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Gomez P, Sanchez J. Type 1 Diabetes Screening and Diagnosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2024; 53:17-26. [PMID: 38272595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Those with concerning signs or symptoms should be evaluated for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Those with first-degree relatives with T1D or based on the presence of high-risk genes are at increased risk and benefit from screening. Universal screening should be considered in light of new potential therapies to delay disease progression. Although oral glucose tolerance test is the gold standard for T1D staging, there are multiple tools available when oral glucose tolerance test is not feasible. Risk score calculations increase the ability to predict disease progression. Testing should be repeated when symptoms of overt diabetes mellitus are not present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1601 NW 12th Avenue, Suite 3044A, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Janine Sanchez
- Pediatric Diabetes, Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1601 NW 12th Avenue, Suite 3044A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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2
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Foti Randazzese S, Bombaci B, Costantino S, Giorgianni Y, Lombardo F, Salzano G. Discordance between Glucose Management Indicator and Glycated Hemoglobin in a Pediatric Cohort with Type 1 Diabetes: A Real-World Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:210. [PMID: 38397323 PMCID: PMC10887365 DOI: 10.3390/children11020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The introduction of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems in clinical practice has allowed a more detailed picture of the intra- and interdaily glycemic fluctuations of individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, CGM-measured glucose control indicators may be occasionally inaccurate. This study aims to assess the discrepancy between the glucose management indicator (GMI) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (ΔGMI-HbA1c) within a cohort of children and adolescents with T1D, exploring its correlation with other CGM metrics and blood count parameters. In this single-center, cross-sectional study, we gathered demographic and clinical data, including blood count parameters, HbA1c values, and CGM metrics, from 128 pediatric subjects with T1D (43% female; mean age, 13.4 ± 3.6 years). Our findings revealed higher levels of the coefficient of variation (CV) (p < 0.001) and time above range > 250 mg/dL (p = 0.033) among subjects with ΔGMI-HbA1c > 0.3%. No association was observed between blood count parameters and ΔGMI-HbA1c. In conclusion, despite the advancements and the widespread adoption of CGM systems, HbA1c remains an essential parameter for the assessment of glycemic control, especially in individuals with suboptimal metabolic control and extreme glycemic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Giuseppina Salzano
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98124 Messina, Italy; (S.F.R.); (B.B.); (S.C.); (Y.G.); (F.L.)
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3
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Joshi K, Harris M, Cotterill A, Wentworth JM, Couper JJ, Haynes A, Davis EA, Lomax KE, Huynh T. Continuous glucose monitoring has an increasing role in pre-symptomatic type 1 diabetes: advantages, limitations, and comparisons with laboratory-based testing. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:41-49. [PMID: 37349976 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is well-recognised as a continuum heralded by the development of islet autoantibodies, progression to islet autoimmunity causing beta cell destruction, culminating in insulin deficiency and clinical disease. Abnormalities of glucose homeostasis are known to exist well before the onset of typical symptoms. Laboratory-based tests such as the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) have been used to stage T1D and assess the risk of progression to clinical T1D. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) can detect early glycaemic abnormalities and can therefore be used to monitor for metabolic deterioration in pre-symptomatic, islet autoantibody positive, at-risk individuals. Early identification of these children can not only reduce the risk of presentation with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), but also determine eligibility for prevention trials, which aim to prevent or delay progression to clinical T1D. Here, we describe the current state with regard to the use of the OGTT, HbA1c, fructosamine and glycated albumin in pre-symptomatic T1D. Using illustrative cases, we present our clinical experience with the use of CGM, and advocate for an increased role of this diabetes technology, for monitoring metabolic deterioration and disease progression in children with pre-symptomatic T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Joshi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Children's Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark Harris
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew Cotterill
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John M Wentworth
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer J Couper
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Aveni Haynes
- Children's Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia Perth, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Davis
- Children's Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia Perth, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kate E Lomax
- Children's Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia Perth, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Tony Huynh
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Children's Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Mater Pathology, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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4
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Nakayasu ES, Bramer LM, Ansong C, Schepmoes AA, Fillmore TL, Gritsenko MA, Clauss TR, Gao Y, Piehowski PD, Stanfill BA, Engel DW, Orton DJ, Moore RJ, Qian WJ, Sechi S, Frohnert BI, Toppari J, Ziegler AG, Lernmark Å, Hagopian W, Akolkar B, Smith RD, Rewers MJ, Webb-Robertson BJM, Metz TO. Plasma protein biomarkers predict the development of persistent autoantibodies and type 1 diabetes 6 months prior to the onset of autoimmunity. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101093. [PMID: 37390828 PMCID: PMC10394168 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from autoimmune destruction of β cells. Insufficient availability of biomarkers represents a significant gap in understanding the disease cause and progression. We conduct blinded, two-phase case-control plasma proteomics on the TEDDY study to identify biomarkers predictive of T1D development. Untargeted proteomics of 2,252 samples from 184 individuals identify 376 regulated proteins, showing alteration of complement, inflammatory signaling, and metabolic proteins even prior to autoimmunity onset. Extracellular matrix and antigen presentation proteins are differentially regulated in individuals who progress to T1D vs. those that remain in autoimmunity. Targeted proteomics measurements of 167 proteins in 6,426 samples from 990 individuals validate 83 biomarkers. A machine learning analysis predicts if individuals would remain in autoimmunity or develop T1D 6 months before autoantibody appearance, with areas under receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.871 and 0.918, respectively. Our study identifies and validates biomarkers, highlighting pathways affected during T1D development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto S Nakayasu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Lisa M Bramer
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Charles Ansong
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Athena A Schepmoes
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Thomas L Fillmore
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Marina A Gritsenko
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Therese R Clauss
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Yuqian Gao
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Paul D Piehowski
- Environmental and Molecular Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Bryan A Stanfill
- Computational Analytics Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Dave W Engel
- Computational Analytics Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Daniel J Orton
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ronald J Moore
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Salvatore Sechi
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology and Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anette-G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Forschergruppe Diabetes, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany; Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V. at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Unit for Diabetes and Celiac Disease, Wallenberg/CRC, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University Hospital SUS, 21428 Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Beena Akolkar
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Marian J Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Thomas O Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
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5
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Harsini S, Rezaei N. Autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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6
