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Rojas-Solé C, Pinilla-González V, Lillo-Moya J, González-Fernández T, Saso L, Rodrigo R. Integrated approach to reducing polypharmacy in older people: exploring the role of oxidative stress and antioxidant potential therapy. Redox Rep 2024; 29:2289740. [PMID: 38108325 PMCID: PMC10732214 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2023.2289740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased life expectancy, attributed to improved access to healthcare and drug development, has led to an increase in multimorbidity, a key contributor to polypharmacy. Polypharmacy is characterised by its association with a variety of adverse events in the older persons. The mechanisms involved in the development of age-related chronic diseases are largely unknown; however, altered redox homeostasis due to ageing is one of the main theories. In this context, the present review explores the development and interaction between different age-related diseases, mainly linked by oxidative stress. In addition, drug interactions in the treatment of various diseases are described, emphasising that the holistic management of older people and their pathologies should prevail over the individual treatment of each condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Rojas-Solé
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Pinilla-González
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Lillo-Moya
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tommy González-Fernández
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ramón Rodrigo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Xiao J, Cao S, Wang J, Li P, Cheng Q, Zhou X, Dong J, Li Y, Zhao X, Xu Z, Yang L. Leptin-mediated suppression of lipoprotein lipase cleavage enhances lipid uptake and facilitates lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024. [PMID: 38958445 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is the primary mode of metastasis in gastric cancer (GC). However, the precise mechanisms underlying this process remain elusive. Tumor cells necessitate lipid metabolic reprogramming to facilitate metastasis, yet the role of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), a pivotal enzyme involved in exogenous lipid uptake, remains uncertain in tumor metastasis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of lipid metabolic reprogramming during LNM of GC as well as the role of LPL in this process. METHODS Intracellular lipid levels were quantified using oil red O staining, BODIPY 493/503 staining, and flow cytometry. Lipidomics analysis was employed to identify alterations in intracellular lipid composition following LPL knockdown. Protein expression levels were assessed through immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The mouse popliteal LNM model was utilized to investigate differences in LNM. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry were employed to examine protein associations. In vitro phosphorylation assays and Phos-tag sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assays were conducted to detect angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) phosphorylation. RESULTS We identified that an elevated intracellular lipid level represents a crucial characteristic of node-positive (N+) GC and further demonstrated that a high-fat diet can expedite LNM. LPL was found to be significantly overexpressed in N+ GC tissues and shown to facilitate LNM by mediating dietary lipid uptake within GC cells. Leptin, an obesity-related hormone, intercepted the effect exerted by ANGPTL4/Furin on LPL cleavage. Circulating leptin binding to the leptin receptor could induce the activation of inositol-requiring enzyme-1 (IRE1) kinase, leading to the phosphorylation of ANGPTL4 at the serine 30 residue and subsequently reducing its binding affinity with LPL. Moreover, our research revealed that LPL disrupted lipid homeostasis by elevating intracellular levels of arachidonic acid, which then triggered the cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway, thereby promoting tumor lymphangiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Leptin-induced phosphorylation of ANGPTL4 facilitates LPL-mediated lipid uptake and consequently stimulates the production of PGE2, ultimately facilitating LNM in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Shuqing Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Pengyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jiacheng Dong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zekuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Bays HE. Obesity, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease: A joint expert review from the Obesity Medicine Association and the National Lipid Association 2024. OBESITY PILLARS 2024; 10:100108. [PMID: 38706496 PMCID: PMC11066689 DOI: 10.1016/j.obpill.2024.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Background This joint expert review by the Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) and National Lipid Association (NLA) provides clinicians an overview of the pathophysiologic and clinical considerations regarding obesity, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Methods This joint expert review is based upon scientific evidence, clinical perspectives of the authors, and peer review by the OMA and NLA leadership. Results Among individuals with obesity, adipose tissue may store over 50% of the total body free cholesterol. Triglycerides may represent up to 99% of lipid species in adipose tissue. The potential for adipose tissue expansion accounts for the greatest weight variance among most individuals, with percent body fat ranging from less than 5% to over 60%. While population studies suggest a modest increase in blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels with excess adiposity, the adiposopathic dyslipidemia pattern most often described with an increase in adiposity includes elevated triglycerides, reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), increased non-HDL-C, elevated apolipoprotein B, increased LDL particle concentration, and increased small, dense LDL particles. Conclusions Obesity increases CVD risk, at least partially due to promotion of an adiposopathic, atherogenic lipid profile. Obesity also worsens other cardiometabolic risk factors. Among patients with obesity, interventions that reduce body weight and improve CVD outcomes are generally associated with improved lipid levels. Given the modest improvement in blood LDL-C with weight reduction in patients with overweight or obesity, early interventions to treat both excess adiposity and elevated atherogenic cholesterol (LDL-C and/or non-HDL-C) levels represent priorities in reducing the risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Edward Bays
- Corresponding author. Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, Louisville, KY, 40213, USA.
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Bays HE, Kirkpatrick CF, Maki KC, Toth PP, Morgan RT, Tondt J, Christensen SM, Dixon DL, Jacobson TA. Obesity, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease: A joint expert review from the Obesity Medicine Association and the National Lipid Association 2024. J Clin Lipidol 2024; 18:e320-e350. [PMID: 38664184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This joint expert review by the Obesity Medicine Association (OMA) and National Lipid Association (NLA) provides clinicians an overview of the pathophysiologic and clinical considerations regarding obesity, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. METHODS This joint expert review is based upon scientific evidence, clinical perspectives of the authors, and peer review by the OMA and NLA leadership. RESULTS Among individuals with obesity, adipose tissue may store over 50% of the total body free cholesterol. Triglycerides may represent up to 99% of lipid species in adipose tissue. The potential for adipose tissue expansion accounts for the greatest weight variance among most individuals, with percent body fat ranging from less than 5% to over 60%. While population studies suggest a modest increase in blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels with excess adiposity, the adiposopathic dyslipidemia pattern most often described with an increase in adiposity includes elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), increased non-HDL-C, elevated apolipoprotein B, increased LDL particle concentration, and increased small, dense LDL particles. CONCLUSIONS Obesity increases CVD risk, at least partially due to promotion of an adiposopathic, atherogenic lipid profile. Obesity also worsens other cardiometabolic risk factors. Among patients with obesity, interventions that reduce body weight and improve CVD outcomes are generally associated with improved lipid levels. Given the modest improvement in blood LDL-C with weight reduction in patients with overweight or obesity, early interventions to treat both excess adiposity and elevated atherogenic cholesterol (LDL-C and/or non-HDL-C) levels represent priorities in reducing the risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Edward Bays
- Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, Clinical Associate Professor, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 3288 Illinois Avenue, Louisville KY 40213 (Dr Bays).
| | - Carol F Kirkpatrick
- Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID (Dr Kirkpatrick).
| | - Kevin C Maki
- Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN (Dr Maki).
| | - Peter P Toth
- CGH Medical Center, Department of Clinical Family and Community Medicine, University of Illinois School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Dr Toth).
| | - Ryan T Morgan
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Principal Investigator at Lynn Health Science Institute, 3555 NW 58th St., STE 910-W, Oklahoma City, OK 73112 (Dr Morgan).
| | - Justin Tondt
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center (Dr Tondt)
| | | | - Dave L Dixon
- Deptartment of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy 410 N 12th Street, Box 980533, Richmond, VA 23298-0533 (Dr Dixon).
| | - Terry A Jacobson
- Lipid Clinic and Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Program, Emory University Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (Dr Jacobson).
