1
|
Roy S, Pokharel P, Piganelli JD. Decoding the immune dance: Unraveling the interplay between beta cells and type 1 diabetes. Mol Metab 2024; 88:101998. [PMID: 39069156 PMCID: PMC11342121 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the specific destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas by the immune system, including CD4 cells which orchestrate the attack and CD8 cells which directly destroy the beta cells, resulting in the loss of glucose homeostasis. SCOPE OF REVIEW This comprehensive document delves into the complex interplay between the immune system and beta cells, aiming to shed light on the mechanisms driving their destruction in T1D. Insights into the genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and autoimmune responses provide a foundation for understanding the autoimmune attack on beta cells. From the role of viral infections as potential triggers to the inflammatory response of beta cells, an intricate puzzle starts to unfold. This exploration highlights the importance of beta cells in breaking immune tolerance and the factors contributing to their targeted destruction. Furthermore, it examines the potential role of autophagy and the impact of cytokine signaling on beta cell function and survival. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS This review collectively represents current research findings on T1D which offers valuable perspectives on novel therapeutic approaches for preserving beta cell mass, restoring immune tolerance, and ultimately preventing or halting the progression of T1D. By unraveling the complex dynamics between the immune system and beta cells, we inch closer to a comprehensive understanding of T1D pathogenesis, paving the way for more effective treatments and ultimately a cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Roy
- Department of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Pravil Pokharel
- Department of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Jon D Piganelli
- Department of Endocrinology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Costanzo A, Clarke D, Holt M, Sharma S, Nagy K, Tan X, Kain L, Abe B, Luce S, Boitard C, Wyseure T, Mosnier LO, Su AI, Grimes C, Finn MG, Savage PB, Gottschalk M, Pettus J, Teyton L. Repositioning the Early Pathology of Type 1 Diabetes to the Extraislet Vasculature. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1094-1104. [PMID: 38426888 PMCID: PMC10944819 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a prototypic T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Because the islets of Langerhans are insulated from blood vessels by a double basement membrane and lack detectable lymphatic drainage, interactions between endocrine and circulating T cells are not permitted. Thus, we hypothesized that initiation and progression of anti-islet immunity required islet neolymphangiogenesis to allow T cell access to the islet. Combining microscopy and single cell approaches, the timing of this phenomenon in mice was situated between 5 and 8 wk of age when activated anti-insulin CD4 T cells became detectable in peripheral blood while peri-islet pathology developed. This "peri-insulitis," dominated by CD4 T cells, respected the islet basement membrane and was limited on the outside by lymphatic endothelial cells that gave it the attributes of a tertiary lymphoid structure. As in most tissues, lymphangiogenesis seemed to be secondary to local segmental endothelial inflammation at the collecting postcapillary venule. In addition to classic markers of inflammation such as CD29, V-CAM, and NOS, MHC class II molecules were expressed by nonhematopoietic cells in the same location both in mouse and human islets. This CD45- MHC class II+ cell population was capable of spontaneously presenting islet Ags to CD4 T cells. Altogether, these observations favor an alternative model for the initiation of T1D, outside of the islet, in which a vascular-associated cell appears to be an important MHC class II-expressing and -presenting cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Costanzo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Don Clarke
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Marie Holt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Siddhartha Sharma
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kenna Nagy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Xuqian Tan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Lisa Kain
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Brian Abe
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | - Tine Wyseure
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Laurent O. Mosnier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Andrew I. Su
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Catherine Grimes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - M. G. Finn
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Paul B. Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Michael Gottschalk
- Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Jeremy Pettus
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cheong LY, Wang B, Wang Q, Jin L, Kwok KHM, Wu X, Shu L, Lin H, Chung SK, Cheng KKY, Hoo RLC, Xu A. Fibroblastic reticular cells in lymph node potentiate white adipose tissue beiging through neuro-immune crosstalk in male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1213. [PMID: 36869026 PMCID: PMC9984541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are always embedded in the metabolically-active white adipose tissue (WAT), whereas their functional relationship remains obscure. Here, we identify fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) in inguinal LNs (iLNs) as a major source of IL-33 in mediating cold-induced beiging and thermogenesis of subcutaneous WAT (scWAT). Depletion of iLNs in male mice results in defective cold-induced beiging of scWAT. Mechanistically, cold-enhanced sympathetic outflow to iLNs activates β1- and β2-adrenergic receptor (AR) signaling in FRCs to facilitate IL-33 release into iLN-surrounding scWAT, where IL-33 activates type 2 immune response to potentiate biogenesis of beige adipocytes. Cold-induced beiging of scWAT is abrogated by selective ablation of IL-33 or β1- and β2-AR in FRCs, or sympathetic denervation of iLNs, whereas replenishment of IL-33 reverses the impaired cold-induced beiging in iLN-deficient mice. Taken together, our study uncovers an unexpected role of FRCs in iLNs in mediating neuro-immune interaction to maintain energy homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lai Yee Cheong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Baile Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leigang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin H M Kwok
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lingling Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huige Lin
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sookja Kim Chung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Kenneth K Y Cheng
