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Wang T, Zhou D, Hong Z. Adipose tissue in older individuals: a contributing factor to sarcopenia. Metabolism 2024; 160:155998. [PMID: 39128607 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome characterized by a functional decline in muscle. The prevalence of sarcopenia increases with natural aging, becoming a serious health problem among elderly individuals. Therefore, understanding the pathology of sarcopenia is critical for inhibiting age-related alterations and promoting health and longevity in elderly individuals. The development of sarcopenia may be influenced by interactions between visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, particularly under conditions of chronic low-grade inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. This hypothesis is supported by the following observations: (i) accumulation of senescent cells in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle with age; (ii) gut dysbiosis, characterized by an imbalance in gut microbial communities as the main trigger for inflammation, sarcopenia, and aged adipose tissue; and (iii) microbial dysbiosis, which could impact the onset or progression of a senescent state. Moreover, adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ, releasing molecules that participate in intricate communication networks between organs. Our discussion focuses on novel adipokines and their role in regulating adipose tissue and muscle, particularly those influenced by aging and obesity, emphasizing their contributions to disease development. On the basis of these findings, we propose that age-related adipose tissue and sarcopenia are disorders characterized by chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. Finally, we explore new potential therapeutic strategies involving specialized proresolving mediator (SPM) G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists, non-SPM GPCR agonists, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, antidiabetic drugs in conjunction with probiotics and prebiotics, and compounds designed to target senescent cells and mitigate their pro-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wang
- Department of Neurology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Technology of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Neurology, Chengdu Shangjin Nanfu Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Technology of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Neurology, Chengdu Shangjin Nanfu Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhen Hong
- Department of Neurology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Brain Science and Brain-inspired Technology of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Neurology, Chengdu Shangjin Nanfu Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Babula JJ, Bui D, Stevenson HL, Watowich SJ, Neelakantan H. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase inhibition mitigates obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:5272-5282. [PMID: 39161060 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
AIM To assess the effects of a small-molecule nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) inhibitor, 5A1MQ, on body composition, metabolic variables, fatty liver pathologies, and circulating biomarkers in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, and characterize its plasma pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue distribution in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS DIO mice were administered vehicle or 5A1MQ once daily for 28 days. Longitudinal measures of body composition, blood glucose and plasma insulin levels, and terminal measures of liver histopathology and serum markers, were evaluated. Plasma and tissue PK were established in age- and strain-matched mice after intravenous, oral, and subcutaneous dosing of 5A1MQ. RESULTS 5A1MQ treatment dose-dependently limited body weight and fat mass gains, improved oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and suppressed hyperinsulinaemia in DIO mice. Liver histology from 5A1MQ-treated DIO mice showed attenuated hepatic steatosis and macrophage infiltration, and correspondingly reduced liver weight, size, and triglyceride levels. 5A1MQ treatment normalized circulating levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and ketone bodies, supporting an overall improvement in liver and metabolic functions. The pharmacodynamic effects of 5A1MQ were further corroborated by its high systemic exposure and effective distribution to metabolically active tissues, including adipose, muscle and liver, following subcutaneous dosing of mice. CONCLUSIONS This work validates NNMT inhibition as a viable pharmacological approach to ameliorate metabolic imbalances and improve liver pathologies that develop with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dinh Bui
- Ridgeline Therapeutics, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Heather L Stevenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Stanley J Watowich
- Ridgeline Therapeutics, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Guo X, Feng H, Cai L, Zheng J, Li Y. DPP-IV as a potential candidate in anti-obesity and obesity-related diseases treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 180:117464. [PMID: 39326107 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Along with social development and lifestyle changes, the number of overweight and obese patients worldwide is rising annually. Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease with complex etiology. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) is a novel adipokine with significantly elevated expression in the visceral fat of obese patients. DPP-IV is a molecule that regulates metabolic homeostasis and inflammatory processes. Through its enzymatic activity, it plays a significant part in achieving hypoglycemic and weight loss effects through various pathways. DPP-IV and DPP-IV inhibitors also have pleiotropic effects in modulating obesity-related diseases by reducing obesity-related inflammation, ameliorating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), improving hepatic steatosis and lowering cardiovascular risk, and even decreasing the risk of novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). This paper reviews the mechanisms of action based on DPP-IV targets in obesity and metabolic homeostasis, as well as their active role in the treatment of chronic diseases associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Huolun Feng
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Liyang Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Jiabin Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Yong Li
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
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Yang W, Ding X, Yu Y, Lan Z, Yu L, Yuan J, Xu Z, Sun J, Wang Y, Zhang J. Long-term prognostic value of CT-based high-risk coronary lesion attributes and radiomic features of pericoronary adipose tissue in diabetic patients. Clin Radiol 2024:S0009-9260(24)00430-6. [PMID: 39266372 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2024.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the long-term prognostic value of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA)-derived high-risk attributes and radiomic features of pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) in diabetic patients for predicting major adverse cardiac event (MACE). METHODS AND RESULTS Diabetic patients with intermediate pre-test probability of coronary artery disease were prospectively enrolled and referred for CCTA. Three models (model-1 with clinical parameters; model-2 with clinical factors + CCTA imaging parameters; model-3 with the above parameters and PCAT radiomic features) were developed in the training cohort (835 patients) and tested in the independent validation cohort (557 patients). 1392 patients were included and MACEs occurred in 108 patients (7.8%). Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that HbA1c, coronary calcium Agatston score, significant stenosis and high-risk plaque were independent predictors for MACE whereas none of PCAT radiomic features showed predictive value. In the training cohort, model-2 demonstrated higher predictive performance over model-1 (C-index = 0.79 vs. 0.68, p < 0.001) whereas model-3 did not show incremental value over model-2(C-index = 0.79 vs. 0.80, p = 0.408). Similar findings were found in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS The combined model (clinical and CCTA high-risk anatomical features) demonstrated high efficacy in predicting MACE in diabetes. PCAT radiomic features failed to show incremental value for risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, #85 Wujin Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - X Ding
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, #85 Wujin Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Yu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, #85 Wujin Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Lan
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, #85 Wujin Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - L Yu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, #85 Wujin Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - J Yuan
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, #85 Wujin Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Xu
- Siemen Healthineers, CT Collaboration, #399, West Haiyang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - J Sun
- Digital Solution, Central Research Institute, United Imaging Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, #85 Wujin Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, #85 Wujin Rd, Shanghai, China.
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Lin J, Lin HW, Wang YX, Fang Y, Jiang HM, Li T, Huang J, Zhang HD, Chen DZ, Chen YP. FGF4 ameliorates the liver inflammation by reducing M1 macrophage polarization in experimental autoimmune hepatitis. J Transl Med 2024; 22:717. [PMID: 39095789 PMCID: PMC11295337 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is increasing due in part to the lack of effective pharmacotherapies. Growing evidence suggests that fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) is crucial for diverse aspects of liver pathophysiology. However, its role in AIH remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated whether FGF4 can regulate M1 macrophage and thereby help treat liver inflammation in AIH. METHODS We obtained transcriptome-sequencing and clinical data for patients with AIH. Mice were injected with concanavalin A to induce experimental autoimmune hepatitis (EAH). The mechanism of action of FGF4 was examined using macrophage cell lines and bone marrow-derived macrophages. RESULTS We observed higher expression of markers associated with M1 and M2 macrophages in patients with AIH than that in individuals without AIH. EAH mice showed greater M1-macrophage polarization than control mice. The expression of M1-macrophage markers correlated positively with FGF4 expression. The loss of hepatic Fgf4 aggravated hepatic inflammation by increasing the abundance of M1 macrophages. In contrast, the pharmacological administration of FGF4 mitigated hepatic inflammation by reducing M1-macrophage levels. The efficacy of FGF4 treatment was compromised following the in vivo clearance of macrophage populations. Mechanistically, FGF4 treatment activated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT)-signal pathway in macrophages, which led to reduced M1 macrophages and hepatic inflammation. CONCLUSION We identified FGF4 as a novel M1/M2 macrophage-phenotype regulator that acts through the PI3K-AKT-signaling pathway, suggesting that FGF4 may represent a novel target for treating inflammation in patients with AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Hong-Wei Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Xing Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui-Mian Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hua-Dong Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Da-Zhi Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Yong-Ping Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
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Liu X, Tang Y, Luo Y, Gao Y, He L. Role and mechanism of specialized pro-resolving mediators in obesity-associated insulin resistance. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:234. [PMID: 39080624 PMCID: PMC11290132 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
With the changing times, obesity has become a characteristic epidemic in the context of the current era. Insulin resistance (IR) is most commonly caused by obesity, and IR is a common basis of the pathogenesis of many diseases such as cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes, which seriously threaten human life, as well as health. A major pathogenetic mechanism of obesity-associated IR has been found to be chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are novel lipid mediators that both function as "stop signals" for inflammatory reaction and promote inflammation to subside. In this article, we summarize the pathogenesis of obesity-associated IR and its treatments and outline the classification and biosynthesis of SPMs and their mechanisms and roles in the treatment of obesity-associated IR in order to explore the potential of SPMs for treating metabolic diseases linked with obesity-associated IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Liu