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Salami F, Tamura R, You L, Lernmark Å, Larsson HE, Lundgren M, Krischer J, Ziegler A, Toppari J, Veijola R, Rewers M, Haller MJ, Hagopian W, Akolkar B, Törn C. HbA1c as a time predictive biomarker for an additional islet autoantibody and type 1 diabetes in seroconverted TEDDY children. Pediatr Diabetes 2022; 23:1586-1593. [PMID: 36082496 PMCID: PMC9772117 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is associated with type 1 diabetes onset that in turn is preceded by one to several autoantibodies against the pancreatic islet beta cell autoantigens; insulin (IA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), islet antigen-2 (IA-2) and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8). The risk for type 1 diabetes diagnosis increases by autoantibody number. Biomarkers predicting the development of a second or a subsequent autoantibody and type 1 diabetes are needed to predict disease stages and improve secondary prevention trials. This study aimed to investigate whether HbA1c possibly predicts the progression from first to a subsequent autoantibody or type 1 diabetes in healthy children participating in the Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A joint model was designed to assess the association of longitudinal HbA1c levels with the development of first (insulin or GAD autoantibodies) to a second, second to third, third to fourth autoantibody or type 1 diabetes in healthy children prospectively followed from birth until 15 years of age. RESULTS It was found that increased levels of HbA1c were associated with a higher risk of type 1 diabetes (HR 1.82, 95% CI [1.57-2.10], p < 0.001) regardless of first appearing autoantibody, autoantibody number or type. A decrease in HbA1c levels was associated with the development of IA-2A as a second autoantibody following GADA (HR 0.85, 95% CI [0.75, 0.97], p = 0.017) and a fourth autoantibody following GADA, IAA and ZnT8A (HR 0.90, 95% CI [0.82, 0.99], p = 0.036). HbA1c trajectory analyses showed a significant increase of HbA1c over time (p < 0.001) and that the increase is more rapid as the number of autoantibodies increased from one to three (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION In conclusion, increased HbA1c is a reliable time predictive marker for type 1 diabetes onset. The increased rate of increase of HbA1c from first to third autoantibody and the decrease in HbA1c predicting the development of IA-2A are novel findings proving the link between HbA1c and the appearance of autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falastin Salami
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRCSkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - Roy Tamura
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Lu You
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRCSkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - Helena Elding Larsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRCSkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
- Department of PediatricsSkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - Markus Lundgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRCSkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
- Department of PediatricsKristianstad HospitalKristianstadSweden
| | - Jeffrey Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Anette‐Gabriele Ziegler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Diabetes ResearchGerman Research Center for Environmental HealthMunich‐NeuherbergGermany
- Forschergruppe DiabetesTechnical University Munich at Klinikum Rechts der IsarMunichGermany
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, and Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Centre for Population Health ResearchUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research CenterUniversity of Oulu and Oulu University HospitalOuluFinland
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood DiabetesUniversity of ColoradoAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Michael J. Haller
- Department of Pediatrics, College of MedicineUniversity of Florida Diabetes InstituteGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - William Hagopian
- Diabetes Programs DivisionPacific Northwest Research InstituteSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Beena Akolkar
- Diabetes BranchNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Carina Törn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRCSkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
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7
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Besser REJ, Bell KJ, Couper JJ, Ziegler AG, Wherrett DK, Knip M, Speake C, Casteels K, Driscoll KA, Jacobsen L, Craig ME, Haller MJ. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Stages of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2022; 23:1175-1187. [PMID: 36177823 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E J Besser
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kirstine J Bell
- Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jenny J Couper
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anette-G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Diane K Wherrett
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cate Speake
- Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kristina Casteels
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kimberly A Driscoll
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Laura Jacobsen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Maria E Craig
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael J Haller
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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8
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Vehik K, Boulware D, Killian M, Rewers M, McIndoe R, Toppari J, Lernmark Å, Akolkar B, Ziegler AG, Rodriguez H, Schatz DA, Krischer JP, Hagopian W. Rising Hemoglobin A1c in the Nondiabetic Range Predicts Progression of Type 1 Diabetes As Well As Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:2342-2349. [PMID: 36150054 PMCID: PMC9587339 DOI: 10.2337/dc22-0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Biomarkers predicting risk of type 1 diabetes (stage 3) among children with islet autoantibodies are greatly needed to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis and facilitate prevention therapies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Children in the prospective The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study (n = 707) with confirmed diabetes-associated autoantibodies (GAD antibody, IA-2A, and/or insulin autoantibody) and two or more HbA1c measurements were followed to diabetes or median age 11.1 years. Once confirmed autoantibody positive, HbA1c was measured quarterly. Cox models and receiver operative characteristic curve analyses revealed the prognostic utility for risk of stage 3 on a relative HbA1c increase from the baseline visit or an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2-h plasma glucose (2-hPG). This HbA1c approach was then validated in the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Pathway to Prevention Study (TrialNet) (n = 1,190). RESULTS A 10% relative HbA1c increase from baseline best marked the increased risk of stage 3 in TEDDY (74% sensitive; 88% specific). Significant predictors of risk for HbA1c change were age and HbA1c at the baseline test, genetic sex, maximum number of autoantibodies, and maximum rate of HbA1c increase by time of change. The multivariable model featuring a HbA1c ≥10% increase and these additional factors revealed increased risk of stage 3 in TEDDY (hazard ratio [HR] 12.74, 95% CI 8.7-18.6, P < 0.0001) and TrialNet (HR 5.09, 95% CI 3.3-7.9, P < 0.0001). Furthermore, the composite model using HbA1c ≥10% increase performed similarly to an OGTT 2-hPG composite model (TEDDY area under the curve [AUC] 0.88 and 0.85, respectively) and to the HbA1c model in TrialNet (AUC 0.82). CONCLUSIONS An increase of ≥10% in HbA1c from baseline is as informative as OGTT 2-hPG in predicting risk of stage 3 in youth with genetic risk and diabetes-associated autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Vehik
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - David Boulware
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | | | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Richard McIndoe
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, and Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/Clinical Research Centre, Skane University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Beena Akolkar
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anette-G. Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, and Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V. Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henry Rodriguez
- USF Diabetes and Endocrinology Center, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Desmond A. Schatz
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jeffrey P. Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
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9
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Jacobsen LM, Bundy BN, Ismail HM, Clements M, Warnock M, Geyer S, Schatz DA, Sosenko JM. Index60 Is Superior to HbA1c for Identifying Individuals at High Risk for Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:2784-2792. [PMID: 35880956 PMCID: PMC9516117 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT HbA1c from ≥ 5.7% to < 6.5% (39-46 mmol/mol) indicates prediabetes according to American Diabetes Association guidelines, yet its identification of prediabetes specific for type 1 diabetes has not been assessed. A composite glucose and C-peptide measure, Index60, identifies individuals at high risk for type 1 diabetes. OBJECTIVE We compared Index60 and HbA1c thresholds as markers for type 1 diabetes risk. METHODS TrialNet Pathway to Prevention study participants with ≥ 2 autoantibodies (GADA, IAA, IA-2A, or ZnT8A) who had oral glucose tolerance tests and HbA1c measurements underwent 1) predictive time-dependent modeling of type 1 diabetes risk (n = 2776); and 2) baseline comparisons between high-risk mutually exclusive groups: Index60 ≥ 2.04 (n = 268) vs HbA1c ≥ 5.7% (n = 268). The Index60 ≥ 2.04 threshold was commensurate in ordinal ranking with the standard prediabetes threshold of HbA1c ≥ 5.7%. RESULTS In mutually exclusive groups, individuals exceeding Index60 ≥ 2.04 had a higher cumulative incidence of type 1 diabetes than those exceeding HbA1c ≥ 5.7% (P < 0.0001). Appreciably more individuals with Index60 ≥ 2.04 were at stage 2, and among those at stage 2, the cumulative incidence was higher for those with Index60 ≥ 2.04 (P = 0.02). Those with Index60 ≥ 2.04 were younger, with lower BMI, greater autoantibody number, and lower C-peptide than those with HbA1c ≥ 5.7% (P < 0.0001 for all comparisons). CONCLUSION Individuals with Index60 ≥ 2.04 are at greater risk for type 1 diabetes with features more characteristic of the disorder than those with HbA1c ≥ 5.7%. Index60 ≥ 2.04 is superior to the standard HbA1c ≥ 5.7% threshold for identifying prediabetes in autoantibody-positive individuals. These findings appear to justify using Index60 ≥ 2.04 as a prediabetes criterion in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Jacobsen
