Ethnic-specific criteria for the metabolic syndrome: evidence from China

Different levels of physical activity and risk of developing type 2 diabetes among adults with prediabetes: a population-based cohort study

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to evaluate the association between different levels of physical activity and risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus among adults with prediabetes in Chinese population.

METHODS

This prospective population-based cohort study included 12,424 participants (mean [SD] age, 52.8 [16.8] years; 82.2% men) with prediabetes at 2014 survey of the Kailuan study. Physical activity information was collected through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form and categorized by metabolic equivalent (MET) of task as low, moderate, and high. Cox regression models were built to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between physical activity levels and incident T2D.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 3.6 years, 2,207 (17.8%) participants developed T2D. The incident rate of T2D were 55.83/1000, 35.14/1000, and 39.61/1000 person-years in the low, moderate, and high physical activity level group, respectively. Both moderate (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.67) and high (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.89) physical activity levels were associated with lower risks of developing T2D compared to low physical activity level (P for trend < 0.001). The association between high physical activity level and T2D was primarily observed in participants without metabolic syndrome (P for interaction < 0.001). Moreover, participants with moderate or high levels of physical activity had significantly decreased fasting blood glucose levels during follow-up when compared to those with low level (P group*time < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

This study suggested that individuals with prediabetes might benefit from moderate and high levels of physical activity.

Association between physical activity and the prevalence of gout among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperuricemia: a two-center population-based cross-sectional study

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and gout cohabitation severely reduces patient life quality while raising financial burden on individual and society. The aim of this study was to elucidate the association between physical activity (PA) and the prevalence of gout among type 2 DM (T2DM) and hyperuricemia (HUA) patients.

METHODS

In all, we recruited 2291 T2DM patients with HUA. Among them, 448 had gout and 1843 did not. We collected patient data, such as anthropometry, laboratory reports, and medical history, for our analyses. The PA assessment was based on the Chinese version of International PA Questionnaire-short (IPAQ). Moreover, the relationship between PA and gout risk was examined using multivariate logistic regression models.

RESULTS

Total PA was markedly low among gout patients, relative to controls (p < 0.05). Based on the IPAQ categorical score, 38.2% exhibited "low," 26.8% "moderate," and 35.0% "high" PA among gout patients. In comparison, 12.4% performed "low," 53.8% "moderate," and 33.8% "high" PA among controls. Multivariate analysis revealed that, after adjustment of confounding factors, both low (OR 6.382) and high PA (OR 2.048) had a higher prevalence of gout, as compared to moderate PA. Moreover, we revealed that the male sex, age, HUA duration, serum uric acid, glycated hemoglobin, dyslipidemia history, and drinking status were also independent indicators of the prevalence of gout. Furthermore, stratification analyses revealed results consistent with our prior results.

CONCLUSIONS

PA intensity was associated with the prevalence of gout among T2DM and HUA patients, and the lowest prevalence was achieved from moderate intensity PA. Key Points • PA intensity was associated with the prevalence of gout among T2DM and HUA patients. • The lowest prevalence of gout was achieved from moderate intensity PA.

Relationships between obesity and prevalence of gout in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional population-based study

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between generalized, abdominal, and visceral fat obesity and the prevalence of gout in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

METHODS

Data were obtained from the electronic medical databases of the National Metabolic Management Center (MMC) of Yuhuan Second People's Hospital and Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital) between September 2017 and June 2023. Four obesity indicators were analyzed: waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI), and visceral fat area (VFA). The relationships between these parameters and gout prevalence were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the four parameters for gout.

RESULTS

This cross-sectional study enrolled 10,535 participants (600 cases and 9,935 controls). Obesity was more common in patients with gout, and the obesity indicators were markedly higher in this group. After adjustment for confounders, obesity, as defined by BMI, WC, WHR, and VFA, was found to be associated with greater gout prevalence, with odds ratios (OR) of 1.775, 1.691, 1.858, and 1.578, respectively (P < 0.001). The gout odds ratios increased markedly in relation to the obesity indicator quartiles (P-value for trend < 0.001), and the obesity indicators were positively correlated with gout prevalence, as shown using RCS. The area under the ROC curve values for BMI, WC, WHR, and VFA were 0.629, 0.651, 0.634, and 0.633, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Obesity-whether general, abdominal, or visceral fat obesity-was positively linked with elevated gout risk. But uncovering the causality behind the relationship requires further prospective study. Obesity indicators (BMI, WC, WHR, and VFA) may have potential value for diagnosing gout in clinical practice.

Genetic variations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on metabolic disorders in obstructive sleep apnea

BACKGROUND

The study aimed to explore the relationship between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) genetic variants and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and its complications, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), insulin resistance (IR), and metabolic syndrome (MS).

METHOD

4329 individuals with suspected OSA who underwent a comprehensive assessment of anthropometric, biochemical, and polysomnography (PSG) data, along with 30 LDL-C single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were enrolled. The 10-year Framingham CVD risk score (FRS), IR and MS were evaluated for each subject. Linear regression and logistic regression were utilized to examine the correlations among these variables.

RESULTS

After the Benjamini-Hochberg correction, linear regression results indicated positive correlations between variants rs3741297 and rs629301 with FRS (β = 0.031, PBH=0.002; β = 0.026, PBH=0.015). Logistic regression revealed that rs3741297 increased MS risk among total subjects [OR = 1.67 (95% CI:1.369-2.038), PBH=1.32 × 10- 5] and increased IR risk in females [OR = 3.475 (95% CI:1.653-7.307), PBH=0.03]. In males, rs2642438 decreased MS risk [OR = 0.81 (95% CI:0.703-0.933), PBH=0.045].

CONCLUSIONS

The rs3741297 variant correlated with susceptibility to CVD, IR, and MS in the OSA population. OSA, CVD, IR and MS share a potentially common genetic background, which may promote precision medicine.

CINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

The study protocol was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR1900025714).

Nomogram for Predicting Remission of Metabolic Syndrome 1 Year after Sleeve Gastrectomy Surgery in Chinese Patients with Obesity

PURPOSE

Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is a widely used and effective treatment for patients with obesity and comorbid metabolic abnormalities. No specialized tool is available to predict metabolic syndrome (MS) remission after SG. We presented a nomogram that evaluated the probability of MS remission in obese patients 1 year after SG.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients with preoperative MS who underwent SG were enrolled in this retrospective study. They were divided into a training set and a validation set. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of MS remission, and these predictors were included in the nomogram. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate discrimination. Calibration was performed with the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. The net benefits of the nomogram were evaluated using decision curve analysis (DCA).

RESULTS

Three hundred and eighteen patients with a median age of 34.0 years were analyzed. A training set and a validation set with 159 individuals each were established. A combination of age, preoperative high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated triglycerides and glycated hemoglobin level independently and accurately predicted MS remission. The nomogram included these factors. The discriminative ability was moderate in training and validation sets (Area under curve 0.800 and 0.727, respectively). The Hosmer-Lemeshow X2 value of the nomogram was 8.477 (P = 0.388) for the training set and 5.361 (P = 0.718) for the validation set, indicating good calibration. DCA showed the nomogram had clinical benefits in both datasets.

CONCLUSION

Our nomogram could accurately predict MS remission in Chinese patients with obesity 1 year after SG.

A Positive Causal Relationship between Noodle Intake and Metabolic Syndrome: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study

The controversy over the link between noodle consumption and metabolic syndrome (MetS) persists. Using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach, we aimed to examine the potential causal relationship between noodle consumption and the risk of MetS and its components in adult populations of city hospital-based (n = 58,701) and Ansan/Ansung plus rural (AAR; n = 13,598) cohorts. The instrumental variables were assigned with genetic variants associated with low- and high-noodle intake (cutoff: 130 g/day) by a genome-wide association study (GWAS) with p < 5 × 10⁻⁵ and linkage disequilibrium (r² = 0.001), following adjustment for covariates related to MetS, in the city cohort. MR-Egger, inverse-variance weighted (IVW), and weighted median were applied to investigate the causal association of noodle intake with MetS risk in the AAR. The quality of the MR results was checked with leave-one-out sensitivity and heterogeneity analyses. A higher energy intake with lower carbohydrates and higher fats, proteins, and higher sodium and a lower intake of calcium, vitamin D, vitamin C, and flavonoids were shown in the high-noodle group, indicating poor diet quality. The glycemic index and glycemic load of daily meals were much higher in the high-noodle intake group than in the low-noodle intake group. In the observational studies, not only the total noodle intake but also the different types of noodle intake were also positively associated with MetS risk. In the MR analysis, high-noodle intake elevated MetS, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and abdominal obesity in an IVW model (p < 0.05) but not the MR-Egger model. No single genetic variant among the instrumental variables changed their relationship in the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis. No likelihood of horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneity was exhibited in the association between noodle intake and MetS. In conclusion, noddle intake had a positive causal association with MetS and its components in Asian adults.