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Zhu Z, Bai H, Li Z, Fan M, Li G, Chen L. Association of the oxidative balance score with obesity and body composition among young and middle-aged adults. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1373709. [PMID: 38751744 PMCID: PMC11095126 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1373709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The oxidative balance score (OBS) is important for determining the cause of obesity and its complications. We aimed to evaluate the association between OBS and obesity and other segmental body composition parameters among young and middle-aged U.S. adults. Methods 9,998 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2018 were included. Lean mass percentage (LM%) and FM% were evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Obesity was defined as body FM% ≥25% in men and ≥ 35% in women. The OBS was scored by 5 pro-oxidant and 21 antioxidant factors. Associations of quartiles of OBS with obesity risk were estimated using multivariable logistic regression models. Multivariable linear regression was conducted to estimate the association between OBS and segmental body composition measures including the arm LM%, leg LM%, torso LM%, whole LM%, arm FM%, leg FM%, torso FM% and total FM%. Results Compared to participants in the lowest quartile of OBS, those in the highest quartile of OBS were associated with a lower risk of BMI-defined obesity BMI-defined obesity [0.43 (0.36, 0.50)] and FM%-related obesity [0.43 (0.35, 0.52)]. Additionally, OBS was negatively associated with FM% of the limb and torso but positively associated with the percentage of lean mass (LM%) of the limb and trunk. Conclusion OBS was negatively associated with the risk of obesity and segmental FM%, but was positively associated with segmental LM% among US adults, indicating that adhering to an anti-oxidative diet and lifestyle management may be beneficial for preventing segmental obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Shandong Rehabilitation Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Department of Nutrition, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaoping Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Miaomiao Fan
- Department of Health, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Liyong Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Lee SG, Kang H. In vitro Adipocyte Differentiation Inhibition and in vivo Effects on Lipid Metabolism in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity of Euphorbia humifusa. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:387-398. [PMID: 37986586 PMCID: PMC10940745 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2308.08004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Euphorbia humifusa Willd (Euphorbiaceae) is a functional raw material with various pharmacological activities. This study aimed to validate the inhibitory effect of Euphorbia humifusa extract (EHE) on adipocyte differentiation in vitro and in a high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced mouse model to evaluate the E.a humifusa as a novel anti-obesity and lipid metabolism enhancer agent. EHE effects on obesity and lipid metabolism were assessed in HFD-induced obese mice after 4-week treatments. Results were compared among four treatment groups (n = 7/group): low fat diet (LFD), high fat diet (HFD), and HFD-induced obese mice treated with either 100 or 200 mg/kg/day EHE (EHE100 and EHE200, respectively). EHE (50 to 200 μg/ml) and quercetin (50 μg/ml) significantly reduced 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation (p < 0.001), in a concentration-dependent manner. EHE affected lipid metabolism, as evidenced by changes in serum lipid components. The HFD-EHE100 and HFD-EHE200 groups exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) reduced triglycerides (TG, 97.50 ± 6.56 and 82.50 ± 13.20 mg/dL, respectively) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c: 40.25 ± 4.99 and 41.25 ± 6.36 mg/dL, respectively) compared to the HFD group (TG: 129.25 ± 19.81 mg/dL; LDL-c: 51.75 ± 11.59 mg/dL). Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Oil red O staining showed that EHE markedly reduced lipid accumulation and inhibited lipogenesis in the liver. Interestingly, EHE significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the expression of adipogenic transcription factors in liver tissue. Our results indicated that EHE has the potential to be a therapeutic agent for addressing obesity and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Gyu Lee
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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Potential Role of Oxidative Stress in the Production of Volatile Organic Compounds in Obesity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010129. [PMID: 36670991 PMCID: PMC9854577 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with numerous health issues such as sleep disorders, asthma, hepatic dysfunction, cancer, renal dysfunction, diabetes, cardiovascular complications, and infertility. Previous research has shown that the distribution of excess body fat, rather than excess body weight, determines obesity-related risk factors. It is widely accepted that abdominal fat is a serious risk factor for illnesses associated with obesity and the accumulation of visceral fat promotes the release of pro-oxidants, pro-inflammatory, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The metabolic process in the human body produces several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) via urine, saliva, breath, blood, skin secretions, milk, and feces. Several studies have shown that VOCs are released by the interaction of ROS with underlying cellular components leading to increased protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, or DNA damage. These VOCs released via oxidative stress in obese individuals may serves as a biomarker for obesity-related metabolic alterations and disease. In this review, we focus on the relationship between oxidative stress and VOCs in obesity.
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Arslan K, Daldaban F, Kecici PD, Aksel EG, Ekiz B, Akyuz B, Yilmaz A, Akcay A, Iscan K. Relationship between transport-induced stress and the expression levels of some genes in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway in Kivircik lambs. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yang JCS, Huang LH, Wu SC, Wu YC, Wu CJ, Lin CW, Tsai PY, Chien PC, Hsieh CH. Recovery of Dysregulated Genes in Cancer-Related Lower Limb Lymphedema After Supermicrosurgical Lymphaticovenous Anastomosis – A Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:761-773. [PMID: 35153500 PMCID: PMC8824698 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s350421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Chia-Shen Yang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lien-Hung Huang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chun Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chan Wu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Wu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Tsai
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Chen Chien
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Hsieh
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Correspondence: Ching-Hua Hsieh, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Dapi Road, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung City, 833, Taiwan, Tel +886-7-7317123, ext.8002, Fax +886-7-7354309, Email
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Álvarez-Vásquez JL, Bravo-Guapisaca MI, Gavidia-Pazmiño JF, Intriago-Morales RV. Adipokines in dental pulp: physiological, pathological, and potential therapeutic roles. J Oral Biosci 2021; 64:59-70. [PMID: 34808362 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hundreds of adipokines have been identified, and their extensive range of endocrine functions-regulating distant organs such as oral tissues-and local autocrine/paracrine roles have been studied. In dentistry, however, adipokines are poorly known proteins in the dental pulp; few of them have been studied despite their large number. This study reviews recent advances in the investigation of dental-pulp adipokines, with an emphasis on their roles in inflammatory processes and their potential therapeutic applications. HIGHLIGHTS The most recently identified adipokines in dental pulp include leptin, adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin, oncostatin, chemerin, and visfatin. They have numerous physiological and pathological functions in the pulp tissue: they are closely related to pulp inflammatory mechanisms and actively participate in cell differentiation, mineralization, angiogenesis, and immune-system modulation. CONCLUSION Adipokines have potential clinical applications in regenerative endodontics and as biomarkers or targets for the pharmacological management of inflammatory and degenerative processes in dental pulp. A promising direction for the development of new therapies may be the use of agonists/antagonists to modulate the expression of the most studied adipokines.
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Jin SC, Kim MH, Choi LY, Nam YK, Yang WM. Fat regulatory mechanisms of pine nut oil based on protein interaction network analysis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 86:153557. [PMID: 33852976 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pine nut oil (PNO), a standardized and well-defined extract of Pinus koraiensis (Korean pine), has beneficial effects on wound healing, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. However, the explanation for the mechanism by which PNO reduces body fat remains uncertain. We performed a protein-protein interaction network (PPIN) analysis to explore the genes associated with pinolenic acid using the MEDILINE database from PubChem and PubMed. It was concluded through the PPIN analysis that PNO was involved in a neutral lipid biosynthetic process. PURPOSE This study evaluated the effects of PNO predicted by the network analysis of fat accumulation in chronic obesity mouse models established by feeding a high fat diet (HFD) to C57BL/6J mice and explored potential mechanisms. METHODS HFD mice were fed only HFD or HFD with PNO at 822 and 1644 mg/kg. After an oral administration of 7 weeks, several body weight and body fat-related parameters were examined, including the following: adipose weight, adipocyte size, serum lipid profiles, adipocyte expression of PPAR-γ, sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and leptin. RESULTS We showed that oral administration of PNO to HFD mice reduces body fat weight, fat in tissue, white adipose tissue weight, and adipocyte size. The serum cholesterol was improved in the HFD mice treated with PNO. Additionally, PNO has significantly attenuated the HFD-induced changes in the adipose tissue expression of PPAR-γ, SREBP-1c, LPL, and leptin. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study based on the PPIN analysis suggest that PNO has potential as drug to reduce body fat through fat regulatory mechanisms by PPAR-γ and SREBP-1c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Chul Jin
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hye Kim
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - La Yoon Choi
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Kyung Nam
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Mo Yang
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Gajewska J, Ambroszkiewicz J, Szamotulska K, Klemarczyk W, Weker H, Chełchowska M. Associations Between Antioxidant Vitamin Status, Dietary Intake, and Retinol-binding Protein 4 Levels in Prepubertal Obese Children After 3-month Weight Loss Therapy. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2021; 13:187-197. [PMID: 33261247 PMCID: PMC8186328 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2020.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adiposity is associated with increased oxidative stress, leading to changed fat-soluble vitamin concentrations. The aim of this study was to determine whether weight loss alters fat-soluble vitamin status and whether these alterations are associated with dietary intake, anthropometric parameters and adipokines in obese children. METHODS Vitamin A and E concentrations were measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography in 60 obese children before and after weight loss therapy. Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), leptin, soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R), and high molecular weight adiponectin concentrations were determined by immunoenzymatic assays. RESULTS The intake of vitamin E was lower in obese children with weight loss after therapy (p=0.038). In this group, an increase was found in the vitamin A/lipids (p=0.022) and the vitamin E/lipids (p=0.008) ratios but due to the reduction in triglyceride levels. In the obese group, changes in vitamin E level were positively correlated with changes in dietary vitamin E (p=0.017) and the leptin/sOB-R ratio (p=0.046). Changes in vitamin A level were positively correlated with changes in dietary vitamin A (p=0.001) and RBP4 concentration (p=0.023). Associations between changes in RBP4 level with the changes in body mass index (BMI) (p=0.011) and total cholesterol concentration (p=0.023) but not with changes in vitamin A concentration were found in the obese after therapy. CONCLUSION An increased risk of vitamin E deficiency may occur in children losing weight during lifestyle intervention. Changes in BMI value may influence changes in RBP4 concentrations and consequently the vitamin A status in obese children after therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gajewska
- Institute of Mother and Child, Department of Screening and Metabolic Diagnostics, Warsaw, Poland,* Address for Correspondence: Institute of Mother and Child, Department of Screening and Metabolic Diagnostics, Warsaw, Poland Phone: +48/22/3277260 E-mail:
| | - Jadwiga Ambroszkiewicz
- Institute of Mother and Child, Department of Screening and Metabolic Diagnostics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szamotulska
- Institute of Mother and Child, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Witold Klemarczyk
- Institute of Mother and Child, Department of Nutrition, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Halina Weker
- Institute of Mother and Child, Department of Nutrition, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chełchowska
- Institute of Mother and Child, Department of Screening and Metabolic Diagnostics, Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Oxidative Stress, Plant Natural Antioxidants, and Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041786. [PMID: 33670130 PMCID: PMC7916866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is important in the pathophysiology of obesity, altering regulatory factors of mitochondrial activity, modifying the concentration of inflammation mediators associated with a large number and size of adipocytes, promoting lipogenesis, stimulating differentiation of preadipocytes to mature adipocytes, and regulating the energy balance in hypothalamic neurons that control appetite. This review discusses the participation of oxidative stress in obesity and the important groups of compounds found in plants with antioxidant properties, which include (a) polyphenols such as phenolic acids, stilbenes, flavonoids (flavonols, flavanols, anthocyanins, flavanones, flavones, flavanonols, and isoflavones), and curcuminoids (b) carotenoids, (c) capsaicinoids and casinoids, (d) isothiocyanates, (e) catechins, and (f) vitamins. Examples are analyzed, such as resveratrol, quercetin, curcumin, ferulic acid, phloretin, green tea, Hibiscus Sabdariffa, and garlic. The antioxidant activities of these compounds depend on their activities as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers and on their capacity to prevent the activation of NF-κB (nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), and reduce the expression of target genes, including those participating in inflammation. We conclude that natural compounds have therapeutic potential for diseases mediated by oxidative stress, particularly obesity. Controlled and well-designed clinical trials are still necessary to better know the effects of these compounds.