- Correspondence: Laura M. Jacobsen, MD, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Brian N Bundy
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Heba M Ismail
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mark Clements
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Children’s Mercy, Kansas City, MO 64111, USA
| | - Megan Warnock
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Susan Geyer
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Desmond A Schatz
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jay M Sosenko
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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10
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Arif S, Yusuf N, Domingo‐Vila C, Liu Y, Bingley PJ, Peakman M. Evaluating T cell responses prior to the onset of type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2022; 39:e14860. [PMID: 35477909 PMCID: PMC9542909 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In the current study we aimed to evaluat T cell phenotypes and metabolic profiles in high-risk individuals who progressed to type 1 diabetes compared to those remaining disease free. METHODS A Fluorspot assay was used to examine T cell responses to a panel of islet autoantigen peptides in samples obtained 6- and 30-months preceding disease onset and at the same timepoints in non-progressors. RESULTS We noted a significant increase in the magnitude of the proinflammatory interferon-γ response to proinsulin and insulin peptides in individuals who progressed to type 1 diabetes. In contrast, in the non-progressors, we observed an increase in the regulatory IL-10 response to proinsulin peptides. Furthermore, the T cell responses to the islet peptide panel predisposed towards a proinflammatory interferon-γ bias in the progressors. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data suggest that a proinflammatory T cell response is prevalent in high-risk individuals who progress to type 1 diabetes and can be detected up to 6 months prior to onset of disease. This observation, albeit in a small cohort, can potentially be harnessed in disease staging, particularly in identifying autoantibody-positive individuals transitioning from stage 2 (dysglycemia present and pre-symptomatic) to stage 3 (dysglycemia present and symptomatic). The detection of these different T cell phenotypes in progressors and non-progressors suggests the presence of disease endotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefina Arif
- Department of ImmunobiologyKing’s College LondonLondonUK
| | | | | | - Yuk‐Fun Liu
- Department of ImmunobiologyKing’s College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Mark Peakman
- Department of ImmunobiologyKing’s College LondonLondonUK
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11
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DuBose SN, Kanapka LG, Bradfield B, Sooy M, Beck RW, Steck AK. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Profiles in Healthy, Nondiabetic Young Children. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac060. [PMID: 35506147 PMCID: PMC9049110 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Context
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is increasingly being used for both day-to-day management in patients with diabetes and in clinical research. While data on glycemic profiles of healthy, non-diabetic individuals exists, data on non-diabetic very young children are lacking.
Objective
To establish reference sensor glucose ranges in healthy, non-diabetic young children, using a current generation CGM sensor.
Design
Prospective observational study
Setting
Institutional practice
Participants
Healthy, non-diabetic children 1-6 years old; with normal body mass index
Intervention
A blinded Dexcom G6 Pro CGM was worn for approximately 10 days by each participant.
Main Outcome Measure
CGM metrics of mean glucose, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and glycemic variability
Results
39 participants were included in the analyses. Mean average glucose was 103 mg/dL (5.7 mmol/L). Median % time between 70-140 mg/dL (3.9-7.8 mmol/L) was 96% (IQR 92%-97%), mean within-individual coefficient of variation was 17±3%, median time spent with glucose levels >140mg/dL was 3.4% (49 min/day), and median time <70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) was 0.4% (6 min/day).
Conclusions
Collecting normative sensor glucose data and describing glycemic measures for young children fills an important informational gap and will be useful as a benchmark for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brenda Bradfield
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Morgan Sooy
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Roy W Beck
- Jaeb Center for Health Research, Tampa, FL
| | - Andrea K Steck
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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12
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Jacobsen LM, Vehik K, Veijola R, Warncke K, Toppari J, Steck AK, Gesualdo P, Akolkar B, Lundgren M, Hagopian WA, She JX, Rewers M, Ziegler AG, Krischer JP, Larsson HE, Haller MJ. Heterogeneity of DKA Incidence and Age-Specific Clinical Characteristics in Children Diagnosed With Type 1 Diabetes in the TEDDY Study. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:624-633. [PMID: 35043162 PMCID: PMC8918232 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study is uniquely capable of investigating age-specific differences associated with type 1 diabetes. Because age is a primary driver of heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes, we sought to characterize by age metabolic derangements prior to diagnosis and clinical features associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The 379 TEDDY children who developed type 1 diabetes were grouped by age at onset (0-4, 5-9, and 10-14 years; n = 142, 151, and 86, respectively) with comparisons of autoantibody profiles, HLAs, family history of diabetes, presence of DKA, symptomatology at onset, and adherence to TEDDY protocol. Time-varying analysis compared those with oral glucose tolerance test data with TEDDY children who did not progress to diabetes. RESULTS Increasing fasting glucose (hazard ratio [HR] 1.09 [95% CI 1.04-1.14]; P = 0.0003), stimulated glucose (HR 1.50 [1.42-1.59]; P < 0.0001), fasting insulin (HR 0.89 [0.83-0.95]; P = 0.0009), and glucose-to-insulin ratio (HR 1.29 [1.16-1.43]; P < 0.0001) were associated with risk of progression to type 1 diabetes. Younger children had fewer autoantibodies with more symptoms at diagnosis. Twenty-three children (6.1%) had DKA at onset, only 1 (0.97%) of 103 with and 22 (8.0%) of 276 children without a first-degree relative (FDR) with type 1 diabetes (P = 0.008). Children with DKA were more likely to be nonadherent to study protocol (P = 0.047), with longer duration between their last TEDDY evaluation and diagnosis (median 10.2 vs. 2.0 months without DKA; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS DKA at onset in TEDDY is uncommon, especially for FDRs. For those without familial risk, metabolic monitoring continues to provide a primary benefit of reduced DKA but requires regular follow-up. Clinical and laboratory features vary by age at onset, adding to the heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kendra Vehik
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Riitta Veijola
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Katharina Warncke
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrea K. Steck
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Patricia Gesualdo
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Beena Akolkar
- Diabetes Division, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Markus Lundgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Anette-G. Ziegler
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jeffrey P. Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Helena Elding Larsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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13
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Steck AK, Dong F, Geno Rasmussen C, Bautista K, Sepulveda F, Baxter J, Yu L, Frohnert BI, Rewers MJ. CGM Metrics Predict Imminent Progression to Type 1 Diabetes: Autoimmunity Screening for Kids (ASK) Study. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:365-371. [PMID: 34880069 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children identified with stage 1 type 1 diabetes are at high risk for progressing to stage 3 (clinical) diabetes and require accurate monitoring. Our aim was to establish continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics that could predict imminent progression to diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In the Autoimmunity Screening for Kids study, 91 children who were persistently islet autoantibody positive (median age 11.5 years; 48% non-Hispanic White; 57% female) with a baseline CGM were followed for development of diabetes for a median of 6 (range 0.2-34) months. Of these, 16 (18%) progressed to clinical diabetes in a median of 4.5 (range 0.4-29) months. RESULTS Compared with children who did not progress to clinical diabetes (nonprogressors), those who did (progressors) had significantly higher average sensor glucose levels (119 vs. 105 mg/dL, P < 0.001) and increased glycemic variability (SD 27 vs. 16, coefficient of variation, 21 vs. 15, mean of daily differences 24 vs. 16, and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions 43 vs. 26, all P < 0.001). For progressors, 21% of the time was spent with glucose levels >140 mg/dL (TA140) and 8% of time >160 mg/dL, compared with 3% and 1%, respectively, for nonprogressors. In survival analyses, the risk of progression to diabetes in 1 year was 80% in those with TA140 >10%; in contrast, it was only 5% in the other participants. Performance of prediction by receiver operating curve analyses showed area under the curve of ≥0.89 for both individual and combined CGM metric models. CONCLUSIONS TA140 >10% is associated with a high risk of progression to clinical diabetes within the next year in autoantibody-positive children. CGM should be included in the ongoing monitoring of high-risk children and could be used as potential entry criterion for prevention trials.
