We now compare the stimulatory action of these steroid hormones to a selection of checkpoint tyrosine kinase inhibitors that were also found to activate the cell cycle-in beta cells and analyzed their respective effects on DNA-synthesis, beta cell numbers and expression of cell cycle regulators. Our data using glucocorticoids in combination with a receptor antagonist, mifepristone, show that 48h exposure is sufficient to allow beta cells to pass the cell cycle restriction point and to become committed to cell division regardless of sustained glucocorticoid-signaling. To reach the end-point of mitosis another 40h is required. Within 14 days glucocorticoids stimulate up to 75% of the cells to undergo mitosis, which indicates that these steroid hormones act as proliferation competence-inducing factors. In contrast, by correlating thymidine-analogue incorporation to changes in absolute cell numbers, we show that the checkpoint kinase inhibitors, as compared to glucocorticoids, stimulate DNA-synthesis only during a short time-window in a minority of cells, insufficient to give a measurable increase of beta cell numbers. Glucocorticoids, but not the kinase inhibitors, were also found to induce changes in the expression of checkpoint regulators. Our data, using checkpoint kinase-specific inhibitors further point to a role for Chk1 and Cdk1 in G1/S transition and progression of beta cells through the cell cycle upon stimulation with glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Akbib
- Unit Diabetes Pathology and Therapy, Diabetes Research Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jordy Stichelmans
- Unit Diabetes Pathology and Therapy, Diabetes Research Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Stangé
- Unit Diabetes Pathology and Therapy, Diabetes Research Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zhidong Ling
- Unit Diabetes Pathology and Therapy, Diabetes Research Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Beta Cell Bank, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zerihun Assefa
- Unit Diabetes Pathology and Therapy, Diabetes Research Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karine H. Hellemans
- Unit Diabetes Pathology and Therapy, Diabetes Research Cluster, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Beta Cell Therapy in Diabetes, Brussels, Belgium
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27
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Jiang Y, Fischbach S, Xiao X. The Role of the TGFβ Receptor Signaling Pathway in Adult Beta Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103136. [PMID: 30322036 PMCID: PMC6212884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a global epidemic and affects millions of individuals in the United States. Devising novel treatments for diabetes continues to be a great medical challenge. Postnatal beta cell growth or compensation is largely attributed to beta cell proliferation, which declines continuously with age. To boost beta cell proliferation to regenerate an adequate functional mass, there is a need to understand the signaling pathways that regulate beta cell proliferation for creating practical strategies to promote the process. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) belongs to a signaling superfamily that governs pancreatic development and the regeneration of beta cells after pancreatic diseases. TGFβ exerts its functions by activation of downstream Smad proteins and through its crosstalk with other pathways. Accumulating data demonstrate that the TGFβ receptor signaling pathway also participates in the control of beta cell proliferation. This review details the role of the TGFβ receptor signaling pathway in beta cell proliferation physiologically and in the pathogenesis of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Jiang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Shane Fischbach
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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28
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Karakose E, Ackeifi C, Wang P, Stewart AF. Advances in drug discovery for human beta cell regeneration. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1693-1699. [PMID: 29770834 PMCID: PMC6239977 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The numbers of insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells are reduced in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Driving beta cell regeneration in the pancreases of people with diabetes would be an attractive approach to reversing diabetes. While adult human beta cells have long been believed to be terminally differentiated and, therefore, irreversibly quiescent, it has become clear over recent years that this is not true. More specifically, both candidate and unbiased high-throughput screen approaches have revealed several classes of molecules that are clearly able to induce human beta cell proliferation. Here, we review recent approaches and accomplishments in human beta cell regenerative drug discovery. We also list the challenges that this rapidly moving field must confront to translate beta cell regenerative therapy from the laboratory to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Karakose
- The Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran 5, Box 1152, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Courtney Ackeifi
- The Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran 5, Box 1152, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- The Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran 5, Box 1152, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- The Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran 5, Box 1152, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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29
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Papin J, Zummo FP, Pachera N, Guay C, Regazzi R, Cardozo AK, Herchuelz A. Na +/Ca 2+ Exchanger a Druggable Target to Promote β-Cell Proliferation and Function. J Endocr Soc 2018; 2:631-645. [PMID: 29942927 PMCID: PMC6009611 DOI: 10.1210/js.2017-00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An important feature of type 2 diabetes is a decrease in β-cell mass. Therefore, it is essential to find new approaches to stimulate β-cell proliferation. We have previously shown that heterozygous inactivation of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (isoform 1; NCX1), a protein responsible for Ca2+ extrusion from cells, increases β-cell proliferation, mass, and function in mice. Here, we show that Ncx1 inactivation also increases β-cell proliferation in 2-year-old mice and that NCX1 inhibition in adult mice by four small molecules of the benzoxyphenyl family stimulates β-cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. NCX1 inhibition by small interfering RNA or small molecules activates the calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) pathway and inhibits apoptosis induced by the immunosuppressors cyclosporine A (CsA) and tacrolimus in insulin-producing cell. Moreover, NCX1 inhibition increases the expression of β-cell-specific genes, such as Ins1, Ins2, and Pdx1, and inactivates/downregulates the tumor suppressors retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and miR-193a and the cell cycle inhibitor p53. Our data show that Na+/Ca2+ exchange is a druggable target to stimulate β-cell function and proliferation. Specific β-cell inhibition of Na+/Ca2+ exchange by phenoxybenzamyl derivatives may represent an innovative approach to promote β-cell regeneration in diabetes and improve the efficiency of pancreatic islet transplantation for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Papin
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francesco Paolo Zummo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Pachera
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claudiane Guay
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Romano Regazzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra K Cardozo
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
| | - André Herchuelz
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Faculty of Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
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30
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Abstract
The pancreas is made from two distinct components: the exocrine pancreas, a reservoir of digestive enzymes, and the endocrine islets, the source of the vital metabolic hormone insulin. Human islets possess limited regenerative ability; loss of islet β-cells in diseases such as type 1 diabetes requires therapeutic intervention. The leading strategy for restoration of β-cell mass is through the generation and transplantation of new β-cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Other approaches include stimulating endogenous β-cell proliferation, reprogramming non-β-cells to β-like cells, and harvesting islets from genetically engineered animals. Together these approaches form a rich pipeline of therapeutic development for pancreatic regeneration.