Neoadjuvant docetaxel, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide with or without metformin in breast cancer patients with metabolic abnormality: results from the randomized Phase II NeoMET trial

PURPOSE

Breast cancer patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components show worse treatment responses to chemotherapy. Metformin is a widely used antidiabetic drug which also shows potential anticancer effect. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and metabolic parameters change of metformin combined with docetaxel, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide (TEC) in neoadjuvant treatment (NAT) for breast cancer patients with metabolic abnormality.

METHODS

Eligible breast cancer patients were randomized to receive six cycles of TEC (docetaxel 75 mg/m², epirubicin 75 mg/m², and cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m², d1, q3w) or TEC with metformin (TECM, TEC with oral metformin 850 mg once daily for the first cycle, then 850 mg twice daily for the following cycles). The primary end point was total pathological complete response (tpCR, ypTis/0N0) rate.

RESULTS

Ninety-two patients were enrolled and randomized from October 2013 to December 2019: 88 patients were available for response and safety assessment. The tpCR rates were 12.5% (5/40) and 14.6% (7/48) in the TEC and TECM groups, respectively (P = 0.777). There was no difference in Ki67 decrease after NAT between two groups (P = 0.456). Toxicity profile were similar between two groups. No grade 3 or higher diarrhea were recorded. Total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol worsened after NAT in the TEC arm but remained stable in the TECM arm. The absolute increase of TC and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was significantly lower in the TECM group compared with the TEC group. After a median follow-up of 40.8 (4.7-70.8) months, no survival difference was observed between TEC and TECM groups (all P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Adding metformin to TEC didn't increase pCR rate and disease outcome in breast cancer patients with metabolic abnormality. However, additional metformin treatment with chemotherapy would prevent TC and LDL-C increase after NAT. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01929811.

Association between Age at Type 2 Diabetes Onset and Diabetic Retinopathy: A Double-Center Retrospective Study

BACKGROUND

With the decreasing age of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) onset, the incidence of diabetic complications is gradually increasing. We evaluated the independent effect of age at diabetes onset on diabetic retinopathy (DR) development.

METHODS

A total of 7472 patients with T2DM were enrolled in the National Metabolic Management Center from September 2017 to May 2022. Anthropometry data, laboratory reports, and medical history were collected. The independent association of DR with age at diabetes onset was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models. In addition, a stratified analysis was performed to determine the effect of confounding variables.

RESULTS

Of the 7472 patients recruited, 1642 (21.98%) had DR. Patients with DR had considerably younger ages of diabetes onset than those without DR (45 (38-53) years vs. 50 (43-57) years, P < 0.001). The proportion of patients with T2DM onset at a younger age was higher in the DR group than that in the non-DR group. Participants were divided into four groups according to their age at diabetes onset, namely, ≥60, <40, 40-49, and 50-59 years. Compared with patients with diabetes onset at age ≥ 60 years, those with diabetes onset at <40 years (odds ratio (OR): 5.56, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.731-8.285, P < 0.001), 40-49 years (OR: 2.751, 95% CI: 2.047-3.695, P < 0.001), and 50-59 years (OR: 1.606, 95% CI: 1.263-2.042, P < 0.001) were at an increased risk of DR after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Furthermore, stratification analyses demonstrated that young age at diabetes onset is an independent risk factor for DR.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with diabetes onset at an older age, diabetes onset at a younger age is associated with a significantly increased DR risk.

Does metabolic syndrome increase the risk of fracture? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Metabolic syndrome is of increasing concern globally. The aspects of this disease and its interaction with other morbidities should be discussed in detail. By investigating the effects of metabolic syndrome on the bone fracture rate, we have shown a protective role for metabolic syndrome in the male population.

PURPOSE

There is controversy on the effects of metabolic syndrome on bone health and fracture risk. This systematic review and meta-analysis reappraises the literature on the subject and quantitatively evaluates the fracture risk in individuals with metabolic syndrome.

METHODS

PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for all relevant articles. Studies were selected if they included the rate of any type of fracture in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Non-English studies, review articles, case reports, and editorials were excluded. The titles and abstracts were screened to identify relevant studies and the data was extracted from these. The data were analyzed to determine the estimated effect at a 95% confidence interval. Publication bias was assessed using the Egger's test, and funnel plots were drawn. The heterogeneity of the results was determined according to I² statistics.

RESULTS

Of the 3141 articles from the initial search, 20 studies were selected for review and included 13 cross-sectional and seven cohort studies. A meta-analysis of all studies showed no association between metabolic syndrome and fractures across the entire population (HR = 0.954; p = 0.410). However, separate analysis of the cohort studies showed a decreased risk over the entire population (HR = 0.793; p = 0.000) and in males (HR = 0.671; p = 0.000), but not in females (HR = 1.029; p = 0.743).

CONCLUSION

This systematic review and meta-analysis showed that the current literature suggests that metabolic syndrome is a protective factor for bone fractures in males but has no net effect on fractures among females.

Statin use and risk of progression to liver cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B independent of conventional risk factors: A nationwide study

Many studies have elucidated the protective associations of statin use with liver cancer or mortality, but studies examining statin's effect on the risk of progression to liver cirrhosis considering medical/metabolic conditions or lifestyle factors are lacking. We aimed to assess statin's benefit independent of conventional risk factors. We identified 25,033 pairs of statin users (using statins for ≥90 days) and nonusers among patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in the Republic of Korea's National Health Insurance Service database from 2010 to 2018. The primary endpoint was progression to cirrhosis from an inactive carrier or simple CHB. The cumulative probability was plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using the multivariable Cox proportional hazard model. During a 218,472 person-year follow-up, 2210 incident cases of progression to cirrhosis occurred. The 5-year cumulative risks were 4.0% and 6.3% in statin users and nonusers, respectively (p < 0.001). Statin use was significantly associated with a decreased risk of progression to cirrhosis (aHR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.55-0.65; p < 0.001), after adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, antiviral therapy, aspirin use, metformin use, nonstatin medication for dyslipidemia, smoking, drinking, obesity, exercise, and liver dysfunction. This protective association was still significant in a dose-response manner and with different time lags for outcomes. Conclusion: Statin use is associated with a decreased risk of progression to cirrhosis among patients with CHB, independent of metabolic and lifestyle factors. Future studies are required to validate this observation.

Transethnic meta-analysis of exome-wide variants identifies new loci associated with male-specific metabolic syndrome

BACKGROUND

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of very common human conditions promoting strong understand the impact of rare variants, beyond exome-wide association studies, to potentially discover causative variants, across different ethnic populations.

OBJECTIVE

We performed transethnic, exome-wide MetS association studies on MetS in men.

METHODS

We analyzed genotype data of 5302 European subjects (2658 cases and 2644 controls), in the discovery stage of the European METabolic Syndrome In Men study, generated from exome chips, and 2481 subjects (714 cases and 1767 controls), in the replication stage, across 6 independent cohorts of 5 ancestries (T2D-GENES consortium), using whole-exome sequencing. We therefore evaluated gene-level and variant-level associations, of rare variants for MetS, using logistic regression (LR) and multivariate analyses (MulA).

RESULTS

Gene-based association found the gene for the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) (from MulA, p value = 4.67 × 10-9; from LR, p value = 0.009) to well associate with MetS. At two missense variants, from 8 rare variants in CETP, Ala390Pro (rs5880) (from MulA, p value = 1.28 × 10-7; from LR, p value = 1.34 × 10-4) and Arg468Gln (rs1800777) (from MulA, p value = 2.40 × 10-5; from LR, p value = 1.49 × 10-3) significantly associated with MetS across five ancestries.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings highlight novel rare variants of genes that confer MetS susceptibility, in Europeans, that are shared with diverse populations, emphasizing an opportunity to further understand the biological target or genes that underlie MetS, across populations.