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14
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Tatovic D, Dayan CM. Replacing insulin with immunotherapy: Time for a paradigm change in Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2021; 38:e14696. [PMID: 34555209 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For almost a hundred years, the management of Type 1 diabetes has not advanced beyond insulin replacement. However, insulin does not provide satisfactory glycaemic control in the majority of individuals and there remains a major unmet need for novel treatments for Type 1 diabetes. Immunomodulation to preserve beta-cell function offers the prospect of making treatment with insulin easier and/or preventing the need for insulin, particularly when it comes to novel low-risk immunotherapies. Led by the concept that the best insulin-producing cell is a patient's own beta-cell, the Type 1 diabetes scientific community has a challenging task ahead-to fundamentally change the management of this devastating disease by using low-risk immunotherapy to preserve endogenous beta-cell function and make metabolic control substantially easier. In that way, insulin and/or beta-cell replacement (stem cell or transplantation) should in the future be considered rescue therapies reserved for delayed presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Tatovic
- Diabetes and Autoimmunity Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Colin M Dayan
- Diabetes and Autoimmunity Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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15
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Ludvigsson J, Cuthbertson D, Becker DJ, Kordonouri O, Aschemeier B, Pacaud D, Clarson C, Krischer JP, Knip M. Increasing plasma glucose before the development of type 1 diabetes-the TRIGR study. Pediatr Diabetes 2021; 22:974-981. [PMID: 34369627 PMCID: PMC8530903 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The β-cell stress hypothesis suggests that increased insulin demand contributes to the development of type 1 diabetes. In the TRIGR trial we set out to assess the profile of plasma glucose and HbA1c before the diagnosis of clinical diabetes compared to nondiabetic children. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A cohort of children (N = 2159) with an affected first-degree relative and increased HLA risk were recruited 2002-2007 and followed until 2017. To study the relationship between plasma glucose/HbA1c and the development of autoantibodies or clinical disease Kaplan-Meir curves were developed. Mixed models were constructed for plasma glucose and HbA1c separately. RESULTS A family history of type 2 diabetes was related to an increase in plasma glucose (p < 0.001). An increase in glucose from the previous sample predicted clinical diabetes (p < 0.001) but not autoantibodies. An increase of HbA1c of 20% or 30% from the previous sample predicted the development of any autoantibody (p < 0.003 resp <0.001) and the development of diabetes (p < 0.002 resp <0.001. Participants without autoantibodies had lower HbA1c (mean 5.18%, STD 0.24; mean 33.08 mmol/mol, STD 2.85) than those who progressed to clinical disease (5.31%, 0.42; 34.46 mmol/mol, 4.68; p < 0.001) but higher than those who developed any autoantibody (5.10%, 0.30; 32.21 mmol/mol, 3.49; p < 0.001), or multiple autoantibodies (5.11%, 0.35; 32.26 mmol/mol, 3.92; p < 0.003). CONCLUSIONS A pronounced increase in plasma glucose and HbA1c precedes development of clinical diabetes, while the association between plasma glucose or HbA1c and development of autoantibodies is complex. Increased insulin demand may contribute to development of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Ludvigsson
- Crown Princess Victoria Children’s Hospital and Div of Pediatrics, Dept of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping university, Linköping, Sweden
| | - David Cuthbertson
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Dorothy J Becker
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Olga Kordonouri
- Diabetes Centre for Children and Adolescents, Kinder- und Jugendkrankenhaus Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bärbel Aschemeier
- Diabetes Centre for Children and Adolescents, Kinder- und Jugendkrankenhaus Auf der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniele Pacaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Cheril Clarson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeffrey P Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Mikael Knip
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Martinez MM, Salami F, Larsson HE, Toppari J, Lernmark Å, Kero J, Veijola R, Koskenniemi JJ, Tossavainen P, Lundgren M, Borg H, Katsarou A, Maziarz M, Törn C. Beta cell function in participants with single or multiple islet autoantibodies at baseline in the TEDDY Family Prevention Study: TEFA. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2021; 4:e00198. [PMID: 33855205 PMCID: PMC8029501 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of the present study was to assess beta cell function based on an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in participants with single islet autoantibody or an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IvGTT) in participants with multiple islet autoantibodies. Materials and methods Healthy participants in Sweden and Finland, between 2 and 49.99 years of age previously identified as positive for a single (n = 30) autoantibody to either insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, islet antigen-2, zinc transporter 8 or islet cell antibodies or multiple autoantibodies (n = 46), were included. Participants positive for a single autoantibody underwent a 6-point OGTT while participants positive for multiple autoantibodies underwent an IvGTT. Glucose, insulin and C-peptide were measured from OGTT and IvGTT samples. Results All participants positive for a single autoantibody had a normal glucose tolerance test with 120 minutes glucose below 7.70 mmol/L and HbA1c values within the normal range (<42 mmol/mol). Insulin responses to the glucose challenge on OGTT ranged between 13.0 and 143 mIU/L after 120 minutes with C-peptide values between 0.74 and 4.60 nmol/L. In Swedish participants, the first-phase insulin response (FPIR) on IvGTT was lower in those positive for three or more autoantibodies (n = 13; median 83.0 mIU/L; range 20.0-343) compared to those with two autoantibodies (n = 15; median 146 mIU/L; range 19.0-545; P = .0330). Conclusion Participants positive for a single autoantibody appeared to have a normal beta cell function. Participants positive for three or more autoantibodies had a lower FPIR as compared to participants with two autoantibodies, supporting the view that their beta cell function had deteriorated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Falastin Salami
- Department of Clinical SciencesLund University/CRCSkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - Helena Elding Larsson
- Department of Clinical SciencesLund University/CRCSkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of PediatricsTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
- Institute of BiomedicineResearch Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacologyand Research Centre for Population HealthUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical SciencesLund University/CRCSkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - Jukka Kero
- Department of PediatricsTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
- Institute of BiomedicineResearch Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacologyand Research Centre for Population HealthUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of PediatricsPEDEGO Research UnitMRC OuluUniversity of Oulu and Oulu University HospitalOuluFinland
| | - Jaakko J Koskenniemi
- Department of PediatricsTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
- Institute of BiomedicineResearch Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacologyand Research Centre for Population HealthUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Päivi Tossavainen
- Department of PediatricsPEDEGO Research UnitMRC OuluUniversity of Oulu and Oulu University HospitalOuluFinland
| | - Markus Lundgren
- Department of Clinical SciencesLund University/CRCSkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - Henrik Borg
- Department of Clinical SciencesLund University/CRCSkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - Anastasia Katsarou
- Department of Clinical SciencesLund University/CRCSkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - Marlena Maziarz
- Department of Clinical SciencesLund University/CRCSkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
| | - Carina Törn
- Department of Clinical SciencesLund University/CRCSkåne University HospitalMalmöSweden
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17
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Steck AK, Dong F, Taki I, Hoffman M, Simmons K, Frohnert BI, Rewers MJ. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Predicts Progression to Diabetes in Autoantibody Positive Children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:3337-3344. [PMID: 30844073 PMCID: PMC6589073 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Accurate measures are needed for the prediction and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in at-risk persons. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to explore the value of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in predicting T1D onset. DESIGN AND SETTING The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) prospectively follows children at increased risk for development of islet autoantibodies (islet autoantibody positive; Ab+) and T1D. PARTICIPANTS We analyzed 23 Ab+ participants with available longitudinal CGM data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE CGM metrics as glycemic predictors of progression to T1D. RESULTS Of 23 Ab+ participants with a baseline CGM, 8 progressed to diabetes at a median age of 13.8 years during a median follow-up of 17.7 years (interquartile range, 14.6 to 22.0 years). Compared with nonprogressors, participants who progressed to diabetes had significantly increased baseline glycemic variability (SD, 29 vs 21 mg/dL; P = 0.047), daytime sensor average (122 vs 106 mg/dL; P = 0.02), and daytime sensor area under the curve (AUC, 470,370 vs 415,465; P = 0.047). They spent 24% of time at >140 mg/dL and 12% at >160 mg/dL compared with, respectively, 8% and 3% for nonprogressors (both P = 0.005). A receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis showed an AUC of 0.85 for percentage of time spent at >140 or 160 mg/dL. The cutoff of 18% time spent at >140 mg/dL had 75% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and a 100% positive predictive value for diabetes prediction, although these values could change because some nonprogressors may develop diabetes with longer follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Eighteen percent or greater CGM time spent at >140 mg/dL predicts progression to diabetes in Ab+ children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Steck
