1
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Tran MT, Lim JJ, Loh TJ, Mannering SI, Rossjohn J, Reid HH. A structural basis of T cell cross-reactivity to native and spliced self-antigens presented by HLA-DQ8. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107612. [PMID: 39074636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that has a strong HLA association, where a number of self-epitopes have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. Human pancreatic islet-infiltrating CD4+ T cell clones not only respond to proinsulin C-peptide (PI40-54; GQVELGGGPGAGSLQ) but also cross-react with a hybrid insulin peptide (HIP; PI40-47-IAPP74-80; GQVELGGG-NAVEVLK) presented by HLA-DQ8. How T cell receptors recognize self-peptide and cross-react to HIPs is unclear. We investigated the cross-reactivity of the CD4+ T cell clones reactive to native PI40-54 epitope and multiple HIPs fused at the same N-terminus (PI40-54) to the degradation products of two highly expressed pancreatic islet proteins, neuropeptide Y (NPY68-74) and amyloid polypeptide (IAPP23-29 and IAPP74-80). We observed that five out of the seven selected SKW3 T cell lines expressing TCRs isolated from CD4+ T cells of people with T1D responded to multiple HIPs. Despite shared TRAV26-1-TRBV5-1 gene usage in some T cells, these clones cross-reacted to varying degrees with the PI40-54 and HIP epitopes. Crystal structures of two TRAV26-1+-TRBV5-1+ T cell receptors (TCRs) in complex with PI40-54 and HIPs bound to HLA-DQ8 revealed that the two TCRs had distinct mechanisms responsible for their differential recognition of the PI40-54 and HIP epitopes. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of the PI40-54 and HIPs determined that the P2, P7, and P8 residues in these epitopes were key determinants of TCR specificity. Accordingly, we provide a molecular basis for cross-reactivity towards native insulin and HIP epitopes presented by HLA-DQ8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai T Tran
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jia Jia Lim
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tiing Jen Loh
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart I Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Hugh H Reid
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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2
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Herold KC, Delong T, Perdigoto AL, Biru N, Brusko TM, Walker LSK. The immunology of type 1 diabetes. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:435-451. [PMID: 38308004 PMCID: PMC7616056 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Following the seminal discovery of insulin a century ago, treatment of individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been largely restricted to efforts to monitor and treat metabolic glucose dysregulation. The recent regulatory approval of the first immunotherapy that targets T cells as a means to delay the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells highlights the critical role of the immune system in disease pathogenesis and tends to pave the way for other immune-targeted interventions for T1D. Improving the efficacy of such interventions across the natural history of the disease will probably require a more detailed understanding of the immunobiology of T1D, as well as technologies to monitor residual β-cell mass and function. Here we provide an overview of the immune mechanisms that underpin the pathogenesis of T1D, with a particular emphasis on T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevan C Herold
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Thomas Delong
- Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Ana Luisa Perdigoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Internal Medicine, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Noah Biru
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lucy S K Walker
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK.
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
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3
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Callebaut A, Guyer P, Baker RL, Gallegos JB, Hohenstein AC, Gottlieb PA, Mathieu C, Overbergh L, Haskins K, James EA. An Insulin-Chromogranin A Hybrid Peptide Activates DR11-Restricted T Cells in Human Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2024; 73:743-750. [PMID: 38295386 PMCID: PMC11043060 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs) formed through covalent cross-linking of proinsulin fragments to secretory granule peptides are detectable within murine and human islets. The 2.5HIP (C-peptide-chromogranin A [CgA] HIP), recognized by the diabetogenic BDC-2.5 clone, is a major autoantigen in the nonobese diabetic mouse. However, the relevance of this epitope in human disease is currently unclear. A recent study probed T-cell reactivity toward HIPs in patients with type 1 diabetes, documenting responses in one-third of the patients and isolating several HIP-reactive T-cell clones. In this study, we isolated a novel T-cell clone and showed that it responds vigorously to the human equivalent of the 2.5HIP (designated HIP9). Although the responding patient carried the risk-associated DRB1*04:01/DQ8 haplotype, the response was restricted by DRB1*11:03 (DR11). HLA class II tetramer staining revealed higher frequencies of HIP9-reactive T cells in individuals with diabetes than in control participants. Furthermore, in DR11+ participants carrying the DRB4 allele, HIP9-reactive T-cell frequencies were higher than observed frequencies for the immunodominant proinsulin 9-28 epitope. Finally, there was a negative correlation between HIP9-reactive T-cell frequency and age at diagnosis. These results provide direct evidence that this C-peptide-CgA HIP is relevant in human type 1 diabetes and suggest a mechanism by which nonrisk HLA haplotypes may contribute to the development of β-cell autoimmunity. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Aïsha Callebaut
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Perrin Guyer
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Rocky L. Baker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Joylynn B. Gallegos
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Anita C. Hohenstein
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Peter A. Gottlieb
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Eddie A. James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
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4
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Wenzlau JM, Peterson OJ, Vomund AN, DiLisio JE, Hohenstein A, Haskins K, Wan X. Mapping of a hybrid insulin peptide in the inflamed islet β-cells from NOD mice. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1348131. [PMID: 38455055 PMCID: PMC10917911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1348131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that pathogenic T cells in T1D recognize epitopes formed by post-translational modifications of β-cell antigens, including hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs). The ligands for several CD4 T-cell clones derived from the NOD mouse are HIPs composed of a fragment of proinsulin joined to peptides from endogenous β-cell granule proteins. The diabetogenic T-cell clone BDC-6.9 reacts to a fragment of C-peptide fused to a cleavage product of pro-islet amyloid polypeptide (6.9HIP). In this study, we used a monoclonal antibody (MAb) to the 6.9HIP to determine when and where HIP antigens are present in NOD islets during disease progression and with which immune cells they associate. Immunogold labeling of the 6.9HIP MAb and organelle-specific markers for electron microscopy were employed to map the subcellular compartment(s) in which the HIP is localized within β-cells. While the insulin B9-23 peptide was present in nearly all islets, the 6.9HIP MAb stained infiltrated islets only in NOD mice at advanced stages of T1D development. Islets co-stained with the 6.9HIP MAb and antibodies to mark insulin, macrophages, and dendritic cells indicate that 6.9HIP co-localizes within insulin-positive β-cells as well as intra-islet antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In electron micrographs, the 6.9HIP co-localized with granule structures containing insulin alone or both insulin and LAMP1 within β-cells. Exposing NOD islets to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer tunicamycin significantly increased levels of 6.9HIP in subcellular fractions containing crinosomes and dense-core granules (DCGs). This work demonstrates that the 6.9HIP can be visualized in the infiltrated islets and suggests that intra-islet APCs may acquire and present HIP antigens within islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M. Wenzlau
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Orion J. Peterson
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Anthony N. Vomund
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - James E. DiLisio
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anita Hohenstein
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Xiaoxiao Wan
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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5
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Liblau RS, Latorre D, Kornum BR, Dauvilliers Y, Mignot EJ. The immunopathogenesis of narcolepsy type 1. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:33-48. [PMID: 37400646 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a chronic sleep disorder resulting from the loss of a small population of hypothalamic neurons that produce wake-promoting hypocretin (HCRT; also known as orexin) peptides. An immune-mediated pathology for NT1 has long been suspected given its exceptionally tight association with the MHC class II allele HLA-DQB1*06:02, as well as recent genetic evidence showing associations with polymorphisms of T cell receptor genes and other immune-relevant loci and the increased incidence of NT1 that has been observed after vaccination with the influenza vaccine Pandemrix. The search for both self-antigens and foreign antigens recognized by the pathogenic T cell response in NT1 is ongoing. Increased T cell reactivity against HCRT has been consistently reported in patients with NT1, but data demonstrating a primary role for T cells in neuronal destruction are currently lacking. Animal models are providing clues regarding the roles of autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the disease. Elucidation of the pathogenesis of NT1 will allow for the development of targeted immunotherapies at disease onset and could serve as a model for other immune-mediated neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland S Liblau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, Toulouse, France.