The Dose-Response Effects of Consuming High Fructose Corn Syrup-Sweetened Beverages on Hepatic Lipid Content and Insulin Sensitivity in Young Adults

Increased hepatic lipid content and decreased insulin sensitivity have critical roles in the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the dose-response effects of consuming high fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-sweetened beverages for two weeks on hepatic lipid content and insulin sensitivity in young (18-40 years) adults (BMI 18-35 kg/m2). In a parallel, double-blinded study, participants consumed three beverages/day providing 0% (aspartame: n = 23), 10% (n = 18), 17.5% (n = 16), or 25% (n = 28) daily energy requirements from HFCS. Magnetic resonance imaging for hepatic lipid content and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were conducted during 3.5-day inpatient visits at baseline and again at the end of a 15-day intervention. During the 12 intervening outpatient days participants consumed their usual diets with their assigned beverages. Significant linear dose-response effects were observed for increases of hepatic lipid content (p = 0.015) and glucose and insulin AUCs during OGTT (both p = 0.0004), and for decreases in the Matsuda (p = 0.0087) and Predicted M (p = 0.0027) indices of insulin sensitivity. These dose-response effects strengthen the mechanistic evidence implicating consumption of HFCS-sweetened beverages as a contributor to the metabolic dysregulation that increases risk for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes.

The influence of metabolic syndrome on atrial fibrillation recurrence: five-year outcomes after a single cryoballoon ablation procedure

BACKGROUND

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been reported as a risk factor of atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation. This study aimed to investigate the long-term influence of MetS on paroxysmal AF recurrence after a single cryoballoon ablation procedure, which was scarcely investigated yet in Chinese population.

METHODS

In total, 137 paroxysmal AF patients who had successfully completed a single cryoballoon ablation procedure at Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China from December 2013 to October 2015 were enrolled. Excepting for patients with AF recurrence, all patients were followed up for no less than five years. Independent predictors of AF recurrence were determined by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.

RESULTS

Among 137 paroxysmal AF patients, 91 patients (66.4%) had successfully achieved overall five-year follow-up after a single cryoballoon ablation procedure, and 44 patients (32.1%) had MetS. Patients with MetS had a significant lower incidence of freedom from AF recurrence than those without MetS (50.0% vs. 74.2%, log-rank P < 0.01) during the five-year follow-up. MetS (HR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.069−3.551, P = 0.030) was an independent predictor of AF recurrence after adjusting for multiple factors. After the second year post cryoballoon ablation procedure, the recurrence rate of AF gradually increased in patients with MetS, in contrast, decreased recurrence rate of AF in patients without MetS.

CONCLUSIONS

MetS is an independent predictor for five-year AF recurrence after a single cryoballoon ablation procedure in paroxysmal AF patients. Combination therapy of AF and MetS may improve the long-term outcomes of AF patients.

Association between Carbohydrate Intake and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Women

Carbohydrates consist of a large proportion of calories in the Asian diet. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between carbohydrate intake and metabolic syndrome in Korean women. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted with a total of 4294 Korean women aged 40–69 years from the Korean Genomic and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). Carbohydrate intake was calculated based on a validated food frequency questionnaire. Metabolic syndrome was defined by using the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEPIII). Logistic regression was used to estimate the association of carbohydrate intake with metabolic syndrome and its components. In this study, high carbohydrate intake seemed to be associated with low socioeconomic status and an imbalanced diet. After adjusting for confounding factors, subjects with higher carbohydrate intake showed an increased risk of metabolic syndrome (odds ratio (OR) 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.66, p-trend = 0.004, highest vs. lowest quartile [≥75.2 vs. <67.0% of energy]), particularly elevated waist circumference. This association was stronger among those with low levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and those with low dairy intake. In conclusion, higher carbohydrate intake is associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome, particularly abdominal obesity, in Korean women. This association may differ according to individuals’ CRP level and dairy intake.

Hemoglobin concentration is associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome

BACKGROUND

An association between hemoglobin and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been reported. However, the relationships between hemoglobin and individual MetS components remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated these associations at baseline and at the 3-year follow-up.

METHODS

We enrolled 9960 middle-aged and elderly subjects (6726 women and 3234 men) and performed a 3-year follow-up cohort study. All subjects completed a questionnaire and underwent anthropometric measurements and laboratory tests. Logistic regression models were developed to assess the association between hemoglobin and MetS and its components.

RESULTS

MetS was present in 45.1% of women and 41.4% of men at baseline. The hemoglobin concentration was positively correlated with SBP, DBP, TGs, WC, FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR, BMI and uric acid (p < 0.05). The mean hemoglobin concentration was higher in subjects with hypertension, high TGs, abdominal obesity or elevated FPG (p < 0.01). At follow-up, elevated hemoglobin correlated with an increased incidence and ORs for MetS, high TGs, low HDL-c, hyperuricemia and NAFLD but not abdominal obesity, BP or FPG in women. Increased hemoglobin corresponded with an increased incidence and ORs for MetS, abdominal obesity, low HDL-c, hyperuricemia and NAFLD but not BP, high TGs or FPG in men.

CONCLUSIONS

Hemoglobin may play a role in predicting new-onset MetS in both women and men. Hemoglobin was notably correlated with future risk of high TGs, low HDL-c, hyperuricemia, and NAFLD among women and abdominal obesity, low HDL-c, hyperuricemia, and NAFLD among men.

Dietary Tryptophan and the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: Total Effect and Mediation Effect of Sleep Duration

PURPOSE

Tryptophan affects energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, blood pressure, and sleep. However, studies investigating the association between tryptophan and metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) are rare. We aimed to investigate the associations of dietary tryptophan with MetSyn incidence and potential mediation via sleep duration.

METHODS

Data of 7890 participants were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1997-2011) (male: 49.9%; mean age=43.43 years;median follow-up=129.76 months; MetSyn incidence: 16.3%). A combination of individual 24-hour recall and household survey was used to assess dietary intake. In total, 6720 and 4474 participants who reported sleep duration and had blood samples taken, respectively, were incorporated into subgroup analyses. MetSyn was defined according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP ATP) III criteria (2004), and tryptophan consumption and sleep duration were assessed by self-report in each survey. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to assess the associations between tertiles of tryptophan intake and MetSyn. Generalized linear regression models were used to evaluate the effect of tryptophan on sleep duration and plasma biomarkers.

RESULTS

Dietary tryptophan showed a protective effect on the risk of MetSyn. The hazard ratio (95% CI) of MetSyn was 0.77 (0.65-0.90) for individuals with a high tertile of tryptophan. Sleep duration was significantly higher, and HbA_1c, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and apolipoprotein B (APO-B) were lower in the high tertile of tryptophan compared to the low tertile (P<0.05). In addition, mediation effects on the association between tryptophan intake and MetSyn risk were observed for sleep duration (estimated mediation percentage: 26.5%).

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated a negative association between dietary tryptophan and MetSyn incidence, and the mediation effect of sleep duration on this association, after adjusting for numerous confounders such as nutrients and food patterns. These findings may have important public health implications for the improvement of cardiometabolic health.

Trend in the clinical profile of type 2 diabetes in India - Study from a diabetes care centre in South India

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Study the changing clinical and therapeutic profiles of type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients during a 10-year period in a diabetes care centre in Southern India.

METHODS

Retrospective, cross-sectional data of newly registered and review patients at four periods between 2009 and 2018 were analysed (n = 50,322). Clinical findings, anthropometry, blood pressure (BP), glycaemia, lipids, treatment, and co-morbid conditions were analysed. We studied the trends in age and gender distributions, body mass index (BMI), glycaemia, (Glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels), BP, cholesterol, triglycerides and therapeutic regimen during this period. Trend analyses were done.

RESULTS

Approximately 60% of patients were men. Percentages in 30-40 years increased, ∼60% were aged 50-69 years and proportion of older patients decreased (p < 0.0001). In 10 years, 85.9% was overweight, obesity increased from 22.1% to 25.0% (p < 0.0001) and <13% maintained normal BMI. HbA1c <7.0% remained approximately at 22%, percentage with moderate glycaemic control (HbA1c 7.0-7.9%) increased significantly, HbA1c of ≥9.0% decreased from 35.1% to 29.1% (p < 0.0001). Use of monotherapy decreased. Prevalence of hypertension increased from 16.2% to 21.6% (p < 0.0001); use of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB) and calcium channel blockers increased, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and thiazides decreased (p < 0.0001). Increased use of statins paralleled with reduction in total cholesterol and LDLc.

CONCLUSION

Increasing percentages of younger patients and obesity, use of multiple drugs and reduction in HbA1c were the important observations. Rising prevalence of hypertension, increased use of ARB and statins with better control of dyslipidaemia was observed. Achievement of ideal HbA1c and BP were suboptimal.