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31
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Ackeifi CA, Swartz EA, Wang P. Cell-Based Methods to Identify Inducers of Human Pancreatic Beta-Cell Proliferation. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1787:87-100. [PMID: 29736712 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7847-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is the result of the insufficiency or dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells alone or in combination with insulin resistance. The replacement or regeneration of beta cells can effectively reverse diabetes in humans and rodents. Therefore, the identification of novel small molecules that promote pancreatic beta-cell proliferation is an attractive approach for diabetic therapy. While numerous hormones, small molecules, and growth factors are able to drive rodent beta cells to replicate, only a few small molecules have demonstrated the ability to stimulate human beta-cell proliferation. Hence, there is an urgent need for therapeutic agents that induce regeneration and expansion of adult human beta cells. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for coating chamber slides, culturing primary islets, performing islet cell disassociation, seeding cells on chamber slides, treating islet cells with compounds or infecting them with adenovirus, immunostaining of proliferation markers and imaging, and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Ackeifi
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ethan A Swartz
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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32
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Abstract
The pancreas is a complex organ with exocrine and endocrine components. Many pathologies impair exocrine function, including chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Conversely, when the endocrine pancreas fails to secrete sufficient insulin, patients develop diabetes mellitus. Pathology in either the endocrine or exocrine pancreas results in devastating economic and personal consequences. The current standard therapy for treating patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus is daily exogenous insulin injections, but cell sources of insulin provide superior glycaemic regulation and research is now focused on the goal of regenerating or replacing β cells. Stem-cell-based models might be useful to study exocrine pancreatic disorders, and mesenchymal stem cells or secreted factors might delay disease progression. Although the standards that bioengineered cells must meet before being considered as a viable therapy are not yet established, any potential therapy must be acceptably safe and functionally superior to current therapies. Here, we describe progress and challenges in cell-based methods to restore pancreatic function, with a focus on optimizing the site for cell delivery and decreasing requirements for immunosuppression through encapsulation. We also discuss the tools and strategies being used to generate exocrine pancreas and insulin-producing β-cell surrogates in situ and highlight obstacles to clinical application.
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33
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Montemurro C, Vadrevu S, Gurlo T, Butler AE, Vongbunyong KE, Petcherski A, Shirihai OS, Satin LS, Braas D, Butler PC, Tudzarova S. Cell cycle-related metabolism and mitochondrial dynamics in a replication-competent pancreatic beta-cell line. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:2086-2099. [PMID: 28820316 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1361069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell replication is a fundamental attribute of growth and repair in multicellular organisms. Pancreatic beta-cells in adults rarely enter cell cycle, hindering the capacity for regeneration in diabetes. Efforts to drive beta-cells into cell cycle have so far largely focused on regulatory molecules such as cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Investigations in cancer biology have uncovered that adaptive changes in metabolism, the mitochondrial network, and cellular Ca2+ are critical for permitting cells to progress through the cell cycle. Here, we investigated these parameters in the replication-competent beta-cell line INS 832/13. Cell cycle synchronization of this line permitted evaluation of cell metabolism, mitochondrial network, and cellular Ca2+ compartmentalization at key cell cycle stages. The mitochondrial network is interconnected and filamentous at G1/S but fragments during the S and G2/M phases, presumably to permit sorting to daughter cells. Pyruvate anaplerosis peaks at G1/S, consistent with generation of biomass for daughter cells, whereas mitochondrial Ca2+ and respiration increase during S and G2/M, consistent with increased energy requirements for DNA and lipid synthesis. This synchronization approach may be of value to investigators performing live cell imaging of Ca2+ or mitochondrial dynamics commonly undertaken in INS cell lines because without synchrony widely disparate data from cell to cell would be expected depending on position within cell cycle. Our findings also offer insight into why replicating beta-cells are relatively nonfunctional secreting insulin in response to glucose. They also provide guidance on metabolic requirements of beta-cells for the transition through the cell cycle that may complement the efforts currently restricted to manipulating cell cycle to drive beta-cells through cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Montemurro
- a Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center , University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Suryakiran Vadrevu
- b Department of Pharmacology and Brehm Diabetes Research Center , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Tatyana Gurlo
- a Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center , University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- a Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center , University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Kenny E Vongbunyong
- a Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center , University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Anton Petcherski
- c Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- c Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Leslie S Satin
- b Department of Pharmacology and Brehm Diabetes Research Center , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Daniel Braas
- d Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging , University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine , Los Angeles , CA , USA ; UCLA Metabolomics Center , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Peter C Butler
- a Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center , University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Slavica Tudzarova
- a Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center , University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,e Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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34