- Department of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Birgitte R Kornum
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Center for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel J Mignot
- Stanford University, Center for Narcolepsy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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6
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Mitchell AM, Baschal EE, McDaniel KA, Fleury T, Choi H, Pyle L, Yu L, Rewers MJ, Nakayama M, Michels AW. Tracking DNA-based antigen-specific T cell receptors during progression to type 1 diabetes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj6975. [PMID: 38064552 PMCID: PMC10708189 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj6975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
T cells targeting self-proteins are important mediators in autoimmune diseases. T cells express unique cell-surface receptors (TCRs) that recognize peptides presented by major histocompatibility molecules. TCRs have been identified from blood and pancreatic islets of individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Here, we tracked ~1700 known antigen-specific TCR sequences, islet antigen or viral reactive, in bulk TCRβ sequencing from longitudinal blood DNA samples in at-risk cases who progressed to T1D, age/sex/human leukocyte antigen-matched controls, and a new-onset T1D cohort. Shared and frequent antigen-specific TCRβ sequences were identified in all three cohorts, and viral sequences were present across all ages. Islet sequences had different patterns of accumulation based upon antigen specificity in the at-risk cases. Furthermore, 73 islet-antigen TCRβ sequences were present in higher frequencies and numbers in T1D samples relative to controls. The total number of these disease-associated TCRβ sequences inversely correlated with age at clinical diagnosis, indicating the potential to use disease-relevant TCR sequences as biomarkers in autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Mitchell
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Erin E. Baschal
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristen A. McDaniel
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Theodore Fleury
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hyelin Choi
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura Pyle
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Liping Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marian J. Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aaron W. Michels
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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7
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James EA, Joglekar AV, Linnemann AK, Russ HA, Kent SC. The beta cell-immune cell interface in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Mol Metab 2023; 78:101809. [PMID: 37734713 PMCID: PMC10622886 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T1D is an autoimmune disease in which pancreatic islets of Langerhans are infiltrated by immune cells resulting in the specific destruction of insulin-producing islet beta cells. Our understanding of the factors leading to islet infiltration and the interplay of the immune cells with target beta cells is incomplete, especially in human disease. While murine models of T1D have provided crucial information for both beta cell and autoimmune cell function, the translation of successful therapies in the murine model to human disease has been a challenge. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we discuss current state of the art and consider knowledge gaps concerning the interface of the islet beta cell with immune infiltrates, with a focus on T cells. We discuss pancreatic and immune cell phenotypes and their impact on cell function in health and disease, which we deem important to investigate further to attain a more comprehensive understanding of human T1D disease etiology. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The last years have seen accelerated development of approaches that allow comprehensive study of human T1D. Critically, recent studies have contributed to our revised understanding that the pancreatic beta cell assumes an active role, rather than a passive position, during autoimmune disease progression. The T cell-beta cell interface is a critical axis that dictates beta cell fate and shapes autoimmune responses. This includes the state of the beta cell after processing internal and external cues (e.g., stress, inflammation, genetic risk) that that contributes to the breaking of tolerance by hyperexpression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I with presentation of native and neoepitopes and secretion of chemotactic factors to attract immune cells. We anticipate that emerging insights about the molecular and cellular aspects of disease initiation and progression processes will catalyze the development of novel and innovative intervention points to provide additional therapies to individuals affected by T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie A James
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alok V Joglekar
- Center for Systems Immunology and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amelia K Linnemann
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Holger A Russ
- Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sally C Kent
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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8
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Crawford SA, Groegler J, Dang M, Michel C, Powell RL, Hohenstein AC, Reyes K, Haskins K, Wiles TA, Delong T. Hybrid insulin peptide isomers spontaneously form in pancreatic beta-cells from an aspartic anhydride intermediate. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105264. [PMID: 37734557 PMCID: PMC10590738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs) form in beta-cells when insulin fragments link to other peptides through a peptide bond. HIPs contain nongenomic amino acid sequences and have been identified as targets for autoreactive T cells in type 1 diabetes. A subgroup of HIPs, in which N-terminal amine groups of various peptides are linked to aspartic acid residues of insulin C-peptide, was detected through mass spectrometry in pancreatic islets. Here, we investigate a novel mechanism that leads to the formation of these HIPs in human and murine islets. Our research herein shows that these HIPs form spontaneously in beta-cells through a mechanism involving an aspartic anhydride intermediate. This mechanism leads to the formation of a regular HIP containing a standard peptide bond as well as a HIP-isomer containing an isopeptide bond by linkage to the carboxylic acid side chain of the aspartic acid residue. We used mass spectrometric analyses to confirm the presence of both HIP isomers in islets, thereby validating the occurrence of this novel reaction mechanism in beta-cells. The spontaneous formation of new peptide bonds within cells may lead to the development of neoepitopes that contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes as well as other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Crawford
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jason Groegler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mylinh Dang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cole Michel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Roger L Powell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Anita C Hohenstein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kaitlin Reyes
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Timothy A Wiles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas Delong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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9
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Wenzlau JM, Gu Y, Michels A, Rewers M, Haskins K, Yu L. Identification of Autoantibodies to a Hybrid Insulin Peptide in Type 1 Diabetes. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2859. [PMID: 37685398 PMCID: PMC10487141 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13172859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease that attacks the insulin-producing b cells of the pancreatic islets. Autoantibodies to b cell proteins typically appear in the circulation years before disease onset, and serve as the most accurate biomarkers of T1D risk. Our laboratory has recently discovered novel b cell proteins comprising hybrid proinsulin:islet amyloid polypeptide peptides (IAPP). T cells from a diabetic mouse model and T1D patients are activated by these hybrid peptides. In this study, we asked whether these hybrid molecules could serve as antigens for autoantibodies in T1D and prediabetic patients. We analyzed sera from T1D patients, prediabetics and healthy age-matched donors. Using a highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence assay, sera were screened for binding to recombinant proinsulin:IAPP probes or truncated derivatives. Our results show that sera from T1D patients contain antibodies that bind larger hybrid proinsulin:IAPP probes, but not proinsulin or insulin, at significantly increased frequencies compared to normal donors. Examination of sera from prediabetic patients confirms titers of antibodies to these hybrid probes in more than 80% of individuals, often before seroconversion. These results suggest that hybrid insulin peptides are common autoantigens in T1D and prediabetic patients, and that antibodies to these peptides may serve as valuable early biomarkers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M. Wenzlau
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.M.W.); (K.H.)
| | - Yong Gu
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, 1775 Aurora Court, Mail Stop B140, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (Y.G.); (A.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Aaron Michels
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, 1775 Aurora Court, Mail Stop B140, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (Y.G.); (A.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, 1775 Aurora Court, Mail Stop B140, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (Y.G.); (A.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (J.M.W.); (K.H.)
| | - Liping Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, 1775 Aurora Court, Mail Stop B140, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (Y.G.); (A.M.); (M.R.)
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10
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Camaya I, O’Brien B, Donnelly S. How do parasitic worms prevent diabetes? An exploration of their influence on macrophage and β-cell crosstalk. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1205219. [PMID: 37564976 PMCID: PMC10411736 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1205219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is the fastest growing chronic disease globally, with prevalence increasing at a faster rate than heart disease and cancer. While the disease presents clinically as chronic hyperglycaemia, two distinct subtypes have been recognised. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterised as an autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells are destroyed, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) arises due to metabolic insufficiency, in which inadequate amounts of insulin are produced, and/or the actions of insulin are diminished. It is now apparent that pro-inflammatory responses cause a loss of functional β-cell mass, and this is the common underlying mechanism of both T1D and T2D. Macrophages are the central immune cells in the pathogenesis of both diseases and play a major role in the initiation and perpetuation of the proinflammatory responses that compromise β-cell function. Furthermore, it is the crosstalk between macrophages and β-cells that orchestrates the inflammatory response and ensuing β-cell dysfunction/destruction. Conversely, this crosstalk can induce immune tolerance and preservation of β-cell mass and function. Thus, specifically targeting the intercellular communication between macrophages and β-cells offers a unique strategy to prevent/halt the islet inflammatory events underpinning T1D and T2D. Due to their potent ability to regulate mammalian immune responses, parasitic worms (helminths), and their excretory/secretory products, have been examined for their potential as therapeutic agents for both T1D and T2D. This research has yielded positive results in disease prevention, both clinically and in animal models. However, the focus of research has been on the modulation of immune cells and their effectors. This approach has ignored the direct effects of helminths and their products on β-cells, and the modulation of signal exchange between macrophages and β-cells. This review explores how the alterations to macrophages induced by helminths, and their products, influence the crosstalk with β-cells to promote their function and survival. In addition, the evidence that parasite-derived products interact directly with endocrine cells to influence their communication with macrophages to prevent β-cell death and enhance function is discussed. This new paradigm of two-way metabolic conversations between endocrine cells and macrophages opens new avenues for the treatment of immune-mediated metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sheila Donnelly
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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11
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Eizirik DL, Szymczak F, Mallone R. Why does the immune system destroy pancreatic β-cells but not α-cells in type 1 diabetes? Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023; 19:425-434. [PMID: 37072614 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
A perplexing feature of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is that the immune system destroys pancreatic β-cells but not neighbouring α-cells, even though both β-cells and α-cells are dysfunctional. Dysfunction, however, progresses to death only for β-cells. Recent findings indicate important differences between these two cell types. First, expression of BCL2L1, a key antiapoptotic gene, is higher in α-cells than in β-cells. Second, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes are differentially expressed, with higher expression levels of pro-apoptotic CHOP in β-cells than in α-cells and higher expression levels of HSPA5 (which encodes the protective chaperone BiP) in α-cells than in β-cells. Third, expression of viral recognition and innate immune response genes is higher in α-cells than in β-cells, contributing to the enhanced resistance of α-cells to coxsackievirus infection. Fourth, expression of the immune-inhibitory HLA-E molecule is higher in α-cells than in β-cells. Of note, α-cells are less immunogenic than β-cells, and the CD8+ T cells invading the islets in T1D are reactive to pre-proinsulin but not to glucagon. We suggest that this finding is a result of the enhanced capacity of the α-cell to endure viral infections and ER stress, which enables them to better survive early stressors that can cause cell death and consequently amplify antigen presentation to the immune system. Moreover, the processing of the pre-proglucagon precursor in enteroendocrine cells might favour immune tolerance towards this potential self-antigen compared to pre-proinsulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decio L Eizirik
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Medical Faculty, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Florian Szymczak
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Center for Diabetes Research and Welbio, Medical Faculty, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
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12
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Quattrin T, Mastrandrea LD, Walker LSK. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet 2023; 401:2149-2162. [PMID: 37030316 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells. Individuals with type 1 diabetes are reliant on insulin for survival. Despite enhanced knowledge related to the pathophysiology of the disease, including interactions between genetic, immune, and environmental contributions, and major strides in treatment and management, disease burden remains high. Studies aimed at blocking the immune attack on β cells in people at risk or individuals with very early onset type 1 diabetes show promise in preserving endogenous insulin production. This Seminar will review the field of type 1 diabetes, highlighting recent progress within the past 5 years, challenges to clinical care, and future directions in research, including strategies to prevent, manage, and cure the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Quattrin
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Diabetes Center, John R Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Lucy D Mastrandrea
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Diabetes Center, John R Oishei Children's Hospital, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lucy S K Walker
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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13
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Jing Y, Kong Y, Allard D, Liu B, Kolawole E, Sprouse M, Evavold B, Bettini M, Bettini M. Increased TCR signaling in regulatory T cells is disengaged from TCR affinity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.17.523999. [PMID: 36711832 PMCID: PMC9882247 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.523999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are capable suppressors of aberrant self-reactivity. However, TCR affinity and specificities that support Treg function, and how these compare to autoimmune T cells remain unresolved. In this study, we used antigen agnostic and epitope-focused analyses to compare TCR repertoires of regulatory and effector T cells that spontaneously infiltrate pancreatic islets of non-obese diabetic mice. We show that effector and regulatory T cell-derived TCRs possess similar wide-ranging reactivity for self-antigen. Treg-derived TCRs varied in their capacity to confer optimal protective function, and Treg suppressive capacity was in part determined by effector TCR affinity. Interestingly, when expressing the same TCR, Tregs showed higher Nur77-GFP expression than Teffs, suggesting Treg-intrinsic ability to compete for antigen. Our findings provide a new insight into TCR-dependent and independent mechanisms that regulate Treg function and indicate a TCR-intrinsic insufficiency in tissue-specific Tregs that may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.