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Andrea K. Steck, MD, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 1775 Aurora Court, A140, Aurora, Colorado 80045-6511. E-mail:
| | - Fran Dong
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Iman Taki
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michelle Hoffman
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kimber Simmons
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brigitte I Frohnert
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marian J Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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18
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Strollo R, Vinci C, Napoli N, Fioriti E, Maddaloni E, Åkerman L, Casas R, Pozzilli P, Ludvigsson J, Nissim A. Antibodies to oxidized insulin improve prediction of type 1 diabetes in children with positive standard islet autoantibodies. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3132. [PMID: 30693639 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies to posttranslationally modified insulin (oxPTM-INS-Ab) are a novel biomarker of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Here, we evaluated whether oxPTM-INS-Ab can improve T1D prediction in children with positive standard islet autoantibodies (AAB). METHODS We evaluated sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and risk for progression to T1D associated with oxPTM-INS-Ab and the standard islet AAB that include insulin (IAA), GAD (GADA), and tyrosine phosphatase 2 (IA-2A) in a cohort of islet AAB-positive (AAB+ ) children from the general population (median follow-up 8.8 years). RESULTS oxPTM-INS-Ab was the most sensitive and specific autoantibody biomarker (74% sensitivity, 91% specificity), followed by IA-2A (71% sensitivity, 91% specificity). GADA and IAA showed lower sensitivity (65% and 50%, respectively) and specificity (66% and 68%, respectively). Accuracy (AUC of ROC) of oxPTM-INS-Ab was higher than GADA and IAA (P = 0.003 and P = 0.017, respectively), and similar to IA-2A (P = 0.896). oxPTM-INS-Ab and IA-2A were more effective than IAA for detecting progr-T1D when used as second-line biomarker in GADA+ children. Risk for diabetes was higher (P = 0.03) among multiple AAB+ who were also oxPTM-INS-Ab+ compared with those who were oxPTM-INS-Ab- . Importantly, when replacing IAA with oxPTM-INS-Ab, diabetes risk increased to 100% in children with oxPTM-INS-Ab+ in combination with GADA+ and IA-2A+ , compared with 84.37% in those with IAA+ , GADA+ , and IA-2A+ (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Antibodies to oxidized insulin (oxPTM-INS-Ab), compared with IAA which measure autoantibodies to native insulin, improve T1D risk assessment and prediction accuracy in AAB+ children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocky Strollo
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Universitá Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Vinci
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Universitá Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nicola Napoli
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Universitá Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
- I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Elvira Fioriti
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Universitá Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Ernesto Maddaloni
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Universitá Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Åkerman
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rosaura Casas
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Paolo Pozzilli
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Universitá Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Centre for Immunobiology, the Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ahuva Nissim
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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19
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Jacobsen LM, Larsson HE, Tamura RN, Vehik K, Clasen J, Sosenko J, Hagopian WA, She JX, Steck AK, Rewers M, Simell O, Toppari J, Veijola R, Ziegler AG, Krischer JP, Akolkar B, Haller MJ. Predicting progression to type 1 diabetes from ages 3 to 6 in islet autoantibody positive TEDDY children. Pediatr Diabetes 2019; 20:263-270. [PMID: 30628751 PMCID: PMC6456374 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The capacity to precisely predict progression to type 1 diabetes (T1D) in young children over a short time span is an unmet need. We sought to develop a risk algorithm to predict progression in children with high-risk human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes followed in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study. METHODS Logistic regression and 4-fold cross-validation examined 38 candidate predictors of risk from clinical, immunologic, metabolic, and genetic data. TEDDY subjects with at least one persistent, confirmed autoantibody at age 3 were analyzed with progression to T1D by age 6 serving as the primary endpoint. The logistic regression prediction model was compared to two non-statistical predictors, multiple autoantibody status, and presence of insulinoma-associated-2 autoantibodies (IA-2A). RESULTS A total of 363 subjects had at least one autoantibody at age 3. Twenty-one percent of subjects developed T1D by age 6. Logistic regression modeling identified 5 significant predictors - IA-2A status, hemoglobin A1c, body mass index Z-score, single-nucleotide polymorphism rs12708716_G, and a combination marker of autoantibody number plus fasting insulin level. The logistic model yielded a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) of 0.80, higher than the two other predictors; however, the differences in AUC, sensitivity, and specificity were small across models. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the application of precision medicine techniques to predict progression to diabetes over a 3-year window in TEDDY subjects. This multifaceted model provides preliminary improvement in prediction over simpler prediction tools. Additional tools are needed to maximize the predictive value of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Jacobsen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Helena Elding Larsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Roy N. Tamura
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Kendra Vehik
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Joanna Clasen
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jay Sosenko
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrea K. Steck
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anette G. Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V. Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey P. Krischer
- Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Haller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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20
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Chiang JL, Maahs DM, Garvey KC, Hood KK, Laffel LM, Weinzimer SA, Wolfsdorf JI, Schatz D. Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2018; 41:2026-2044. [PMID: 30093549 PMCID: PMC6105320 DOI: 10.2337/dci18-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Chiang
- McKinsey & Company and Diasome Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto, CA
| | - David M Maahs
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Katharine C Garvey
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Korey K Hood
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Lori M Laffel
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stuart A Weinzimer
- Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Joseph I Wolfsdorf
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Desmond Schatz
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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21
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Han H, Li Y, Fang J, Liu G, Yin J, Li T, Yin Y. Gut Microbiota and Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040995. [PMID: 29584630 PMCID: PMC5979537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has increased rapidly and became a major public health concern worldwide. Various factors are associated with the development of T1D, such as diet, genome, and intestinal microbiota. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbors a complex and dynamic population of microorganisms, the gut microbiota, which exert a marked influence on the host homeostasis and metabolic diseases. Recent evidence shows that altered gut bacterial composition (dysbiosis) is highly associated with the pathogenesis of insulin dysfunction and T1D and, thus, targeting gut microbiota may serve as a therapeutic potential for T1D patients. In this study, we updated the effect of gut microbiota on T1D and potential mechanisms were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Han
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410128, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Yuying Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410128, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Jun Fang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Jie Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410128, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410128, China.