- College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- College of International Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lisha He
- College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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Peng D, Zhuge F, Wang M, Zhang B, Zhuang Z, Zhou R, Zhang Y, Li J, Yu Z, Shi J. Morus alba L. (Sangzhi) alkaloids mitigate atherosclerosis by regulating M1/M2 macrophage polarization. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155526. [PMID: 38564921 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis (AS) is an important cause of cardiovascular disease, posing a substantial health risk. Recognized as a chronic inflammatory disorder, AS hinges on the pivotal involvement of macrophages in arterial inflammation, participating in its formation and progression. Sangzhi alkaloid (SZ-A) is a novel natural alkaloid extracted from the mulberry branches, has extensive pharmacological effects and stable pharmacokinetic characteristics. However, the effects and mechanisms of SZ-A on AS remain unclear. PURPOSE To explore the effect and underlying mechanisms of SZ-A on inflammation mediated by macrophages and its role in AS development. METHODS Atherosclerosis was induced in vivo in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice through a high-fat and high-choline diet. We utilized macrophages and vascular endothelial cells to investigate the effects of SZ-A on macrophage polarization and its anti-inflammatory properties on endothelial cells in vitro. The transcriptomic analyses were used to investigate the major molecule that mediates cell-cell interactions and the antiatherogenic mechanisms of SZ-A based on AS, subsequently validated in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS SZ-A demonstrated a significant inhibition in vascular inflammation and alleviation of AS severity by mitigating macrophage infiltration and modulating M1/M2 macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, SZ-A effectively reduced the release of the proinflammatory mediator C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)-10, predominantly secreted by M1 macrophages. This reduction in CXCL-10 contributed to improved endothelial cell function, reduced recruitment of additional macrophages, and inhibited the inflammatory amplification effect. This ultimately led to the suppression of atherogenesis. CONCLUSION SZ-A exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting macrophage-mediated inflammation, providing a new therapeutic avenue against AS. This is the first study demonstrating the efficacy of SZ-A in alleviating AS severity and offers novel insights into its anti-inflammatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Fen Zhuge
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binbin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhuang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Run Zhou
- College of Nursing, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhenqiu Yu
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China; The Department of Hypertension, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
| | - Junping Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Zhao Z, Ma R, Ma Y, Zhao L, Wang L, Fang Y, Zhang Y, Wu X, Wang X. Discovery of Nine Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors from Coptis chinensis Using Virtual Screening, Bioactivity Evaluation, and Binding Studies. Molecules 2024; 29:2304. [PMID: 38792165 PMCID: PMC11123979 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify multiple alkaloids in Coptis chinensis that demonstrate inhibitory activity against DPP-4 and systematically evaluate their activity and binding characteristics. A combined strategy that included molecular docking, a DPP-4 inhibition assay, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and a molecular dynamics simulation technique was employed. The results showed that nine alkaloids in Coptis chinensis directly inhibited DPP-4, with IC50 values of 3.44-53.73 μM. SPR-based binding studies revealed that these alkaloids display rapid binding and dissociation characteristics when interacting with DPP-4, with KD values ranging from 8.11 to 29.97 μM. A molecular dynamics analysis revealed that equilibrium was rapidly reached by nine DPP-4-ligand systems with minimal fluctuations, while binding free energy calculations showed that the ∆Gbind values for the nine test compounds ranged from -31.84 to -16.06 kcal/mol. The most important forces for the binding of these alkaloids with DPP-4 are electrostatic interactions and van der Waals forces. Various important amino acid residues, such as Arg125, His126, Phe357, Arg358, and Tyr547, were involved in the inhibition of DPP-4 by the compounds, revealing a mechanistic basis for the further optimization of these alkaloids as DPP-4 inhibitors. This study confirmed nine alkaloids as direct inhibitors of DPP-4 and characterized their binding features, thereby providing a basis for further research and development on novel DPP-4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixi Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China; (Z.Z.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ruonan Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China; (Z.Z.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yuqing Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China; (Z.Z.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Liqiang Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China; (Z.Z.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lele Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (L.W.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yuzhen Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (L.W.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (L.W.); (Y.F.)
| | - Xia Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China; (Z.Z.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xing Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China; (Z.Z.); (R.M.); (Y.M.); (L.Z.)
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Peng C, Chen J, Wu R, Jiang H, Li J. Unraveling the complex roles of macrophages in obese adipose tissue: an overview. Front Med 2024; 18:205-236. [PMID: 38165533 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages, a heterogeneous population of innate immune cells, exhibit remarkable plasticity and play pivotal roles in coordinating immune responses and maintaining tissue homeostasis within the context of metabolic diseases. The activation of inflammatory macrophages in obese adipose tissue leads to detrimental effects, inducing insulin resistance through increased inflammation, impaired thermogenesis, and adipose tissue fibrosis. Meanwhile, adipose tissue macrophages also play a beneficial role in maintaining adipose tissue homeostasis by regulating angiogenesis, facilitating the clearance of dead adipocytes, and promoting mitochondrial transfer. Exploring the heterogeneity of macrophages in obese adipose tissue is crucial for unraveling the pathogenesis of obesity and holds significant potential for targeted therapeutic interventions. Recently, the dual effects and some potential regulatory mechanisms of macrophages in adipose tissue have been elucidated using single-cell technology. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the intricate activation mechanisms and diverse functions of macrophages in adipose tissue during obesity, as well as explore the potential of drug delivery systems targeting macrophages, aiming to enhance the understanding of current regulatory mechanisms that may be potentially targeted for treating obesity or metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jia Li
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Zhuge F, Zheng L, Pan Y, Ni L, Fu Z, Shi J, Ni Y. DPP-4 inhibition by linagliptin ameliorates age-related mild cognitive impairment by regulating microglia polarization in mice. Exp Neurol 2024; 373:114689. [PMID: 38199510 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Extensive preclinical evidence demonstrates a causative link between insulin signaling dysfunction and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and diabetic drugs may represent a promising approach to fighting AD. However, it remains to be determined which antidiabetic drugs are more effective in preventing cognitive impairment. Thus, the present study investigated the effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor linagliptin on cognitive impairment in middle-aged mice by comparing it with the effect of metformin. We found that DPP-4 activity increased in the hippocampus of middle-aged mice, and DPP-4 was mainly expressed by microglia rather than astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. DPP-4 directly regulated M1/M2 microglia polarization following LPS or IL-4 stimulation, while DPP-4 inhibitor, linagliptin, suppressed M1-polarized activation and induced M2-polarized activation. Both linagliptin and metformin enhanced cognitive ability, increased hippocampal synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis, and decreased age-related oxidative stress and inflammation by regulating microglia polarization in the hippocampus of middle-aged mice. The combination of linagliptin and metformin showed a maximum protective effect compared to the individual drugs alone. Loss of macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), a DPP-4 substrate, abrogated the cognitive protection and anti-inflammation effects of linagliptin. Therefore, the current investigation exhibits a potential utility for DPP-4 inhibition in attenuating microglia-mediated inflammation and preventing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in middle-aged mice, and the effect was partly mediated by MIP-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhuge
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liujie Zheng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxiang Pan
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyang Ni
- Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junping Shi
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinhua Ni
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.
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11
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Nag S, Mandal S, Mukherjee O, Majumdar T, Mukhopadhyay S, Kundu R. Vildagliptin inhibits high fat and fetuin-A mediated DPP-4 expression, intracellular lipid accumulation and improves insulin secretory defects in pancreatic beta cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167047. [PMID: 38296116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), a ubiquitous proteolytic enzyme, inhibits insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells by inactivating circulating incretin hormones GLP-1 and GIP. High circulating levels of DPP-4 is presumed to compromise insulin secretion in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Our group recently reported lipid induced DPP-4 expression in pancreatic beta cells, mediated by the TLR4-NFkB pathway. In the present study, we looked at the role of Vildagliptin on pancreatic DPP-4 inhibition, preservation of islet mass and restoration of insulin secretion. MIN6 mouse insulinoma cells incubated with palmitate and fetuin-A, a proinflammatory organokine associated with insulin resistance, showed activation of TLR4-NFkB pathway, which was rescued on Vildagliptin treatment. In addition, Vildagliptin, by suppressing palmitate-fetuin-A mediated DPP-4 expression in MIN6, prevented the secretion of IL-1beta and fetuin-A in the culture media. DPP-4 siRNA abrogated TLR4-NFkB pathway mediated islet cell inflammation. Vildagliptin also reduced palmitate-fetuin-A mediated intracellular lipid accumulation in MIN6 and isolated islets from high fat fed (HFD) mice as observed by Oil O Red staining with downregulation of CD36 and PPARgamma. Vildagliptin also preserved islet mass and rescued insulin secretory defect in HFD mice. Our results suggest that inhibition of DPP-4 by Vildagliptin protects pancreatic beta cells from the deleterious effects of lipid and fetuin-A, preserves insulin secretory functions and improves hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehasish Nag
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Science), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, India
| | - Samanwita Mandal
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Science), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, India
| | - Oindrila Mukherjee
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Science), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, India
| | - Tanmay Majumdar
- National Institute of Immunology (NII), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Satinath Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education & Research-Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital (IPGME&R-SSKM), Kolkata 700020, India
| | - Rakesh Kundu
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Science), Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, India.