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14
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Wang M, Wang B, Wang S, Lu H, Wu H, Ding M, Ying L, Mao Y, Li Y. Effect of Quercetin on Lipids Metabolism Through Modulating the Gut Microbial and AMPK/PPAR Signaling Pathway in Broilers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:616219. [PMID: 33634119 PMCID: PMC7900412 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.616219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate effects and mechanism of quercetin on lipids metabolism in broilers. 480 AA broilers were randomly allotted to four treatments (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 g/kg quercetin) for 42 days. Compared with the control, 0.6 g/kg quercetin significantly decreased percentage of abdominal fat (P < 0.05); 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 g/kg quercetin significantly decreased relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Desulfovibrionaceae (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.01; P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.01); 0.2 g/kg quercetin significantly increased mRNA expression of PI3K, AMPKα1, AMPKα2, AMPKβ2, LKB1 (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.05), and significantly reduced mRNA expression of SREBP1 and PPARγ (P < 0.01, P < 0.05); 0.4 g/kg quercetin significantly increased mRNA expression of LKB1 and PKB (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) and significantly reduced mRNA expression of ACC, HMGR, PPARγ, and SREBP1 (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.01); 0.6 g/kg quercetin significantly increased mRNA expression of AMPKγ, LKB1, CPT1, PPARα, PKB (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, P < 0.05), and significantly reduced the mRNA expression of PI3K, ACC, HMGR, PPARγ, SREBP1 (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.01); 0.2 g/kg quercetin significantly increased protein expression of AMPK (P < 0.01); 0.6 g/kg quercetin significantly increased protein expression of LKB1 (P < 0.01), 0.2 and 0.6 g/kg quercetin significantly increased protein expression of PI3K, PKB, CPT1 (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.01), and significantly reduced protein expression of ACC and SREBP1 (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.01). In conclusion, quercetin improved lipid metabolism by modulating gut microbial and AMPK/PPAR signaling pathway in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Han Lu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Manyi Ding
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Linlin Ying
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanjun Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yao Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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15
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Friston D, Junttila S, Lemes JBP, Laycock H, Torres-Perez JV, Want E, Gyenesei A, Nagy I. Leptin and fractalkine: novel subcutaneous cytokines in burn injury. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm042713. [PMID: 32127397 PMCID: PMC7197715 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.042713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Burn injury is a pathology underpinned by progressive and aberrant inflammation. It is a major clinical challenge to survival and quality of life. Although the complex local and disseminating pathological processes of a burn injury ultimately stem from local tissue damage, to date relatively few studies have attempted to characterise the local inflammatory mediator profile. Here, cytokine content and associated transcriptional changes were measured in rat skin for three hours immediately following induction of a scald-type (60°C, 2 min) burn injury model. Leptin (P=0.0002) and fractalkine (P=0.0478) concentrations were significantly elevated post-burn above pre-burn and control site values, coinciding with the development of burn site oedema and differential expression of leptin mRNA (P=0.0004). Further, gene sequencing enrichment analysis indicated cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (P=1.45×10-6). Subsequent behavioural studies demonstrated that, following subcutaneous injection into the dorsum of the paw, both leptin and fractalkine induced mechanical allodynia, heat hyperalgesia and the recruitment of macrophages. This is the first report of leptin elevation specifically at the burn site, and the first report of fractalkine elevation in any tissue post-burn which, together with the functional findings, calls for exploration of the influence of these cytokines on pain, inflammation and burn wound progression. In addition, targeting these signalling molecules represents a therapeutic potential as early formative mediators of these pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Friston
- Nociception Group, Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Sini Junttila
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Computing, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Borges Paes Lemes
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Carl Von Linnaeus, Sao Paulo, 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Helen Laycock
- Nociception Group, Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Jose Vicente Torres-Perez
- Nociception Group, Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Elizabeth Want
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Attila Gyenesei
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Computing, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Istvan Nagy
- Nociception Group, Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
- Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, H-4012, Hungary
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16
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Zhao Z, Peng W, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Liu T, Bai H, Wu Q, Song J, Wu L, Song X, Ying B. Association of LEPR polymorphisms with predisposition and inflammatory response in anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury: A pilot prospective investigation in Western Chinese Han population. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:103970. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Tümentemur G, Altunkaynak BZ, Kaplan S. Is melatonin, leptin or their combination more effective on oxidative stress and folliculogenesis in the obese rats? J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2019; 40:116-127. [PMID: 31625776 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2019.1657816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effects of melatonin (Mel), leptin (Lep) or melatonin and leptin treatment on ovaries in control and obese rats. The animals were divided into control (NC), melatonin (NM), leptin (NL), melatonin-leptin (NML), obese (OC), obese-melatonin (OM), obese-leptin (OL), obese-melatonin-leptin (OML) groups. Body weights, peri-ovarian fat pads, volumetric parameters and numerical values of follicles were estimated. Also, the LH receptor (LHr) immune-positivity, catalase (CAT) and the myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were determined. The body weight and peri-ovarian fat pads were significantly decreased following Mel (p < .05) treatment and, especially, Lep (p < .01) treatment. But, the ovarian weights were significantly increased following Lep (p < .05) and Mel (p < .01) treatment, in particular. The ovarian and cortex volume decreased in the OC group, and the cortex volume of the OC group was significantly higher than the Ob + Mel, Ob + Lep and Ob + Mel + Lep groups (p < .01). Besides, the volume of the cortex in the NL group was significantly higher than in the other groups (except for the NC group) (p < .01). Although, the total numbers of primordial and primary follicles in NC group were significantly higher than in the OC group (p < .001), the number of the primordial and primary follicles in OC group was significantly higher than in the OL (p < .05), OM (p < .05) and, especially, the OML groups (p < .001). Likewise, the number of the secondary follicles in the OML group was significantly less than that in the OC group (p < .05). The CAT and MPO activity of the OC group was significantly higher than in the NC group (p < .05) and also granulosa cell apoptosis had increased in obese rats; but it was decreased after Lep and Mel treatment. Otherwise, Lep and, in particular, Mel increased LHr positivity. We concluded that obesity could trigger abnormal ovarian function and polycystic ovary via inducing LHr apoptosis and suppressing ovarian folliculogenesis. Also, melatonin could be better for inhibition of apoptosis and modulation of folliculogenesis than leptin. These observations suggest that melatonin may act to reduce fertility in obese patients.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? Hormonal changes during reproductive cycle in obese women are particularly studied and there is not any study that evaluates the effects of melatonin and leptin, together.What the results of this study add? The study has shown that obese rats have increased granulosa cell apoptosis and MPO activities but melatonin and leptin reduces the apoptosis and inflammation. Moreover, the obesity decreased, but melatonin and leptin increased LHR immunoreactivity in both the granulosa and theca cells.What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The results suggest that leptin and melatonin could decrease excess body weight in obese persons. Also, these hormones modulate the ovarian turn-over by regulating developing follicles. Therefore, leptin and especially melatonin could be used as a supplement to ovulation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Tümentemur
- Vocational School of Health Services, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Süleyman Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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18
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Li B, Fang J, He T, Yin S, Yang M, Cui H, Ma X, Deng J, Ren Z, Hu Y, Ye G, Zhang M, Geng Y, Gou L, Zuo Z. Resistin up-regulates LPL expression through the PPARγ-dependent PI3K/AKT signaling pathway impacting lipid accumulation in RAW264.7 macrophages. Cytokine 2019; 119:168-174. [PMID: 30925325 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Resistin is a cysteine-rich cytokine, which has been indicated as a mediator of insulin resistance and inflammation. Previous studies demonstrated that lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was an important enzyme that could mediate lipid accumulation in macrophages. Additionally, the intracellular molecules phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine-threonine protein kinase (AKT)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ) were supposed to be involved in the lipid accumulation process in cells. However, it remains unclear whether resistin was correlated with the dysregulation of lipid metabolism in macrophages. The present study investigated that resistin could up-regulate the expression of LPL and increase the contents of intracellular triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in RAW264.7 macrophages. In addition, intracellular molecules PI3K, AKT and PPARγ were significantly up-regulated and activated in resitin-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages (P < 0.05). In contrast, the effects of resistin on RAW264.7 macrophages could be abrogated by specific inhibitors for LPL (LPL-siRNA) and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (LY294002). All together, this study demonstrated that resistin could up-regulate the expression of LPL and induce lipid accumulation in RAW264.7 macrophages. More importantly, the PPARγ-dependent PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was relevant to the lipid accumulation process in resistin-stimulated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin road 211, 611130, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin road 211, 611130, China
| | - Tingting He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin road 211, 611130, China
| | - Sirui Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin road 211, 611130, China
| | - Mingxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin road 211, 611130, China; Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan 610081, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin road 211, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin road 211, 611130, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin road 211, 611130, China
| | - Zhihua Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin road 211, 611130, China
| | - Yanchun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin road 211, 611130, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin road 211, 611130, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin road 211, 611130, China
| | - Yi Geng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin road 211, 611130, China
| | - Liping Gou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin road 211, 611130, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin road 211, 611130, China.