Influence of multiple apolipoprotein A-I and B genetic variations on insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in obstructive sleep apnea

Background

The relationships between apolipoprotein A-I (APOA-I), apolipoprotein B (APOB) with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome (MetS) are unclear in OSA. We aimed to evaluate whether the multiple single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants of APOA-I and APOB exert a collaborative effect on insulin resistance and MetS in OSA.

Methods

Initially, 12 APOA-I SNPs and 30 APOB SNPs in 5259 subjects were examined. After strict screening, four APOA-I SNPs and five APOB SNPs in 4007 participants were included. For each participant, the genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated based on the cumulative effect of multiple genetic variants of APOA-I and APOB. Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationships between APOA-I/APOB genetic polymorphisms, insulin resistance, and MetS in OSA.

Results

Serum APOB levels increased the risk of insulin resistance and MetS adjusting for age, gender and BMI [odds ratio (OR = 3.168, P < 0.001; OR = 6.098, P < 0.001, respectively]. APOA-I GRS decreased the risk of insulin resistance and MetS after adjustments (OR = 0.917, P = 0.001; OR = 0.870, P < 0.001, respectively). APOB GRS had no association with insulin resistance (OR = 1.364, P = 0.610), and had weak association with MetS after adjustments (OR = 1.072, P = 0.042). In addition, individuals in the top quintile of the APOA-I genetic score distribution had a lower risk of insulin resistance and MetS after adjustments (OR = 0.761, P = 0.007; OR = 0.637, P < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusions

In patients with OSA, cumulative effects of APOA-I genetic variations decreased the risk of insulin resistance and MetS, whereas multiple APOB genetic variations had no associations with insulin resistance and weak association with MetS.

Hypoxia aggravates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in presence of high fat choline deficient diet: A pilot study

AIM

NAFLD is a chronic and progressive disease for which there are no FDA-approved drugs available in the market. Drug discovery is a time-consuming procedure and requires screening of hundreds of small molecules to find new chemical entities (NECs) for a particular disease. Current preclinical NAFLD animal models take a longer time, which enhances the duration and expenses of the screening procedure. Hence to shorten the duration, we have proposed a preclinical animal model for rapid induction of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an advanced stage of NAFLD in rats.

METHODOLOGY

The animals were divided into three groups; control, high fat choline deficient (HFCD) and high fat choline deficient diet with sodium nitrite (40 mg/kg b.w. i.p. per day) (HFCD + NaNO₂) respectively. Four weeks later physical and serum biochemical parameters were assessed, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed, and histopathology and gene expression were analysed.

KEY FINDINGS

Hypoxic stress aggravates the lipid accumulation, ballooning, lobular inflammation and fibrosis in hepatic tissue in presence of HFCD diet.

SIGNIFICANCE

This novel rodent model could be a useful NAFLD model to screen small molecules rapidly for treatment of NASH.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome by different definitions, and its association with type 2 diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular disease risk in Brazil

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is increasing in developing countries. Different definitions of MS lead to discrepancies in prevalence estimates and applicability. We assessed the prevalence of MS as defined by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Plan III (Modified NCEP) and Joint Interim Statement (JIS); compared the diagnostic performance and association of these definitions of MS with pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.

METHODS

A total of 714 randomly selected subjects from Northeastern Brazil were investigated in a cross-sectional study. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, and clinical data were recorded. Diagnostic test performance measures assessed the ability of the different MS definitions to identify those with pre-diabetes, T2DM and increased CVD risk.

RESULTS

The adjusted prevalence of MS was 36.1% applying the JIS criteria, 35.1% the IDF and 29.5% Modified NCEP. Women were more affected by MS according to all definitions. MS was significantly associated with pre-diabetes, T2DM and CVD risk following the three definitions. However, the JIS and IDF definitions showed higher sensitivity than the Modified NCEP to identify pre-diabetes, T2DM and CVD risk. The odds ratios for those conditions were not significantly different when comparing the definitions.

CONCLUSIONS

MS is highly prevalent in Brazil, particularly among those with pre-diabetes, T2DM, and high CVD risk. The IDF and JIS criteria may be better suited in the Brazilian population to identify pre-diabetes, T2DM and CVD risk. This may also signify the importance of the assessment of MS in clinical practice.

IGF-1 Interacted With Obesity in Prognosis Prediction in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Patients

Purpose: Dysmetabolism and high circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) would increase breast cancer risk, but its association with survival in HER2+ breast cancer patients has not been well-studied. Herein, we aim to evaluate the prognostic value of IGF-1 and metabolic abnormalities in HER2+ population.

Patients and Methods: HER2+ breast cancer patients treated in Ruijin Hospital between November 2012 and June 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Median value of circulating IGF-1 was adopted to classify low or high IGF-1 group. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined using AHA/NHLBI criteria. Overweight was defined by body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24.0 kg/m² in Chinese population.

Results: Overall, 679 patients were included and 209 had synchronous MetS. High IGF-1 level was more common in pre/peri-menopausal women (P < 0.001) and high IGFBP-3 patients (P < 0.001). After a median follow-up of 36 months, 52 patients had disease recurrences. IGF-1 level was not associated with recurrence-free survival (RFS, P = 0.620) in the whole population. However, exploratory subgroup analysis found that BMI and IGF-1 interacted in predicting RFS (P = 0.009). For non-overweight patients, high IGF-1 showed a superior 4-years RFS (91.1 vs. 85.0%; HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.27–1.00, P = 0.049) compared with patients with low IGF-1 level. In contrast, for overweight patients, high IGF-1 was associated with an impaired 4-years RFS (88.3 vs. 95.7%, HR 3.20, 95% CI 1.00–10.21, P = 0.038). Furthermore, high IGF-1 level was independently associated with better OS in the whole (HR 0.26, 95% CI 0.08–0.82, P = 0.044) as well as non-overweight population (HR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03–0.68, P = 0.005).

Conclusions: IGF-1 level was not associated with RFS in HER2+ breast cancer patients. However, IGF-1 and BMI had significant interaction in disease outcome prediction in HER2+ patients. High IGF-1 was protective in non-overweight patients, but risk factor for those overweight, which deserves further evaluation.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Overweight and Obese Patients and Their Measurement of Neck Circumference: A Cross-sectional Study

Background The utilization of neck circumference (NC) as a valuable tool to evaluate metabolic syndrome (MetS) is still unclear. MetS has been extensively reported worldwide mainly due to the increasing trend of central obesity and the risk of developing coronary artery disease. In Pakistan, its incidence is reported to be between 18% and 49% among the urban population. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan; in total, 392 patients (body mass index [BMI] >23 kg/m², age ≥18 years, both genders) were recruited through consecutive sampling, and informed consent was obtained. Results The majority of patients were females (n = 344, 87.8%), and the mean ± SD of age and NC of all patients was 50.5 ± 9.6 years and 38 ± 4.6 cm, respectively. The majority (n = 375, 95.7%) of patients were found to have MetS, with 90% of both males and females having NC ≥38 cm and 34 cm, respectively. Conclusion The prevalence of MetS was found to be very high in overweight and obese patients. Moreover, the majority of patients with MetS were found to have higher NC.

The association of adiponectin with metabolic syndrome and clinical outcome in patients with non-diabetic chronic kidney disease

Adiponectin is the most abundant circulating adipokine, and it has insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory properties. Although it has been speculated that kidney function decline associated with elevated adiponectin is attributable to decreased renal clearance and compensatory responses to adiponectin resistance, it is unclear how elevated adiponectin affects clinical outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and whether the effects are the same as those in the general population. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine whether the association between serum adiponectin levels and clinical outcomes in non-diabetic CKD patients is independent of adiposity and metabolic syndrome. We enrolled 196 non-diabetic CKD patients with eGFR ranging between 10 and 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, these patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of metabolic syndrome. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality or renal events (renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy [RRT] or 50% reduction in eGFR). During the mean follow-up period of 5 years, 48 (24.5%) incident cases of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were observed, and 33 (16.8%) deaths occurred. The mean eGFR was 29.8 ± 12.8 mL/min/1.73m2. The baseline median adiponectin concentration in the cohort was 29.4(interquartile range, 13.3-108.7) μg/ml. Adiponectin levels were inversely related to body mass index (BMI) (r = -0.29; P < 0.001) and waist circumference (r = -0.35; P < 0.001). In the fully adjusted Cox regression model, the hazard ratios (HRs) were 2.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-4.02; P = 0.03) for RRT and 1.66 (95% CI, 1.03-2.65; P = 0.04) for composite renal outcome. The risks remained consistent within different subgroups. However, no association was observed with mortality risk. In conclusion, higher adiponectin levels are associated with a higher risk of ESRD independent of conventional risk factors, BMI, and metabolic syndrome components.