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Dai C, Hang Y, Shostak A, Poffenberger G, Hart N, Prasad N, Phillips N, Levy SE, Greiner DL, Shultz LD, Bottino R, Kim SK, Powers AC. Age-dependent human β cell proliferation induced by glucagon-like peptide 1 and calcineurin signaling. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3835-3844. [PMID: 28920919 DOI: 10.1172/jci91761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequate pancreatic β cell function underlies type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Strategies to expand functional cells have focused on discovering and controlling mechanisms that limit the proliferation of human β cells. Here, we developed an engraftment strategy to examine age-associated human islet cell replication competence and reveal mechanisms underlying age-dependent decline of β cell proliferation in human islets. We found that exendin-4 (Ex-4), an agonist of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R), stimulates human β cell proliferation in juvenile but not adult islets. This age-dependent responsiveness does not reflect loss of GLP-1R signaling in adult islets, since Ex-4 treatment stimulated insulin secretion by both juvenile and adult human β cells. We show that the mitogenic effect of Ex-4 requires calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling. In juvenile islets, Ex-4 induced expression of calcineurin/NFAT signaling components as well as target genes for proliferation-promoting factors, including NFATC1, FOXM1, and CCNA1. By contrast, expression of these factors in adult islet β cells was not affected by Ex-4 exposure. These studies reveal age-dependent signaling mechanisms regulating human β cell proliferation, and identify elements that could be adapted for therapeutic expansion of human β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Dai
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yan Hang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alena Shostak
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Greg Poffenberger
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nathaniel Hart
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nripesh Prasad
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Neil Phillips
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shawn E Levy
- Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Rita Bottino
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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35
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Sacaan AI, Thibault S, Hong M, Kondegowda NG, Nichols T, Li R, Rosselot C, Evering W, Fenutria R, Vitsky A, Brown T, Finkelstein M, Garcia-Ocaña A, Khan N, Stewart AF, Vasavada RC. CDK4/6 Inhibition on Glucose and Pancreatic Beta Cell Homeostasis in Young and Aged Rats. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1531-1541. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Shirakawa J, Fernandez M, Takatani T, El Ouaamari A, Jungtrakoon P, Okawa ER, Zhang W, Yi P, Doria A, Kulkarni RN. Insulin Signaling Regulates the FoxM1/PLK1/CENP-A Pathway to Promote Adaptive Pancreatic β Cell Proliferation. Cell Metab 2017; 25:868-882.e5. [PMID: 28286049 PMCID: PMC5382039 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of cell-cycle kinetics in mammalian pancreatic β cells has mostly focused on transition from the quiescent (G0) to G1 phase. Here, we report that centromere protein A (CENP-A), which is required for chromosome segregation during the M-phase, is necessary for adaptive β cell proliferation. Receptor-mediated insulin signaling promotes DNA-binding activity of FoxM1 to regulate expression of CENP-A and polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) by modulating cyclin-dependent kinase-1/2. CENP-A deposition at the centromere is augmented by PLK1 to promote mitosis, while knocking down CENP-A limits β cell proliferation and survival. CENP-A deficiency in β cells leads to impaired adaptive proliferation in response to pregnancy, acute and chronic insulin resistance, and aging in mice. Insulin-stimulated CENP-A/PLK1 protein expression is blunted in islets from patients with type 2 diabetes. These data implicate the insulin-FoxM1/PLK1/CENP-A pathway-regulated mitotic cell-cycle progression as an essential component in the β cell adaptation to delay and/or prevent progression to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shirakawa
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Megan Fernandez
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tomozumi Takatani
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Abdelfattah El Ouaamari
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Prapaporn Jungtrakoon
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Erin R Okawa
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Peng Yi
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alessandro Doria
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Rohit N Kulkarni
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Shirakawa J, De Jesus DF, Kulkarni RN. Exploring inter-organ crosstalk to uncover mechanisms that regulate β-cell function and mass. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:896-903. [PMID: 28294170 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Impaired β-cell function and insufficient β-cell mass compensation are twin pathogenic features that underlie type 2 diabetes (T2D). Current therapeutic strategies continue to evolve to improve treatment outcomes in different ethnic populations and include approaches to counter insulin resistance and improve β-cell function. Although the effects of insulin secretion on metabolic organs such as liver, skeletal muscle and adipose is directly relevant for improving glucose uptake and reduce hyperglycemia, the ability of pancreatic β-cells to crosstalk with multiple non-metabolic tissues is providing novel insights into potential opportunities for improving β-cell function and/or mass that could have beneficial effects in patients with diabetes. For example, the role of the gastrointestinal system in the regulation of β-cell biology is well recognized and has been exploited clinically to develop incretin-related antidiabetic agents. The microbiome and the immune system are emerging as important players in regulating β-cell function and mass. The rich innervation of islet cells indicates it is a prime organ for regulation by the nervous system. In this review, we discuss the potential implications of signals from these organ systems as well as those from bone, placenta, kidney, thyroid, endothelial cells, reproductive organs and adrenal and pituitary glands that can directly impact β-cell biology. An added layer of complexity is the limited data regarding the relative relevance of one or more of these systems in different ethnic populations. It is evident that better understanding of this paradigm would provide clues to enhance β-cell function and/or mass in vivo in the long-term goal of treating or curing patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shirakawa
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D F De Jesus
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R N Kulkarni
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Aamodt KI, Aramandla R, Brown JJ, Fiaschi-Taesch N, Wang P, Stewart AF, Brissova M, Powers AC. Development of a reliable automated screening system to identify small molecules and biologics that promote human β-cell regeneration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E859-E868. [PMID: 27624103 PMCID: PMC5130356 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00515.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous compounds stimulate rodent β-cell proliferation; however, translating these findings to human β-cells remains a challenge. To examine human β-cell proliferation in response to such compounds, we developed a medium-throughput in vitro method of quantifying adult human β-cell proliferation markers. This method is based on high-content imaging of dispersed islet cells seeded in 384-well plates and automated cell counting that identifies fluorescently labeled β-cells with high specificity using both nuclear and cytoplasmic markers. β-Cells from each donor were assessed for their function and ability to enter the cell cycle by cotransduction with adenoviruses encoding cell cycle regulators cdk6 and cyclin D3. Using this approach, we tested 12 previously identified mitogens, including neurotransmitters, hormones, growth factors, and molecules, involved in adenosine and Tgf-1β signaling. Each compound was tested in a wide concentration range either in the presence of basal (5 mM) or high (11 mM) glucose. Treatment with the control compound harmine, a Dyrk1a inhibitor, led to a significant increase in Ki-67+ β-cells, whereas treatment with other compounds had limited to no effect on human β-cell proliferation. This new scalable approach reduces the time and effort required for sensitive and specific evaluation of human β-cell proliferation, thus allowing for increased testing of candidate human β-cell mitogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie I Aamodt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Radhika Aramandla