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14
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Ishina IA, Zakharova MY, Kurbatskaia IN, Mamedov AE, Belogurov AA, Gabibov AG. MHC Class II Presentation in Autoimmunity. Cells 2023; 12:314. [PMID: 36672249 PMCID: PMC9856717 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules is crucial for eliciting an efficient immune response by CD4+ T cells and maintaining self-antigen tolerance. Some MHC-II alleles are known to be positively or negatively associated with the risk of the development of different autoimmune diseases (ADs), including those characterized by the emergence of autoreactive T cells. Apparently, the MHC-II presentation of self-antigens contributes to the autoimmune T cell response, initiated through a breakdown of central tolerance to self-antigens in the thymus. The appearance of autoreactive T cell might be the result of (i) the unusual interaction between T cell receptors (TCRs) and self-antigens presented on MHC-II; (ii) the posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of self-antigens; (iii) direct loading of the self-antigen to classical MHC-II without additional nonclassical MHC assistance; (iv) the proinflammatory environment effect on MHC-II expression and antigen presentation; and (v) molecular mimicry between foreign and self-antigens. The peculiarities of the processes involved in the MHC-II-mediated presentation may have crucial importance in the elucidation of the mechanisms of triggering and developing ADs as well as for clarification on the protective effect of MHC-II alleles that are negatively associated with ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A. Ishina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Y. Zakharova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna N. Kurbatskaia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Azad E. Mamedov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Belogurov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G. Gabibov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Life Sciences, Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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15
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Crawford SA, Wiles TA, Wenzlau JM, Powell RL, Barbour G, Dang M, Groegler J, Barra JM, Burnette KS, Hohenstein AC, Baker RL, Tse HM, Haskins K, Delong T. Cathepsin D Drives the Formation of Hybrid Insulin Peptides Relevant to the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2022; 71:2793-2803. [PMID: 36041196 PMCID: PMC9750942 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs) form in pancreatic β-cells through the formation of peptide bonds between proinsulin fragments and other peptides. HIPs have been identified in pancreatic islets by mass spectrometry and are targeted by CD4 T cells in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) as well as by pathogenic CD4 T-cell clones in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. The mechanism of HIP formation is currently poorly understood; however, it is well established that proteases can drive the formation of new peptide bonds in a side reaction during peptide bond hydrolysis. Here, we used a proteomic strategy on enriched insulin granules and identified cathepsin D (CatD) as the primary protease driving the specific formation of HIPs targeted by disease-relevant CD4 T cells in T1D. We also established that NOD islets deficient in cathepsin L (CatL), another protease implicated in the formation of disease-relevant HIPs, contain elevated levels of HIPs, indicating a role for CatL in the proteolytic degradation of HIPs. In summary, our data suggest that CatD may be a therapeutic target in efforts to prevent or slow the autoimmune destruction of β-cells mediated by HIP-reactive CD4 T cells in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Crawford
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Timothy A Wiles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Janet M Wenzlau
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Roger L Powell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Gene Barbour
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Mylinh Dang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Jason Groegler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Jessie M Barra
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - KaLia S Burnette
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Anita C Hohenstein
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Rocky L Baker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Hubert M Tse
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Thomas Delong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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16
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Majumdar S, Lin Y, Bettini ML. Host-microbiota interactions shaping T-cell response and tolerance in type 1 diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974178. [PMID: 36059452 PMCID: PMC9434376 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-1 Diabetes (T1D) is a complex polygenic autoimmune disorder involving T-cell driven beta-cell destruction leading to hyperglycemia. There is no cure for T1D and patients rely on exogenous insulin administration for disease management. T1D is associated with specific disease susceptible alleles. However, the predisposition to disease development is not solely predicted by them. This is best exemplified by the observation that a monozygotic twin has just a 35% chance of developing T1D after their twin’s diagnosis. This makes a strong case for environmental triggers playing an important role in T1D incidence. Multiple studies indicate that commensal gut microbiota and environmental factors that alter their composition might exacerbate or protect against T1D onset. In this review, we discuss recent literature highlighting microbial species associated with T1D. We explore mechanistic studies which propose how some of these microbial species can modulate adaptive immune responses in T1D, with an emphasis on T-cell responses. We cover topics ranging from gut-thymus and gut-pancreas communication, microbial regulation of peripheral tolerance, to molecular mimicry of islet antigens by microbial peptides. In light of the accumulating evidence on commensal influences in neonatal thymocyte development, we also speculate on the link between molecular mimicry and thymic selection in the context of T1D pathogenesis. Finally, we explore how these observations could inform future therapeutic approaches in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhabrata Majumdar
- Immunology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Yong Lin
- Immunology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Matthew L. Bettini
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew L. Bettini,
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17
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Wenzlau JM, DiLisio JE, Barbour G, Dang M, Hohenstein AC, Nakayama M, Delong T, Baker RL, Haskins K. Insulin B-chain hybrid peptides are agonists for T cells reactive to insulin B:9-23 in autoimmune diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:926650. [PMID: 36032090 PMCID: PMC9399855 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is considered to be a key antigenic target of T cells in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse with particular focus on the B-chain amino acid sequence B:9-23 as the primary epitope. Our lab previously discovered that hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs), comprised of insulin C-peptide fragments fused to other β-cell granule peptides, are ligands for several pathogenic CD4 T cell clones derived from NOD mice and for autoreactive CD4 T cells from T1D patients. A subset of CD4 T cell clones from our panel react to insulin and B:9-23 but only at high concentrations of antigen. We hypothesized that HIPs might also be formed from insulin B-chain sequences covalently bound to other endogenously cleaved ß-cell proteins. We report here on the identification of a B-chain HIP, termed the 6.3HIP, containing a fragment of B:9-23 joined to an endogenously processed peptide of ProSAAS, as a strong neo-epitope for the insulin-reactive CD4 T cell clone BDC-6.3. Using an I-Ag7 tetramer loaded with the 6.3HIP, we demonstrate that T cells reactive to this B-chain HIP can be readily detected in NOD mouse islet infiltrates. This work suggests that some portion of autoreactive T cells stimulated by insulin B:9-23 may be responding to B-chain HIPs as peptide ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M. Wenzlau
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - James E. DiLisio
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Gene Barbour
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mylinh Dang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anita C. Hohenstein
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Department of Pediatrics-Barbara Davis Center, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Thomas Delong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rocky L. Baker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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18