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12
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Asaad GF, Saleh DO, Mostafa RE, Hassan A, Jaleel GA. Pylorus ligation-induced hyperacidity: synergistic prophylactic effects of linagliptin and L-arginine via up-regulation of EP4 receptor subtype and improvement of vascular endothelial damage. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:1127-1139. [PMID: 37615707 PMCID: PMC10791926 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Gastric hyperacidity and ulceration are chronic diseases characterized by repeated healing followed by re-exacerbation. The study aims to protect against gastric hyperacidity without interfering with gastric acid secretion. Pylorus ligation-induced hyperacidity is commonly utilized in the induction of gastric ulcers.Forty-two rats were distributed into seven groups (n = 6). Group I comprised sham-operated group. Group II served as pylorus-ligation group. Groups III-VII were given oral Linagliptin (LN; 3 and 6 mg/kg), L-arginine (LA; 150 and 300 mg/kg) and their combination (LN 3 + LA 150 mg/kg), respectively for 7 days. On the 8th day, groups II-VII were subjected to pylorus-ligation.Treatment of pylorus-ligated rats with LN, LA and their combination improved the gastric hyperacidity as exhibited by a marked reduction in the gastric juice volume, total and free acidities and pepsin contents with a noticeable increase in pH. Pre-treatment with LN, LA and their combination showed a marked alleviation in the gastric inflammatory indicators evidenced by reduction in the gastric levels of MCP-1and Il-1β as well as elevation of eNOS levels versus the sham-operated group. A marked up-regulation in the gastric gene expression of PGE, EP4 and VEGF accompanied by an improvement of the histopathologic pictures/scores, and TNF-α and caspase-3 immuno-staining were also recorded.By estimating the combination-index, it can be concluded that combining LN with LA exhibited prophylactic synergistic effects in ameliorating pylorus ligated-induced hyperacidity, mainly via up-regulation of EP4 receptor and improvement of vascular endothelial damage through VEGF expression in gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihan F Asaad
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), 33 ELBohouth St. (Former EL Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia O Saleh
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), 33 ELBohouth St. (Former EL Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasha E Mostafa
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), 33 ELBohouth St. (Former EL Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Azza Hassan
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gehad Abdel Jaleel
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), 33 ELBohouth St. (Former EL Tahrir St.), P.O. 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Han SC, Kang JI, Choi YK, Boo HJ, Yoon WJ, Kang HK, Yoo ES. Intermittent Fasting Modulates Immune Response by Generating Tregs via TGF-β Dependent Mechanisms in Obese Mice with Allergic Contact Dermatitis. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2024; 32:136-145. [PMID: 37424516 PMCID: PMC10762271 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2023.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
People with obesity maintain low levels of inflammation; therefore, their exposure to foreign antigens can trigger an excessive immune response. In people with obesity or allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), symptoms are exacerbated by a reduction in the number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and IL-10/TGF-β-modified macrophages (M2 macrophages) at the inflammatory site. Benefits of intermittent fasting (IF) have been demonstrated for many diseases; however, the immune responses regulated by macrophages and CD4+T cells in obese ACD animal models are poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated whether IF suppresses inflammatory responses and upregulates the generation of Tregs and M2 macrophages in experimental ACD animal models of obese mice. The IF regimen relieved various ACD symptoms in inflamed and adipose tissues. We showed that the IF regimen upregulates Treg generation in a TGF-β-dependent manner and induces CD4+T cell hypo-responsiveness. IF-M2 macrophages, which strongly express TGF-β and inhibit CD4+T cell proliferation, directly regulated Treg differentiation from CD4+T cells. These results indicate that the IF regimen enhances the TGF-β-producing ability of M2 macrophages and that the development of Tregs keeps mice healthy against ACD exacerbated by obesity. Therefore, the IF regimen may ameliorate inflammatory immune disorders caused by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Chul Han
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Il Kang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Kyung Choi
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Boo
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Weon-Jong Yoon
- Jeju Biodiversity Research Institute (JBRI), Jeju Technopark (JTP), Jeju 63208, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sook Yoo
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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14
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Drakul M, Tomić S, Bekić M, Mihajlović D, Vasiljević M, Rakočević S, Đokić J, Popović N, Bokonjić D, Čolić M. Sitagliptin Induces Tolerogenic Human Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16829. [PMID: 38069152 PMCID: PMC10706581 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sitagliptin, an anti-diabetic drug, is a dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4/CD26 inhibitor with additional anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. In this study, we investigated for the first time the effect of sitagliptin on the differentiation and functions of human dendritic cells generated from monocytes (MoDCs) for 4 days using the standard GM-CSF/IL-4 procedure. LPS/IFN-γ treatment for an additional 24 h was used for maturation induction of MoDCs. Sitagliptin was added at the highest non-cytotoxic concentration (500 µg/mL) either at the beginning (sita 0d protocol) or after MoDC differentiation (sita 4d protocol). Sitagliptin impaired differentiation and maturation of MoDCs as judged with the lower expression of CD40, CD83, CD86, NLRP3, and HLA-DR, retention of CD14 expression, and inhibited production of IL-β, IL-12p70, IL-23, and IL-27. In contrast, the expression of CD26, tolerogenic DC markers (ILT4 and IDO1), and production of immunoregulatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) were increased. Generally, the sita 0d protocol was more efficient. Sitagliptin-treated MoDCs were poorer allostimulators of T-cells in MoDC/T-cell co-culture and inhibited Th1 and Th17 but augmented Th2 and Treg responses. Tolerogenic properties of sitagliptin-treated MoDCs were additionally confirmed by an increased frequency of CD4+CD25+CD127- FoxP3+ Tregs and Tr1 cells (CD4+IL-10+FoxP3-) in MoDC/T-cell co-culture. The differentiation of IL-10+ and TGF-β+ Tregs depended on the sitagliptin protocol used. A Western blot analysis showed that sitagliptin inhibited p65 expression of NF-kB and p38MAPK during the maturation of MoDCs. In conclusion, sitagliptin induces differentiation of tolerogenic DCs, and the effect is important when considering sitagliptin for treating autoimmune diseases and allotransplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Drakul
- Medical Faculty Foca, University of East Sarajevo, 73300 Foča, R. Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (M.D.); (D.M.); (M.V.); (S.R.); (D.B.)
| | - Sergej Tomić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Marina Bekić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.T.); (M.B.)
| | - Dušan Mihajlović
- Medical Faculty Foca, University of East Sarajevo, 73300 Foča, R. Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (M.D.); (D.M.); (M.V.); (S.R.); (D.B.)
| | - Miloš Vasiljević
- Medical Faculty Foca, University of East Sarajevo, 73300 Foča, R. Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (M.D.); (D.M.); (M.V.); (S.R.); (D.B.)
| | - Sara Rakočević
- Medical Faculty Foca, University of East Sarajevo, 73300 Foča, R. Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (M.D.); (D.M.); (M.V.); (S.R.); (D.B.)
| | - Jelena Đokić
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.Đ.); (N.P.)
| | - Nikola Popović
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (J.Đ.); (N.P.)
| | - Dejan Bokonjić
- Medical Faculty Foca, University of East Sarajevo, 73300 Foča, R. Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (M.D.); (D.M.); (M.V.); (S.R.); (D.B.)
| | - Miodrag Čolić
- Medical Faculty Foca, University of East Sarajevo, 73300 Foča, R. Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (M.D.); (D.M.); (M.V.); (S.R.); (D.B.)
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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15
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Schleh MW, Caslin HL, Garcia JN, Mashayekhi M, Srivastava G, Bradley AB, Hasty AH. Metaflammation in obesity and its therapeutic targeting. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf9382. [PMID: 37992150 PMCID: PMC10847980 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf9382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-associated inflammation is a systemic process that affects all metabolic organs. Prominent among these is adipose tissue, where cells of the innate and adaptive immune system are markedly changed in obesity, implicating these cells in a range of processes linking immune memory to metabolic regulation. Furthermore, weight loss and weight cycling have unexpected effects on adipose tissue immune populations. Here, we review the current literature on the roles of various immune cells in lean and obese adipose tissue. Within this context, we discuss pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches to obesity treatment and their impact on systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Schleh
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Heather L. Caslin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jamie N. Garcia
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mona Mashayekhi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gitanjali Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Weight Loss Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37204 USA
| | - Anna B. Bradley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Weight Loss Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37204 USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Alyssa H. Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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16
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Xie D, Wang Q, Huang W, Zhao L. Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors have anti-inflammatory effects in patients with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 79:1291-1301. [PMID: 37493797 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-023-03541-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Systematic low-grade inflammation is considered to be an important factor leading to the development of T2DM and the progression of its complications. Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors show potential anti-inflammatory effects in patients with T2DM. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of DPP-4 inhibitors in patients with T2DM. METHODS A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify randomized controlled trials that assess the anti-inflammatory effects of DPP-4 inhibitors. Quantitative data analysis was conducted by a random-effects model. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine the robustness of the pooled results. RESULTS Twenty-two studies with 1595 patients with T2DM were included. Pooled results showed that DPP-4 inhibitor therapy was significantly associated with the reduction of C-reactive protein (CRP) (SMD, - 0.56, p < 0.01), TNF-α (SMD, - 1.69, p < 0.01), IL-6 (SMD, - 0.67, p < 0.01), and IL-1β (WMD, - 8.21 pg/ml, p < 0.01). Leave-one-out meta-analysis showed no significant change in the pooled results of CRP and TNF-α. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis demonstrated that DPP-4 inhibitors can significantly attenuate low-grade inflammatory state in patients with T2DM. In addition to improving glycemic control, DDP-4 inhibitors might offer extra therapeutic value by controlling inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengpiao Xie
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qiqi Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Liangbin Zhao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
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17
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Liu J, Liu Z, Lu M, Zhang Y. The combination of linagliptin and metformin rescues bone loss in type 2 diabetic osteoporosis. J Drug Target 2023; 31:646-654. [PMID: 37222255 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2216894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To develop an approach to reduce the type 2 diabetic osteoporosis, this study investigated the protective effects of the combination of linagliptin and metformin against osteoporosis. Micro-CT and dynamic biomechanical measurements were used to determine the bone microstructure in the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in high glucose environments. In addition, we used qRT-PCR and Western blotting to assess osteogenic markers and p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) protein expression. The combination of linagliptin and metformin treatment significantly restored bone micro-architecture and femoral mechanical properties in the T2DM rats. In contrast, bone markers including osteocalcin, NH2-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen, COOH-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase were significantly reduced by the combination of linagliptin and metformin treatment. We used high glucose treated MC3T3-E1 cells to mimic the condition of T2DM. Linagliptin combined with metformin treatment significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK induced by high glucose treatment. In conclusion, the linagliptin combined with metformin treatment improved the rats' bone mineral density, bone structure, and osteogenic markers. Both p38 and ERK phosphorylation were reduced in high glucose MC3T3-E1 cells. Our findings highlight the potential of linagliptin combined with metformin for the treatment of T2DM-related osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ming Lu
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanrong Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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18
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Biernacka KM, Giri D, Hawton K, Segers F, Perks CM, Hamilton-Shield JP. Case report: Molecular characterisation of adipose-tissue derived cells from a patient with ROHHAD syndrome. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1128216. [PMID: 37456561 PMCID: PMC10348915 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1128216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been over 100 cases of Rapid-onset obesity with hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation (ROHHAD) syndrome reported, but there is currently no curative treatment for children with this condition. We aimed to better characterise adipose cells from a child with ROHHAD syndrome. We isolated pre-adipocytes from a 4 year-old female patient with ROHHAD syndrome and assessed proliferation rate of these cells. We evaluated levels of DLP-Pref-1(pre-adipocyte marker) using western blotting, and concentrations of interleukin-6(IL-6) using ELISA. We performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) and bioinformatic analyses on these cells compared to tissue from an age/sex-matched control. The two most up-/down-regulated genes were validated using QPCR. We successfully isolated pre-adipocytes from a fat biopsy, by confirming the presence of Pref-1 and differentiated them to mature adipocytes. Interleukin 6, (Il-6) levels were 5.6-fold higher in ROHHAD cells compared to a control age/sex-matched biopsy. NGS revealed 25,703 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from ROHHAD cells vs. control of which 2,237 genes were significantly altered. The 20 most significantly up/down-regulated genes were selected for discussion. This paper describes the first transcriptomic analysis of adipose cells from a child with ROHHAD vs. normal control adipose tissue as a first step in identifying targetable pathways/mechanisms underlying this condition with novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina M. Biernacka