Risk factors in metabolic syndrome predict the progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND

While metabolic syndrome can independently predict the development of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes, the risk factors for DKD progression have rarely been discussed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome and the progression of DKD in patients with type 2 diabetes.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This retrospective observational cohort study lasted approximately five years. We defined metabolic syndrome using the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III with the Asian definition of obesity. The progression of DKD was demonstrated by either the progression of albuminuria or worsening renal function. Progression of albuminuria was defined by the transition from normoalbuminuria (<30 mg/g) to microalbuminuria (30-300 mg/g) or from micro- to macroalbuminuria (>300 mg/g). Worsening renal function was defined by a reduction of eGFR to 50% of the baseline or the doubling of serum creatinine. We adopted multivariate Cox-regression analysis to determine the risk factors associated with DKD progression.

RESULTS

This study consisted of 935 type 2 diabetic patients with a mean age of 64.62 years. We found progression of albuminuria in 172 patients (18.4%) and worsened renal function in 41 patients (4.4%). After Cox regression analysis, the multivariable-adjusted HR for the progression of albuminuria and worsened renal function was 1.65 (95% C.I.:1.07-2.53 P = 0.022) and 2.62 (95% C.I.:1.01-6.79 P = 0.047) respectively, for those with metabolic syndrome compared to those without metabolic syndrome.

CONCLUSION

The presence of metabolic syndrome independently predicts DKD progression in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Insulin-like growth factor-1, metabolic abnormalities, and pathological complete remission rate in HER2-positive breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy

Purpose: HER2-positive breast cancer (BC) achieving pathological complete remission (pCR) after neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) had a superior disease outcome. Dysmetabolism and stimulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)-axis would increase BC risk, but we are lacking data for their association with pCR in HER2-positive+ BC. We aim to evaluate the pCR predictive value of above factors in HER2-positive BC patients receiving NAT.

Patients and methods: HER2-positive BC patients receiving NAT ± trastuzumab were retrospectively included between January 2013 and December 2016. Data were compared between baseline at biopsy and surgery. Median value of IGF-1 expression was used as cutoff value to classify patients into low or high group. pCR was defined as no residual invasive carcinoma in breast and axilla.

Results: Overall, 101 patients were included. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 29 (28.71%) with an average of 1.71±1.51 metabolic disorders at baseline, significantly increased after NAT (2.12±1.54, P<0.001). Lipid metabolism factors, including triglycerides, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C significantly worsened after NAT (all P<0.05). Average post-NAT IGF-1 was 196.14±86.03 ng/mL (vs preNAT 186.41±75.03 ng/mL, P=0.182). pCR was achieved in 29 (28.71%) patients. pCR rate was 40.00% and 17.65% for those with low or high preIGF-1 level (P=0.013). Multivariate analysis found that low IGF-1 expression, but not any other metabolic variable, was significantly associated with higher pCR rate in whole population (OR: 3.83, 95%CI: 1.32–11.11, P=0.014) or in patients receiving NAT + trastuzumab (OR: 3.93, 95%CI: 1.13–13.63, P=0.031). With a median follow-up of 29.03 (range: 10.42–56.98) months, IGF-1 level was not associated with overall survival (P=0.328) or disease-free survival (P=0.288).

Conclusion: Low IGF-1 level was related with higher pCR rate in HER2-positive BC patients receiving NAT, which deserves further clinical evaluation.

Eight-week of low-intensive lifestyle modification does improve insulin resistance in adults with metabolic syndrome

Purpose: Improvements in insulin resistance have been observed by following lifestyle modification (LM) for adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, these improvements are associated with relatively intensive and long-term duration LM, which is unlikely to be a part of routine practice for most people. This study examined the impact of a short-term (eight-week) low-intensive LM program on anthropomorphic parameters and insulin resistance in a community-based population. Patients and methods: A total of 174 adults (67 with MetS) were enrolled in this retrospective observational study. The effects of the eight-week LM program on anthropomorphic parameters and glucose homeostasis were investigated. Results: After the LM program, most anthropomorphic parameters in both groups were significantly improved (P<0.05). Glucose homeostasis significantly was improved (P<0.001) in the MetS group. A change in the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was positively associated with the baseline HOMA-IR level (R=0.75,  P<0.001). Conclusion: A low-intensive eight-week LM program is an effective and efficient way to improve the anthropomorphic parameters and to reduce insulin resistance, especially for adults with MetS.

Is waist circumference more strongly associated with metabolic risk factors than waist-to-height ratio in Asians?

OBJECTIVES

Differential distribution of fats can vary among ethnic groups and thus have varying effects on metabolic risk. Measuring metabolic risk of individuals using simple anthropometric measurements is essential to replace current invasive methods of obtaining blood samples. Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) has been advocated as the best simple anthropometric measurement, but, because of the high visceral fat of Asians, there has been speculation as to the possibility of using only waist circumference (WC) to measure metabolic risk. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of WC and WHtR in terms of their association with measures of obesity and metabolic risk factors (e.g., homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, low-density lipoprotein, triacylglycerol, and ratio of triacylglycerol to high-density lipoprotein) and to obtain an optimal cutoff value for one anthropometric measurement.

METHODS

The study was performed on healthy Asian Chinese (N = 527) men (n = 209) and women (n = 318) who participated in a cross-sectional study conducted at the Clinical Nutrition Research Centre located in Singapore. Association of WC and WHtR with metabolic risk factors was obtained using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Optimal cutoff value was obtained using receiver operating characteristic curve.

RESULTS

WC and WHtR performed equally well in both sexes in terms of their strength of association between metabolic risk factors. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that 73.5 cm (in women) and 82.5 cm (in men) were the optimal WC cutoff values to identify insulin resistance.

CONCLUSION

It is suggested that WC is a simpler anthropometric measurement that has strong association with an individual's metabolic risk level.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, obesity, and breast cancer risk in Chinese population

Breast cancer (BC), obesity, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) shared a common mechanism of dysregulated metabolism and inflammatory response in disease initiation. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is associated with adverse survival of BC patients. The aim of this study is to identify risk effect between NLR and BC in Chinese population with or without obesity and MetS. BC and age-matched breast benign disease (BBD) patients were retrospectively analyzed from Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital. MetS was defined using AHA/NHLBI criteria. Individuals were classified into very low (0-1.30), low (1.31-1.67), intermediate (1.68-2.20), and high (>2.20) NLR subsets by each NLR quartile. In all, 1540 BC and 1540 BBD patients were included. Univariate and multivariate analysis found that NLR (OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.16-1.39, P < .001) and obesity (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.00-1.42, P = .046) but not MetS (P = .060) were significantly associated with increased BC risk. Intermediate or high NLR substantially increased BC risk compared to very low NLR group (OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.29-1.92, P < .001; OR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.50-2.25, P < .001; respectively) in whole population. Subgroup analysis found that the impact of higher NLR on BC risk was more obvious in patients without obesity (intermediate NLR, OR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.37-2.16, P < .001; high NLR, OR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.53-2.41, P < .001) or without MetS (intermediate NLR, OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.35-2.14, P < .001; high NLR, OR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.57-2.51, P < .001). Higher preoperative NLR was found in BC patients compared with BBD patients. Intermediate to high NLR level substantially increased BC risk, which was more relevant for those without obesity or MetS.

Association between metabolic syndrome and knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study

Background

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent chronic joint disease in China. The aim of this study was to examine the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and knee OA in a population-based Chinese study.

Methods

Data included in this analysis is from a cross-sectional study, i.e., the Xiangya Hospital Health Management Center Study. MetS was diagnosed according to the criteria defined by the Chinese Diabetes Society. Radiographic knee OA was defined as changes equivalent to Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grade 2 or above at least one side. Associations between MetS and its components with OA were evaluated by conducting multivariable adjusted logistic regression.

Results

A total of 5764 participants were included in the present study. The unadjusted OR (1.27, 95%CI: 1.10–1.47, P = 0.001), age-sex adjusted OR (1.17, 95%CI: 1.01–1.36, P = 0.041) and multivariable adjusted OR (1.17, 95%CI: 1.01–1.36, P = 0.043) all suggested a positive association between MetS and knee OA. Besides, its components (e.g., overweight, hypertension and dyslipidemia) were also associated with the prevalence of radiographic knee OA respectively, after adjusting for some confounding factors. In addition, with the accumulation of MetS components, the prevalence of knee OA increased. Furthermore, MetS as a whole was associated with the prevalence of knee osteophyte (OSP) (OR = 1.72, 95%CI: 1.42–2.09, P < 0.001), but not joint space narrowing (JSN) (OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 0.91–1.23, P = 0.449).