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Judy J Brown
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nathalie Fiaschi-Taesch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Peng Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
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Kong Y, Sharma RB, Nwosu BU, Alonso LC. Islet biology, the CDKN2A/B locus and type 2 diabetes risk. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1579-93. [PMID: 27155872 PMCID: PMC4930689 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes, fuelled by the obesity epidemic, is an escalating worldwide cause of personal hardship and public cost. Diabetes incidence increases with age, and many studies link the classic senescence and ageing protein p16(INK4A) to diabetes pathophysiology via pancreatic islet biology. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have unequivocally linked the CDKN2A/B locus, which encodes p16 inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (p16(INK4A)) and three other gene products, p14 alternate reading frame (p14(ARF)), p15(INK4B) and antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL), with human diabetes risk. However, the mechanism by which the CDKN2A/B locus influences diabetes risk remains uncertain. Here, we weigh the evidence that CDKN2A/B polymorphisms impact metabolic health via islet biology vs effects in other tissues. Structured in a bedside-to-bench-to-bedside approach, we begin with a summary of the evidence that the CDKN2A/B locus impacts diabetes risk and a brief review of the basic biology of CDKN2A/B gene products. The main emphasis of this work is an in-depth look at the nuanced roles that CDKN2A/B gene products and related proteins play in the regulation of beta cell mass, proliferation and insulin secretory function, as well as roles in other metabolic tissues. We finish with a synthesis of basic biology and clinical observations, incorporating human physiology data. We conclude that it is likely that the CDKN2A/B locus influences diabetes risk through both islet and non-islet mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Kong
- AS7-2047, Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Rohit B Sharma
- AS7-2047, Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Benjamin U Nwosu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Laura C Alonso
- AS7-2047, Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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Definition of a Skp2-c-Myc Pathway to Expand Human Beta-cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28461. [PMID: 27380896 PMCID: PMC4933882 DOI: 10.1038/srep28461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by insulin resistance and reduced functional β-cell mass. Developmental differences, failure of adaptive expansion and loss of β-cells via β-cell death or de-differentiation have emerged as the possible causes of this reduced β-cell mass. We hypothesized that the proliferative response to mitogens of human β-cells from T2D donors is reduced, and that this might contribute to the development and progression of T2D. Here, we demonstrate that the proliferative response of human β-cells from T2D donors in response to cdk6 and cyclin D3 is indeed dramatically impaired. We show that this is accompanied by increased nuclear abundance of the cell cycle inhibitor, p27kip1. Increasing nuclear abundance of p27kip1 by adenoviral delivery decreases the proliferative response of β-cells from non-diabetic donors, mimicking T2D β-cells. However, while both p27kip1 gene silencing and downregulation by Skp2 overexpression increased similarly the proliferative response of human β-cells, only Skp2 was capable of inducing a significant human β-cell expansion. Skp2 was also able to double the proliferative response of T2D β-cells. These studies define c-Myc as a central Skp2 target for the induction of cell cycle entry, expansion and regeneration of human T2D β-cells.
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Ueberberg S, Tannapfel A, Schenker P, Viebahn R, Uhl W, Schneider S, Meier JJ. Differential expression of cell-cycle regulators in human beta-cells derived from insulinoma tissue. Metabolism 2016; 65:736-746. [PMID: 27085780 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The low frequency of beta-cell replication in the adult human pancreas limits beta-cell regeneration. A better understanding of the regulation of human beta-cell proliferation is crucial to develop therapeutic strategies aiming to enhance beta-cell mass. METHODS To identify factors that control beta-cell proliferation, cell-cycle regulation was examined in human insulinomas as a model of increased beta-cell proliferation (n=11) and healthy pancreatic tissue from patients with benign pancreatic tumors (n=9). Tissue sections were co-stained for insulin and cell-cycle proteins. Transcript levels of selected cell-cycle factors in beta-cells were determined by qRT-PCR after performing laser-capture microdissection. RESULTS The frequency of beta-cell replication was 3.74±0.92% in the insulinomas and 0.11±0.04% in controls (p=0.0016). p21 expression was higher in insulinomas (p=0.0058), and Rb expression was higher by trend (p=0.085), whereas p16 (p<0.0001), Cyclin C (p<0.0001), and p57 (p=0.018) expression levels were lower. The abundance of Cyclin D3 (p=0.62) and p27 (p=0.68) was not different between the groups. The reduced expression of p16 (p<0.0001) and p57 (p=0.012) in insulinomas and the unchanged expression of Cyclin D3 (p=0.77) and p27 (p=0.55) were confirmed using qRT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS The expression of certain cell-cycle factors in beta-cells derived from insulinomas and healthy adults differs markedly. Targeting such differentially regulated cell-cycle proteins may evolve as a future strategy to enhance beta-cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ueberberg
- Diabetes Division, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, Bochum 44791, Germany
| | - Andrea Tannapfel
- Department of Pathology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bürkle de la Camp-Platz 1, Bochum 44789, Germany
| | - Peter Schenker
- Department of Surgery, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, Bochum 44892, Germany
| | - Richard Viebahn
- Department of Surgery, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, Bochum 44892, Germany
| | - Waldemar Uhl
- Department of Surgery, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, Bochum 44791, Germany
| | - Stephan Schneider
- Department of Medicine II, St. Vinzenz Hospital, Merheimer Str. 221-223, Cologne 50733, Germany
| | - Juris J Meier
- Diabetes Division, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, Bochum 44791, Germany.