- Cancer Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Dinesh Giri
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Hawton
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Francisca Segers
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Claire M. Perks
- Cancer Endocrinology Group, Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Julian P. Hamilton-Shield
- Department of Translational Health Sciences, Nutrition Theme, NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UBHT Education Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
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19
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Bellavite P, Fazio S, Affuso F. A Descriptive Review of the Action Mechanisms of Berberine, Quercetin and Silymarin on Insulin Resistance/Hyperinsulinemia and Cardiovascular Prevention. Molecules 2023; 28:4491. [PMID: 37298967 PMCID: PMC10254920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) and the associated hyperinsulinemia are early pathophysiological changes which, if not well treated, can lead to type 2 diabetes, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. While diabetes care is fairly well standardized, the prevention and treatment of IR lacks a single pharmaceutical approach and many lifestyle and dietary interventions have been proposed, including a wide range of food supplements. Among the most interesting and well-known natural remedies, alkaloid berberine and the flavonol quercetin have particular relevance in the literature, while silymarin-the active principle of the Silybum marianum thistle-was traditionally used for lipid metabolism disorders and to sustain liver function. This review describes the major defects of insulin signaling leading to IR and the main properties of the three mentioned natural substances, their molecular targets and synergistic action mechanisms. The actions of berberine, quercetin and silymarin are partially superimposable as remedies against reactive oxygen intermediates generated by a high-lipid diet and by NADPH oxidase, which is triggered by phagocyte activation. Furthermore, these compounds inhibit the secretion of a battery of pro-inflammatory cytokines, modulate intestinal microbiota and are especially able to control the various disorders of the insulin receptor and post-receptor signaling systems. Although most of the evidence on the effects of berberine, quercetin and silymarin in modulating insulin resistance and preventing cardiovascular disease derive from experimental studies on animals, the amount of pre-clinical knowledge strongly suggests the need to investigate the therapeutic potential of these substances in human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bellavite
- Pathophysiology Chair, Homeopathic Medical School of Verona, 37121 Verona, Italy
| | - Serafino Fazio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy;
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20
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Li X, Ren Y, Chang K, Wu W, Griffiths HR, Lu S, Gao D. Adipose tissue macrophages as potential targets for obesity and metabolic diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1153915. [PMID: 37153549 PMCID: PMC10154623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1153915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue is a key pathological factor inducing adipose tissue dysfunction and contributing to obesity-induced inflammation and metabolic disorders. In this review, we aim to present the most recent research on macrophage heterogeneity in adipose tissue, with a focus on the molecular targets applied to macrophages as potential therapeutics for metabolic diseases. We begin by discussing the recruitment of macrophages and their roles in adipose tissue. While resident adipose tissue macrophages display an anti-inflammatory phenotype and promote the development of metabolically favorable beige adipose tissue, an increase in pro-inflammatory macrophages in adipose tissue has negative effects on adipose tissue function, including inhibition of adipogenesis, promotion of inflammation, insulin resistance, and fibrosis. Then, we presented the identities of the newly discovered adipose tissue macrophage subtypes (e.g. metabolically activated macrophages, CD9+ macrophages, lipid-associated macrophages, DARC+ macrophages, and MFehi macrophages), the majority of which are located in crown-like structures within adipose tissue during obesity. Finally, we discussed macrophage-targeting strategies to ameliorate obesity-related inflammation and metabolic abnormalities, with a focus on transcriptional factors such as PPARγ, KLF4, NFATc3, and HoxA5, which promote macrophage anti-inflammatory M2 polarization, as well as TLR4/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways that activate pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages. In addition, a number of intracellular metabolic pathways closely associated with glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, nutrient sensing, and circadian clock regulation were examined. Understanding the complexities of macrophage plasticity and functionality may open up new avenues for the development of macrophage-based treatments for obesity and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirong Li
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Yakun Ren
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Kewei Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenlong Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Helen R. Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Shemin Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Dan Gao
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Center, Xi’an, China
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21
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Amin SN, Sakr HI, El Gazzar WB, Shaltout SA, Ghaith HS, Elberry DA. Combined saline and vildagliptin induced M2 macrophage polarization in hepatic injury induced by acute kidney injury. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14724. [PMID: 36815993 PMCID: PMC9933746 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a prevalent medical condition accompanied by mutual affection of other organs, including the liver resulting in complicated multiorgan malfunction. Macrophages play a vital role during tissue injury and healing; they are categorized into "classically activated macrophages" (M1) and "alternatively activated macrophages" (M2). The present study investigated and compared the conventional fluid therapy vs Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (DPP-4i) vildagliptin on the liver injury induced by AKI and evaluated the possible molecular mechanisms. Thirty rats comprised five groups (n = 6 rats/group): control, AKI, AKI+saline (received 1.5 mL of normal saline subcutaneous injection), AKI+vildagliptin (treated with oral vildagliptin 10 mg/kg), AKI+saline+vildagliptin. AKI was induced by intramuscular (i.m) injection of 50% glycerol (5 ml/kg). At the end of the work, we collected serum and liver samples for measurements of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Liver samples were processed for assessment of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as a marker for M1, arginase 1 (Arg-1) as an M2 marker, c-fos, c-Jun, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), activator protein 1 (AP-1), and high-mobility-group-box1 (HMGB1) protein. The difference was insignificant regarding the relative expression of AP-1, c-Jun, c-fos, MAPK, and HMGB between the AKI+saline group and the AKI+Vildagliptin group. The difference between the same two groups concerning the hepatic content of the M1 marker (iNOS) and the M2 marker Arg-1 was insignificant. However, combined therapy produced more pronounced changes in these markers, as the difference in their relative expression between the AKI+saline+Vildagliptin group and both the AKI+saline group and the AKI+Vildagliptin group was significant. Accordingly, we suggest that the combined saline and vildagliptin hepatoprotective effect involves the downregulation of the MAPK/AP-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa N. Amin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan,Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hader I. Sakr
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt,Department of Medical Physiology, Medicine Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa B. El Gazzar
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Sherif A. Shaltout
- Department of Pharmacology, Public health, and Clinical Skills, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | | | - Dalia A. Elberry
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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22
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Xu L, Li H, Zhang O, Zhang F, Song M, Ma M, Zhao Y, Ding R, Li D, Dong Z, Jin S, Han W, Ding C. Melatonin alleviates diet-induced steatohepatitis by targeting multiple cell types in the liver to suppress inflammation and fibrosis. J Mol Endocrinol 2023; 70:JME-22-0075. [PMID: 36356262 DOI: 10.1530/jme-22-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a severe stage of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, is complex and implicates multiple cell interactions. However, therapies for NASH that target multiple cell interactions are still lacking. Melatonin (MEL) alleviates NASH with mechanisms not yet fully understood. Thus, we herein investigate the effects of MEL on key cell types involved in NASH, including hepatocytes, macrophages, and stellate cells. In a mouse NASH model with feeding of a methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet, MEL administration suppressed lipid accumulation and peroxidation, improved insulin sensitivity, and attenuated inflammation and fibrogenesis in the liver. Specifically, MEL reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression and inflammatory signal activation and attenuated CD11C+CD206- M1-like macrophage polarization in the liver of NASH mice. The reduction of proinflammatory response by MEL was also observed in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw264.7 cells. Additionally, MEL increased liver fatty acid β-oxidation, leading to reduced lipid accumulation, and restored the oleate-loaded primary hepatocytes. Finally, MEL attenuated hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation and fibrogenesis in the liver of MCD-fed mice and in LX-2 human HSCs. In conclusion, MEL acts on multiple cell types in the liver to mitigate NASH-associated phenotypes, supporting MEL or its analog as potential treatment for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haoran Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ouyang Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengming Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Menghui Song
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengchen Ma
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youjuan Zhao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongxiu Ding
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dandan Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhixiong Dong
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shengnan Jin
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiping Han
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Chunming Ding
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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23
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Gutierrez AD, Gao Z, Hamidi V, Zhu L, Saint Andre KB, Riggs K, Ruscheinsky M, Wang H, Yu Y, Miller C, Vasquez H, Taegtmeyer H, Kolonin MG. Anti-diabetic effects of GLP1 analogs are mediated by thermogenic interleukin-6 signaling in adipocytes. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100813. [PMID: 36384099 PMCID: PMC9729831 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying anti-diabetic effects of GLP1 analogs remain incompletely understood. We observed that in prediabetic humans exenatide treatment acutely induces interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion by monocytes and IL-6 in systemic circulation. We hypothesized that GLP1 analogs signal through IL-6 in adipose tissue (AT) and used the mouse model to test if IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) signaling underlies the effects of the GLP1-IL-6 axis. We show that liraglutide transiently increases IL-6 in mouse circulation and IL-6R signaling in AT. Metronomic liraglutide treatment resulted in AT browning and thermogenesis linked with STAT3 activation. IL-6-blocking antibody treatment inhibited STAT3 activation in AT and suppressed liraglutide-induced increase in thermogenesis and glucose utilization. We show that adipose IL-6R knockout mice still display liraglutide-induced weight loss but lack thermogenic adipocyte browning and metabolism activation. We conclude that the anti-diabetic effects of GLP1 analogs are mediated by transient upregulation of IL-6, which activates canonical IL-6R signaling and thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Absalon D Gutierrez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Zhanguo Gao
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vala Hamidi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Kayla Riggs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75225, USA
| | - Monika Ruscheinsky
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hongyu Wang
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yongmei Yu
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Charles Miller
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hernan Vasquez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Heinrich Taegtmeyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mikhail G Kolonin
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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24
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Novel hit of DPP-4Is as promising antihyperglycemic agents with dual antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effects for type 2 diabetes with/without COVID-19. Bioorg Chem 2022; 128:106092. [PMID: 35985159 PMCID: PMC9364673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DPP-4Is are well recognized therapy for type 2 diabetes. In spite of sharing a common mode of action, the chemical diversity among members of DPP-4Is raised the question whether structural differences may result in distinguished activities. DPP-4Is were recently explored as drug repurposing means for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 due to the urgent need for small molecule drugs for controlling infections. The use of DPP-4Is was not correlated with adverse COVID-19-related consequences among patients with type 2 diabetes. Inspired by these reasons and the importance of pyrimidinone ring as DPP-4I with both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, we succeeded to prepare some novel pyrimidinone and thio-pyrimidinone derivatives, which were then screened for their antidiabetic activity and DPP-4 inhibition. In addition, their anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were evaluated. Furthermore, their antioxidant activities were also tested.