Conclusions

The findings of the present study indicated that there was a positive association between the prevalence of MetS and knee OA. However, MetS as a whole was associated with the higher prevalence of knee OSP, but not JSN, which should shed light on our understanding the association between MetS and OA.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Pathophysiology and Management

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is rapidly becoming the leading cause of end-stage liver disease and liver transplant. With a prevalence of 30% in the United States, it has reached epidemic proportions. The clinical syndrome of NAFLD spans from bland steatosis to steatohepatitis, which can progress to fibrosis and cirrhosis. The pathogenesis includes the roles of hormones, nutritional and intestinal dysbiosis, insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, hepatic inflammation, and genes. Noninvasive testing and liver biopsy indications are reviewed. Approved and investigational therapies for NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are outlined in this article.

Metabolic syndrome and osteoporotic fracture: a population-based study in China

BACKGROUND

Associations between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and osteoporotic fracture have been reported. However, the epidemiological studies are not conclusive. The objective of the study was to determine whether metabolic syndrome associates with osteoporotic fracture.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study of 9930 Chinese adults aged 40 year or older in the Chongming District, Shanghai, China. A questionnaire, anthropometric measurements and laboratory tests were conducted. MetS was defined according to the updated National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for Asian-Americans. A history of fractures was collected with an interviewer-assisted questionnaire. Osteoporotic fractures were defined as fractures that occurred due to low-trauma in 2 years prior to the study.

RESULTS

Among women, the prevalence of osteoporotic fractures was significantly higher in those with MetS (3.5 vs. 2.6 %, P =0.028). However, the difference was not found in men (2.6 vs. 2.4 %, P =0.737). The presence of Mets was significantly associated with increased odds of osteoporotic fracture among women (odds ratio 1.22; 95 % confidence interval 1.12-1.54; P = 0.039) after controlling for potential confounders. The significant associations were not detected in men.

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of MetS was significantly associated with a recent history of osteoporotic fracture in middle-aged and elderly Chinese women.

Establishment and application of a new diagnostic definition of metabolic syndrome in the Shantou region of southern China

The existing definitions of metabolic syndrome (MetS) may not be fully appropriate for the Shantou population because of ethnic and regional differences. We sought to establish a 95% multivariate medical reference range (MMRR) model for diagnosing MetS in Shantou adults and to evaluate the prevalence of MetS by the MMRR, JCDCG (the Chinese Guidelines), and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. A total of 4,580 participants were recruited in Shantou, southern China. We developed a MMRR model based on the combinatorial indicatrixes method for three categorized indicatrixes. According to the developed MMRR criteria, men (women) in Shantou have MetS by meeting 3 or more of the following: waist circumference ≥89 (81) cm; triglycerides level ≥1.73 (1.64) mmol/L; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level ≤1.07 (1.05) mmol/L; blood pressure ≥138/89 (136/85) mmHg; and fasting plasma glucose ≥5.8 (5.7) mmol/L. The agreement of the MMRR with JCDCG and IDF criteria was "substantial" (both κ > 0.68), but the recommended reference values and proportion of individual components of MetS defined by the 3 criteria differed. The population-based MMRR criteria may be appropriate for diagnosing MetS in Shantou population and the model might be useful for generalization to other geographic regions.

Predictive value of serum apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio in metabolic syndrome risk: a Chinese cohort study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I (apoB/apoA-I) ratio is a promising risk predictor of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to determine the optimal cut-off value of this ratio in detecting subjects with MetS in a Chinese population. A prospective study was conducted using a representative sample of non-institutionized people in Taiwan. A total of 3,343 participants with mean age (±SD) of 39.86 (±15.61) years old were followed up from 2002 to 2007. The primary outcome was the incidence of MetS. The MetS was defined according to a unified criterion established by several major organizations. There were 462 cases of incident MetS during a mean follow-up period of 5.26 years. A significantly stepwise increase in the incidence of MetS across quartiles of the apoB/apoA-I ratio was noted in both sexes after adjustment for potential confounders (p for trend <0.001). Compared with the lowest quartile of apoB/apoA-I ratio, participants in the highest quartile had a significantly higher risk of MetS in both men [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 6.29, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 2.79-9.13] and women (adjusted HR = 3.82, 95 % CI = 1.06-6.63). Comparisons of receiver operating characteristics curves indicated that the predictive ability of apoB/apoA-I ratio to detect MetS was better than conventional lipid ratio measurements. Furthermore, the optimal cut-off value of apoB/apoA-I ratio for MetS diagnosis was 0.71 in men and 0.56 in women. These results suggest that an elevated apoB/apoA-I ratio might constitute a potentially crucial measure linked to the risk of developing MetS.

Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with overweight/obese in Guangdong province, China

AIMS

To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with overweight or obese in Guangdong province in China.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was carried out on T2DM patients with overweight/obese in 60 hospitals in Guangdong province. Methods of data collection included questionnaire, clinical examination, blood draw and clinical measurement. Demographic characteristics, diagnosis of diabetes and DPN, disease history, life styles and self-management, most recent laboratory test results and physical examination were collected. Binary logistic regression was used to assess risk factors of DPN.

RESULTS

A total of 3359 T2DM patients (age range 20-90 years) were recruited. The overall prevalence of DPN was 33.1%. Binary logistic regression identified age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.016, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.008, 1.024), duration of diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.072, 95% CI: 1.056, 1.087) and HbA1c (OR: 1.053, 95% CI: 1.013, 1.095) as risk factors for the presence of DPN.

CONCLUSIONS

DPN is prevalent in T2DM patients with overweight or obese in Guangdong province in China and is significantly associated with age, HbA1c and duration of diabetes.

High-normal urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio is independently associated with metabolic syndrome in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional community-based study

Aims/Introduction

Microalbuminuria is positively related to metabolic syndrome (MetS). Our aim was to investigate whether urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) within the normal range is independently associated with MetS in Chinese community-based patients with type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods

A total of 514 participants (206 males and 308 females; mean age 66 years) with UACR less than 3.5 mg/mmol were enrolled from two downtown areas of Shanghai. The participants were stratified into quartiles according to UACR levels. The prevalence of MetS was assessed and compared among the four groups by binary logistic regression.

Results

Compared with participants with UACRs in the first quartile, the other quartiles had a higher prevalence of MetS (65.9%, 74.4% and 81.3%, respectively, P = 0.001) after adjustment for sex and age. After adjusting for potential confounders, participants in the second to the fourth quartile group had a 1.36-, 1.84- and 2.73-fold risk of MetS, respectively, relative to those in the lowest quartile. Furthermore, UACR, whether as quartile groups or as a continuous variable, is an independent predictor of MetS after fully adjusting for other variables.

Conclusions

These results suggest that UACR even within the normal range is independently associated with MetS in Chinese community-based patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Association between serum uric acid levels and cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and elderly Chinese individuals

BACKGROUND

A link between uric acid (UA) levels and cardiovascular diseases has been previously reported. However, its importance as a risk factor is still controversial. This study sought to determine whether elevated serum uric acid levels are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in middle-aged and elderly Chinese individuals.

METHODS

We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study in Shanghai, with a total of 8510 participants aged ≥40 years. The CVD included diagnosed coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. MetS was defined according to the updated National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for Asian Americans.

RESULTS

Uric acid levels were positively associated with BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, glycohemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose, postprandial 2-hour plasma glucose (all P < 0.05), and negatively associated with HDL-cholesterol (P < 0.001). The prevalence of CVD significantly increased with increasing quartiles of UA in those without MetS group (p trend < 0.001), but not necessarily increased in those with MetS. After adjustment for metabolic syndrome and other cardiovascular risk factors, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that odds ratios (OR) for CHD, stroke, and CVD in those in the fourth quartiles were 2.34 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.73 to 3.45), 2.18 (95% CI 1.86 to 3.28), and 2.16 (95% CI 1.80 to 3.29), respectively, compared with those in the first quartile of UA.

CONCLUSIONS

Elevated serum uric acid level was associated with CVD, independent of conventional cardiovascular disease risk factors and metabolic syndrome.