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Saunders D, Powers AC. Replicative capacity of β-cells and type 1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 2016; 71:59-68. [PMID: 27133598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to restore β-cell number or mass in type 1 diabetes (T1D) must combine an intervention to stimulate proliferation of remaining β-cells and an intervention to mitigate or control the β-cell-directed autoimmunity. This review highlights features of the β-cell, including it being part of a pancreatic islet, a mini-organ that is highly vascularized and highly innervated, and efforts to promote β-cell proliferation. In addition, the β-cell in T1D exists in a microenvironment with interactions and input from other islet cell types, extracellular matrix, vascular endothelial cells, neuronal projections, and immune cells, all of which likely influence the β-cell's capacity for replication. Physiologic β-cell proliferation occurs in human and rodents in the neonatal period and early in life, after which there is an age-dependent decline in β-cell proliferation, and also as part of the β-cell's compensatory response to the metabolic challenges of pregnancy and insulin resistance. This review reviews the molecular pathways involved in this β-cell proliferation and highlights recent work in two areas: 1) Investigators, using high-throughput screening to discover small molecules that promote human β-cell proliferation, are now focusing on the dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase-1a and cell cycle-dependent kinase inhibitors CDKN2C/p18 or CDKN1A/p21as targets of compounds to stimulate adult human β-cell proliferation. 2) Local inflammation, macrophages, and the local β-cell microenvironment promote β-cell proliferation. Future efforts to harness the responsible mechanisms may lead to new approaches to promote β-cell proliferation in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Saunders
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States.
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Stamateris RE, Sharma RB, Kong Y, Ebrahimpour P, Panday D, Ranganath P, Zou B, Levitt H, Parambil NA, O'Donnell CP, García-Ocaña A, Alonso LC. Glucose Induces Mouse β-Cell Proliferation via IRS2, MTOR, and Cyclin D2 but Not the Insulin Receptor. Diabetes 2016; 65:981-95. [PMID: 26740601 PMCID: PMC5314707 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An important goal in diabetes research is to understand the processes that trigger endogenous β-cell proliferation. Hyperglycemia induces β-cell replication, but the mechanism remains debated. A prime candidate is insulin, which acts locally through the insulin receptor. Having previously developed an in vivo mouse hyperglycemia model, we tested whether glucose induces β-cell proliferation through insulin signaling. By using mice lacking insulin signaling intermediate insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2), we confirmed that hyperglycemia-induced β-cell proliferation requires IRS2 both in vivo and ex vivo. Of note, insulin receptor activation was not required for glucose-induced proliferation, and insulin itself was not sufficient to drive replication. Glucose and insulin caused similar acute signaling in mouse islets, but chronic signaling differed markedly, with mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR) and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) activation by glucose and AKT activation by insulin. MTOR but not ERK activation was required for glucose-induced proliferation. Cyclin D2 was necessary for glucose-induced β-cell proliferation. Cyclin D2 expression was reduced when either IRS2 or MTOR signaling was lost, and restoring cyclin D2 expression rescued the proliferation defect. Human islets shared many of these regulatory pathways. Taken together, these results support a model in which IRS2, MTOR, and cyclin D2, but not the insulin receptor, mediate glucose-induced proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Stamateris
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Rohit B Sharma
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Yahui Kong
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Pantea Ebrahimpour
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Deepika Panday
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Pavana Ranganath
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Baobo Zou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Helena Levitt
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Christopher P O'Donnell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Adolfo García-Ocaña
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Laura C Alonso
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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Zhang T, Kim DH, Xiao X, Lee S, Gong Z, Muzumdar R, Calabuig-Navarro V, Yamauchi J, Harashima H, Wang R, Bottino R, Alvarez-Perez JC, Garcia-Ocaña A, Gittes G, Dong HH. FoxO1 Plays an Important Role in Regulating β-Cell Compensation for Insulin Resistance in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1055-70. [PMID: 26727107 PMCID: PMC4769368 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
β-Cell compensation is an essential mechanism by which β-cells increase insulin secretion for overcoming insulin resistance to maintain euglycemia in obesity. Failure of β-cells to compensate for insulin resistance contributes to insulin insufficiency and overt diabetes. To understand the mechanism of β-cell compensation, we characterized the role of forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) in β-cell compensation in mice under physiological and pathological conditions. FoxO1 is a key transcription factor that serves as a nutrient sensor for integrating insulin signaling to cell metabolism, growth, and proliferation. We showed that FoxO1 improved β-cell compensation via 3 distinct mechanisms by increasing β-cell mass, enhancing β-cell glucose sensing, and augmenting β-cell antioxidative function. These effects accounted for increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and enhanced glucose tolerance in β-cell-specific FoxO1-transgenic mice. When fed a high-fat diet, β-cell-specific FoxO1-transgenic mice were protected from developing fat-induced glucose disorder. This effect was attributable to increased β-cell mass and function. Furthermore, we showed that FoxO1 activity was up-regulated in islets, correlating with the induction of physiological β-cell compensation in high-fat-induced obese C57BL/6J mice. These data characterize FoxO1 as a pivotal factor for orchestrating physiological adaptation of β-cell mass and function to overnutrition and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.Z., D.H.K., S.L., Z.G., R.M., V.C.-N., J.Y., H.H.D.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (D.H.K.), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea; Division of Pediatric Surgery (X.X., G.G.), Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics (J.Y., H.H.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812 Japan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.W.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Institute of Cellular Therapeutics (R.B.), Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212; and Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute (J.C.A.-P., A.G.-O.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.Z., D.H.K., S.L., Z.G., R.M., V.C.-N., J.Y., H.H.D.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (D.H.K.), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea; Division of Pediatric Surgery (X.X., G.G.), Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics (J.Y., H.H.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812 Japan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.W.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Institute of Cellular Therapeutics (R.B.), Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212; and Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute (J.C.A.-P., A.G.-O.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Xiangwei Xiao
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.Z., D.H.K., S.L., Z.G., R.M., V.C.-N., J.Y., H.H.D.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (D.H.K.), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea; Division of Pediatric Surgery (X.X., G.G.), Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics (J.Y., H.H.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812 Japan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.W.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Institute of Cellular Therapeutics (R.B.), Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212; and Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute (J.C.A.-P., A.G.-O.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Sojin Lee