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19
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Satish M, Saxena SK, Agrawal DK. Adipokine Dysregulation and Insulin Resistance with Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: Metabolic Syndrome or Independent Sequelae? J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2019; 12:415-424. [PMID: 30835048 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-019-09879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipokine dysregulation and insulin resistance are two hallmark sequelae attributed to the current clinical definition of metabolic syndrome (MetS) that are also linked to atherosclerotic vascular disease. Here, we critically discuss the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and the interplay between the two sequelae. Adipokine dysregulation is involved with decreased nitric oxide, vascular inflammation, and insulin resistance in itself to promote atherosclerosis. Insulin resistance is involved with endothelial dysfunction by direct and indirect mechanisms that also promote vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. These mechanisms are discussed in atherosclerosis irrespective of MetS, and to evaluate the possibility of synergism in MetS. High retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP-4) and low cholesterol efflux in MetS may provide evidence of possible synergism and elevated atherosclerotic risk. An adverse adipokine panel that includes fetuin-A and adiponectin can potentially assess atherosclerotic risk in even those without MetS. Genetic possibilities may exist in atherosclerotic vascular diseases secondary to insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Satish
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, The Peekie Nash Carpenter Endowed Chair in Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, CRISS II Room 510, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Shailendra K Saxena
- Department of Family Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Clinical & Translational Science, The Peekie Nash Carpenter Endowed Chair in Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine, CRISS II Room 510, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA.
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20
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Amorim NRT, Luna-Gomes T, Gama-Almeida M, Souza-Almeida G, Canetti C, Diaz BL, Weller PF, Torres Bozza P, Maya-Monteiro CM, Bandeira-Melo C. Leptin Elicits LTC 4 Synthesis by Eosinophils Mediated by Sequential Two-Step Autocrine Activation of CCR3 and PGD 2 Receptors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2139. [PMID: 30298073 PMCID: PMC6160734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a cytokine, produced mainly by mature adipocytes, that regulates the central nervous system, mainly to suppress appetite and stimulate energy expenditure. Leptin also regulates the immune response by controlling activation of immunomodulatory cells, including eosinophils. While emerging as immune regulatory cells with roles in adipose tissue homeostasis, eosinophils have a well-established ability to synthesize pro-inflammatory molecules such as lipid mediators, a key event in several inflammatory pathologies. Here, we investigated the impact and mechanisms involved in leptin-driven activation of eicosanoid-synthesizing machinery within eosinophils. Direct in vitro activation of human or mouse eosinophils with leptin elicited synthesis of lipoxygenase as well as cyclooxygenase products. Displaying selectivity, leptin triggered synthesis of LTC4 and PGD2, but not PGE2, in parallel to dose-dependent induction of lipid body/lipid droplets biogenesis. While dependent on PI3K activation, leptin-driven eosinophil activation was also sensitive to pertussis toxin, indicating the involvement of G-protein coupled receptors on leptin effects. Leptin-induced lipid body-driven LTC4 synthesis appeared to be mediated through autocrine activation of G-coupled CCR3 receptors by eosinophil-derived CCL5, inasmuch as leptin was able to trigger rapid CCL5 secretion, and neutralizing anti-RANTES or anti-CCR3 antibodies blocked lipid body assembly and LTC4 synthesis induced by leptin. Remarkably, autocrine activation of PGD2 G-coupled receptors DP1 and DP2 also contributes to leptin-elicited lipid body-driven LTC4 synthesis by eosinophils in a PGD2-dependent fashion. Blockade of leptin-induced PGD2 autocrine/paracrine activity by a specific synthesis inhibitor or DP1 and DP2 receptor antagonists, inhibited both lipid body biogenesis and LTC4 synthesis induced by leptin stimulation within eosinophils. In addition, CCL5-driven CCR3 activation appears to precede PGD2 receptor activation within eosinophils, since neutralizing anti-CCL5 or anti-CCR3 antibodies inhibited leptin-induced PGD2 secretion, while it failed to alter PGD2-induced LTC4 synthesis. Altogether, sequential activation of CCR3 and then PGD2 receptors by autocrine ligands in response to leptin stimulation of eosinophils culminates with eosinophil activation, characterized here by assembly of lipidic cytoplasmic platforms synthesis and secretion of the pleiotropic lipid mediators, PGD2, and LTC4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália R T Amorim
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Luna-Gomes
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Instituto de Aplicação Fernando Rodrigues da Silveira, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Gama-Almeida
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Souza-Almeida
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Canetti
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno L Diaz
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Peter F Weller
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Patricia Torres Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Christianne Bandeira-Melo
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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21
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Oikonomou EK, Antoniades C. Immunometabolic Regulation of Vascular Redox State: The Role of Adipose Tissue. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:313-336. [PMID: 28657335 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Vascular oxidative stress plays a crucial role in atherogenesis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent evidence suggests that vascular redox state is under the control of complex pathophysiological mechanisms, ranging from inflammation to obesity and insulin resistance (IR). Recent Advances: Adipose tissue (AT) is now recognized as a dynamic endocrine and paracrine organ that secretes several bioactive molecules, called adipokines. AT has recently been shown to regulate vascular redox state in both an endocrine and a paracrine manner through the secretion of adipokines, therefore providing a mechanistic link for the association between obesity, IR, inflammation, and vascular disease. Importantly, AT behaves as a sensor of cardiovascular oxidative stress, modifying its secretory profile in response to cardiovascular oxidative injury. CRITICAL ISSUES The present article presents an up-to-date review of the association between AT and vascular oxidative stress. We focus on the effects of individual adipokines on modulating reactive oxygen species production and scavenging in the vascular wall. In addition, we highlight how inflammation, obesity, and IR alter the biology and secretome of AT leading to a more pro-oxidant phenotype with a particular focus on the local regulatory mechanisms of perivascular AT driven by vascular oxidation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The complex and dynamic biology of AT, as well as its importance in the regulation of vascular redox state, provides numerous opportunities for the development of novel, targeted treatments in the management of CVD. Therapeutic modulation of AT biology could improve vascular redox state affecting vascular disease pathogenesis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 313-336.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos K Oikonomou
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charalambos Antoniades
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
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22
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Francisco V, Pino J, Campos-Cabaleiro V, Ruiz-Fernández C, Mera A, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Gómez R, Gualillo O. Obesity, Fat Mass and Immune System: Role for Leptin. Front Physiol 2018; 9:640. [PMID: 29910742 PMCID: PMC5992476 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an epidemic disease characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation associated with a dysfunctional fat mass. Adipose tissue is now considered an extremely active endocrine organ that secretes cytokine-like hormones, called adipokines, either pro- or anti-inflammatory factors bridging metabolism to the immune system. Leptin is historically one of most relevant adipokines, with important physiological roles in the central control of energy metabolism and in the regulation of metabolism-immune system interplay, being a cornerstone of the emerging field of immunometabolism. Indeed, leptin receptor is expressed throughout the immune system and leptin has been shown to regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. This review discusses the latest data regarding the role of leptin as a mediator of immune system and metabolism, with particular emphasis on its effects on obesity-associated metabolic disorders and autoimmune and/or inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Francisco
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús Pino
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Victor Campos-Cabaleiro
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Clara Ruiz-Fernández
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Mera
- Servizo Galego de Saude, Division of Rheumatology, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel A Gonzalez-Gay
- Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria and IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Gómez
- Musculoskeletal Pathology Group, Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- The NEIRID Group (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Servizo Galego de Saude and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Tan BL, Norhaizan ME, Liew WPP. Nutrients and Oxidative Stress: Friend or Foe? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:9719584. [PMID: 29643982 PMCID: PMC5831951 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9719584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are different types of nutritionally mediated oxidative stress sources that trigger inflammation. Much information indicates that high intakes of macronutrients can promote oxidative stress and subsequently contribute to inflammation via nuclear factor-kappa B- (NF-κB-) mediated cell signaling pathways. Dietary carbohydrates, animal-based proteins, and fats are important to highlight here because they may contribute to the long-term consequences of nutritionally mediated inflammation. Oxidative stress is a central player of metabolic ailments associated with high-carbohydrate and animal-based protein diets and excessive fat consumption. Obesity has become an epidemic and represents the major risk factor for several chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms of nutritionally mediated oxidative stress are complex and poorly understood. Therefore, this review aimed to explore how dietary choices exacerbate or dampen the oxidative stress and inflammation. We also discussed the implications of oxidative stress in the adipocyte and glucose metabolism and obesity-associated noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Taken together, a better understanding of the role of oxidative stress in obesity and the development of obesity-related NCDs would provide a useful approach. This is because oxidative stress can be mediated by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors, hence providing a plausible means for the prevention of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Ling Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Esa Norhaizan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Research Centre of Excellent, Nutrition and Non-Communicable Diseases (NNCD), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Winnie-Pui-Pui Liew
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Xie Y, Potter CMF, Le Bras A, Nowak WN, Gu W, Bhaloo SI, Zhang Z, Hu Y, Zhang L, Xu Q. Leptin Induces Sca-1 + Progenitor Cell Migration Enhancing Neointimal Lesions in Vessel-Injury Mouse Models. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2114-2127. [PMID: 28935755 PMCID: PMC5671780 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— Leptin is an adipokine initially thought to be a metabolic factor. Recent publications have shown its roles in inflammation and vascular disease, to which Sca-1+ vascular progenitor cells within the vessel wall may contribute. We sought to elucidate the effects of leptin on Sca-1+ progenitor cells migration and neointimal formation and to understand the underlying mechanisms. Approach and Results— Sca-1+ progenitor cells from the vessel wall of Lepr+/+ and Lepr−/− mice were cultured and purified. The migration of Lepr+/+ Sca-1+ progenitor cells in vitro was markedly induced by leptin. Western blotting and kinase assays revealed that leptin induced the activation of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, phosphorylated extracellular signal–regulated kinases 1/2, pFAK (phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase), and Rac1 (ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1)/Cdc42 (cell division control protein 42 homolog). In a mouse femoral artery guidewire injury model, an increased expression of leptin in both injured vessels and serum was observed 24 hours post-surgery. RFP (red fluorescent protein)-Sca-1+ progenitor cells in Matrigel were applied to the adventitia of the injured femoral artery. RFP+ cells were observed in the intima 24 hours post-surgery, subsequently increasing neointimal lesions at 2 weeks when compared with the arteries without seeded cells. This increase was reduced by pre-treatment of Sca-1+ cells with a leptin antagonist. Guidewire injury could only induce minor neointima in Lepr−/− mice 2 weeks post-surgery. However, transplantation of Lepr+/+ Sca-1+ progenitor cells into the adventitial side of injured artery in Lepr−/− mice significantly enhanced neointimal formation. Conclusions— Upregulation of leptin levels in both the vessel wall and the circulation after vessel injury promoted the migration of Sca-1+ progenitor cells via leptin receptor–dependent signal transducer and activator of transcription 3- Rac1/Cdc42-ERK (extracellular signal–regulated kinase)-FAK pathways, which enhanced neointimal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xie
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (Y.X., C.M.F.P., W.N.N., A.L.B., W.G., S.I.B., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); and Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (L.Z.)