Association of lipid profiles and the ratios with arterial stiffness in middle-aged and elderly Chinese

Background

Serum lipids and the ratios are known to be associated with the cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, the associations of serum lipids and the ratios related to arterial stiffness are unclear. We sought to compare the strength of these serum lipids and the ratios with arterial stiffness assessing by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in the middle-aged and elderly Chinese subjects.

Methods

A total number of 1133 Chinese aged from 50 to 90 years old were recruited from Shanghai downtown district. The serum lipids, baPWV and major cardiovascular risk factors of the participants were measured.

Results

Participants with high baPWV exhibited higher levels of non-HDL-c, TC/HDL-c, TG/HDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c, and non-HDL-c/HDL-c, while HDL-c worked in the opposite direction (all P<0.05). In addition, TC, TG, LDL-c, non-HDL-c, TC/HDL-c, TG/HDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c, and non-HDL-c/HDL-c had a positive relationship with the baPWV value, while HDL-c was on the contrary (all P <0.05). Finally, individuals with high non-HDL-c/HDL-c (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.06-2.55, P = 0.013) and low HDL-c (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.35-0.96, P = 0.024) were seem to be at high risk of arterial stiffness.

Conclusions

As a risk indicator, non-HDL-c/HDL-c, which could be readily obtained from routine serum lipids, was significantly associated with baPWV. Non-HDL-c/HDL-c was superior to traditional lipid variables for estimating arterial stiffness in the middle-aged and elderly Chinese population.

Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and progression to arterial stiffness in middle-aged and elderly Chinese

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) is an indicator of arterial stiffness, which is recognized as a predictor of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between HDL-c and baPWV among middle-aged and elderly Chinese.

METHODS

A total number of 1133 Chinese (430 men, 703 women) aged from 50 to 90 years old were recruited from Shanghai downtown district. The baPWV and major cardiovascular risk factors of the participants were measured.

RESULTS

Serum HDL-c was negatively correlated with baPWV (r = -0.143, P < 0.001) after adjustment for age and gender. Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that age (P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), HDL-c (P < 0.001), smoking (P = 0.001), BMI (P = 0.002), fasting plasma glucose (P = 0.004), and white blood cell (P = 0.005) were independently associated with baPWV. After multiple adjustments, participants in the highest quartile of HDL-c had an odds ratio of 0.442 (95% CI 0.268-0.729) for developing high arterial stiffness compared with participants in the lowest quartile. The association remained significant after further adjustment for major cardiovascular risk factors.

CONCLUSION

HDL-c has an independent protective effect on arterial stiffness in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Early detection of HDL-c level is important in high risk populations with arterial stiffness. Increasing HDL-c level may be an attractive therapeutic target for the prevention of arterial function and subsequent disease.

The metabolic syndrome among postmenopausal women in rural Canton: prevalence, associated factors, and the optimal obesity and atherogenic indices

Objectives

This research aimed to (i) determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components; (ii) assess factors associated with MetS, and (iii) define optimal ethnic-specific cutoffs of obesity- and atherogenic-based markers to predict MetS among postmenopausal women in rural Canton.

Methodology/Principal Findings

The Rural Canton Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study, a population based cross-sectional study, was conducted during 2011–2012 in Canton. In person interviews, blood glucose and lipid measurements were completed for 4,706 postmenopausal women who did not receive hormone replacement therapy. MetS was diagnosed using criteria of the Joint-Interim-Statement (JIS), the International-Diabetes-Federation (IDF) and the Modified-Third-Adult-Treatment-Panel (M-ATPIII). Age-standardized prevalence of MetS was 38.4%, 28.8%, and 37.1% according to JIS, IDF, and M-ATPIII criteria, respectively. Excellent agreement was observed between three definitions (κ≥0.79), in particular between JIS and ATPIII (κ = 0.98, 95%CI: 0.97–0.98). Factors positively associated with MetS were living in Southern Canton, personal income, current smoking, higher BMI, and family history of cardiovascular disease. However, regular leisure-time physical activity can have protective effects. The optimal cutoff values for waist-circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio(WHtR), BMI, HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol ratio (HDL/TC), HDL-cholesterol to LDL-cholesterol ratio (HDL/LDL), and triglyceride to HDL-cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL) that predicted the presence of MetS were 79.5 cm, 0.86, 0.53, 22.47 kg/m², 0.33, 0.68, and 0.88, respectively.

Conclusions

This study highlights the importance of MetS among postmenopausal women in rural Canton. Our findings contribute to help selecting Cantonese-specific markers to predict MetS and support the need to establish educational program for promoting healthy-lifestyles among this population.

Associations between coronary heart disease and individual components of the metabolic syndrome according to glucose tolerance status

OBJECTIVE

To assess whether the contributions of individual metabolic syndrome components to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk vary in patients with different glucose tolerance.

METHODS

A total of 1619 patients were included in this cross-sectional study. CHD, metabolic syndrome and glucose tolerance were assessed using coronary angiography, anthropometric and biochemical parameters, and an oral glucose tolerance test, respectively. Associations between CHD and components of metabolic syndrome were determined using logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

Low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was the only CHD risk factor in patients with both CHD and metabolic syndrome who had normal glucose tolerance, after adjustments for age, smoking and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration. In patients with CHD plus metabolic syndrome and prediabetes, the most important risk factor was hypertension; additional risk factors were high postprandial blood glucose (PBG) and low HDL-C. In patients with CHD plus metabolic syndrome and diabetes, high PBG was the strongest risk factor, followed by hypertension, high FBG and high waist circumference.

CONCLUSIONS

Individual components of metabolic syndrome contributed variously to CHD across different glucose tolerance statuses.

Agreement of two metabolic syndrome definitions and their association with subclinical atherosclerosis: multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis cross sectional study

BACKGROUND

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of abnormalities that increases cardiovascular risk. Two different current clinical definitions of MetS, World Health Organization (WHO) and National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel 3 (ATPIII) may differ in association with the atherosclerotic process. We quantified the agreement between the WHO and NCEP definitions and their association with subclinical atherosclerosis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

METHODS

We analyzed 2601 Caucasian-Americans (C), 800 Chinese-Americans (Ch), 1864 African-Americans (A), and 1483 Hispanic-Americans (H) with complete data for MetS classification from the baseline of the population-based study MESA. Coronary artery calcification (CAC, Agatston score) was quantified by electron beam or helical computed tomography (CT), and intimal-medial thickness of internal and common carotid arteries (IIMT, CIMT) by B-mode ultrasound.

RESULTS

The percentage positive agreement differed by ethnicity (Men: C, 65%; Ch, 58%; B, 67%; H, 74%. Women: C, 58%; Ch, 67%; A, 69%; H, 71%; P < .001). Fasting insulin measurement added to the association of the NCEP definition with presence of CAC (P < .001) and CIMT (P < .001, men; P < .002, women), while the waist-hip ratio metric of obesity adds to the association with CIMT (P < .001, men; .003, women). The NCEP threshold for low HDL was associated with CIMT independent of the WHO definition (men, P = .035; women, P = .043). These independent associations did not differ by ethnicity.

CONCLUSION

Metabolic risk factors that differ between the NCEP and WHO MetS definitions are useful in combination to assess the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Chinese subjects gradually increased with impaired glucose homeostasis: a multicenter, clinical based, cross-sectional study

Background

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a high risk factor for Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). We estimated to investigate how MetS prevalence by glucose homeostasis varies across different age and gender groups.

Methods

We studied 9257 Chinese subjects over the age of 15 years in two cross-sectional surveys in 2006. With oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) test, 2341 subjects were normal glucose tolerance (NGT), and 5448 were diagnosed as having type 2 diabetes (T2D). All other 1468 subjects were considered to be impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) subjects. Diabetes was diagnosis by WHO99 criteria. We used modified NCEP-III criteria for the diagnosis of MetS.

Results

The prevalences of MetS in the male NGT, IFG/IGT and T2D groups were 25.9% (404/1559), 65.6% (769/1172), and 73.5% (2483/3376), respectively. The prevalences of MetS in the female NGT, IFG/IGT and T2D groups were 13.4% (105/782), 51.0% (151/296), and 75.4% (1563/2072), respectively. The prevalence of MetS in the male IFG/IGT group gradually decreased from 73.26% to 41.08% in subjects over the age of 30 years. The prevalence of MetS in the female IFG/IGT group gradually increased from 30% to 75% with aging.

Conclusions

The prevalence of MetS in subjects with different glucose tolerances in China was high and gradually increased with impaired glucose homeostasis both in males and females.