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Russo F, Ruggiero E, Curto R, Passeri L, Sanvito F, Bortolomai I, Villa A, Gregori S, Annoni A. Editing T cell repertoire by thymic epithelial cell-directed gene transfer abrogates risk of type 1 diabetes development. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 25:508-519. [PMID: 35615710 PMCID: PMC9121074 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is the primary autoantigen (Ag) targeted by T cells in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Although biomarkers precisely identifying subjects at high risk of T1D are available, successful prophylaxis is still an unmet need. Leaky central tolerance to insulin may be partially ascribed to the instability of the MHC-InsB9-23 complex, which lowers TCR avidity, thus resulting in defective negative selection of autoreactive clones and inadequate insulin-specific T regulatory cell (Treg) induction. We developed a lentiviral vector (LV)-based strategy to engineer thymic epithelial cells (TECs) to correct diabetogenic T cell repertoire. Intrathymic (it) LV injection established stable transgene expression in EpCAM+ TECs, by virtue of transduction of TEC precursors. it-LV-driven presentation of the immunodominant portion of ovalbumin allowed persistent and complete negative selection of responsive T cells in OT-II chimeric mice. We successfully applied this strategy to correct the diabetogenic repertoire of young non-obese diabetic mice, imposing the presentation by TECs of the stronger agonist InsulinB9-23R22E and partially depleting the existing T cell compartment. We further circumscribed LV-driven presentation of InsulinB9-23R22E by micro-RNA regulation to CD45− TECs without loss of efficacy in protection from diabetes, associated with expanded insulin-specific Tregs. Overall, our gene transfer-based prophylaxis fine-tuned the central tolerance processes of negative selection and Treg induction, correcting an autoimmune prone T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Russo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Eliana Ruggiero
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosalia Curto
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Passeri
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sanvito
- Pathology Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ileana Bortolomai
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Villa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Gregori
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Annoni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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19
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Krovi SH, Kuchroo VK. Activation pathways that drive CD4 + T cells to break tolerance in autoimmune diseases . Immunol Rev 2022; 307:161-190. [PMID: 35142369 PMCID: PMC9255211 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by dysfunctional immune systems that misrecognize self as non-self and cause tissue destruction. Several cell types have been implicated in triggering and sustaining disease. Due to a strong association of major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) proteins with various autoimmune diseases, CD4+ T lymphocytes have been thoroughly investigated for their roles in dictating disease course. CD4+ T cell activation is a coordinated process that requires three distinct signals: Signal 1, which is mediated by antigen recognition on MHC-II molecules; Signal 2, which boosts signal 1 in a costimulatory manner; and Signal 3, which helps to differentiate the activated cells into functionally relevant subsets. These signals are disrupted during autoimmunity and prompt CD4+ T cells to break tolerance. Herein, we review our current understanding of how each of the three signals plays a role in three different autoimmune diseases and highlight the genetic polymorphisms that predispose individuals to autoimmunity. We also discuss the drawbacks of existing therapies and how they can be addressed to achieve lasting tolerance in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Harsha Krovi
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Postigo-Fernandez J, Firdessa-Fite R, Creusot RJ. Preclinical evaluation of a precision medicine approach to DNA vaccination in type 1 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2110987119. [PMID: 35385352 PMCID: PMC9169641 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110987119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunotherapy involves the delivery of self-antigens as proteins or peptides (or using nucleic acids encoding them) to reestablish tolerance. The Endotope platform supports the optimal presentation of endogenously expressed epitopes on appropriate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules. Using specific epitopes that are disease-relevant (including neoepitopes and mimotopes) and restricted to the subject’s MHC haplotypes provides a more focused and tailored way of targeting autoreactive T cells. We evaluated the efficacy of an Endotope DNA vaccine tailored to the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse in parallel to one expressing the Proinsulin protein, a central autoantigen in NOD mice, and assessed the influence of several parameters (e.g., route, dosing frequency, disease stage) on diabetes prevention. Secretion of encoded peptides and intradermal delivery of DNA offered more effective disease prevention. Long-term weekly treatments were needed to achieve protection that can persist after discontinuation, likely mediated by regulatory T cells induced by at least one epitope. Although epitopes were presented for at least 2 wk, weekly treatments were needed, at least initially, to achieve significant protection. While Endotope and Proinsulin DNA vaccines were effective at both the prediabetic normoglycemic and dysglycemic stages of disease, Proinsulin provided better protection in the latter stage, particularly in animals with slower progression of disease, and Endotope limited insulitis the most in the earlier stage. Thus, our data support the possibility of applying a precision medicine approach based on tailored epitopes for the treatment of tissue-specific autoimmune diseases with DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Postigo-Fernandez
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Rebuma Firdessa-Fite
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Rémi J. Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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21
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Khilji MS, Faridi P, Pinheiro-Machado E, Hoefner C, Dahlby T, Aranha R, Buus S, Nielsen M, Klusek J, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Pandey K, Purcell AW, Marzec MT. Defective Proinsulin Handling Modulates the MHC I Bound Peptidome and Activates the Inflammasome in β-Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040814. [PMID: 35453564 PMCID: PMC9024965 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
How immune tolerance is lost to pancreatic β-cell peptides triggering autoimmune type 1 diabetes is enigmatic. We have shown that loss of the proinsulin chaperone glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 94 from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to mishandling of proinsulin, ER stress, and activation of the immunoproteasome. We hypothesize that inadequate ER proinsulin folding capacity relative to biosynthetic need may lead to an altered β-cell major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I bound peptidome and inflammasome activation, sensitizing β-cells to immune attack. We used INS-1E cells with or without GRP94 knockout (KO), or in the presence or absence of GRP94 inhibitor PU-WS13 (GRP94i, 20 µM), or exposed to proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β or interferon gamma (IFNγ) (15 pg/mL and 10 ng/mL, respectively) for 24 h. RT1.A (rat MHC I) expression was evaluated using flow cytometry. The total RT1.A-bound peptidome analysis was performed on cell lysates fractionated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing protein (NLRP1), nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha (IκBα), and (pro) IL-1β expression and secretion were investigated by Western blotting. GRP94 KO increased RT1.A expression in β-cells, as did cytokine exposure compared to relevant controls. Immunopeptidome analysis showed increased RT1.A-bound peptide repertoire in GRP94 KO/i cells as well as in the cells exposed to cytokines. The GRP94 KO/cytokine exposure groups showed partial overlap in their peptide repertoire. Notably, proinsulin-derived peptide diversity increased among the total RT1.A peptidome in GRP94 KO/i along with cytokines exposure. NLRP1 expression was upregulated in GRP94 deficient cells along with decreased IκBα content while proIL-1β cellular levels declined, coupled with increased secretion of mature IL-1β. Our results suggest that limiting β-cell proinsulin chaperoning enhances RT1.A expression alters the MHC-I peptidome including proinsulin peptides and activates inflammatory pathways, suggesting that stress associated with impeding proinsulin handling may sensitize β-cells to immune-attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Khilji
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.K.); (C.H.); (T.M.-P.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (R.A.); (K.P.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Pouya Faridi
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Univesity, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia;
| | - Erika Pinheiro-Machado
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Carolin Hoefner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.K.); (C.H.); (T.M.-P.)
| | - Tina Dahlby
- Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8603 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Ritchlynn Aranha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (R.A.); (K.P.)
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín CP1650, Argentina
| | - Justyna Klusek
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Department of Surgical Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-369 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.K.); (C.H.); (T.M.-P.)
| | - Kirti Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (R.A.); (K.P.)
| | - Anthony W. Purcell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (R.A.); (K.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.W.P.); (M.T.M.); Tel.: +61-39-902-9265 (A.W.P.); +45-25-520-256 (M.T.M.)
| | - Michal T. Marzec
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.S.K.); (C.H.); (T.M.-P.)
- Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-002 Kielce, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.W.P.); (M.T.M.); Tel.: +61-39-902-9265 (A.W.P.); +45-25-520-256 (M.T.M.)