| | - Claire M F Potter
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (Y.X., C.M.F.P., W.N.N., A.L.B., W.G., S.I.B., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); and Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (L.Z.)
| | - Alexandra Le Bras
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (Y.X., C.M.F.P., W.N.N., A.L.B., W.G., S.I.B., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); and Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (L.Z.)
| | - Witold N Nowak
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (Y.X., C.M.F.P., W.N.N., A.L.B., W.G., S.I.B., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); and Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (L.Z.)
| | - Wenduo Gu
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (Y.X., C.M.F.P., W.N.N., A.L.B., W.G., S.I.B., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); and Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (L.Z.)
| | - Shirin Issa Bhaloo
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (Y.X., C.M.F.P., W.N.N., A.L.B., W.G., S.I.B., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); and Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (L.Z.)
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (Y.X., C.M.F.P., W.N.N., A.L.B., W.G., S.I.B., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); and Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (L.Z.)
| | - Yanhua Hu
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (Y.X., C.M.F.P., W.N.N., A.L.B., W.G., S.I.B., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); and Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (L.Z.)
| | - Li Zhang
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (Y.X., C.M.F.P., W.N.N., A.L.B., W.G., S.I.B., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); and Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (L.Z.)
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From the Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, United Kingdom (Y.X., C.M.F.P., W.N.N., A.L.B., W.G., S.I.B., Z.Z., Y.H., Q.X.); and Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (L.Z.).
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Teixeira TM, da Costa DC, Resende AC, Soulage CO, Bezerra FF, Daleprane JB. Activation of Nrf2-Antioxidant Signaling by 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol Prevents Leptin-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Human Endothelial Cells. J Nutr 2017; 147:506-513. [PMID: 28250190 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.239475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity is associated with hyperleptinemia and endothelial dysfunction. Hyperleptinemia has been reported to induce both oxidative stress and inflammation by increasing reactive oxygen species production.Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D3] against leptin-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in human endothelial cells.Methods: Small interfering RNA (siRNA) were used to knock down the expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). HUVECs were pretreated for 4 h with physiologic (10-10 M) or supraphysiologic (10-7 M) concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D3 and exposed to leptin (10 ng/mL). Superoxide anion production and translocation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) and nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) subunit p65 to the nucleus and the activation of their target genes were quantified.Results: Pretreatment of HUVECs with 1,25(OH)2D3 prevented the leptin-induced increase in superoxide anion production (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 further increased NRF2 translocation to the nucleus (by 3-fold; P < 0.05) and increased mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2; by 2-fold), glutathione peroxidase (GPX; by 3-fold), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) 1 (NQO1; by 4-fold), and heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1; by 2-fold) (P < 0.05). Leptin doubled the translocation of NF-κB (P < 0.05) to the nucleus and increased (P < 0.05) the upregulation of vascular inflammatory mediators such as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1; by 1-fold), transforming growth factor β (TGF β by 1-fold), and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1; by 4-fold) (P < 0.05), which were prevented (P < 0.05) by pretreatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 Protective effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 were confirmed to be VDR dependent by using VDR siRNA.Conclusion: Pretreatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 in the presence of a high concentration of leptin has a beneficial effect on HUVECs through the regulation of mediators of antioxidant activity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angela C Resende
- Pharmacology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
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Pérez-Pérez A, Vilariño-García T, Fernández-Riejos P, Martín-González J, Segura-Egea JJ, Sánchez-Margalet V. Role of leptin as a link between metabolism and the immune system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 35:71-84. [PMID: 28285098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone not only with an important role in the central control of energy metabolism, but also with many pleiotropic effects in different physiological systems. One of these peripheral functions of leptin is a regulatory role in the interplay between energy metabolism and the immune system, being a cornerstone of the new field of immunometabolism. Leptin receptor is expressed throughout the immune system and the regulatory effects of leptin include cells from both the innate and adaptive immune system. Leptin is one of the adipokines responsible for the inflammatory state found in obesity that predisposes not only to type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, but also to autoimmune and allergic diseases. Leptin is an important mediator of the immunosuppressive state in undernutrition status. Placenta is the second source of leptin and it may play a role in the immunomodulation during pregnancy. Finally, recent work has pointed to the participation of leptin and leptin receptor in the pathophysiology of inflammation in oral biology. Therefore, leptin and leptin receptor should be considered for investigation as a marker of inflammation and immune activation in the frontier of innate-adaptive system, and as possible targets for intervention in the immunometabolic mediated pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Medical School and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Teresa Vilariño-García
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Medical School and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Riejos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Medical School and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Jenifer Martín-González
- Department of Stomatology (Endodontics Section), School of Dentistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan José Segura-Egea
- Department of Stomatology (Endodontics Section), School of Dentistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Medical School and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Spain.