Risk factors for metabolic syndrome in a cohort study in a north China urban middle-aged population

As China undergoes urbanization, lifestyles and disease profiles are changing. In this study, metabolic syndrome (MetS) was discovered in 53.5% and 42.7% of men and women, respectively. In 3 age cohorts (44, 48, and 52 years), prevalence of MetS among women was 33.3%, 41.4%, and 50.8%, respectively (χ(2) = 10.27, P = .006), whereas among men it was 51.5%, 56.3%, and 52.3%, respectively (χ(2) = 0.46, P = .796). The component contributing to the presence of MetS was increased waist circumference, especially among women. MetS among men results from higher rates of elevated triglycerides, blood pressure, and blood glucose when compared with women. Risk factors for MetS included less than 60 minutes of exercise a week (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3-2.4) and rarely consuming milk (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.2-2.3). Abstaining from or occasionally consuming alcohol (OR = 0.7, 95% CI = 0.4-1.1) and having parents with no chronic disease (OR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.2-0.6) suggest increased protection against MetS.

Dietary, behavioural and socio-economic determinants of the metabolic syndrome among adults in Luxembourg: findings from the ORISCAV-LUX study

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the present research was to investigate the epidemiological profile of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to explore its potential dietary, behavioural and socio-economic determinants among European adults residing in Luxembourg.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional, population-based ORISCAV-LUX survey.

SETTING

European adults aged 18-69 years residing in Luxembourg.

SUBJECTS

A total of 1349 Europid adults, who participated in the ORISCAV-LUX survey, were included in the study. The prevalence of MetS was estimated according to the Revised-Adult Treatment Panel (R-ATPIII) criteria. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the dietary, behavioural and socio-economic factors independently associated with MetS.

RESULTS

The overall prevalence of MetS was 24.7 % with significant gender difference (18.5 % for women v. 30.8 % for men, P < 0.0001). Age, male gender, primary level of education, physical inactivity, family history of diabetes and hypertension and inadequate protein intake were identified as significant determinants of MetS, after adjusting for other socio-economic, family medical history and lifestyle factors.

CONCLUSIONS

MetS is a common condition among Europid adults in Luxembourg and increases dramatically with age, in both genders. Several dietary, socio-economic and behavioural factors explain the disparity observed. These findings highlight the importance of a comprehensive approach to MetS encompassing dietary, lifestyle and socio-economic aspects, both in clinical and community settings.

Serum uric acid level and its association with metabolic syndrome and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes

Objective

We aimed to investigate whether elevated serum uric acid concentrations are associated with higher risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

We conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey in Shanghai, with a total of 395 men and 631 women age 41 to 92 years. The carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid atherosclerotic plaques (PLQ) were measured by B-mode ultrasound. MetS was defined according to the updated National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for Asian Americans.

Results

Uric acid levels were negatively associated with duration of diabetes, fasting plasma glucose, glycohemoglobin, eGFR, HDL-cholesterol (all P < 0.001) and positively with BMI, CRP, waist circumference, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, ACR, HOMA-IR and IMT (all P < 0.05). In the highest quartile of uric acid levels, the risks were substantially higher for MetS [odds ratio 3.97, (95% confidence interval 2.58-6.13)] (P < 0.001 for trend) and PLQ [odds ratio 2.71 (95% confidence interval 1.62-4.47)] (p = 0.013 for trend) compared with that in the lowest quartile of uric acid levels after multiple adjustment. These associations remained significant after further adjustment for potential confounders.

Conclusions

Serum uric acid level is associated with MetS and is an independent risk factor for carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes.

The severity of coronary atherosclerosis in diabetic and non-diabetic metabolic syndrome patients diagnosed according to different criteria and undergoing elective angiography

Our aim in this study was to evaluate the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MS) as defined by different criteria and the severity of coronary lesions in a sample of diabetic and non-diabetic patients undergoing elective coronary angiography. All patients had blood and urine tests, physical examinations were performed before angiography, and finally they were classified based on three criteria (World Health Organisation-WHO, Adult Treatment Panel-ATP III and International Diabetes Federation-IDF). Eighty-eight patients were diabetic, and 96 patients were non-diabetic. Among all patients, diabetics had significantly higher Gensini scores (P < 0.001). According to WHO criteria (P = 0.005) and IDF criteria (P = 0.015) metabolic syndrome patients had higher Gensini scores, but for ATP III criteria difference was not significant. When we evaluated diabetics and non-diabetics separately, non-diabetic patients with MS had significantly higher scores with WHO definition (P = 0.015) and mildly higher but not significant values with other MS criteria (P = 0.057 for both IDF and ATP III). Neither any one of MS components nor gender revealed significant relationship with coronary disease severity. In our study with a cohort of Turkish patients undergoing elective coronary angiography; we concluded that MS should be taken into consideration, especially in non-diabetic patients.

Controlling energetic intake based on a novel logistic regression model for the metabolic syndrome in a Chinese population

The present study was designed to develop a novel method of energy calculation for controlling energetic intake in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Demographics and dietary data were recorded for 2582 obese subjects. Nutritional education was applied to all the patients. One year later, the data on age, sex, activity intensity coefficient, waistline, environmental temperature and BMI in subjects who lost ≥ 5% body weight were entered into a multivariate logistic regression analysis model. Energy requirement was calculated from the results of multivariate logistic regression. Four hundred and thirty-four metabolic syndrome patients were then randomly divided into the treated group (216) and the control group (218). The energetic intake in the experimental group was controlled based on the new energy requirement model. The traditional energy exchange method was used in the control group. The independent factors predicting metabolic syndrome prognosis, such as age, sex, activity intensity coefficient, waistline, environmental temperature and BMI, were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis. The energy requirement model was then constructed by logistic regression analysis. After 6 months of energetic intake control based on the new model, the parameters of the experimental group were significantly different from those of the controls (all P < 0·05): waistline, 89·65 (SD 5·54) v. 91·97 (SD 4·78) cm; BMI, 24·67 (SD 3·54) v. 25·87 (SD 2·65) kg/m2; fasting blood glucose, 6·9 (SD 3·6) v. 8·7 (SD 4·6) mmol/l; 2 h PG, 8·7 (SD 5·7) v. 10·7 (SD 4·5) mmol/l; HbA1c, 7·7 (SD 1·6) v. 8·9 (SD 2·6) %; homoeostasis model insulin resistance index, 3·14 (SD 1·62) v. 4·32 (SD 2·25). The new energy requirement model can effectively improve the clinical outcomes of controlling energetic intake in metabolic syndrome patients.

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Luxembourg according to the Joint Interim Statement definition estimated from the ORISCAV-LUX study

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) has been determined in many countries worldwide but never in Luxembourg. This research aimed to 1) establish the gender- and age-specific prevalence of MS and its components in the general adult population of Luxembourg, according to the most recent Joint Interim Statement (JIS) definition, by using both the high and low cut-off points to define abdominal obesity, and 2) compare and assess the degree of agreement with the Revised National Cholesterol Education Programme-Adult Treatment Panel III (R-ATPIII) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definitions.

METHODS

A representative stratified random sample of 1349 European subjects, aged 18-69 years, participated to ORISCAV-LUX survey. Logistic regression and odds ratios (OR) were used to study MS prevalence with respect to gender and age. The Framingham risk score (FRS) to predict the 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) risk was calculated to compare the proportion of MS cases below or above 20%, according to both high and low waist circumference (WC) thresholds. Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) was utilized to measure the degree of agreement between MS definitions.

RESULTS

The prevalence of the MS defined by the JIS was 28.0% and 24.7% when using the low (94/80) and the high (102/88) WC cut-off points, respectively. The prevalence was significantly higher in men than in women (OR = 2.6 and 2.3 for the low and high WC thresholds), as were all components of the MS except abdominal obesity measured by both thresholds. It also increased with age (OR values in age categories ranging from 2.7 to 28 when compared to the younger subjects for low WC and from 3.3 to 31 for the high WC cut-offs). The 10-year predicted risk of CHD by FRS did not depend on the threshold used. Globally, excellent agreement was observed between the three definitions of MS (κ= 0.89), in particular between JIS and IDF (κ = 0.93). Agreement was significantly higher in women than in men, and differed between age groups.

CONCLUSION

Regardless of the definition used, the adult population of Luxembourg reveals a high MS prevalence. Our findings contribute to build evidence regarding the definitive construct of the MS, to help selecting the waist circumference thresholds for Europid populations, and to support the need to revise the guidelines for abdominal obesity levels.