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.Z., D.H.K., S.L., Z.G., R.M., V.C.-N., J.Y., H.H.D.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (D.H.K.), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea; Division of Pediatric Surgery (X.X., G.G.), Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics (J.Y., H.H.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812 Japan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.W.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Institute of Cellular Therapeutics (R.B.), Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212; and Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute (J.C.A.-P., A.G.-O.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Zhenwei Gong
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.Z., D.H.K., S.L., Z.G., R.M., V.C.-N., J.Y., H.H.D.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (D.H.K.), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea; Division of Pediatric Surgery (X.X., G.G.), Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics (J.Y., H.H.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812 Japan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.W.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Institute of Cellular Therapeutics (R.B.), Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212; and Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute (J.C.A.-P., A.G.-O.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Radhika Muzumdar
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.Z., D.H.K., S.L., Z.G., R.M., V.C.-N., J.Y., H.H.D.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (D.H.K.), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea; Division of Pediatric Surgery (X.X., G.G.), Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics (J.Y., H.H.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812 Japan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.W.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Institute of Cellular Therapeutics (R.B.), Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212; and Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute (J.C.A.-P., A.G.-O.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Virtu Calabuig-Navarro
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.Z., D.H.K., S.L., Z.G., R.M., V.C.-N., J.Y., H.H.D.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (D.H.K.), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea; Division of Pediatric Surgery (X.X., G.G.), Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics (J.Y., H.H.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812 Japan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.W.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Institute of Cellular Therapeutics (R.B.), Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212; and Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute (J.C.A.-P., A.G.-O.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Jun Yamauchi
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.Z., D.H.K., S.L., Z.G., R.M., V.C.-N., J.Y., H.H.D.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (D.H.K.), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea; Division of Pediatric Surgery (X.X., G.G.), Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics (J.Y., H.H.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812 Japan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.W.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Institute of Cellular Therapeutics (R.B.), Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212; and Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute (J.C.A.-P., A.G.-O.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.Z., D.H.K., S.L., Z.G., R.M., V.C.-N., J.Y., H.H.D.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (D.H.K.), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea; Division of Pediatric Surgery (X.X., G.G.), Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics (J.Y., H.H.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812 Japan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.W.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Institute of Cellular Therapeutics (R.B.), Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212; and Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute (J.C.A.-P., A.G.-O.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Rennian Wang
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.Z., D.H.K., S.L., Z.G., R.M., V.C.-N., J.Y., H.H.D.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (D.H.K.), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea; Division of Pediatric Surgery (X.X., G.G.), Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics (J.Y., H.H.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812 Japan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.W.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Institute of Cellular Therapeutics (R.B.), Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212; and Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute (J.C.A.-P., A.G.-O.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Rita Bottino
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.Z., D.H.K., S.L., Z.G., R.M., V.C.-N., J.Y., H.H.D.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (D.H.K.), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea; Division of Pediatric Surgery (X.X., G.G.), Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics (J.Y., H.H.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812 Japan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.W.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Institute of Cellular Therapeutics (R.B.), Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212; and Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute (J.C.A.-P., A.G.-O.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Juan Carlos Alvarez-Perez
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.Z., D.H.K., S.L., Z.G., R.M., V.C.-N., J.Y., H.H.D.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (D.H.K.), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea; Division of Pediatric Surgery (X.X., G.G.), Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics (J.Y., H.H.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812 Japan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.W.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Institute of Cellular Therapeutics (R.B.), Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212; and Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute (J.C.A.-P., A.G.-O.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.Z., D.H.K., S.L., Z.G., R.M., V.C.-N., J.Y., H.H.D.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (D.H.K.), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea; Division of Pediatric Surgery (X.X., G.G.), Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics (J.Y., H.H.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812 Japan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.W.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Institute of Cellular Therapeutics (R.B.), Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212; and Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute (J.C.A.-P., A.G.-O.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - George Gittes
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.Z., D.H.K., S.L., Z.G., R.M., V.C.-N., J.Y., H.H.D.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (D.H.K.), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea; Division of Pediatric Surgery (X.X., G.G.), Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics (J.Y., H.H.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812 Japan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.W.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Institute of Cellular Therapeutics (R.B.), Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212; and Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute (J.C.A.-P., A.G.-O.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - H Henry Dong