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Hu Y, Tao X, Han X, Xu L, Yin L, Qi Y, Zhao Y, Xu Y, Wang C, Peng J. Dioscin attenuates gastric ischemia/reperfusion injury through the down-regulation of PKC/ERK1/2 signaling via PKCα and PKCβ2 inhibition. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 258:234-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Manna P, Jain SK. Obesity, Oxidative Stress, Adipose Tissue Dysfunction, and the Associated Health Risks: Causes and Therapeutic Strategies. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2016; 13:423-44. [PMID: 26569333 DOI: 10.1089/met.2015.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is gaining acceptance as a serious primary health burden that impairs the quality of life because of its associated complications, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, asthma, sleep disorders, hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, and infertility. It is a complex metabolic disorder with a multifactorial origin. Growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a role as the critical factor linking obesity with its associated complications. Obesity per se can induce systemic oxidative stress through various biochemical mechanisms, such as superoxide generation from NADPH oxidases, oxidative phosphorylation, glyceraldehyde auto-oxidation, protein kinase C activation, and polyol and hexosamine pathways. Other factors that also contribute to oxidative stress in obesity include hyperleptinemia, low antioxidant defense, chronic inflammation, and postprandial reactive oxygen species generation. In addition, recent studies suggest that adipose tissue plays a critical role in regulating the pathophysiological mechanisms of obesity and its related co-morbidities. To establish an adequate platform for the prevention of obesity and its associated health risks, understanding the factors that contribute to the cause of obesity is necessary. The most current list of obesity determinants includes genetic factors, dietary intake, physical activity, environmental and socioeconomic factors, eating disorders, and societal influences. On the basis of the currently identified predominant determinants of obesity, a broad range of strategies have been recommended to reduce the prevalence of obesity, such as regular physical activity, ad libitum food intake limiting to certain micronutrients, increased dietary intake of fruits and vegetables, and meal replacements. This review aims to highlight recent findings regarding the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of obesity and its associated risk factors, the role of dysfunctional adipose tissue in development of these risk factors, and potential strategies to regulate body weight loss/gain for better health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Manna
- Department of Pediatrics, LSU Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Sushil K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, LSU Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, Louisiana
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Simiti LAV, Todor I, Stoia MA, Goidescu CM, Anton FP, Farcas AD. Better prognosis in overweight/obese coronary heart disease patients with high plasma levels of leptin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 89:65-71. [PMID: 27004027 PMCID: PMC4777471 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background and aim The involvement of leptin in atherosclerosis is very complex, including inflammation, the oxidative stress and thrombosis. Leptin has atherogenic and also antiatherogenic actions. In obesity elevated leptin levels are not sufficient to prevent disturbances of energy balance, suggesting that obese people are leptin resistant. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between baseline plasma levels of leptin and the incidence of new ischemic events in patients with CHD. Methods Plasma levels of leptin in fifty nine consecutive patients (29 men and 30 women) with CHD hospitalized in the County Emergency Clinical Hospital of Cluj-Napoca were measured using commercially available ELISA at admission. Patients with active infectious disease, neoplasia, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, hepatic or renal failure and severe heart failure were excluded The relationship between leptin levels and incident cardiovascular events (angina, nonfatal myocardial infarction or heart failure) over two years follow-up was studied using MEDCALC version 9.6. Results 73.6% patients with CHD were overweight or suffered of obesity. There were no significant differences between women and men regarding the plasma levels of leptin, the body mass index (BMI), the number of rehospitalizations, rehospitalizations/patient, diabetes mellitus, hypertension or dyslipidemia. Only in women plasma levels of leptin are correlated with BMI. As compared with men with overweight and obesity (BMI≥25kg/m2), plasma levels of leptin were significantly higher in women with overweight and obesity (3905.97±463.91 pg/ml vs 1835.17±533.9 pg/ml) (p<0.002). Patient gender could not be demonstrated to influence prognosis. During the two years we recorded one or more readmissions in 26 patients (44%). The analysis of time till readmission using Kaplan-Meier curves, showed that leptin level (cut-off 2000 pg/ml, HR 0.38, 95% CI 0.17–0.83; p=0.01) and BMI (cut-off 28 kg/m2, HR 0.3164, 95% CI 0.145–0.0689; p<0.01) were significantly associated with prognosis. Conclusion Patients with plasma levels of leptin >2000 pg/ml and BMI >28kg/m2 had a better prognosis, suggesting a protective role of leptin in overweight/mild obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luminita Animarie Vida Simiti
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology and Gastroenterology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Irina Todor
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Hospital County, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mirela Anca Stoia
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology and Gastroenterology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cerasela Mihaela Goidescu
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology and Gastroenterology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Florin Petru Anton
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology and Gastroenterology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Daniela Farcas
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology and Gastroenterology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Peng J, Lv YC, He PP, Tang YY, Xie W, Liu XY, Li Y, Lan G, Zhang M, Zhang C, Shi JF, Zheng XL, Yin WD, Tang CK. RETRACTED:Betulinic acid downregulates expression of oxidative stress-induced lipoprotein lipase via the PKC/ERK/c-Fos pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages. Biochimie 2015; 119:192-203. [PMID: 26542288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. Concerns raised by Dr. Sander Kersten in PubPeer pointed out that Figures 6.1B and 6.2B of this paper were different figures but the legends and Western blots were identical; the quantification was also seen to be different between the two figures. Shortly afterwards, the authors asked to publish a corrigendum for part B of Figure 6.1, including images of western blots and associated bar plots. Subsequently, the journal conducted an investigation and found evidence that there had been improper manipulation and duplication of images in Figures 2 E, 6.2 B, 5 A and and 6.2 D, as shown by the reuse of several western blot bands with approximately 180° rotation in each case. After raising the complaint with the authors, the corresponding author agreed that the paper should be retracted. The authors apologise to the readers of the journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Peng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; Yongzhou Vocational and Technical College, Yongzhou, Hunan 425000, China
| | - Yun-Cheng Lv
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Ping-Ping He
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; School of Nursing, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yan-Yan Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of South, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Gan Lan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jin-Feng Shi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Wei-Dong Yin
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan Province Cooperative innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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Huang CJ, McAllister MJ, Slusher AL, Webb HE, Mock JT, Acevedo EO. Obesity-Related Oxidative Stress: the Impact of Physical Activity and Diet Manipulation. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2015; 1:32. [PMID: 26435910 PMCID: PMC4580715 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-015-0031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-related oxidative stress, the imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants (e.g., nitric oxide), has been linked to metabolic and cardiovascular disease, including endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for physiological functions including gene expression, cellular growth, infection defense, and modulating endothelial function. However, elevated ROS and/or diminished antioxidant capacity leading to oxidative stress can lead to dysfunction. Physical activity also results in an acute state of oxidative stress. However, it is likely that chronic physical activity provides a stimulus for favorable oxidative adaptations and enhanced physiological performance and physical health, although distinct responses between aerobic and anaerobic activities warrant further investigation. Studies support the benefits of dietary modification as well as exercise interventions in alleviating oxidative stress susceptibility. Since obese individuals tend to demonstrate elevated markers of oxidative stress, the implications for this population are significant. Therefore, in this review our aim is to discuss (i) the role of oxidative stress and inflammation as associated with obesity-related diseases, (ii) the potential concerns and benefits of exercise-mediated oxidative stress, and (iii) the advantageous role of dietary modification, including acute or chronic caloric restriction and vitamin D supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Huang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, FH11A-126B, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | | | - Aaron L Slusher
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, FH11A-126B, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA ; Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Heather E Webb
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX USA
| | - J Thomas Mock
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, FH11A-126B, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | - Edmund O Acevedo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
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Shabana N, Hasnain S. Association of the leptin receptor Gln223 Arg polymorphism with lipid profile in obese Pakistani subjects. Nutrition 2015; 31:1136-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ghantous CM, Azrak Z, Hanache S, Abou-Kheir W, Zeidan A. Differential Role of Leptin and Adiponectin in Cardiovascular System. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:534320. [PMID: 26064110 PMCID: PMC4433709 DOI: 10.1155/2015/534320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin and adiponectin are differentially expressed adipokines in obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Leptin levels are directly associated with adipose tissue mass, while adiponectin levels are downregulated in obesity. Although significantly produced by adipocytes, leptin is also produced by vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes. Plasma leptin concentrations are elevated in cases of cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, and myocardial infarction. As for the event of left ventricular hypertrophy, researchers have been stirring controversy about the role of leptin in this form of cardiac remodeling. In this review, we discuss how leptin has been shown to play an antihypertrophic role in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy through in vitro experiments, population-based cross-sectional studies, and longitudinal cohort studies. Conversely, we also examine how leptin may actually promote left ventricular hypertrophy using in vitro analysis and human-based univariate and multiple linear stepwise regression analysis. On the other hand, as opposed to leptin's generally detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system, adiponectin is a cardioprotective hormone that reduces left ventricular and vascular hypertrophy, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In this review, we also highlight adiponectin signaling and its protective actions on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Ghantous
- Department of Anatomy, Cell biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Z. Azrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - S. Hanache
- Department of Anatomy, Cell biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - W. Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - A. Zeidan
- Department of Anatomy, Cell biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, DTS-255, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
- *A. Zeidan:
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Adya R, Tan BK, Randeva HS. Differential effects of leptin and adiponectin in endothelial angiogenesis. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:648239. [PMID: 25650072 PMCID: PMC4310451 DOI: 10.1155/2015/648239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major health burden with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Endothelial dysfunction is pivotal to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In relation to this, adipose tissue secreted factors termed "adipokines" have been reported to modulate endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we focus on two of the most abundant circulating adipokines, that is, leptin and adiponectin, in the development of endothelial dysfunction. Leptin has been documented to influence a multitude of organ systems, that is, central nervous system (appetite regulation, satiety factor) and cardiovascular system (endothelial dysfunction leading to atherosclerosis). Adiponectin, circulating at a much higher concentration, exists in different molecular weight forms, essentially made up of the collagenous fraction and a globular domain, the latter being investigated minimally for its involvement in proinflammatory processes including activation of NF-κβ and endothelial adhesion molecules. The opposing actions of the two forms of adiponectin in endothelial cells have been recently demonstrated. Additionally, a local and systemic change to multimeric forms of adiponectin has gained importance. Thus detailed investigations on the potential interplay between these adipokines would likely result in better understanding of the missing links connecting CVD, adipokines, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Adya
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine-Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- *Raghu Adya:
| | - Bee K. Tan
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine-Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Harpal S. Randeva
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine-Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Basati G, Razavi AE, Abdi S, Sarrafzedegan N, Sarrafzedegan N. Association of plasma leptin, homocysteine and nitric oxide levels with the presence and unstability of coronary artery disease. Biomark Med 2014; 8:405-12. [PMID: 24712432 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Leptin and total homocysteine (tHcy) may participate in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) through nitric oxide (NO) depletion. We sought to investigate whether leptin, tHcy and NO are suitable predictors of CAD. PATIENTS & METHODS This study contained 50 control subjects and 50 stable and 50 unstable angina patients. Plasma leptin, tHcy and NO levels were determined using enzyme immunoassay, HPLC fluorescence and spectrophotometric methods, respectively. Other conventional risk factors were also determined. RESULTS Leptin and tHcy levels were highest in unstable angina patients, followed by stable angina patients and then controls (p < 0.001). Controls had significantly higher NO than patients (p <0.001). Leptin and tHcy had a positive and NO a negative association with the presence of CAD. CONCLUSIONS Some athrogenic effects of leptin may be mediated by affecting tHcy and NO levels. Plasma leptin, tHcy and NO levels showed significant contribution to CAD prediction and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholam Basati
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Kataoka Y, Nicholls SJ. Imaging of atherosclerotic plaques in obesity: excessive fat accumulation, plaque progression and vulnerability. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 12:1471-89. [PMID: 25355677 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2014.975210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is becoming a major health issue in the world due to sedentary lifestyles and increasing intake of Western diets. Obesity is associated with metabolic abnormalities and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Adipose tissue has been increasingly considered to play a critical role in inducing metabolic disturbances and promoting atherogenesis. Arterial wall imaging permits direct visualization of atheroma burden in various vascular beds. In addition, recent advances in imaging technology help characterize components, microstructures and functional features of atherosclerotic plaques. These imaging modalities have contributed to elucidating factors associated with atherosclerosis in obese patients. Also, it provides opportunities to evaluate the effect of novel therapies on plaques in the setting of obesity. The findings of recent imaging studies and the clinical implications will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kataoka
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
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Cannon JG, Sharma G, Sloan G, Dimitropoulou C, Baker RR, Mazzoli A, Kraj B, Mulloy A, Cortez-Cooper M. Leptin regulates CD16 expression on human monocytes in a sex-specific manner. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/10/e12177. [PMID: 25303952 PMCID: PMC4254102 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat mass is linked mechanistically to the cardiovascular system through leptin, a 16 kDa protein produced primarily by adipocytes. In addition to increasing blood pressure via hypothalamic‐sympathetic pathways, leptin stimulates monocyte migration, cytokine secretion, and other functions that contribute to atherosclerotic plaque development. These functions are also characteristics of CD16‐positive monocytes that have been implicated in the clinical progression of atherosclerosis. This investigation sought to determine if leptin promoted the development of such CD16‐positive monocytes. Cells from 45 healthy men and women with age ranging from 20 to 59 years were analyzed. Circulating numbers of CD14++16++ monocytes, which are primary producers of TNFα, were positively related to plasma leptin concentrations (P < 0.0001), with a stronger correlation in men (P < 0.05 for leptin × sex interaction). In vitro, recombinant human leptin induced CD16 expression in a dose‐related manner (P = 0.02), with a stronger influence on monocytes from men (P = 0.03 for leptin × sex interaction). There were no sex‐related differences in total leptin receptor expression on any monocyte subtypes, relative expression of long versus short isoforms of the receptor, or soluble leptin receptor concentrations in the plasma. The number of circulating CD14+16++ monocytes, which preferentially migrate into nascent plaques, was positively related to systolic blood pressure (R = 0.56, P = 0.0008) and intima‐media thickness (R = 0.37, P = 0.03), and negatively related to carotid compliance (R = −0.39, P = 0.02). These observations indicate that leptin promotes the development of CD16‐positive monocyte populations in a sex‐specific manner and that these subpopulations are associated with diminished vascular function. e12177 Recombinant leptin induced CD16 expression on human monocytes in vitro in a dose‐ and sex‐specific manner. In vivo, CD16 expression on human monocytes correlated with plasma leptin concentrations in a sex‐specific manner. Blood pressure, carotid intima‐media thickness and carotid compliance were related to the number of circulating CD16‐positive monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Cannon
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Gyanendra Sharma
- Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Gloria Sloan
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | | | - R Randall Baker
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Andrew Mazzoli
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Barbara Kraj
- College of Allied Health Sciences, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Anthony Mulloy
- Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
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Oxidative stress and metabolic pathologies: from an adipocentric point of view. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:908539. [PMID: 25143800 PMCID: PMC4131099 DOI: 10.1155/2014/908539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a pathological role in the development of various diseases including diabetes, atherosclerosis, or cancer. Systemic oxidative stress results from an imbalance between oxidants derivatives production and antioxidants defenses. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generally considered to be detrimental for health. However, evidences have been provided that they can act as second messengers in adaptative responses to stress. Obesity represents a major risk factor for deleterious associated pathologies such as type 2 diabetes, liver, and coronary heart diseases. Many evidences regarding obesity-induced oxidative stress accumulated over the past few years based on established correlations of biomarkers or end-products of free-radical-mediated oxidative stress with body mass index. The hypothesis that oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development of metabolic disorders, especially insulin-resistance state, is supported by several studies where treatments reducing ROS production reverse metabolic alterations, notably through improvement of insulin sensitivity, hyperlipidemia, or hepatic steatosis. In this review, we will develop the mechanistic links between oxidative stress generated by adipose tissue in the context of obesity and its impact on metabolic complications development. We will also attempt to discuss potential therapeutic approaches targeting obesity-associated oxidative stress in order to prevent associated-metabolic complications.
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García-de Blas E, Mateo R, Viñuela J, Pérez-Rodríguez L, Alonso-Alvarez C. Free and Esterified Carotenoids in Ornaments of an Avian Species: The Relationship to Color Expression and Sources of Variability. Physiol Biochem Zool 2013; 86:483-98. [DOI: 10.1086/671812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hyder I, Ramesh K, Sharma S, Uniyal S, Yadav V, Panda R, Maurya V, Singh G, Sarkar M. Effect of different dietary energy levels on physio-biochemical, endocrine changes and mRNA expression profile of leptin in goat (Capra hircus). Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nyrén R, Chang CL, Lindström P, Barmina A, Vorrsjö E, Ali Y, Juntti-Berggren L, Bensadoun A, Young SG, Olivecrona T, Olivecrona G. Localization of lipoprotein lipase and GPIHBP1 in mouse pancreas: effects of diet and leptin deficiency. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23186339 PMCID: PMC3537605 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-12-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes triglycerides in plasma lipoproteins and enables uptake of lipolysis products for energy production or storage in tissues. Our aim was to study the localization of LPL and its endothelial anchoring protein glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) in mouse pancreas, and effects of diet and leptin deficiency on their expression patterns. For this, immunofluorescence microscopy was used on pancreatic tissue from C57BL/6 mouse embryos (E18), adult mice on normal or high-fat diet, and adult ob/ob-mice treated or not with leptin. The distribution of LPL and GPIHBP1 was compared to insulin, glucagon and CD31. Heparin injections were used to discriminate between intracellular and extracellular LPL. RESULTS In the exocrine pancreas LPL was found in capillaries, and was mostly co-localized with GPIHBP1. LPL was releasable by heparin, indicating localization on cell surfaces. Within the islets, most of the LPL was associated with beta cells and could not be released by heparin, indicating that the enzyme remained mostly within cells. Staining for LPL was found also in the glucagon-producing alpha cells, both in embryos (E18) and in adult mice. Only small amounts of LPL were found together with GPIHBP1 within the capillaries of islets. Neither a high fat diet nor fasting/re-feeding markedly altered the distribution pattern of LPL or GPIHBP1 in mouse pancreas. Islets from ob/ob mice appeared completely deficient of LPL in the beta cells, while LPL-staining was normal in alpha cells and in the exocrine pancreas. Leptin treatment of ob/ob mice for 12 days reversed this pattern, so that most of the islets expressed LPL in beta cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that both LPL and GPIHBP1 are present in mouse pancreas, and that LPL expression in beta cells is dependent on leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakel Nyrén
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Martín-González J, Sánchez-Jiménez F, Pérez-Pérez A, Carmona-Fernández A, Sánchez-Margalet V, Segura-Egea JJ. Leptin expression in healthy and inflamed human dental pulp. Int Endod J 2012; 46:442-8. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Martín-González
- Department of Stomatology (Endodontics section); School of Dentistry,; University of Sevilla,; Sevilla; Spain
| | - F. Sánchez-Jiménez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Virgen Macarena Hospital,; University of Sevilla,; Sevilla; Spain
| | - A. Pérez-Pérez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Virgen Macarena Hospital,; University of Sevilla,; Sevilla; Spain
| | - A. Carmona-Fernández
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Virgen Macarena Hospital,; University of Sevilla,; Sevilla; Spain
| | - V. Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Virgen Macarena Hospital,; University of Sevilla,; Sevilla; Spain
| | - J. J. Segura-Egea
- Department of Stomatology (Endodontics section); School of Dentistry,; University of Sevilla,; Sevilla; Spain
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Role of adipokines in atherosclerosis: interferences with cardiovascular complications in rheumatic diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:125458. [PMID: 22910888 PMCID: PMC3403095 DOI: 10.1155/2012/125458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with rheumatic diseases have an increased risk of mortality by cardiovascular events. In fact, several rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and ankylosing spondylitis are associated with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Although traditional cardiovascular risk factors have been involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases in rheumatic patients, these alterations do not completely explain the enhanced cardiovascular risk in this population. Obesity and its pathologic alteration of fat mass and dysfunction, due to an altered pattern of secretion of proinflammatory adipokines, could be one of the links between cardiovascular and rheumatic diseases. Indeed, the incidence of CVDs is augmented in obese individuals with rheumatic disorders. Thus, in this paper we explore in detail the relationships among adipokines, rheumatic diseases, and cardiovascular complications by giving to the reader a holistic vision and several suggestions for future perspectives and potential clinical implications.