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410128, China.
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China.
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22
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Abstract
Underlying type 1 diabetes is a genetic aetiology dominated by the influence of specific HLA haplotypes involving primarily the class II DR-DQ region. In genetically predisposed children with the DR4-DQ8 haplotype, exogenous factors, yet to be identified, are thought to trigger an autoimmune reaction against insulin, signalled by insulin autoantibodies as the first autoantibody to appear. In children with the DR3-DQ2 haplotype, the triggering reaction is primarily against GAD signalled by GAD autoantibodies (GADA) as the first-appearing autoantibody. The incidence rate of insulin autoantibodies as the first-appearing autoantibody peaks during the first years of life and declines thereafter. The incidence rate of GADA as the first-appearing autoantibody peaks later but does not decline. The first autoantibody may variably be followed, in an apparently non-HLA-associated pathogenesis, by a second, third or fourth autoantibody. Although not all persons with a single type of autoantibody progress to diabetes, the presence of multiple autoantibodies seems invariably to be followed by loss of functional beta cell mass and eventually by dysglycaemia and symptoms. Infiltration of mononuclear cells in and around the islets appears to be a late phenomenon appearing in the multiple-autoantibody-positive with dysglycaemia. As our understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes advances, the improved capability for early prediction should guide new strategies for the prevention of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon E Regnell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden.
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23
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Vega-Vázquez MA, Ramírez-Vick M, Muñoz-Torres FJ, González-Rodríguez LA, Joshipura K. Comparing glucose and hemoglobin A 1c diagnostic tests among a high metabolic risk Hispanic population. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017; 33:10.1002/dmrr.2874. [PMID: 27933750 PMCID: PMC5413375 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compare glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c ) diagnostic tests for prediabetes and diabetes with plasma glucose criteria and compare the metabolic profiles of people classified by HbA1c versus by glucose levels. METHODS Participants were recruited for the San Juan Overweight Adults Longitudinal Study. The participants were primarily Hispanic (98%), without previously diagnosed diabetes, and aged 40 to 65 years. Participants classified as normal glycemic, prediabetes, or diabetes on the basis of baseline HbA1c and plasma glucose criteria were compared with respect to baseline cardiometabolic factors. RESULTS The 1342 participants had a mean age of 50.5 ± 6.8 years and 28% were men. Thirty-one percent were diagnosed with prediabetes by plasma glucose criteria and 53.4% by HbA1c , and 8.1% were diagnosed with diabetes by plasma glucose criteria and 6.3% by HbA1c ; overall concordance rate was 55.1%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of HbA1c compared to plasma glucose criteria was 0.62 for impaired glucose and 0.76 for diabetes. A worse cardiometabolic profile was seen within subgroups that met HbA1c and plasma glucose criteria for diabetes or prediabetes. Those diagnosed with prediabetes by plasma glucose criteria had significantly higher systolic blood pressure and higher homeostatic model assessment than those diagnosed using HbA1c . Participants diagnosed with diabetes by plasma glucose criteria had lower body mass index, smaller waist circumference, and lower insulinogenic and disposition indices, but higher homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, than those diagnosed by HbA1c . CONCLUSIONS Low concordance was seen between HbA1c and glucose measurements. The HbA1c is not a good test for prediabetes but shows reasonable validity for diabetes in this high-risk predominantly female Hispanic population. People classified by HbA1c , plasma glucose criteria, or both show different metabolic profiles; a combined test may be ideal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica A. Vega-Vázquez
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Section, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Margarita Ramírez-Vick
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Section, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Francisco J. Muñoz-Torres
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, School of Dental Medicine, Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Loida A. González-Rodríguez
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Section, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Kaumudi Joshipura
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, School of Dental Medicine, Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
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24
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Jayawardene WP, Lohrmann D, Dickinson S, Talagala S, Torabi M. Clinical measures of obesity and cumulative cardiometabolic risk in adolescents. Clin Obes 2017; 7:11-21. [PMID: 28028931 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity tracks from childhood to adulthood most strongly of all cardiometabolic risk factors. To determine relationship of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with cardiometabolic risk (dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and elevated blood pressure) in a large U.S. population ages 12-19 and demographic subgroups. Pooled 1999-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data were analyzed (N = 23 438). In addition to standard cutoffs of BMI and WC, risk levels were identified for each laboratory variable: HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, total cholesterol (category = lipids); fasting glucose, glycated haemoglobin (category = glucose); systolic/diastolic pressures (category =blood pressure). Within each category, being high-risk on any of the variables was high-risk; being borderline-risk on any, without being high-risk on any, was borderline-risk. Obesity severity was strongly associated with increased cardiometabolic risk, with prevalence of borderline-risk greater than high-risk. Anthropometric indicators in males and Hispanics, versus females and Whites/Blacks, respectively, had stronger associations with cardiometabolic risks. BMI and WC performed well for identifying adolescents with at least one borderline-risk or high-risk level measure for lipids, glucose and blood pressure; relationship strength varying by gender and race/ethnicity. Thus, to prevent or better manage clinical diseases of adolescents with elevated BMI and/or WC, all recommended laboratory tests are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Jayawardene
- Applied Health Science, School of Public Health Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - D Lohrmann
- Applied Health Science, School of Public Health Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - S Dickinson
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - S Talagala
- Global Health Communication Center, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - M Torabi
- Applied Health Science, School of Public Health Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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25
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Petruzelkova L, Dusatkova P, Cinek O, Sumnik Z, Pruhova S, Hradsky O, Vcelakova J, Lebl J, Kolouskova S. Substantial proportion of MODY among multiplex families participating in a Type 1 diabetes prediction programme. Diabet Med 2016; 33:1712-1716. [PMID: 26641800 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Patients with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) might be over-represented in families with histories of Type 1 diabetes. Our aim was to re-evaluate families participating in the Czech T1D Prediction Programme (PREDIA.CZ) with at least two members affected with diabetes to assess the proportion of MODY among these families and determine its most significant clinical predictors. METHODS Of the 557 families followed up by the PREDIA.CZ, 53 (9.5%) had two or more family members with diabetes. One proband with diabetes from these families was chosen for direct sequencing of the GCK, HNF1A, HNF4A and INS genes. Non-parametric tests and a linear logistic regression model were used to evaluate differences between MODY and non-MODY families. RESULTS MODY was genetically diagnosed in 24 of the 53 families with multiple occurrences of diabetes (45%). Mutations were detected most frequently in GCK (58%), followed by HNF1A (38%) and INS (4%). MODY families were more likely to have a parent with diabetes and had a higher proportion of females with diabetes than non-MODY families. Higher age (P < 0.001), a lower level of HbA1c (P < 0.001) at clinical onset and at least two generations affected by diabetes were the variables most predictive for probands of MODY families already presenting with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS A prediction programme for Type 1 diabetes would provide a useful new source of patients with MODY most likely to benefit from an accurate diagnosis. This identification has implications for patient treatment and disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Petruzelkova
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Motol and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P Dusatkova
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Motol and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - O Cinek
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Motol and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Z Sumnik
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Motol and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S Pruhova