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25
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AlZaim I, Eid AH, Abd-Elrahman KS, El-Yazbi AF. Adipose Tissue Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiometabolic Diseases: On the Search for Novel Molecular Targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Ni Y, Zhuge F, Ni L, Nagata N, Yamashita T, Mukaida N, Kaneko S, Ota T, Nagashimada M. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 interaction protects against lipotoxicity-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by regulating macrophage migration and M1/M2 status. Metabolism 2022; 136:155272. [PMID: 35914622 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 (CX3CL1) and its receptor CX3CR1 regulate the migration and activation of immune cells and are involved in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but the mechanism remains elusive. Here, the roles of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 in the macrophage migration and polarization in the livers of NASH mice were investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS The expression of Cx3cl1 and Cx3cr1 was markedly upregulated in the livers of lipotoxicity-induced NASH mice. CX3CR1 was predominantly expressed by F4/80+ macrophages and to a lesser degree by hepatic stellate cells or endothelial cells in the livers of NASH mice. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that, compared with chow-fed mice, NASH mice exhibited a significant increase in CX3CR1+ expression by liver macrophages (LMs), particularly M1 LMs. CX3CR1 deficiency caused a significant increase in inflammatory monocyte/macrophage infiltration and a shift toward M1 dominant macrophages in the liver, thereby exacerbating the progression of NASH. Moreover, transplantation of Cx3cr1-/- bone marrow was sufficient to cause glucose intolerance, inflammation, and fibrosis in the liver. In addition, deletion of CCL2 in Cx3cr1-/- mice alleviated NASH progression by decreasing macrophage infiltration and inducing a shift toward M2 dominant LMs. Importantly, overexpression of CX3CL1 in vivo protected against hepatic fibrosis in NASH. CONCLUSION Pharmacological therapy targeting liver CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling might be a candidate for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Ni
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China; Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.
| | - Fen Zhuge
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Liyang Ni
- Food Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoto Nagata
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Function Analysis, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamashita
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Naofumi Mukaida
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Tsuguhito Ota
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nagashimada
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.
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27
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Barchetta I, Cimini FA, Dule S, Cavallo MG. Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4) as A Novel Adipokine: Role in Metabolism and Fat Homeostasis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092306. [PMID: 36140405 PMCID: PMC9496088 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a molecule implicated in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and inflammatory processes, and it exerts its main action through its enzymatic activity. DPP4 represents the enzyme most involved in the catabolism of incretin hormones; thus, its activity impacts appetite, energy balance, and the fine regulation of glucose homeostasis. Indeed, DPP4 inhibitors represent a class of antidiabetic agents widely used for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). DPP4 also acts as an adipokine and is mainly secreted by the adipose tissue, mostly from mature adipocytes of the visceral compartment, where it exerts autocrine and paracrine activities. DPP4 can disrupt insulin signaling within the adipocyte and in other target cells and tissues, where it also favors the development of a proinflammatory environment. This is likely at the basis of the presence of elevated circulating DPP4 levels in several metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize the most recent evidence of the role of the DPP4 as an adipokine-regulating glucose/insulin metabolism and fat homeostasis, with a particular focus on clinical outcomes associated with its increased secretion in the presence of adipose tissue accumulation and dysfunction.
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28
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Li TT, Peng C, Wang JQ, Xu ZJ, Su MB, Li J, Zhu WL, Li JY. Distal mutation V486M disrupts the catalytic activity of DPP4 by affecting the flap of the propeller domain. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2147-2155. [PMID: 34907358 PMCID: PMC8669218 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) plays a crucial role in regulating the bioactivity of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) that enhances insulin secretion and pancreatic β-cell proliferation, making it a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. Although the crystal structure of DPP4 has been determined, its structure-function mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we examined the biochemical properties of sporadic human DPP4 mutations distal from its catalytic site, among which V486M ablates DPP4 dimerization and causes loss of enzymatic activity. Unbiased molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the distal V486M mutation induces a local conformational collapse in a β-propeller loop (residues 234-260, defined as the flap) and disrupts the dimerization of DPP4. The "open/closed" conformational transitions of the flap whereby capping the active site, are involved in the enzymatic activity of DPP4. Further site-directed mutagenesis guided by theoretical predictions verified the importance of the conformational dynamics of the flap for the enzymatic activity of DPP4. Therefore, the current studies that combined theoretical modeling and experimental identification, provide important insights into the biological function of DPP4 and allow for the evaluation of directed DPP4 genetic mutations before initiating clinical applications and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-teng Li
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Drug Screening Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.440637.20000 0004 4657 8879School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210 China
| | - Cheng Peng
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research; Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ji-qiu Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China National Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, National Key Laboratory for Medical Genomes, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Zhi-jian Xu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research; Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ming-bo Su
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Drug Screening Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Jia Li
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Drug Screening Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.440637.20000 0004 4657 8879School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210 China
| | - Wei-liang Zhu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research; Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Jing-ya Li
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, the National Drug Screening Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
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29
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Chen Y, Che M, Li C, Li Y, Zhang T, Li X, Sun C. PP1A prevents ROS-induced pyroptosis by inhibiting MAPK/caspase-3 in mouse adipose tissue. FEBS J 2022; 289:3839-3853. [PMID: 35080339 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a type of programmed cell death triggered by a variety of exogenous stimuli, playing important roles in the development of cells. Recent studies have shown that pyroptosis also occurs in human and mouse adipocytes. The serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit α (PP1A) is located in the nucleus and functions in the regulation of cell development, glucose metabolism and protein synthesis. PP1A can also target important proteins in the process of apoptosis. However, it is still unclear whether PP1A participates in the regulation of pyroptosis in mouse adipocytes. In the present study, we investigated the function of PP1A in reactive oxygen species-induced pyroptosis and the related mechanism in mouse adipose tissue. Our results demonstrated that PP1A suppressed pyroptosis in adipocytes by inhibiting the reactive oxygen species/mitogen-activated protein kinase/caspase-3 signaling pathway and promoting M2 macrophage polarization. This experiment provides a theoretical basis for understanding the regulatory function and mechanism of PP1A in pyroptosis caused by oxidative stress in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhe Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Meng Che
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chaowei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yizhou Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xinjian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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30
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Pang J, Feng JN, Ling W, Jin T. The anti-inflammatory feature of glucagon-like peptide-1 and its based diabetes drugs—Therapeutic potential exploration in lung injury. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4040-4055. [PMID: 36386481 PMCID: PMC9643154 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2005, GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists (GLP-1RAs) have been developed as therapeutic agents for type 2 diabetes (T2D). GLP-1R is not only expressed in pancreatic islets but also other organs, especially the lung. However, controversy on extra-pancreatic GLP-1R expression still needs to be further resolved, utilizing different tools including the use of more reliable GLP-1R antibodies in immune-staining and co-immune-staining. Extra-pancreatic expression of GLP-1R has triggered extensive investigations on extra-pancreatic functions of GLP-1RAs, aiming to repurpose them into therapeutic agents for other disorders. Extensive studies have demonstrated promising anti-inflammatory features of GLP-1RAs. Whether those features are directly mediated by GLP-1R expressed in immune cells also remains controversial. Following a brief review on GLP-1 as an incretin hormone and the development of GLP-1RAs as therapeutic agents for T2D, we have summarized our current understanding of the anti-inflammatory features of GLP-1RAs and commented on the controversy on extra-pancreatic GLP-1R expression. The main part of this review is a literature discussion on GLP-1RA utilization in animal models with chronic airway diseases and acute lung injuries, including studies on the combined use of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) based therapy. This is followed by a brief summary.