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22
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Mitchell AM, Michels AW. Self-Antigens Targeted by Regulatory T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3155. [PMID: 35328581 PMCID: PMC8954990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While progress has been made toward understanding mechanisms that lead to the development of autoimmunity, there is less knowledge regarding protective mechanisms from developing such diseases. For example, in type 1 diabetes (T1D), the immune-mediated form of diabetes, the role of pathogenic T cells in the destruction of pancreatic islets is well characterized, but immune-mediated mechanisms that contribute to T1D protection have not been fully elucidated. One potential protective mechanism includes the suppression of immune responses by regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs) that recognize self-peptides from islets presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules. In this review, we summarize what is known about the antigenic self-peptides recognized by Tregs in the context of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron W. Michels
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
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23
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Jamison BL, DiLisio JE, Beard KS, Neef T, Bradley B, Goodman J, Gill RG, Miller SD, Baker RL, Haskins K. Tolerogenic Delivery of a Hybrid Insulin Peptide Markedly Prolongs Islet Graft Survival in the NOD Mouse. Diabetes 2022; 71:483-496. [PMID: 35007324 PMCID: PMC8893950 DOI: 10.2337/db20-1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The induction of antigen (Ag)-specific tolerance and replacement of islet β-cells are major ongoing goals for the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Our group previously showed that a hybrid insulin peptide (2.5HIP) is a critical autoantigen for diabetogenic CD4+ T cells in the NOD mouse model. In this study, we investigated whether induction of Ag-specific tolerance using 2.5HIP-coupled tolerogenic nanoparticles (NPs) could protect diabetic NOD mice from disease recurrence upon syngeneic islet transplantation. Islet graft survival was significantly prolonged in mice treated with 2.5HIP NPs, but not NPs containing the insulin B chain peptide 9-23. Protection in 2.5HIP NP-treated mice was attributed both to the simultaneous induction of anergy in 2.5HIP-specific effector T cells and the expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells specific for the same Ag. Notably, our results indicate that effector function of graft-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells specific for other β-cell epitopes was significantly impaired, suggesting a novel mechanism of therapeutically induced linked suppression. This work establishes that tolerance induction with an HIP can delay recurrent autoimmunity in NOD mice, which could inform the development of an Ag-specific therapy for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braxton L. Jamison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - James E. DiLisio
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Tobias Neef
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Brenda Bradley
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Jessica Goodman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Ronald G. Gill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Rocky L. Baker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Corresponding author: Kathryn Haskins,
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24
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Callebaut A, Bruggeman Y, Zamit C, Sodré FMC, Irla M, Mathieu C, Buitinga M, Overbergh L. Aberrant expression of transglutaminase 2 in pancreas and thymus of NOD mice underscores the importance of deamidation in neoantigen generation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:908248. [PMID: 35966081 PMCID: PMC9367685 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.908248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications can lead to a break in immune tolerance in autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). Deamidation, the conversion of glutamine to glutamic acid by transglutaminase (TGM) enzymes, is a post-translational modification of interest, with deamidated peptides being reported as autoantigens in T1D. However, little is known about how Tgm2, the most ubiquitously expressed Tgm isoform, is regulated and how tolerance against deamidated peptides is lost. Here, we report on the aberrant expression and regulation of Tgm2 in the pancreas and thymus of NOD mice. We demonstrate that Tgm2 expression is induced by the inflammatory cytokines IL1β and IFNγ in a synergistic manner and that murine pancreatic islets of NOD mice have higher Tgm2 levels, while Tgm2 levels in medullary thymic epithelial cells are reduced. We thus provide the first direct evidence to our knowledge that central tolerance establishment against deamidated peptides might be impaired due to lower Tgm2 expression in NOD medullary thymic epithelial cells, which together with the aberrantly high levels of deamidated peptides in NOD β-cells underscores the role of deamidation in amplifying T-cell reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aїsha Callebaut
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ylke Bruggeman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cloé Zamit
- CNRS, INSERM, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Fernanda Marques Câmara Sodré
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magali Irla
- CNRS, INSERM, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mijke Buitinga
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Lut Overbergh,
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25
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Nakayama M, Michels AW. Using the T Cell Receptor as a Biomarker in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:777788. [PMID: 34868047 PMCID: PMC8635517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.777788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) are unique markers that define antigen specificity for a given T cell. With the evolution of sequencing and computational analysis technologies, TCRs are now prime candidates for the development of next-generation non-cell based T cell biomarkers, which provide a surrogate measure to assess the presence of antigen-specific T cells. Type 1 diabetes (T1D), the immune-mediated form of diabetes, is a prototypical organ specific autoimmune disease in which T cells play a pivotal role in targeting pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells. While the disease is now predictable by measuring autoantibodies in the peripheral blood directed to beta cell proteins, there is an urgent need to develop T cell markers that recapitulate T cell activity in the pancreas and can be a measure of disease activity. This review focuses on the potential and challenges of developing TCR biomarkers for T1D. We summarize current knowledge about TCR repertoires and clonotypes specific for T1D and discuss challenges that are unique for autoimmune diabetes. Ultimately, the integration of large TCR datasets produced from individuals with and without T1D along with computational 'big data' analysis will facilitate the development of TCRs as potentially powerful biomarkers in the development of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Nakayama
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Aaron W Michels
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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26
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Sahin GS, Lee H, Engin F. An accomplice more than a mere victim: The impact of β-cell ER stress on type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101365. [PMID: 34728341 PMCID: PMC8606542 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic β-cells are the insulin factory of an organism with a mission to regulate glucose homeostasis in the body. Due to their high secretory activity, β-cells rely on a functional and intact endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Perturbations to ER homeostasis and unmitigated stress lead to β-cell dysfunction and death. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the autoimmune-mediated destruction of β-cells. Although autoimmunity is an essential component of T1D pathogenesis, accumulating evidence suggests an important role of β-cell ER stress and aberrant unfolded protein response (UPR) in disease initiation and progression. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this article, we introduce ER stress and the UPR, review β-cell ER stress in various mouse models, evaluate its involvement in inflammation, and discuss the effects of ER stress on β-cell plasticity and demise, and islet autoimmunity in T1D. We also highlight the relationship of ER stress with other stress response pathways and provide insight into ongoing clinical studies targeting ER stress and the UPR for the prevention or treatment of T1D. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Evidence from ex vivo studies, in vivo mouse models, and tissue samples from patients suggest that β-cell ER stress and a defective UPR contribute to T1D pathogenesis. Thus, restoration of β-cell ER homeostasis at various stages of disease presents a plausible therapeutic strategy for T1D. Identifying the specific functions and regulation of each UPR sensor in β-cells and uncovering the crosstalk between stressed β-cells and immune cells during T1D progression would provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of disease process, and may reveal novel targets for development of effective therapies for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcan Semra Sahin
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Hugo Lee
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Feyza Engin
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA; Department of Cell & Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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27
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How benign autoimmunity becomes detrimental in type 1 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2116508118. [PMID: 34697240 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116508118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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28
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Human islet T cells are highly reactive to preproinsulin in type 1 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2107208118. [PMID: 34611019 PMCID: PMC8521679 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107208118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a major self-antigen in type 1 diabetes (T1D), and as such, insulin-based immunotherapies have been trialed to treat the underlying autoimmunity but with minimal clinical benefit. Here, we comprehensively assessed reactivity to insulin and its precursor, preproinsulin, by CD8 T cells obtained from the pancreatic islets of organ donors with and without T1D. CD8 T cells highly reactive to peptides throughout the entire preproinsulin protein were only found in T1D donors at varying frequencies. Our results suggest considering the use of preproinsulin rather than just insulin for intervention immunotherapies and have important implications for identifying individuals that may respond to antigen-specific therapies designed to treat autoimmune disorders. Cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes play a central role in the tissue destruction of many autoimmune disorders. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), insulin and its precursor preproinsulin are major self-antigens targeted by T cells. We comprehensively examined preproinsulin specificity of CD8 T cells obtained from pancreatic islets of organ donors with and without T1D and identified epitopes throughout the entire preproinsulin protein and defective ribosomal products derived from preproinsulin messenger RNA. The frequency of preproinsulin-reactive T cells was significantly higher in T1D donors than nondiabetic donors and also differed by individual T1D donor, ranging from 3 to over 40%, with higher frequencies in T1D organ donors with HLA-A*02:01. Only T cells reactive to preproinsulin-related peptides isolated from T1D donors demonstrated potent autoreactivity. Reactivity to similar regions of preproinsulin was also observed in peripheral blood of a separate cohort of new-onset T1D patients. These findings have important implications for designing antigen-specific immunotherapies and identifying individuals that may benefit from such interventions.
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29
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Toren E, Burnette KS, Banerjee RR, Hunter CS, Tse HM. Partners in Crime: Beta-Cells and Autoimmune Responses Complicit in Type 1 Diabetes Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:756548. [PMID: 34691077 PMCID: PMC8529969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.756548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoreactive T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells. Loss of beta-cells leads to insulin insufficiency and hyperglycemia, with patients eventually requiring lifelong insulin therapy to maintain normal glycemic control. Since T1D has been historically defined as a disease of immune system dysregulation, there has been little focus on the state and response of beta-cells and how they may also contribute to their own demise. Major hurdles to identifying a cure for T1D include a limited understanding of disease etiology and how functional and transcriptional beta-cell heterogeneity may be involved in disease progression. Recent studies indicate that the beta-cell response is not simply a passive aspect of T1D pathogenesis, but rather an interplay between the beta-cell and the immune system actively contributing to disease. Here, we comprehensively review the current literature describing beta-cell vulnerability, heterogeneity, and contributions to pathophysiology of T1D, how these responses are influenced by autoimmunity, and describe pathways that can potentially be exploited to delay T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Toren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - KaLia S. Burnette
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ronadip R. Banerjee
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chad S. Hunter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Hubert M. Tse
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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30
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Greaves SA, Ravindran A, Santos RG, Chen L, Falta MT, Wang Y, Mitchell AM, Atif SM, Mack DG, Tinega AN, Maier LA, Dai S, Pinilla C, Grunewald J, Fontenot AP. CD4+ T cells in the lungs of acute sarcoidosis patients recognize an Aspergillus nidulans epitope. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212583. [PMID: 34410304 PMCID: PMC8383815 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Löfgren’s syndrome (LS) is an acute form of sarcoidosis characterized by a genetic association with HLA-DRB1*03 (HLA-DR3) and an accumulation of CD4+ T cells of unknown specificity in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Here, we screened related LS-specific TCRs for antigen specificity and identified a peptide derived from NAD-dependent histone deacetylase hst4 (NDPD) of Aspergillus nidulans that stimulated these CD4+ T cells in an HLA-DR3–restricted manner. Using ELISPOT analysis, a greater number of IFN-γ– and IL-2–secreting T cells in the BAL of DR3+ LS subjects compared with DR3+ control subjects was observed in response to the NDPD peptide. Finally, increased IgG antibody responses to A. nidulans NDPD were detected in the serum of DR3+ LS subjects. Thus, our findings identify a ligand for CD4+ T cells derived from the lungs of LS patients and suggest a role of A. nidulans in the etiology of LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Greaves