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology (T.Z., D.H.K., S.L., Z.G., R.M., V.C.-N., J.Y., H.H.D.), Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (D.H.K.), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735 Korea; Division of Pediatric Surgery (X.X., G.G.), Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224; Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics (J.Y., H.H.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812 Japan; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.W.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6C 2V5 Canada; Institute of Cellular Therapeutics (R.B.), Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212; and Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute (J.C.A.-P., A.G.-O.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine Mt Sinai, New York, New York 10029
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45
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Robitaille K, Rourke JL, McBane JE, Fu A, Baird S, Du Q, Kin T, Shapiro AMJ, Screaton RA. High-throughput Functional Genomics Identifies Regulators of Primary Human Beta Cell Proliferation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:4614-25. [PMID: 26740620 PMCID: PMC4813485 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.683912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The expansion of cells for regenerative therapy will require the genetic dissection of complex regulatory mechanisms governing the proliferation of non-transformed human cells. Here, we report the development of a high-throughput RNAi screening strategy specifically for use in primary cells and demonstrate that silencing the cell cycle-dependent kinase inhibitors CDKN2C/p18 or CDKN1A/p21 facilitates cell cycle entry of quiescent adult human pancreatic beta cells. This work identifies p18 and p21 as novel targets for promoting proliferation of human beta cells and demonstrates the promise of functional genetic screens for dissecting therapeutically relevant state changes in primary human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Robitaille
- From the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1
| | | | - Joanne E McBane
- From the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1
| | - Accalia Fu
- From the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5
| | - Stephen Baird
- From the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1
| | - Qiujiang Du
- the Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5
| | - Tatsuya Kin
- the Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, 8215-112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2C8, and
| | - A M James Shapiro
- the Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, 8215-112 Street, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2C8, and
| | - Robert A Screaton
- the Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, the Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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46
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Rani V, Deep G, Singh RK, Palle K, Yadav UCS. Oxidative stress and metabolic disorders: Pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. Life Sci 2016; 148:183-93. [PMID: 26851532 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 692] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased body weight and metabolic disorder including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications together constitute metabolic syndrome. The pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome involves multitude of factors. A number of studies however indicate, with some conformity, that oxidative stress along with chronic inflammatory condition pave the way for the development of metabolic diseases. Oxidative stress, a state of lost balance between the oxidative and anti-oxidative systems of the cells and tissues, results in the over production of oxidative free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excessive ROS generated could attack the cellular proteins, lipids and nucleic acids leading to cellular dysfunction including loss of energy metabolism, altered cell signalling and cell cycle control, genetic mutations, altered cellular transport mechanisms and overall decreased biological activity, immune activation and inflammation. In addition, nutritional stress such as that caused by high fat high carbohydrate diet also promotes oxidative stress as evident by increased lipid peroxidation products, protein carbonylation, and decreased antioxidant system and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. These changes lead to initiation of pathogenic milieu and development of several chronic diseases. Studies suggest that in obese person oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are the important underlying factors that lead to development of pathologies such as carcinogenesis, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases through altered cellular and nuclear mechanisms, including impaired DNA damage repair and cell cycle regulation. Here we discuss the aspects of metabolic disorders-induced oxidative stress in major pathological conditions and strategies for their prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Rani
- Department of Biotechnology, JayPee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62, Noida 201 307, UP, India.
| | - Gagan Deep
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Translational Science Laboratory, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call St., Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA.
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, USA Mitchell Cancer Institute, 1660 Spring Hill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA.
| | - Umesh C S Yadav
- Metabolic Disorder & Inflammatory Pathologies Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India.
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47
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Brissova M, Shostak A, Fligner CL, Revetta FL, Washington MK, Powers AC, Hull RL. Human Islets Have Fewer Blood Vessels than Mouse Islets and the Density of Islet Vascular Structures Is Increased in Type 2 Diabetes. J Histochem Cytochem 2015. [PMID: 26216139 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415573324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and rodent islets differ substantially in several features, including architecture, cell composition, gene expression and some aspects of insulin secretion. Mouse pancreatic islets are highly vascularized with interactions between islet endothelial and endocrine cells being important for islet cell differentiation and function. To determine whether human islets have a similar high degree of vascularization and whether this is altered with diabetes, we examined the vascularization of islets from normal human subjects, subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D), and normal mice. Using an integrated morphometry approach to quantify intra-islet capillary density in human and mouse pancreatic sections, we found that human islets have five-fold fewer vessels per islet area than mouse islets. Islets in pancreatic sections from T2D subjects showed capillary thickening, some capillary fragmentation and had increased vessel density as compared with non-diabetic controls. These changes in islet vasculature in T2D islets appeared to be associated with amyloid deposition, which was noted in islets from 8/9 T2D subjects (and occupied 14% ± 4% of islet area), especially around the intra-islet capillaries. The physiological implications of the differences in the angioarchitecture of mouse and human islets are not known. Islet vascular changes in T2D may exacerbate β cell/islet dysfunction and β cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Brissova
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville Medical Center, Tennessee (MB, AS, ACP)
| | - Alena Shostak
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville Medical Center, Tennessee (MB, AS, ACP)
| | - Corinne L Fligner
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (CLF)
| | - Frank L Revetta
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (FLR, MKW)
| | - Mary K Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (FLR, MKW)
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville Medical Center, Tennessee (MB, AS, ACP),Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (ACP),VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee (ACP)
| | - Rebecca L Hull
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (FLR, MKW),Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (RLH)
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48