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31
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Wang K, Wang YY, Wu LL, Jiang LY, Hu Y, Xiao XH, Wang YD. Paracrine Regulation of Adipose Tissue Macrophages by Their Neighbors in the Microenvironment of Obese Adipose Tissue. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6583204. [PMID: 35536227 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has recently been defined as a chronic low-grade inflammatory disease. Obesity-induced inflammation of adipose tissue (AT) is an essential trigger for insulin resistance (IR) and related metabolic diseases. Although the underlying molecular basis of this inflammation has not been fully identified, there is consensus that the recruited and activated macrophages in AT are the most important culprits of AT chronic inflammation. Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) are highly plastic and could be polarized from an anti-inflammatory M2 to proinflammatory M1 phenotypes on stimulation by microenvironmental signals from obese AT. Many efforts have been made to elucidate the molecular signaling pathways of macrophage polarization; however, the upstream drivers governing and activating macrophage polarization have rarely been summarized, particularly regulatory messages from the AT microenvironment. In addition to adipocytes, the AT bed also contains a variety of immune cells, stem cells, as well as vascular, neural, and lymphatic tissues throughout, which together orchestrate the AT microenvironment. Here, we summarize how the aforesaid neighbors of ATMs in the AT microenvironment send messages to ATMs and thus regulate its phenotype during obesity. Deciphering the biology and polarization of ATMs in the obese environment is expected to provide a precise immunotherapy for adipose inflammation and obesity-related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Liang-Liang Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Li-Yan Jiang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yin Hu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Xin-Hua Xiao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Ya-Di Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
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Chen Y, Xu YN, Ye CY, Feng WB, Zhou QT, Yang DH, Wang MW. GLP-1 mimetics as a potential therapy for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1156-1166. [PMID: 34934197 PMCID: PMC9061743 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), as a severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation, hepatocellular injury and different degrees of fibrosis. The pathogenesis of NASH is complex and multifactorial, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been implicated as major risk factors. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is one of the most successful drug targets of T2DM and obesity, and its peptidic ligands have been proposed as potential therapeutic agents for NASH. In this article we provide an overview of the pathophysiology and management of NASH, with a special focus on the pharmacological effects and possible mechanisms of GLP-1 mimetics in treating NAFLD/NASH, including dual and triple agonists at GLP-1R, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor or glucagon receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying-Na Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chen-Yu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wen-Bo Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qing-Tong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - De-Hua Yang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, 572025, China.
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, 572025, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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Liao HJ, Tzen JTC. The Potential Role of Cyclopeptides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla, Linum usitatissimum and Drymaria diandra, and Peptides Derived from Heterophyllin B as Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: An In Silico Study. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050387. [PMID: 35629891 PMCID: PMC9146144 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors can treat type 2 diabetes by slowing GLP-1 degradation to increase insulin secretion. Studies have reported that Pseudostellaria heterophylla, Linum usita-tissimum (flaxseed), and Drymaria diandra, plants rich in Caryophyllaceae-type cyclopeptides and commonly used as herbal or dietary supplements, are effective in controlling blood sugar. The active site of DPP4 is in a cavity large enough to accommodate their cyclopeptides. Molecular modeling by AutoDock Vina reveals that certain cyclopeptides in these plants have the potential for DPP4 inhibition. In particular, “Heterophyllin B” from P. heterophylla, “Cyclolinopeptide C” from flaxseed, and “Diandrine C” from D. diandra, with binding affinities of −10.4, −10.0, and −10.7 kcal/mol, are promising. Docking suggests that DPP4 inhibition may be one of the reasons why these three plants are beneficial for lowering blood sugar. Because many protein hydrolysates have shown the effect of DPP4 inhibition, a series of peptides derived from Heterophyllin B precursor “IFGGLPPP” were included in the study. It was observed that IFWPPP (−10.5 kcal/mol), IFGGWPPP (−11.4 kcal/mol), and IFGWPPP (−12.0 kcal/mol) showed good binding affinity and interaction for DPP4. Various IFGGLPPP derivatives have the potential to serve as scaffolds for the design of novel DPP4 inhibitors.
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Wu Z, Bai J, Ge G, Wang T, Feng S, Ma Q, Liang X, Li W, Zhang W, Xu Y, Guo K, Cui W, Zha G, Geng D. Regulating Macrophage Polarization in High Glucose Microenvironment Using Lithium-Modified Bioglass-Hydrogel for Diabetic Bone Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200298. [PMID: 35388979 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease with a proinflammatory microenvironment, causing poor vascularization and bone regeneration. Due to the lack of effective therapy and one-sided focus on the direct angiogenic properties of biomaterials and osteogenesis stimulation, the treatment of diabetic bone defect remains challenging and complex. In this study, using gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) as a template, a lithium (Li) -modified bioglass-hydrogel for diabetic bone regeneration is developed. It exhibits a sustained ion release for better bone regeneration under diabetic microenvironment. The hydrogel is shown to be mechanically adaptable to the complex shape of the defect. In vitro, Li-modified bioglass-hydrogel promoted cell proliferation, direct osteogenesis, and regulated macrophages in high glucose (HG) microenvironment, with the secretion of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor to stimulate osteogenesis and neovascularization indirectly. In vivo, composite hydrogels containing GelMA and Li-MBG (GM/M-Li) release Li ions to relieve inflammation, providing an anti-inflammatory microenvironment for osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Applying Li-modified bioglass-hydrogel, significantly enhances bone regeneration in a diabetic rat bone defect. Together, both remarkable in vitro and in vivo outcomes in this study present an opportunity for diabetic bone regeneration on the basis of HG microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerui Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou Jiangsu Province 221006 China
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu Province 215006 China
| | - Jiaxiang Bai
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu Province 215006 China
| | - Gaoran Ge
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu Province 215006 China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics Shanghai General Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 85 Wujin Road Shanghai 200080 P. R. China
- Department of Orthopaedics Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200025 P. R. China
| | - Shuo Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou Jiangsu Province 221006 China
| | - Qiaoqiao Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou Jiangsu Province 221006 China
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu Province 215006 China
| | - Wenming Li
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu Province 215006 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu Province 215006 China
| | - Yaozeng Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu Province 215006 China
| | - Kaijin Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou Jiangsu Province 221006 China
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics Ruijin Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200025 P. R. China
| | - Guochun Zha
- Department of Orthopaedics The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou Jiangsu Province 221006 China
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of Orthopaedics The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu Province 215006 China
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Zhou RM, Shi ZH, Shan K, Zhang SJ, Zhang YH, Liang Y, Yan B, Zhao C. Comparative Analysis of Differentially Expressed Circular RNAs in Polarized Macrophages. Front Genet 2022; 13:823517. [PMID: 35368656 PMCID: PMC8967150 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.823517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage polarization is a process that macrophages exert different functions according to surrounding micro-environment. Macrophages commonly exist in two distinct subsets: classically activated M1 macrophages and alternatively activated M2 macrophages. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel class of non-coding RNAs generated by back-splicing. Thousands of circRNAs were identified in different cells and tissues. Recent studies have revealed that circRNAs play a crucial role in regulating transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene expression. However, the effects and roles of circRNAs in macrophage polarization have not been well elucidated. Here, circRNAs expression profiles were determined in human THP-1 macrophages incubated in conditions causing activation toward M1 (interferon-γ + LPS) or M2 (interleukin-4) phenotypes. Overall, 9,720 circular RNA were detected from RNA sequencing data. Compared with M2 macrophages, a total of 140 circRNAs were aberrantly expressed in M1 macrophages, including 71 up-regulated circRNAs and 69 down-regulated circRNAs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results were generally consistent with the selected differentially expressed circRNAs. Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses were used to predict biological functions and potential mechanisms of the host linear transcripts of these up-regulated and down-regulated circRNAs. Furthermore, we found that the expression level of circRNA-RNF19B (circRNF19B) in M1 macrophages was significantly higher than that in THP-1 macrophages and M2 macrophages. circRNF19B expression was increased when M2 converted to M1 whereas decreased when M1 converted to M2. Knockdown of circRNF19B following the activation of THP-1 cells using interferon-γ + LPS diminished the expression of M1 macrophages markers and elevated the expression of M2 macrophages markers. In conclusion, these data suggest the involvement of altered circRNAs expression patterns in macrophages exposure to different activating conditions. Circular RNAs may play important roles in regulating macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-mei Zhou
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-hui Shi
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Shan
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-jie Zhang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-han Zhang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Biao Yan
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Biao Yan, ; Chen Zhao,
| | - Chen Zhao
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Biao Yan, ; Chen Zhao,
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinically critical disease exhibiting an acute decline in renal function. The lack of an effective prevention and treatment method equates to a high morbidity and mortality rate. Consequently, over the past few decades, many therapeutic drugs with different mechanisms of action have been proposed and gradually applied to the clinic. The involved drug mechanisms evaluated have included hemodynamic modulation, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, repair agents, metabolic derangement and mitochondrial function. AREAS COVERED The authors of this review provide the reader with a reference point for the latest advances in pharmacotherapy in acute kidney injury. This is achieved by the evaluation of the latest data collected on potential therapeutic drugs with different mechanisms of action, as well as their preclinical and clinical impact on AKI. EXPERT OPINION Presently, the vast majority of drugs are still in clinical development, which is a huge challenge. Nevertheless, in addition to current chemical drugs and gene therapy strategies, the advent of mesenchymal stem cell treatments and other emerging pharmaceutical strategies could enable clinicians to better treat AKI. Due to the nonselective distribution and low bioavailability of some of the latest pharmaceutical strategies, there is hope that these treatment options may provide more efficacious avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojing Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Huang J, Liu X, Wei Y, Li X, Gao S, Dong L, Rao X, Zhong J. Emerging Role of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 in Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830863. [PMID: 35309368 PMCID: PMC8931313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP4), originally identified as an aminopeptidase in 1960s, is an ubiquitously expressed protease presented as either a membrane-bound or soluble form. DPP4 cleaves dipeptide off from the N-terminal of its substrates, altering the bioactivity of its substrates. Subsequent studies reveal that DPP4 is also involved in various cellular processes by directly binding to a number of ligands, including adenosine deaminase, CD45, fibronectin, plasminogen, and caveolin-1. In recent years, many novel functions of DPP4, such as promoting fibrosis and mediating virus entry, have been discovered. Due to its implication in fibrotic response and immunoregulation, increasing studies are focusing on the potential role of DPP4 in inflammatory disorders. As a moonlighting protein, DPP4 possesses multiple functions in different types of cells, including both enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions. However, most of the review articles on the role of DPP4 in autoimmune disease were focused on the association between DPP4 enzymatic inhibitors and the risk of autoimmune disease. An updated comprehensive summary of DPP4’s immunoregulatory actions including both enzymatic dependent and independent functions is needed. In this article, we will review the recent advances of DPP4 in immune regulation and autoimmune rheumatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingying Wei