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Avinash Ravindran
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Radleigh G Santos
- Department of Mathematics, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Michael T Falta
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Angela M Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Shaikh M Atif
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Douglas G Mack
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Alex N Tinega
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Lisa A Maier
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Shaodong Dai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Clemencia Pinilla
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL
| | - Johan Grunewald
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew P Fontenot
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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31
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Hanna SJ, Tatovic D, Thayer TC, Dayan CM. Insights From Single Cell RNA Sequencing Into the Immunology of Type 1 Diabetes- Cell Phenotypes and Antigen Specificity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:751701. [PMID: 34659258 PMCID: PMC8519581 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.751701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, huge advances have been made in techniques to analyse cells at an individual level using RNA sequencing, and many of these have precipitated exciting discoveries in the immunology of type 1 diabetes (T1D). This review will cover the first papers to use scRNAseq to characterise human lymphocyte phenotypes in T1D in the peripheral blood, pancreatic lymph nodes and islets. These have revealed specific genes such as IL-32 that are differentially expressed in islet -specific T cells in T1D. scRNAseq has also revealed wider gene expression patterns that are involved in T1D and can predict its development even predating autoantibody production. Single cell sequencing of TCRs has revealed V genes and CDR3 motifs that are commonly used to target islet autoantigens, although truly public TCRs remain elusive. Little is known about BCR repertoires in T1D, but scRNAseq approaches have revealed that insulin binding BCRs commonly use specific J genes, share motifs between donors and frequently demonstrate poly-reactivity. This review will also summarise new developments in scRNAseq technology, the insights they have given into other diseases and how they could be leveraged to advance research in the type 1 diabetes field to identify novel biomarkers and targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Hanna
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Danijela Tatovic
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Terri C. Thayer
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Natural and Social Sciences, Roberts Wesleyan College, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Colin M. Dayan
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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32
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Parras D, Solé P, Delong T, Santamaría P, Serra P. Recognition of Multiple Hybrid Insulin Peptides by a Single Highly Diabetogenic T-Cell Receptor. Front Immunol 2021; 12:737428. [PMID: 34527002 PMCID: PMC8435627 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.737428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) type 1 diabetes (T1D) association remain incompletely understood. We have previously shown that thymocytes expressing the highly diabetogenic, I-Ag7-restricted 4.1-T-cell receptor (TCR) are MHCII-promiscuous, and that, in MHCII-heterozygous mice, they sequentially undergo positive and negative selection/Treg deviation by recognizing pro- and anti-diabetogenic MHCII molecules on cortical thymic epithelial cells and medullary hematopoietic antigen-presenting cells (APCs), respectively. Here, we use a novel autoantigen discovery approach to define the antigenic specificity of this TCR in the context of I-Ag7. This was done by screening the ability of random epitope-GS linker-I- A β g 7 chain fusion pools to form agonistic peptide-MHCII complexes on the surface of I- A α d chain-transgenic artificial APCs. Pool deconvolution, I-Ag7-binding register-fixing, TCR contact residue mapping, and alanine scanning mutagenesis resulted in the identification of a 4.1-TCR recognition motif XL(G/A)XEXE(D/E)X that was shared by seven agonistic hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs) resulting from the fusion of several different chromogranin A and/or insulin C fragments, including post-translationally modified variants. These data validate a novel, highly sensitive MHCII-restricted epitope discovery approach for orphan TCRs and suggest thymic selection of autoantigen-promiscuous TCRs as a mechanism for the murine T1D-I-Ag7-association.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CHO Cells
- Coculture Techniques
- Cricetulus
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Epitopes
- HEK293 Cells
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Humans
- Insulin/genetics
- Insulin/immunology
- Insulin/metabolism
- Jurkat Cells
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Parras
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Solé
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Delong
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (SSPPS), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Pere Santamaría
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Pau Serra
- Institut D’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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Tran MT, Faridi P, Lim JJ, Ting YT, Onwukwe G, Bhattacharjee P, Jones CM, Tresoldi E, Cameron FJ, La Gruta NL, Purcell AW, Mannering SI, Rossjohn J, Reid HH. T cell receptor recognition of hybrid insulin peptides bound to HLA-DQ8. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5110. [PMID: 34433824 PMCID: PMC8387461 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-DQ8, a genetic risk factor in type I diabetes (T1D), presents hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs) to autoreactive CD4+ T cells. The abundance of spliced peptides binding to HLA-DQ8 and how they are subsequently recognised by the autoreactive T cell repertoire is unknown. Here we report, the HIP (GQVELGGGNAVEVLK), derived from splicing of insulin and islet amyloid polypeptides, generates a preferred peptide-binding motif for HLA-DQ8. HLA-DQ8-HIP tetramer+ T cells from the peripheral blood of a T1D patient are characterised by repeated TRBV5 usage, which matches the TCR bias of CD4+ T cells reactive to the HIP peptide isolated from the pancreatic islets of a patient with T1D. The crystal structure of three TRBV5+ TCR-HLA-DQ8-HIP complexes shows that the TRBV5-encoded TCR β-chain forms a common landing pad on the HLA-DQ8 molecule. The N- and C-termini of the HIP is recognised predominantly by the TCR α-chain and TCR β-chain, respectively, in all three TCR ternary complexes. Accordingly, TRBV5 + TCR recognition of HIP peptides might occur via a 'polarised' mechanism, whereby each chain within the αβTCR heterodimer recognises distinct origins of the spliced peptide presented by HLA-DQ8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai T Tran
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Pouya Faridi
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jia Jia Lim
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Yi Tian Ting
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Goodluck Onwukwe
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Pushpak Bhattacharjee
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Claerwen M Jones
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Eleonora Tresoldi
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Fergus J Cameron
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart I Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia. .,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Hugh H Reid
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Current therapies for autoimmune disorders often employ broad suppression of the immune system. Antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASI) seeks to overcome the side-effects of immunosuppressive therapy by specifically targeting only disease-related autoreactive T and B cells. Although it has been in development for several decades, ASI still is not in use clinically to treat autoimmunity. Novel ways to deliver antigen may be effective in inducing ASI. Here we review recent innovations in antigen delivery. RECENT FINDINGS New ways to deliver antigen include particle and nonparticle approaches. One main focus has been the targeting of antigen-presenting cells in a tolerogenic context. This technique often results in the induction and/or expansion of regulatory T cells, which has the potential to be effective against a complex, polyclonal immune response. SUMMARY Whether novel delivery approaches can help bring ASI into general clinical use for therapy of autoimmune diseases remains to be seen. However, preclinical work and early results from clinical trials using these new techniques show promising signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Neef
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Amdare N, Purcell AW, DiLorenzo TP. Noncontiguous T cell epitopes in autoimmune diabetes: From mice to men and back again. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100827. [PMID: 34044020 PMCID: PMC8233151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that affects the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreatic islets. The nonobese diabetic mouse is a widely studied spontaneous model of the disease that has contributed greatly to our understanding of T1D pathogenesis. This is especially true in the case of antigen discovery. Upon review of existing knowledge concerning the antigens and peptide epitopes that are recognized by T cells in this model, good concordance is observed between mouse and human antigens. A fascinating recent illustration of the contribution of the nonobese diabetic mouse in the area of epitope identification is the discovery of noncontiguous CD4+ T cell epitopes. This novel epitope class is characterized by the linkage of an insulin-derived peptide to, most commonly, a fragment of a natural cleavage product of another beta cell secretory granule constituent. These so-called hybrid insulin peptides are also recognized by T cells in patients with T1D, although the precise mechanism for their generation has yet to be defined and is the subject of active investigation. Although evidence from the tumor immunology arena documented the existence of noncontiguous CD8+ T cell epitopes, generated by proteasome-mediated peptide splicing involving transpeptidation, such CD8+ T cell epitopes were thought to be a rare immunological curiosity. However, recent advances in bioinformatics and mass spectrometry have challenged this view. These developments, coupled with the discovery of hybrid insulin peptides, have spurred a search for noncontiguous CD8+ T cell epitopes in T1D, an exciting frontier area still in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Amdare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Teresa P DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA; The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
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36
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Arif S, Pujol-Autonell I, Kamra Y, Williams E, Yusuf N, Domingo-Vila C, Shahrabi Y, Pollock E, Khatri L, Peakman M, Tree T, Lorenc A. Mapping T Cell Responses to Native and Neo-Islet Antigen Epitopes in at Risk and Type 1 Diabetes Subjects. Front Immunol 2021; 12:675746. [PMID: 34262563 PMCID: PMC8274489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.675746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Recent studies highlight the potentially important role of neoepitopes in breaking immune tolerance in type 1 diabetes. T cell reactivity to these neoepitopes has been reported, but how this response compares quantitatively and phenotypically with previous reports on native epitopes is not known. Thus, an understanding of the relationship between native and neoepitopes and their role as tolerance breakers or disease drivers in type 1 diabetes is required. We set out to compare T cell reactivity and phenotype against a panel of neo- and native islet autoantigenic epitopes to examine how this relates to stages of type 1 diabetes development. Methods Fifty-four subjects comprising patients with T1D, and autoantibody-positive unaffected family members were tested against a panel of neo- and native epitopes by ELISPOT (IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-17). A further subset of two patients was analyzed by Single Cell Immune Profiling (RNAseq and TCR α/β) after stimulation with pools of native and neoepitope peptides. Results T cell responses to native and neoepitopes were present in patients with type 1 diabetes and at-risk subjects, and overall, there were no significant differences in the frequency, magnitude, or phenotype between the two sets of peptide stimuli. Single cell RNAseq on responder T cells revealed a similar profile in T1D patients stimulated with either neo- or native epitopes. A pro-inflammatory gene expression profile (TNF-α, IFN-γ) was dominant in both native and neoepitope stimulated T cells. TCRs with identical clonotypes were found in T cell responding to both native and neoepitopes. Conclusion/Interpretation These data suggest that in peripheral blood, T cell responses to both native and neoepitopes are similar in terms of frequency and phenotype in patients with type 1 diabetes and high-risk unaffected family members. Furthermore, using a combination of transcriptomic and clonotypic analyses, albeit using a limited panel of peptides, we show that neoepitopes are comparable to native epitopes currently in use for immune-monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefina Arif
- Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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T-cell responses to hybrid insulin peptides prior to type 1 diabetes development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2019129118. [PMID: 33542101 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019129118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell responses to posttranslationally modified self-antigens are associated with many autoimmune disorders. In type 1 diabetes, hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs) are implicated in the T-cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells within pancreatic islets. The natural history of the disease is such that it allows for the study of T-cell reactivity prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. We hypothesized that CD4 T-cell responses to posttranslationally modified islet peptides precedes diabetes onset. In a cohort of genetically at-risk individuals, we measured longitudinal T-cell responses to native insulin and hybrid insulin peptides. Both proinflammatory (interferon-γ) and antiinflammatory (interluekin-10) cytokine responses to HIPs were more robust than those to native peptides, and the ratio of such responses oscillated between pro- and antiinflammatory over time. However, individuals who developed islet autoantibodies or progressed to clinical type 1 diabetes had predominantly inflammatory T-cell responses to HIPs. Additionally, several HIP T-cell responses correlated to worsening measurements of blood glucose, highlighting the relevance of T-cell responses to posttranslationally modified peptides prior to autoimmune disease development.