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Motol and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - O Hradsky
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Motol and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Vcelakova
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Motol and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Lebl
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Motol and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S Kolouskova
- Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Motol and 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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26
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An G, Widness JA, Mock DM, Veng-Pedersen P. A Novel Physiology-Based Mathematical Model to Estimate Red Blood Cell Lifespan in Different Human Age Groups. AAPS J 2016; 18:1182-1191. [PMID: 27215601 PMCID: PMC5576059 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9923-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct measurement of red blood cell (RBC) survival in humans has improved from the original accurate but limited differential agglutination technique to the current reliable, safe, and accurate biotin method. Despite this, all of these methods are time consuming and require blood sampling over several months to determine the RBC lifespan. For situations in which RBC survival information must be obtained quickly, these methods are not suitable. With the exception of adults and infants, RBC survival has not been extensively investigated in other age groups. To address this need, we developed a novel, physiology-based mathematical model that quickly estimates RBC lifespan in healthy individuals at any age. The model is based on the assumption that the total number of RBC recirculations during the lifespan of each RBC (denoted by N max) is relatively constant for all age groups. The model was initially validated using the data from our prior infant and adult biotin-labeled red blood cell studies and then extended to the other age groups. The model generated the following estimated RBC lifespans in 2-year-old, 5-year-old, 8-year-old, and 10-year-old children: 62, 74, 82, and 86 days, respectively. We speculate that this model has useful clinical applications. For example, HbA1c testing is not reliable in identifying children with diabetes because HbA1c is directly affected by RBC lifespan. Because our model can estimate RBC lifespan in children at any age, corrections to HbA1c values based on the model-generated RBC lifespan could improve diabetes diagnosis as well as therapy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua An
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA.
| | - John A Widness
- Department of Pediatrics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Donald M Mock
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Peter Veng-Pedersen
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
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27
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There are an increasing number of markers that are used to predict the occurrence of type 1 diabetes (T1D), and to study the progression of pathologic changes prior to diagnosis. This review discusses some of those markers, particularly markers for which data are available that pertain to the progression to T1D. RECENT FINDINGS A study of birth cohorts showed that young children who develop multiple autoantibodies are at a particularly high risk for developing T1D, and that there appears to be a typical sequence for autoantibody development. The measurement of autoantibodies by electrochemiluminescence can increase the prediction accuracy for T1D. A new marker of changes in glucose over 6 months (PS6 M) has potential utility as an endpoint in short-term prevention trials. Markers which combine C-peptide and glucose, such as the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Risk Score and the Index60, can increase the accuracy of prediction, and can potentially be utilized as prediagnostic endpoints. β-cell death measurements could have substantial utility in future T1D research. SUMMARY Markers are highly useful for studying the prediction of and progression to T1D. Moreover, markers can possibly be utilized to diagnose T1D at an earlier stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M. Sosenko
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Miami, Address: PO Box 016960 (D110), Miami, FL 33101, Phone: 305-243-6146, Fax: 305-243-4484,
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28
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Maahs DM, Shalitin S. Diabetes Technology and Therapy in the Pediatric Age Group. Diabetes Technol Ther 2016; 18 Suppl 1:S86-100. [PMID: 26836433 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2016.2509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M Maahs
- 1 Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado , Denver, CO
| | - Shlomit Shalitin
- 2 Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel , Petah Tikva, Israel
- 3 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel
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29
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Van Dalem A, Demeester S, Balti EV, Decochez K, Weets I, Vandemeulebroucke E, Van de Velde U, Walgraeve A, Seret N, De Block C, Ruige J, Gillard P, Keymeulen B, Pipeleers DG, Gorus FK. Relationship between glycaemic variability and hyperglycaemic clamp-derived functional variables in (impending) type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2753-64. [PMID: 26409458 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We examined whether measures of glycaemic variability (GV), assessed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), can complement or replace measures of beta cell function and insulin action in detecting the progression of preclinical disease to type 1 diabetes. METHODS Twenty-two autoantibody-positive (autoAb(+)) first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with type 1 diabetes who were themselves at high 5-year risk (50%) for type 1 diabetes underwent CGM, a hyperglycaemic clamp test and OGTT, and were followed for up to 31 months. Clamp variables were used to estimate beta cell function (first-phase [AUC5-10 min] and second-phase [AUC120-150 min] C-peptide release) combined with insulin resistance (glucose disposal rate; M 120-150 min). Age-matched healthy volunteers (n = 20) and individuals with recent-onset type 1 diabetes (n = 9) served as control groups. RESULTS In autoAb(+) FDRs, M 120-150 min below the 10th percentile (P10) of controls achieved 86% diagnostic efficiency in discriminating between normoglycaemic FDRs and individuals with (impending) dysglycaemia. M 120-150 min outperformed AUC5-10 min and AUC120-150 min C-peptide below P10 of controls, which were only 59-68% effective. Among GV variables, CGM above the reference range was better at detecting (impending) dysglycaemia than elevated SMBG (77-82% vs 73% efficiency). Combined CGM measures were equally efficient as M 120-150 min (86%). Daytime GV variables were inversely correlated with clamp variables, and more strongly with M 120-150 min than with AUC5-10 min or AUC120-150 min C-peptide. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION CGM-derived GV and the glucose disposal rate, reflecting both insulin secretion and action, outperformed SMBG and first- or second-phase AUC C-peptide in identifying FDRs with (impending) dysglycaemia or diabetes. Our results indicate the feasibility of developing minimally invasive CGM-based criteria for close metabolic monitoring and as outcome measures in trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelien Van Dalem
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simke Demeester
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eric V Balti
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katelijn Decochez
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Weets
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Radio-immunology, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Evy Vandemeulebroucke
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ursule Van de Velde
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Diabetology, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - An Walgraeve
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Christophe De Block
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johannes Ruige
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Gillard
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Keymeulen
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Diabetology, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel G Pipeleers
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frans K Gorus
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 100, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Radio-immunology, University Hospital Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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30
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Insel RA, Dunne JL, Atkinson MA, Chiang JL, Dabelea D, Gottlieb PA, Greenbaum CJ, Herold KC, Krischer JP, Lernmark Å, Ratner RE, Rewers MJ, Schatz DA, Skyler JS, Sosenko JM, Ziegler AG. Staging presymptomatic type 1 diabetes: a scientific statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:1964-74. [PMID: 26404926 PMCID: PMC5321245 DOI: 10.2337/dc15-1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Insights from prospective, longitudinal studies of individuals at risk for developing type 1 diabetes have demonstrated that the disease is a continuum that progresses sequentially at variable but predictable rates through distinct identifiable stages prior to the onset of symptoms. Stage 1 is defined as the presence of β-cell autoimmunity as evidenced by the presence of two or more islet autoantibodies with normoglycemia and is presymptomatic, stage 2 as the presence of β-cell autoimmunity with dysglycemia and is presymptomatic, and stage 3 as onset of symptomatic disease. Adoption of this staging classification provides a standardized taxonomy for type 1 diabetes and will aid the development of therapies and the design of clinical trials to prevent symptomatic disease, promote precision medicine, and provide a framework for an optimized benefit/risk ratio that will impact regulatory approval, reimbursement, and adoption of interventions in the early stages of type 1 diabetes to prevent symptomatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark A Atkinson