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinlu Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shupei Gao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingli Dong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jixin Zhong, ; Xiaoquan Rao, ; Lingli Dong,
| | - Xiaoquan Rao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jixin Zhong, ; Xiaoquan Rao, ; Lingli Dong,
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jixin Zhong, ; Xiaoquan Rao, ; Lingli Dong,
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Intermittent fasting, high-intensity interval training, or a combination of both have beneficial effects in obese mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 104:108997. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Dai Z, Xue B, Xu L, Feng Z, Wu Z, Qiu Y, Zhu Z. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 is associated with myogenesis in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis possibly via mediation of insulin sensitivity. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:82. [PMID: 35139864 PMCID: PMC8827187 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-02978-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal metabolic features have been previously described in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. As an important regulator involved in energy metabolism, DPP-4 activity was reported to be remarkably decreased in osteoblasts of AIS patients. To date, there was still a lack of knowledge concerning the role of DPP-4 in the myogenesis of AIS. Methods Circulation DPP-4 level was assessed in the serum of 80 AIS girls and 50 healthy controls by ELISA. Myoblasts were purified from muscle specimens of AIS patients and LDH controls, and then treated with metabolic effectors including glucose and insulin. CCK-8 assay was used to assess the cell viability and myotube fusion index was calculated to evaluate myogenesis ability. Gene expressions of downstream signals of DPP-4 were evaluated by RT-qPCR and Western blot respectively. Results AIS girls had remarkably down-expressed DPP-4 in both serum level (0.76 fold) and tissue (0.68 fold) level. Treatment with metabolic effectors led to significantly increased DPP-4 expression in the control cells, while there was no increase of DPP-4 in AIS cells. CCK-8 assay showed that the proliferation rate of control cells was significantly increased after being treated. Remarkably higher fusion index was also observed in the treated control cells. By contrast, the fusion index and cell proliferation rate were comparable between the treated and the untreated AIS cells. Conclusions Our study suggested a potential role of DPP-4 in abnormal metabolic condition of AIS patients. Compared with control cells, AIS myoblasts presented obviously impaired sensitivity to the treatment of glucose and insulin. Aberrant DPP-4 expression could lead to impaired insulin sensitivity in myoblasts and further influence the cell viability during myogenesis. The molecular mechanism connecting DPP-4 and insulin-related signaling in AIS is worthy of further investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13018-022-02978-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Dai
- Department of Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing, 210008, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingchuan Xue
- Department of Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Leilei Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenhua Feng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhichong Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing, 210008, China.,Department of Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zezhang Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,Department of Spine Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
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The Functional Interplay between Gut Microbiota, Protein Hydrolysates/Bioactive Peptides, and Obesity: A Critical Review on the Study Advances. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020333. [PMID: 35204214 PMCID: PMC8868115 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet is an essential factor determining the ratio of pathogenic and beneficial gut microbiota. Hydrolysates and bioactive peptides have been described as crucial ingredients from food protein that potentially impact human health beyond their roles as nutrients. These compounds can exert benefits in the body, including modulation of the gut microbiota, and thus, they can reduce metabolic disorders. This review summarized studies on the interaction between hydrolysates/peptides, gut microbes, and obesity, focusing on how hydrolysates/peptides influence gut microbiota composition and function that improve body weight. Findings revealed that gut microbes could exert anti-obesity effects by controlling the host’s energy balance and food intake. They also exhibit activity against obesity-induced inflammation by changing the expression of inflammatory-related transcription factors. Protein hydrolysates/peptides can suppress the growth of pro-obesity gut bacteria but facilitate the proliferation of those with anti-obesity effects. The compounds provide growth factors to the beneficial gut bacteria and also improve their resistance against extreme pH. Hydrolysates/peptides are good candidates to target obesity and obesity-related complications. Thus, they can allow the development of novel strategies to fight incidences of obesity. Future studies are needed to understand absorption fate, utilization by gut microbes, and stability of hydrolysates/peptides in the gut under obesity.
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Nishina S, Hino K. CD26/DPP4 as a Therapeutic Target in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020454. [PMID: 35053615 PMCID: PMC8774170 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary CD26/DPP4 has been reported to attenuate anticancer immunity via chemokine cleavage and to promote insulin resistance and inflammation in the liver and/or adipose tissue via dysregulation of macrophage M1/M2 polarization. These results suggest the promotive roles of CD26/DPP4 especially in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this review, we discuss the biological roles of CD26/DPP4 in the development and progression of NASH associated HCC and the potential of DPP4 inhibitors as therapeutic agents for HCC. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is generally considered an “immune-cold” cancer since T cells are not observed abundantly in HCC tumor tissue. Combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors is currently recognized as a first-line systemic treatment for advanced-stage HCC. Immunologically, immune checkpoint inhibitors influence the recognition of cancer cells by T cells, and VEGF inhibitors influence the infiltration of T cells into tumors. However, no drugs that facilitate the trafficking of T cells toward tumors have been developed. Chemokines are promising agents that activate T cell trafficking. On the other hand, metabolic factors such as obesity and insulin resistance are considered risk factors for HCC development. CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) functions as a serine protease, selectively cleaving polypeptides with a proline or alanine at the penultimate N-terminal position, such as chemokines. Recently, CD26/DPP4 has been reported to attenuate anticancer immunity via chemokine cleavage and to promote insulin resistance and inflammation in the liver and/or adipose tissue via dysregulation of macrophage M1/M2 polarization. In this review, we discuss the promotive roles of CD26/DPP4 in HCC development and progression and the potential of DPP4 inhibitors as therapeutic agents for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keisuke Hino
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-864621111; Fax: +81-864641196
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Yang Q, Fu B, Luo D, Wang H, Cao H, Chen X, Tian L, Yu X. The Multiple Biological Functions of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 in Bone Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:856954. [PMID: 35586625 PMCID: PMC9109619 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.856954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) is a ubiquitously occurring protease involved in various physiological and pathological processes ranging from glucose homeostasis, immunoregulation, inflammation to tumorigenesis. Recently, the benefits of DPP4 inhibitors as novel hypoglycemic agents on bone metabolism have attracted extensive attraction in many studies, indicating that DPP4 inhibitors may regulate bone homeostasis. The effects of DPP4 on bone metabolism are still unclear. This paper thoroughly reviews the potential mechanisms of DPP4 for interaction with adipokines, bone cells, bone immune cells, and cytokines in skeleton system. This literature review shows that the increased DPP4 activity may indirectly promote bone resorption and inhibit bone formation, increasing the risk of osteoporosis. Thus, bone metabolic balance can be improved by decreasing DPP4 activities. The substantial evidence collected and analyzed in this review supports this implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Fu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyi Cao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xijie Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xijie Yu,
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OUP accepted manuscript. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2022; 23:1248-1259. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ren Y, Zhao H, Yin C, Lan X, Wu L, Du X, Griffiths HR, Gao D. Adipokines, Hepatokines and Myokines: Focus on Their Role and Molecular Mechanisms in Adipose Tissue Inflammation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:873699. [PMID: 35909571 PMCID: PMC9329830 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.873699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) is a hallmark of obesity and contributes to various metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Inflammation in ATs is characterized by macrophage infiltration and the activation of inflammatory pathways mediated by NF-κB, JNK, and NLRP3 inflammasomes. Adipokines, hepatokines and myokines - proteins secreted from AT, the liver and skeletal muscle play regulatory roles in AT inflammation via endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine pathways. For example, obesity is associated with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory adipokines (e.g., leptin, resistin, chemerin, progranulin, RBP4, WISP1, FABP4, PAI-1, Follistatin-like1, MCP-1, SPARC, SPARCL1, and SAA) and reduced levels of anti-inflammatory adipokines such as adiponectin, omentin, ZAG, SFRP5, CTRP3, vaspin, and IL-10. Moreover, some hepatokines (Fetuin A, DPP4, FGF21, GDF15, and MANF) and myokines (irisin, IL-6, and DEL-1) also play pro- or anti-inflammatory roles in AT inflammation. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of these organokines and their role in AT inflammation and related metabolic abnormalities. It serves to highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of these organokines and their clinical significance. Insights into the roles and mechanisms of these organokines could provide novel and potential therapeutic targets for obesity-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Ren
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Chunyan Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xi Lan
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Litao Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaojuan Du
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Helen R. Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Gao
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Center, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Dan Gao,
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Nirwan N, Vohora D. Linagliptin in Combination With Metformin Ameliorates Diabetic Osteoporosis Through Modulating BMP-2 and Sclerostin in the High-Fat Diet Fed C57BL/6 Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:944323. [PMID: 35928902 PMCID: PMC9343600 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.944323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic osteoporosis is a poorly managed serious skeletal complication, characterized by high fracture risk, increased bone resorption, reduced bone formation, and disrupted bone architecture. There is a need to investigate drugs that can improve bone health along with managing glycemic control. DPP-4 inhibitors and metformin have proven benefits in improving bone health. Here, we investigated the effects of linagliptin, a DPP inhibitor, and metformin alone and in combination to treat diabetic osteoporosis in high-fat-fed mice. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were kept on the high-fat diet (HFD) for 22 weeks to induce diabetic osteoporosis. Linagliptin (10mg/Kg), metformin (150mg/Kg), and their combination were orally administered to the diabetic mice from the 18th-22nd week. Femur and tibial bone microarchitecture together with bone mineral density (BMD) were evaluated using µCT and histopathological changes were assessed. Further, bone turnover biomarkers namely bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), sclerostin, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were assessed. Additionally, metabolic parameters including body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), glucose & insulin tolerance, lipids profile, and leptin were measured. RESULTS HFD feeding resulted in impaired bone microarchitecture, reduced BMD, distorted bone histology, and altered bone turnover biomarkers as indicated by the significant reduction in bone ALP, BMP-2, osteocalcin, and an increase in sclerostin, TRAP, and serum calcium. Interestingly, treatment with linagliptin and its combination with metformin significantly reverted the impaired bone architecture, BMD, and positively modulated bone turnover biomarkers, while metformin alone did not exhibit any significant improvement. Further, HFD induced diabetes and metabolic abnormalities (including an increase in body weight, FBG, impaired glucose and insulin tolerance, leptin, triglycerides, cholesterol), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-1β) were successfully reversed by treatment with linagliptin, metformin, and their combination. CONCLUSION Linagliptin and its combination with metformin successfully ameliorated diabetic osteoporosis in HFD-fed mice possibly through modulation of BMP-2 and sclerostin. The study provides the first evidence for the possible use of linagliptin and metformin combination for managing diabetic osteoporosis.