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Scheller EL, Song J, Dishowitz MI, Hankenson KD, Krebsbach PH. A potential role for the myeloid lineage in leptin-regulated bone metabolism. Horm Metab Res 2012; 44:1-5. [PMID: 22205566 PMCID: PMC3606882 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1297971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Leptin influences bone formation centrally through the hypothalamus and peripherally by acting on osteoblasts or their precursors. However, neither mechanism explains the divergent, gender-specific correlation between leptin and bone mineral density in humans. Although leptin is a potent regulator of pro-inflammatory immune responses, a potential role for leptin as an osteoimmunologic intermediate in bone metabolism has not been tested. Mice with myeloid-specific ablation of the long-form leptin receptor (ObRb) were generated using mice expressing cre-recombinase from the lysoszyme M promoter. At 12 weeks of age, the conditional knockout mice did not display any appreciable phenotype. However, at 52 weeks 2 changes were noted. First, there was a mild increase in liver inflammation. Second, a gender-specific, divergent bone phenotype was observed. Female mice displayed a consistent trend toward decreased trabecular bone parameters including reductions in bone volume fraction, trabecular number, and bone mineral content as well as a significant increase in marrow adipogenesis. Conversely, male mice lacked trabecular changes, but had statistically significant increases in cortical bone volume, thickness, and bone mineral density with equivalent total cortical volume. Since the year 2000, over 25 studies on more than 10,000 patients have sought to determine the correlation between leptin and bone mineral density. The results revealed a gender-specific correlation similar to that observed in our LysM transgenic animals. We hypothesize and show new evidence that regulation of myeloid lineage cells by leptin may facilitate their actions as an osteoimmunologic intermediate and contribute to leptin-regulated bone formation and metabolism in a gender-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L. Scheller
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences University of Michigan School of Dentistry Ann Arbor, MI 48109 United States of America
| | - Junhui Song
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences University of Michigan School of Dentistry Ann Arbor, MI 48109 United States of America
| | - Michael I. Dishowitz
- Department of Animal Biology School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104 United States of America
| | - Kurt D. Hankenson
- Department of Animal Biology School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104 United States of America
- Corresponding author Kurt D Hankenson DVM PhD University of Pennsylvania 311 Hill Pavilion 380 S. University Ave Philadelphia, PA 19104 Phone: 215-746-1873 Fax: 215-573-5187
| | - Paul H. Krebsbach
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences University of Michigan School of Dentistry Ann Arbor, MI 48109 United States of America
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Conde J, Scotece M, Gómez R, Gómez-Reino JJ, Lago F, Gualillo O. At the crossroad between immunity and metabolism: focus on leptin. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2011; 6:801-8. [PMID: 20828288 DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue is currently considered to be an active endocrine organ that secretes a plethora of factors named adipokines, most of them proinflammatory in nature, which probably contribute to low-level systemic inflammation; a state that is often present in metabolic syndrome-associated chronic pathologies such as obesity and atherosclerosis. Leptin is historically and indisputably one of the most important adipokines secreted by fat cells, with a variety of physiological roles related to the control of metabolism, energy homeostasis and inflammatory response. One of these functions is the connection between nutritional status and immune competence. Indeed, leptin has been shown to modulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses in both normal and pathological conditions. It has been shown that conditions characterized by low leptin levels are associated with increased susceptibility to infection. Conversely, immune-mediated disorders, such as autoimmune diseases, are associated with increased secretion of leptin and the production of proinflammatory pathogenic cytokines. Thus, leptin can easily be considered a frank mediator of the inflammatory/immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Conde
- Research laboratory 9 (NEIRID LAB: Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammation Disease), Building C, Level -2, Institute of Medical Research (IDIS), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Calle Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain.
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Giorgi C, Agnoletto C, Baldini C, Bononi A, Bonora M, Marchi S, Missiroli S, Patergnani S, Poletti F, Rimessi A, Zavan B, Pinton P. Redox control of protein kinase C: cell- and disease-specific aspects. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1051-85. [PMID: 20136499 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hormones, growth factors, electrical stimulation, and cell-cell interactions regulate numerous cellular processes by altering the levels of second messengers, thus influencing biochemical reactions inside the cells. The Protein Kinase C family (PKCs) is a group of serine/threonine kinases that are dependent on calcium (Ca(2+)), diacylglycerol, and phospholipids. Signaling pathways that induce variations on the levels of PKC activators have been implicated in the regulation of diverse cellular functions and, in turn, PKCs are key regulators of a plethora of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and tumorigenesis. Importantly, PKCs contain regions, both in the N-terminal regulatory domain and in the C-terminal catalytic domain, that are susceptible to redox modifications. In several pathophysiological conditions when the balance between oxidants, antioxidants, and alkylants is compromised, cells undergo redox stress. PKCs are cell-signaling proteins that are particularly sensitive to redox stress because modification of their redox-sensitive regions interferes with their activity and, thus, with their biological effects. In this review, we summarize the involvement of PKCs in health and disease and the importance of redox signaling in the regulation of this family of kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), BioPharmaNet, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Leptin administration downregulates the increased expression levels of genes related to oxidative stress and inflammation in the skeletal muscle of ob/ob mice. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:784343. [PMID: 20671928 PMCID: PMC2910527 DOI: 10.1155/2010/784343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese leptin-deficient ob/ob mice exhibit a low-grade chronic inflammation together with a low muscle mass. Our aim was to analyze the changes in muscle expression levels of genes related to oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in leptin deficiency and to identify the effect of in vivo leptin administration. Ob/ob mice were divided in three groups as follows: control ob/ob, leptin-treated ob/ob (1 mg/kg/d) and leptin pair-fed ob/ob mice. Gastrocnemius weight was lower in control ob/ob than in wild type mice (P < .01) exhibiting an increase after leptin treatment compared to control and pair-fed (P < .01) ob/ob animals. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, markers of oxidative stress, were higher in serum (P < .01) and gastrocnemius (P = .05) of control ob/ob than in wild type mice and were significantly decreased (P < .01) by leptin treatment. Leptin deficiency altered the expression of 1,546 genes, while leptin treatment modified the regulation of 1,127 genes with 86 of them being involved in oxidative stress, immune defense and inflammatory response. Leptin administration decreased the high expression of Crybb1, Hspb3, Hspb7, Mt4, Cat, Rbm9, Serpinc1 and Serpinb1a observed in control ob/ob mice, indicating that it improves inflammation and muscle loss.
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48
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Role of leptin in the activation of immune cells. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:568343. [PMID: 20368778 PMCID: PMC2846344 DOI: 10.1155/2010/568343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is an active endocrine organ that secretes various humoral factors (adipokines), and its shift to production of proinflammatory cytokines in obesity likely contributes to the low-level systemic inflammation that may be present in metabolic syndrome-associated chronic pathologies such as atherosclerosis. Leptin is one of the most important hormones secreted by adipocytes, with a variety of physiological roles related to the control of metabolism and energy homeostasis. One of these functions is the connection between nutritional status and immune competence. The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin has been shown to regulate the immune response, innate and adaptive response, both in normal and pathological conditions. The role of leptin in regulating immune response has been assessed in vitro as well as in clinical studies. It has been shown that conditions of reduced leptin production are associated with increased infection susceptibility. Conversely, immune-mediated disorders such as autoimmune diseases are associated with increased secretion of leptin and production of proinflammatory pathogenic cytokines. Thus, leptin is a mediator of the inflammatory response.
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Singh M, Bedi US, Singh PP, Arora R, Khosla S. Leptin and the clinical cardiovascular risk. Int J Cardiol 2009; 140:266-71. [PMID: 19944469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 07/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a universal health problem of increasing prevalence and represents a major public health concern. Obesity is associated with a high risk of developing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases such as hypertension, coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial hypertrophy, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. There has been an ongoing search for mediators between obesity and cardiovascular disease. Leptin is a novel and very promising molecule of research that may link these pathologic conditions. Since its discovery in 1994, major advances have been made in the understanding of neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating appetite, metabolism, adiposity, sympathetic tone and blood pressure. In this review, we discuss the physiological and pathophysiological roles of leptin in the causation of various cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Singh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60068, United States.
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50
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Abstract
The vasa vasorum form a network of microvasculature that originate primarily in the adventitial layer of large arteries. These vessels supply oxygen and nutrients to the outer layers of the arterial wall. The expansion of the vasa vasorum to the second order is associated with neovascularization related to progression of atherosclerosis. Immunohistological analysis of human plaques from autopsied aortas have defined plaque progression and show a significant correlation with vasa vasorum neovascularization. Recent technological advances in microcomputed tomography have enabled investigation of vasa vasorum structure and function in nondiseased large arteries from pigs and dogs. Smaller mammals, particularly mice with genetic modifications that enable disease development, have been used extensively to study the vasa vasorum in diseased vessels. Despite the fact that most mouse models that are used to study atherosclerosis are unable to develop plaque to the extent found in humans, studies in both humans and mice underscore the importance of angiogenic vasa vasorum in progression of atherosclerosis. Those who have examined the vasa vasorum in occluded vessels of nondiseased pigs and dogs find that inhibition of the vasa vasorum makes the animals atheroprone. Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease. There is increasing evidence that factors, produced in response to changes in the arterial wall, collaborate with the vasa vasorum to enhance the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Mulligan-Kehoe
- Department of Surgery, Vascular Section, Dartmouth Medical School, Borwell 530E, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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