- UF Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Dana Dabelea
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Peter A Gottlieb
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Kevan C Herold
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jeffrey P Krischer
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Epidemiology Center, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Lund University/Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Marian J Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Jay S Skyler
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Jay M Sosenko
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Anette-G Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Helminen O, Aspholm S, Pokka T, Hautakangas MR, Haatanen N, Lempainen J, Ilonen J, Simell O, Knip M, Veijola R. HbA1c Predicts Time to Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Children at Risk. Diabetes 2015; 64:1719-27. [PMID: 25524912 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of type 1 diabetes is based on the detection of multiple islet autoantibodies in subjects who are at increased genetic risk. Prediction of the timing of diagnosis is challenging, however. We assessed the utility of HbA1c levels in predicting the clinical disease in genetically predisposed children with multiple autoantibodies. Cord blood samples from 168,055 newborn infants were screened for class II HLA genotypes in Finland, and 14,876 children with increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes were invited to participate in regular follow-ups, including screening for diabetes-associated autoantibodies. When two or more autoantibodies were detected, HbA1c levels were analyzed at each visit. During follow-up, multiple (two or more) autoantibodies developed in 466 children; type 1 diabetes was diagnosed in 201 of these children (43%, progressors), while 265 children remained disease free (nonprogressors) by December 2011. A 10% increase in HbA1c levels in samples obtained 3-12 months apart predicted the diagnosis of clinical disease (hazard ratio [HR] 5.7 [95% CI 4.1-7.9]) after a median time of 1.1 years (interquartile range [IQR] 0.6-3.1 years) from the observed rise of HbA1c. If the HbA1c level was ≥5.9% (41 mmol/mol) in two consecutive samples, the median time to diagnosis was 0.9 years (IQR 0.3-1.5, HR 11.9 [95% CI 8.8-16.0]). In conclusion, HbA1c is a useful biochemical marker when predicting the time to diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children with multiple autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Helminen
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Susanna Aspholm
- Department of General Practice, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tytti Pokka
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Milla-Riikka Hautakangas
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Nora Haatanen
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Yang L, Shen X, Yan S, Xu F, Wu P. The effectiveness of age on HbA1c as a criterion for the diagnosis of diabetes in Chinese different age subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:205-12. [PMID: 24821380 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the effectiveness of age on HbA1c as a criterion for the diagnosis of diabetes in Chinese different age subjects. METHODS This retrospective study enrolled a total of 1147 outpatients with untreated newly diagnosed diabetes (aged 18-80 years, 42·55% women) from the Fujian Province, China, and 427 age and gender-matched (control) subjects without diabetes. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was plotted to determine the performance of HbA1c against results of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) performed at the same time according to specific age groups. The ORs and 95%CIs between diabetes and other metabolic disorders were analysed. RESULTS (i) HbA1c provided an age-specific diagnosis for diabetes: there was a high diagnostic titter of HbA1c in the 18- to 39-year age group; conversely, there was a low diagnostic titter of HbA1c in the ≥70-year-old age groups. (ii) After adjusted for age, individuals with diabetes by OGTT criteria but not by WHO HbA1c criteria had an increased chance of having abnormal weight, hypertriglyceridaemia, HDL hypocholesterolaemia and insulin resistance. (iii) The diagnostic cut-off points of HbA1c for diabetes in different age groups (18-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69 and ≥70 years) were 6·1, 6·3, 6·4, 6·5 and 6·4, respectively. The age-specific HbA1c criteria exhibited the higher positive rate, sensitivity and lower false-negative rate when compared with WHO HbA1c criteria. CONCLUSIONS This provided evidence indicating that there may be drawbacks in the use of HbA1c in the diagnosis of diabetes. Thus, we proposed that the impact of introducing HbA1c for diabetes diagnosis should be considered in terms of age. Cohort studies are needed to further confirm the suitability of age-specific HbA1c criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Yang
- Endocrinology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Steck AK, Dong F, Taki I, Hoffman M, Klingensmith GJ, Rewers MJ. Early hyperglycemia detected by continuous glucose monitoring in children at risk for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:2031-3. [PMID: 24784826 PMCID: PMC4067399 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-2965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We explore continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) as a new approach to defining early hyperglycemia and diagnosing type 1 diabetes in children with positive islet autoantibodies (Ab+). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fourteen Ab+ children, free of signs or symptoms of diabetes, and nine antibody-negative (Ab-) subjects, followed by the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young, were asked to wear a Dexcom SEVEN CGM. RESULTS The Ab+ subjects showed more hyperglycemia, with 18% time spent above 140 mg/dL, compared with 9% in Ab- subjects (P = 0.04). Their average maximum daytime glucose value was higher, and they had increased glycemic variability. The mean HbA1c in the Ab+ subjects was 5.5% (37 mmol/mol). Among Ab+ subjects, ≥18-20% CGM time spent above 140 mg/dL seems to predict progression to diabetes. CONCLUSIONS CGM can detect early hyperglycemia in Ab+ children who are at high risk for progression to diabetes. Proposed CGM predictors of progression to diabetes require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Steck
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Fran Dong
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Iman Taki
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Michelle Hoffman
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Marian J Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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Juarez DT, Demaris KM, Goo R, Mnatzaganian CL, Wong Smith H. Significance of HbA1c and its measurement in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: US experience. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2014; 7:487-94. [PMID: 25349480 PMCID: PMC4208352 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s39092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2014 American Diabetes Association guidelines denote four means of diagnosing diabetes. The first of these is a glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) >6.5%. This literature review summarizes studies (n=47) in the USA examining the significance, strengths, and limitations of using HbA1c as a diagnostic tool for diabetes, relative to other available means. Due to the relatively recent adoption of HbA1c as a diabetes mellitus diagnostic tool, a hybrid systematic, truncated review of the literature was implemented. Based on these studies, we conclude that HbA1c screening for diabetes has been found to be convenient and effective in diagnosing diabetes. HbA1c screening is particularly helpful in community-based and acute care settings where tests requiring fasting are not practical. Using HbA1c to diagnose diabetes also has some limitations. For instance, HbA1c testing may underestimate the prevalence of diabetes, particularly among whites. Because this bias differs by racial group, prevalence and resulting estimates of health disparities based on HbA1c screening differ from those based on other methods of diagnosis. In addition, existing evidence suggests that HbA1c screening may not be valid in certain subgroups, such as children, women with gestational diabetes, patients with human immunodeficiency virus, and those with prediabetes. Further guidelines are needed to clarify the appropriate use of HbA1c screening in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Taira Juarez
- Daniel K Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Correspondence: Deborah Taira Juarez, Daniel K Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 677 Ala Moana Boulevard, Suite 1025, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA, Email
| | - Kendra M Demaris
- Daniel K Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Roy Goo
- Daniel K Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Helen Wong Smith
- Daniel K Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Honolulu, HI, USA
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