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38
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Firdessa-Fite R, Johnson SN, Leon MA, Khosravi-Maharlooei M, Baker RL, Sestak JO, Berkland C, Creusot RJ. Soluble Antigen Arrays Efficiently Deliver Peptides and Arrest Spontaneous Autoimmune Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 70:1334-1346. [PMID: 33468513 PMCID: PMC8275897 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) offers a targeted treatment of autoimmune diseases that selectively inhibits autoreactive lymphocytes, but there remains an unmet need for approaches that address the limited clinical efficacy of ASIT. Soluble antigen arrays (SAgAs) deliver antigenic peptides or proteins in multivalent form, attached to a hyaluronic acid backbone using either hydrolysable linkers (hSAgAs) or stable click chemistry linkers (cSAgAs). They were evaluated for the ability to block spontaneous development of disease in a nonobese diabetic mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Two peptides, a hybrid insulin peptide and a mimotope, efficiently prevented the onset of T1D when delivered in combination as SAgAs, but not individually. Relative to free peptides administered at equimolar dose, SAgAs (particularly cSAgAs) enabled a more effective engagement of antigen-specific T cells with greater persistence and induction of tolerance markers, such as CD73, interleukin-10, programmed death-1, and KLRG-1. Anaphylaxis caused by free peptides was attenuated using hSAgA and obviated using cSAgA platforms. Despite similarities, the two peptides elicited largely nonoverlapping and possibly complementary responses among endogenous T cells in treated mice. Thus, SAgAs offer a novel and promising ASIT platform superior to free peptides in inducing tolerance while mitigating risks of anaphylaxis for the treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebuma Firdessa-Fite
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Martin A Leon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Mohsen Khosravi-Maharlooei
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Rocky L Baker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Remi J Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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Wiles TA, Hohenstein A, Landry LG, Dang M, Powell R, Guyer P, James EA, Nakayama M, Haskins K, Delong T, Baker RL. Characterization of Human CD4 T Cells Specific for a C-Peptide/C-Peptide Hybrid Insulin Peptide. Front Immunol 2021; 12:668680. [PMID: 34113344 PMCID: PMC8185328 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid Insulin Peptides (HIPs), which consist of insulin fragments fused to other peptides from β-cell secretory granule proteins, are CD4 T cell autoantigens in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We have studied HIPs and HIP-reactive CD4 T cells extensively in the context of the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of autoimmune diabetes and have shown that CD4 T cells specific for HIPs are major contributors to disease pathogenesis. Additionally, in the human context, HIP-reactive CD4 T cells can be found in the islets and peripheral blood of T1D patients. Here, we performed an in-depth characterization of the CD4 T cell response to a C-peptide/C-peptide HIP (HIP11) in human T1D. We identified the TCR expressed by the previously-reported HIP11-reactive CD4 T cell clone E2, which was isolated from the peripheral blood of a T1D patient, and determined that it recognizes HIP11 in the context of HLA-DQ2. We also identified a HIP11-specific TCR directly in the islets of a T1D donor and demonstrated that this TCR recognizes a different minimal epitope of HIP11 presented by HLA-DQ8. We generated and tested an HLA-DQ2 tetramer loaded with HIP11 that will enable direct ex vivo interrogation of CD4 T cell responses to HIP11 in human patients and control subjects. Using mass spectrometric analysis, we confirmed that HIP11 is present in human islets. This work represents an important step in characterizing the role of CD4 T cell responses to HIPs in human T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Wiles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Anita Hohenstein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Laurie G. Landry
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mylinh Dang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roger Powell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Perrin Guyer
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Eddie A. James
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States,Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Thomas Delong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rocky L. Baker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States,*Correspondence: Rocky L. Baker,
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40
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Tripathy B, Sahoo N, Sahoo SK. Trends in diabetes care with special emphasis to medicinal plants: Advancement and treatment. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 33:102014. [PMID: 35342487 PMCID: PMC8941016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disorder prevailing throughout the world. It may affect a child to an older person depending upon the physiology and the factors influencing the internal metabolic system of the body. Several treatments are available in the market ranges from synthetic drugs, insulin therapy, herbal drugs, and transdermal patches. Interestingly, the development of technologies and digital health have proving very helpful in improving the lifestyle of diabetic patients. All treatment approaches have their own advantages and disadvantages in the form of effectiveness and side effects. Medicinal plants have a long history of traditional application in the treatment of diabetes and even the use of plants are growing day-by-day due to the significant results against diseases and fewer side effects as compared to other treatment therapies. The intention behind writing this review is to gather all information and discussed them exhaustively in an article. The novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected my lives including diabetic patients. The antidiabetic treatment strategies during this period has also discussed. In this article, we highlighted the molecular mechanism and herbal phytoconstituents that are responsible for lowering blood glucose level. The factors responsible for the progression of metabolic disorders can be controlled with the use of phytoconstituents present in herbal plants to maintain β-cells performance and restore blood glucose level. It can be concluded that medicinal plants are effective and affordable with lesser side effects for treating DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nityananda Sahoo
- Centurion University of Technology & Management, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sahoo
- Royal College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Berhampur, Odisha, 759024, India
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41
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Mannering SI, Rubin AF, Wang R, Bhattacharjee P. Identifying New Hybrid Insulin Peptides (HIPs) in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667870. [PMID: 33995402 PMCID: PMC8120023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016 Delong et al. discovered a new type of neoepitope formed by the fusion of two unrelated peptide fragments. Remarkably these neoepitopes, called hybrid insulin peptides, or HIPs, are recognized by pathogenic CD4+ T cells in the NOD mouse and human pancreatic islet-infiltrating T cells in people with type 1 diabetes. Current data implicates CD4+ T-cell responses to HIPs in the immune pathogenesis of human T1D. Because of their role in the immune pathogenesis of human T1D it is important to identify new HIPs that are recognized by CD4+ T cells in people at risk of, or with, T1D. A detailed knowledge of T1D-associated HIPs will allow HIPs to be used in assays to monitor changes in T cell mediated beta-cell autoimmunity. They will also provide new targets for antigen-specific therapies for T1D. However, because HIPs are formed by the fusion of two unrelated peptides there are an enormous number of potential HIPs which makes it technically challenging to identify them. Here we review the discovery of HIPs, how they form and discuss approaches to identifying new HIPs relevant to the immune pathogenesis of human type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart I Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alan F Rubin
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruike Wang
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Pushpak Bhattacharjee
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Reed BK, Kappler JW. Hidden in Plain View: Discovery of Chimeric Diabetogenic CD4 T Cell Neo-Epitopes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669986. [PMID: 33986758 PMCID: PMC8111216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell antigens driving autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) have been pursued for more than three decades. When diabetogenic CD4 T cell clones and their relevant MHCII antigen presenting alleles were first identified in rodents and humans, the path to discovering the peptide epitopes within pancreatic beta cell proteins seemed straightforward. However, as experimental results accumulated, definitive data were often absent or controversial. Work within the last decade has helped to clear up some of the controversy by demonstrating that a number of the important MHCII presented epitopes are not encoded in the natural beta cell proteins, but in fact are fusions between peptide fragments derived from the same or different proteins. Recently, the mechanism for generating these MHCII diabetogenic chimeric epitopes has been attributed to a form of reverse proteolysis, called transpeptidation, a process that has been well-documented in the production of MHCI presented epitopes. In this mini-review we summarize these data and their implications for T1D and other autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan K Reed
- Research Division, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - John W Kappler
- Research Division, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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Mishto M, Mansurkhodzhaev A, Rodriguez-Calvo T, Liepe J. Potential Mimicry of Viral and Pancreatic β Cell Antigens Through Non-Spliced and cis-Spliced Zwitter Epitope Candidates in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:656451. [PMID: 33936085 PMCID: PMC8082463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that post-translational peptide splicing can play a role in the immune response under pathological conditions. This seems to be particularly relevant in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) since post-translationally spliced epitopes derived from T1D-associated antigens have been identified among those peptides bound to Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) class I and II complexes. Their immunogenicity has been confirmed through CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated responses in T1D patients. Spliced peptides theoretically have a large sequence variability. This might increase the frequency of viral-human zwitter peptides, i.e. peptides that share a complete sequence homology irrespective of whether they originate from human or viral antigens, thereby impinging upon the discrimination between self and non-self antigens by T cells. This might increase the risk of autoimmune responses triggered by viral infections. Since enteroviruses and other viral infections have historically been associated with T1D, we investigated whether cis-spliced peptides derived from selected viruses might be able to trigger CD8+ T cell-mediated autoimmunity. We computed in silico viral-human non-spliced and cis-spliced zwitter epitope candidates, and prioritized peptide candidates based on: (i) their binding affinity to HLA class I complexes, (ii) human pancreatic β cell and medullary thymic epithelial cell (mTEC) antigens' mRNA expression, (iii) antigen association with T1D, and (iv) potential hotspot regions in those antigens. Neglecting potential T cell receptor (TCR) degeneracy, no viral-human zwitter non-spliced peptide was found to be an optimal candidate to trigger a virus-induced CD8+ T cell response against human pancreatic β cells. Conversely, we identified some zwitter peptide candidates, which may be produced by proteasome-catalyzed peptide splicing, and might increase the likelihood of pancreatic β cells recognition by virus-specific CD8+ T cell clones, therefore promoting β cell destruction in the context of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Mishto