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Chen H, Kleinberger JW, Takane KK, Salim F, Fiaschi-Taesch N, Pappas K, Parsons R, Jiang J, Zhang Y, Liu H, Wang P, Bender AS, Frank SJ, Stewart AF. Augmented Stat5 Signaling Bypasses Multiple Impediments to Lactogen-Mediated Proliferation in Human β-Cells. Diabetes 2015; 64:3784-97. [PMID: 26159175 PMCID: PMC4613973 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy in rodents is associated with a two- to threefold increase in β-cell mass, which is attributable to large increases in β-cell proliferation, complimented by increases in β-cell size, survival, and function and mediated mainly by the lactogenic hormones prolactin (PRL) and placental lactogens. In humans, however, β-cell mass does not increase as dramatically during pregnancy, and PRL fails to activate proliferation in human islets in vitro. To determine why, we explored the human PRL-prolactin receptor (hPRLR)-Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5)-cyclin-cdk signaling cascade in human β-cells. Surprisingly, adult human β-cells express little or no PRLR. As expected, restoration of the hPRLR in human β-cells rescued JAK2-STAT5 signaling in response to PRL. However, rescuing hPRLR-STAT5 signaling nevertheless failed to confer proliferative ability on adult human β-cells in response to PRL. Surprisingly, mouse (but not human) Stat5a overexpression led to upregulation of cyclins D1-3 and cdk4, as well as their nuclear translocation, all of which are associated with β-cell cycle entry. Collectively, the findings show that human β-cells fail to proliferate in response to PRL for multiple reasons, one of which is a paucity of functional PRL receptors, and that murine Stat5 overexpression is able to bypass these impediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hainan Chen
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Karen K Takane
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Fatimah Salim
- Duquesne University School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nathalie Fiaschi-Taesch
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Kyrie Pappas
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ramon Parsons
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jing Jiang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Yue Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Peng Wang
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Aaron S Bender
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Stuart J Frank
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL Endocrinology Section, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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49
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Tiwari S, Roel C, Wills R, Casinelli G, Tanwir M, Takane KK, Fiaschi-Taesch NM. Early and Late G1/S Cyclins and Cdks Act Complementarily to Enhance Authentic Human β-Cell Proliferation and Expansion. Diabetes 2015; 64:3485-98. [PMID: 26159177 PMCID: PMC4876788 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
β-Cell regeneration is a key goal of diabetes research. Progression through the cell cycle is associated with retinoblastoma protein (pRb) inactivation via sequential phosphorylation by the "early" cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) (d-cyclins cdk4/6) and the "late" cyclins and cdks (cyclin A/E and cdk1/2). In β-cells, activation of either early or late G1/S cyclins and/or cdks is an efficient approach to induce cycle entry, but it is unknown whether the combined expression of early and late cyclins and cdks might have synergistic or additive effects. Thus, we explored whether a combination of both early and late cyclins and cdks might more effectively drive human β-cell cell cycle entry than either group alone. We also sought to determine whether authentic replication with the expansion of adult human β-cells could be demonstrated. Late cyclins and cdks do not traffic in response to the induction of replication by early cyclins and cdks in human β-cells but are capable of nuclear translocation when overexpressed. Early plus late cyclins and cdks, acting via pRb phosphorylation on distinct residues, complementarily induce greater proliferation in human β-cells than either group alone. Importantly, the combination of early and late cyclins and cdks clearly increased human β-cell numbers in vitro. These findings provide additional insight into human β-cell expansion. They also provide a novel tool for assessing β-cell expansion in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwani Tiwari
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Chris Roel
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Rachel Wills
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Gabriella Casinelli
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mansoor Tanwir
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Karen K Takane
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Nathalie M Fiaschi-Taesch
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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50
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Salisbury RJ, Han B, Jennings RE, Berry AA, Stevens A, Mohamed Z, Sugden SA, De Krijger R, Cross SE, Johnson PPV, Newbould M, Cosgrove KE, Hanley KP, Banerjee I, Dunne MJ, Hanley NA. Altered Phenotype of β-Cells and Other Pancreatic Cell Lineages in Patients With Diffuse Congenital Hyperinsulinism in Infancy Caused by Mutations in the ATP-Sensitive K-Channel. Diabetes 2015; 64:3182-8. [PMID: 25931474 PMCID: PMC4542438 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse congenital hyperinsulinism in infancy (CHI-D) arises from mutations inactivating the KATP channel; however, the phenotype is difficult to explain from electrophysiology alone. Here we studied wider abnormalities in the β-cell and other pancreatic lineages. Islets were disorganized in CHI-D compared with controls. PAX4 and ARX expression was decreased. A tendency toward increased NKX2.2 expression was consistent with its detection in two-thirds of CHI-D δ-cell nuclei, similar to the fetal pancreas, and implied immature δ-cell function. CHI-D δ-cells also comprised 10% of cells displaying nucleomegaly. In CHI-D, increased proliferation was most elevated in duct (5- to 11-fold) and acinar (7- to 47-fold) lineages. Increased β-cell proliferation observed in some cases was offset by an increase in apoptosis; this is in keeping with no difference in INSULIN expression or surface area stained for insulin between CHI-D and control pancreas. However, nuclear localization of CDK6 and P27 was markedly enhanced in CHI-D β-cells compared with cytoplasmic localization in control cells. These combined data support normal β-cell mass in CHI-D, but with G1/S molecules positioned in favor of cell cycle progression. New molecular abnormalities in δ-cells and marked proliferative increases in other pancreatic lineages indicate CHI-D is not solely a β-cell disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Salisbury
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Bing Han
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Rachel E Jennings
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. Department of Endocrinology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - Andrew A Berry
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Adam Stevens
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - Zainab Mohamed
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - Sarah A Sugden
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Ronald De Krijger
- Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Department of Pathology, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Cross
- Diabetes Research & Wellness Foundation Human Islet Isolation Facility, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences and Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Paul P V Johnson
- Diabetes Research & Wellness Foundation Human Islet Isolation Facility, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences and Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Melanie Newbould
- Department of Paediatric Histopathology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - Karen E Cosgrove
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Karen Piper Hanley
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Indraneel Banerjee
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - Mark J Dunne
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.
| | - Neil A Hanley
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. Department of Endocrinology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K.
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