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Zhang T, Tong X, Zhang S, Wang D, Wang L, Wang Q, Fan H. The Roles of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4) and DPP4 Inhibitors in Different Lung Diseases: New Evidence. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:731453. [PMID: 34955820 PMCID: PMC8696080 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.731453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD26/Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that is widely expressed in various organs and cells. It can also exist in body fluids in a soluble form. DPP4 participates in various physiological and pathological processes by regulating energy metabolism, inflammation, and immune function. DPP4 inhibitors have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. More evidence has shown the role of DPP4 in the pathogenesis of lung diseases, since it is highly expressed in the lung parenchyma and the surface of the epithelium, vascular endothelium, and fibroblasts of human bronchi. It is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for various lung diseases. During the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) global pandemic, DPP4 was found to be an important marker that may play a significant role in disease progression. Some clinical trials on DPP4 inhibitors in COVID-19 are ongoing. DPP4 also affects other infectious respiratory diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome and non-infectious lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma. This review aims to summarize the roles of DPP4 and its inhibitors in infectious lung diseases and non-infectious diseases to provide new insights for clinical physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong Fan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Xu L, Li D, Zhu Y, Cai S, Liang X, Tang Y, Jin S, Ding C. Swertiamarin supplementation prevents obesity-related chronic inflammation and insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet. Adipocyte 2021; 10:160-173. [PMID: 33794740 PMCID: PMC8023247 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.1906510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation, which underlies insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Swertiamarin is a secoiridoid glycoside that has been reported to ameliorate diabetes and NAFLD in animal models. However, the effects of swertiamarin on obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance have not been fully elucidated. Thus, this study investigated the effects of swertiamarin on inflammation and insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. C57BL/6 mice were fed a HFD or HFD containing swertiamarin for 8 weeks. Obesity-induced insulin resistance and inflammation were assessed in the epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and livers of the mice. Swertiamarin attenuated HFD-induced weight gain, glucose intolerance, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance, and enhanced insulin signalling in mice. Compared to HFD-fed mice, the swertiamarin-treated mice exhibited increased lipolysis and reduced adipocyte hypertrophy and macrophage infiltration in eWAT. Moreover, swertiamarin alleviated HFD-mediated hepatic steatosis and inflammation by suppressing activation of the p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathways within the eWAT and liver of obese mice. In conclusion, supplementation with swertiamarin attenuated weight gain and hepatic steatosis, and alleviated obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance, in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Dandan Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqin Zhu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Suili Cai
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Liang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Tang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Shengnan Jin
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunming Ding
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Zhejiang, China
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Xu L, Chen Y, Nagashimada M, Ni Y, Zhuge F, Chen G, Li H, Pan T, Yamashita T, Mukaida N, Kaneko S, Ota T, Nagata N. CC chemokine ligand 3 deficiency ameliorates diet-induced steatohepatitis by regulating liver macrophage recruitment and M1/M2 status in mice. Metabolism 2021; 125:154914. [PMID: 34656648 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing. Chemokines and their receptors have potential as therapeutic targets of NAFLD. We investigated the role of CC chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3) in the development of murine and human NAFLD. METHODS CCL3-knockout mice (CCL3-/-) and littermate CCL3 wild-type control mice (WT) were fed a high-cholesterol and high-fat (CL) diet for 16 weeks to induce NAFLD. We investigated the impact of CCL3 gene deletion in bone marrow cells and leptin-deficient ob/ob mice on CL diet-induced steatohepatitis. We assayed the serum CCL3 levels in 36 patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD and nine healthy control subjects. RESULTS Compared with normal chow (NC), the CL diet induced steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrosis and elevated the plasma CCL3 level. In the liver, CCL3 protein colocalized with F4/80+ macrophages, especially CD11c+ M1-like macrophages, rather than other cell types. CCL3-/- attenuated CL diet-induced steatohepatitis and fibrosis associated with M2-dominant liver macrophages compared with the WT. The reconstitution of bone marrow (BM) cells from CCL3-/- attenuated steatohepatitis in WT mice fed a CL diet. Furthermore, crossing CCL3-/- onto the ob/ob background prevented CL diet-induced NAFLD in ob/ob mice, which was associated with a lesser inflammatory phenotype of liver macrophages. Also, the serum and hepatic levels of CCL3 were significantly increased in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) compared to those with simple fatty liver (NAFL) and healthy subjects. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that CCL3 facilitates macrophage infiltration into the liver and M1 polarization in the progression of steatohepatitis and highlight the need for further studies to determine the effect of CCL3-CCR1 and -CCR5 signaling blockade on the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yongping Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mayumi Nagashimada
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yinhua Ni
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Fen Zhuge
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Guanliang Chen
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Haoran Li
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tongtong Pan
- First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tatsuya Yamashita
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Naofumi Mukaida
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tsuguhito Ota
- Department of Cell Metabolism and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Naoto Nagata
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Function Analysis, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.
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Recent Advances in Diabetic Kidney Diseases: From Kidney Injury to Kidney Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111857. [PMID: 34769288 PMCID: PMC8584225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. The natural history of DKD includes glomerular hyperfiltration, progressive albuminuria, declining estimated glomerular filtration rate, and, ultimately, kidney failure. It is known that DKD is associated with metabolic changes caused by hyperglycemia, resulting in glomerular hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Hyperglycemia is also known to cause programmed epigenetic modification. However, the detailed mechanisms involved in the onset and progression of DKD remain elusive. In this review, we discuss recent advances regarding the pathogenic mechanisms involved in DKD.
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Cao Q, Xu D, Chen Y, Long Y, Dai F, Gui L, Lu Y. Sitagliptin Reduces Endothelial Dysfunction and Apoptosis Induced by High-Fat Diet and Palmitate in Thoracic Aortas and Endothelial Cells via ROS-ER Stress-CHOP Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:670389. [PMID: 34531738 PMCID: PMC8438525 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.670389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrovascular disease is tightly associated with obesity-induced metabolic syndrome. Sitagliptin (SIT), an orally stable selective inhibitor of Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), has protective effects on endothelium. However, the mechanisms enabling SIT to exhibit resistance to diet-induced obesity (DIO) related with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the aorta and endothelial cells have not been reported yet. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine if SIT exerts protective role in the thoracic aortas isolated from the high-fat diet (HFD)-treated rats and palmitate (PA)-treated endothelial cells by alleviating ROS and ER stress. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into standard chow diet (SCD), HFD and HFD plus sitagliptin administration (HFD + SIT) groups. The rats of latter two groups were given HFD fodder for 12 weeks, then the HFD + SIT rats were treated with SIT (10 mg/kg/d) by intragastric administration for another 8 weeks. The body mass, vascular tension, serum oxidative stress indices and inflammatory parameters, pathological changes, protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), the genes associated with ER stress and apoptosis in the thoracic aorta were measured. Furthermore, cell proliferation, ROS and the protein expression associated with ER stress (especially CHOP) and apoptosis were assessed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) incubated with SIT and PA. Compared to the SCD rats, the HFD rats had higher serum lipid levels, decreased vascular tension, increased inflammation, oxidative and ER stress, and apoptosis of endothelial cells. PA promoted ROS generation, ER stress and apoptosis, inhibited cell proliferation in HUVECs. SIT treatment obviously ameliorated apoptosis via alleviating ROS and ER stress in the thoracic aortas isolated from HFD-fed rats and PA-treated HUVECs. The results suggest that SIT improved endothelial function via promoting cell proliferation and alleviating ROS-ER stress-CHOP pathway both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hefei, China
| | - Dongmei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hefei, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Hefei Lifeon Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hefei, China
| | - Yueming Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hefei, China
| | - Fang Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Gui
- The Comprehensive Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yunxia Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hefei, China.,The Comprehensive Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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