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI) & Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Teresa Rodriguez-Calvo
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Liepe
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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DiLisio JE, Haskins K. Induction of Antigen-Specific Tolerance in Autoimmune Diabetes with Nanoparticles Containing Hybrid Insulin Peptides. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030240. [PMID: 33673706 PMCID: PMC7997429 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive T cells are thought to orchestrate the onset and progression of autoimmune diabetes. Key cognate antigens of these diabetogenic T cells include hybrid insulin peptides, formed by the fusion of insulin fragments to cleavage products of other β-cell granule proteins. Here we review initial work exploring tolerance induction to a hybrid insulin peptide using a biodegradable, nanoparticle delivery system in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. The immune phenotype(s) and possible mechanism(s) behind antigen-specific tolerance induction were dissected with a disease transfer model using transgenic autoreactive mouse T cells. Treatment of NOD mice with peptide-coupled nanoparticles appeared to have a dual function in preventing diabetes onset, inducing anergy in effector T cells and enhancing the activity of regulatory T cells. Importantly, the ratio of these two cell types in the pancreas was pushed toward tolerance. Antigen-specific tolerance induction to hybrid insulin peptides has the translational potential to preserve islet β-cells in new-onset or at-risk patients and prevent recurrent autoimmunity in transplant patients.
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Non-Genetically Encoded Epitopes Are Relevant Targets in Autoimmune Diabetes. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020202. [PMID: 33671312 PMCID: PMC7922826 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet antigen reactive T cells play a key role in promoting beta cell destruction in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Self-reactive T cells are typically deleted through negative selection in the thymus or deviated to a regulatory phenotype. Nevertheless, those processes are imperfect such that even healthy individuals have a reservoir of potentially autoreactive T cells. What remains less clear is how tolerance is lost to insulin and other beta cell specific antigens. Islet autoantibodies, the best predictor of disease risk, are known to recognize classical antigens such as proinsulin, GAD65, IA-2, and ZnT8. These antibodies are thought to be supported by the expansion of autoreactive CD4+ T cells that recognize these same antigenic targets. However, recent studies have identified new classes of non-genetically encoded epitopes that may reflect crucial gaps in central and peripheral tolerance. Notably, some of these specificities, including epitopes from enzymatically post-translationally modified antigens and hybrid insulin peptides, are present at relatively high frequencies in the peripheral blood of patients with T1D. We conclude that CD4+ T cells that recognize non-genetically encoded epitopes are likely to make an important contribution to the progression of islet autoimmunity in T1D. We further propose that these classes of neo-epitopes should be considered as possible targets for strategies to induce antigen specific tolerance.
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Clark M, Kroger CJ, Ke Q, Tisch RM. The Role of T Cell Receptor Signaling in the Development of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615371. [PMID: 33603744 PMCID: PMC7884625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) signaling influences multiple aspects of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunobiology including thymic development, peripheral homeostasis, effector subset differentiation/function, and memory formation. Additional T cell signaling cues triggered by co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines also affect TCR signaling duration, as well as accessory pathways that further shape a T cell response. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-driven autoimmune disease targeting the insulin producing β cells in the pancreas. Evidence indicates that dysregulated TCR signaling events in T1D impact the efficacy of central and peripheral tolerance-inducing mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss how the strength and nature of TCR signaling events influence the development of self-reactive T cells and drive the progression of T1D through effects on T cell gene expression, lineage commitment, and maintenance of pathogenic anti-self T cell effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Qi Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Matsumoto Y, Kishida K, Matsumoto M, Matsuoka S, Kohyama M, Suenaga T, Arase H. A TCR-like antibody against a proinsulin-containing fusion peptide ameliorates type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:680-686. [PMID: 33208230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by destruction of insulin-producing β cells. The response of autoreactive T cells to β cell antigens plays a central role in the development of T1D. Recently, fusion peptides composed by insulin C-peptide fragments and other proteins were reported as β cell target antigens for diabetogenic CD4+ T cells in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. In this study, we generated a T cell-receptor (TCR)-like monoclonal antibody (mAb) against a fusion peptide bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II component to elucidate the function of the fusion peptides in T1D. In addition, we developed a novel NFAT-GFP TCR reporter system to evaluate the TCR-like mAb. The NFAT-GFP reporter T cells expressing the diabetogenic TCR were specifically activated by the fusion peptide presented on the MHC class II molecules. By using the NFAT-GFP reporter T cells, we showed that the TCR-like mAb blocks the diabetogenic T cell response against the fusion peptide presented on the MHC class II molecules. Furthermore, the development of T1D was ameliorated when pre-diabetic NOD mice were treated with this mAb. These findings suggest that NFAT-GFP reporter T cells are useful to assess the function of specific TCR and the recognition of fusion peptides by T cells is crucial for the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Matsumoto
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kishida
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Maki Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sumiko Matsuoka
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masako Kohyama
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Suenaga
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisashi Arase
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Loaiza Naranjo JD, Bergot AS, Buckle I, Hamilton-Williams EE. A Question of Tolerance-Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy for Type 1 Diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2020; 20:70. [PMID: 33169191 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-020-01363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASI) is a long sought-after goal for type 1 diabetes (T1D), with the potential of greater long-term safety than non-specific immunotherapy. We review the most recent advances in identification of target islet epitopes, delivery platforms and the ongoing challenges. RECENT FINDINGS It is now recognised that human proinsulin contains a hotspot of epitopes targeted in people with T1D. Beta-cell neoantigens are also under investigation as ASI target epitopes. Consideration of the predicted HLA-specificity of the target antigen for subject selection is now being incorporated into trial design. Cell-free ASI approaches delivering antigen with or without additional immunomodulatory agents can induce antigen-specific regulatory T cell responses, including in patients and many novel nanoparticle-based platforms are under development. ASI for T1D is rapidly advancing with a number of modalities currently being trialled in patients and many more under development in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeniffer D Loaiza Naranjo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Anne-Sophie Bergot
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Irina Buckle
- Mater Research Institute UQ, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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Kalita B, Bano S, Vavachan VM, Taunk K, Seshadri V, Rapole S. Application of mass spectrometry based proteomics to understand diabetes: A special focus on interactomics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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50
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Wiles TA, Saba LM, Delong T. Peptide-Spectrum Match Validation with Internal Standards (P-VIS): Internally-Controlled Validation of Mass Spectrometry-Based Peptide Identifications. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:236-249. [PMID: 32924495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is an increasingly powerful tool for studying proteins in the context of disease. As technological advances in instrumentation and data analysis have enabled deeper profiling of proteomes and peptidomes, the need for a rigorous, standardized approach to validate individual peptide-spectrum matches (PSMs) has emerged. To address this need, we developed a novel and broadly applicable workflow: PSM validation with internal standards (P-VIS). In this approach, the fragmentation spectrum and chromatographic retention time of a peptide within a biological sample are compared with those of a synthetic version of the putative peptide sequence match. Similarity measurements obtained for a panel of internal standard peptides are then used to calculate a prediction interval for valid matches. If the observed degree of similarity between the biological and the synthetic peptide falls within this prediction interval, then the match is considered valid. P-VIS enables systematic and objective assessment of the validity of individual PSMs, providing a measurable degree of confidence when identifying peptides by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Aaron Wiles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045-0508, United States States
| | - Laura M Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045-0508, United States States
| | - Thomas Delong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045-0508, United States States
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