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruby L C Hoo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu SW, Sun F, Rong SJ, Wang T, Wang CY. Lymphotoxins Serve as a Novel Orchestrator in T1D Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:917577. [PMID: 35757751 PMCID: PMC9219589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.917577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) stems from pancreatic β cell destruction by islet reactive immune cells. Similar as other autoimmune disorders, there is no curative remedy for T1D thus far. Chronic insulitis is the hallmark of T1D, which creates a local inflammatory microenvironment that impairs β cell function and ultimately leads to β cell death. Immune regulation shows promise in T1D treatment by providing a time window for β cell recovery. However, due to the complex nature of T1D pathogenesis, the therapeutic effect of immune regulation is often short-lasting and unsatisfying in monotherapies. Lymphotoxins (LTs) were first identified in 1960s as the lymphocyte-producing cytokine that can kill other cell types. As a biological cousin of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), LTs play unique roles in T1D development. Herein in this review, we summarized the advancements of LTs in T1D pathogenesis. We particularly highlighted their effect on the formation of peri-islet tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs), and discussed their synergistic effect with other cytokines on β cell toxicity and autoimmune progression. Given the complex and dynamic crosstalk between immune cells and β cells in T1D setting, blockade of lymphotoxin signaling applied to the existing therapies could be an efficient approach to delay or even reverse the established T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Wei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan-Jie Rong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Srivastava N, Hu H, Vomund AN, Peterson OJ, Baker RL, Haskins K, Teyton L, Wan X, Unanue ER. Chromogranin A Deficiency Confers Protection From Autoimmune Diabetes via Multiple Mechanisms. Diabetes 2021; 70:2860-2870. [PMID: 34497137 PMCID: PMC8660984 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of β-cell antigens by autoreactive T cells is a critical step in the initiation of autoimmune type1 diabetes. A complete protection from diabetes development in NOD mice harboring a point mutation in the insulin B-chain 9-23 epitope points to a dominant role of insulin in diabetogenesis. Generation of NOD mice lacking the chromogranin A protein (NOD.ChgA-/-) completely nullified the autoreactivity of the BDC2.5 T cell and conferred protection from diabetes onset. These results raised the issue concerning the dominant antigen that drives the autoimmune process. Here we revisited the NOD.ChgA-/- mice and found that their lack of diabetes development may not be solely explained by the absence of chromogranin A reactivity. NOD.ChgA-/- mice displayed reduced presentation of insulin peptides in the islets and periphery, which corresponded to impaired T-cell priming. Diabetes development in these mice was restored by antibody treatment targeting regulatory T cells or inhibiting transforming growth factor-β and programmed death-1 pathways. Therefore, the global deficiency of chromogranin A impairs recognition of the major diabetogenic antigen insulin, leading to broadly impaired autoimmune responses controlled by multiple regulatory mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Srivastava
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Anthony N Vomund
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Orion J Peterson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rocky L Baker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Xiaoxiao Wan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Y, Sun F, Yue TT, Wang FX, Yang CL, Luo JH, Rong SJ, Xiong F, Zhang S, Wang CY. Revisiting the Antigen-Presenting Function of β Cells in T1D Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690783. [PMID: 34335595 PMCID: PMC8318689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the unresolved autoimmune inflammation and islet β cell destruction. The islet resident antigen-presenting cells (APCs) including dendritic cells and macrophages uptake and process the β cell-derived antigens to prime the autoreactive diabetogenic T cells. Upon activation, those autoreactive T cells produce copious amount of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β to induce β cell stress and death. Autoimmune attack and β cell damage intertwine together to push forward this self-destructive program, leading to T1D onset. However, β cells are far beyond a passive participant during the course of T1D development. Herein in this review, we summarized how β cells are actively involved in the initiation of autoimmune responses in T1D setting. Specifically, β cells produce modified neoantigens under stressed condition, which is coupled with upregulated expression of MHC I/II and co-stimulatory molecules as well as other immune modules, that are essential properties normally exhibited by the professional APCs. At the cellular level, this subset of APC-like β cells dynamically interacts with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and manifests potency to activate autoreactive CD4 and CD8 T cells, by which β cells initiate early autoimmune responses predisposing to T1D development. Overall, the antigen-presenting function of β cells helps to explain the tissue specificity of T1D and highlights the active roles of structural cells played in the pathogenesis of various immune related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Sun
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian-Tian Yue
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fa-Xi Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Liang Yang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Hui Luo
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan-Jie Rong
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vomund AN, Lichti CF, Peterson OJ, Arbelaez AM, Wan X, Unanue ER. Blood leukocytes recapitulate diabetogenic peptide-MHC-II complexes displayed in the pancreatic islets. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211955. [PMID: 33822842 PMCID: PMC8034384 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the self-peptides presented by susceptible major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is crucial for evaluating the pathogenesis and therapeutics of tissue-specific autoimmune diseases. However, direct examination of such MHC-bound peptides displayed in the target organ remains largely impractical. Here, we demonstrate that the blood leukocytes from the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice presented peptide epitopes to autoreactive CD4 T cells. These peptides were bound to the autoimmune class II MHC molecule (MHC-II) I-Ag7 and originated from insulin B-chain and C-peptide. The presentation required a glucose challenge, which stimulated the release of the insulin peptides from the pancreatic islets. The circulating leukocytes, especially the B cells, promptly captured and presented these peptides. Mass spectrometry analysis of the leukocyte MHC-II peptidome revealed a series of β cell–derived peptides, with identical sequences to those previously identified in the islet MHC-II peptidome. Thus, the blood leukocyte peptidome echoes that found in islets and serves to identify immunogenic peptides in an otherwise inaccessible tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony N Vomund
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Cheryl F Lichti
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Orion J Peterson
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ana Maria Arbelaez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Xiaoxiao Wan
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Emil R Unanue
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zakharov PN, Hu H, Wan X, Unanue ER. Single-cell RNA sequencing of murine islets shows high cellular complexity at all stages of autoimmune diabetes. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151619. [PMID: 32251514 PMCID: PMC7971127 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific autoimmune diseases are driven by activation of diverse immune cells in the target organs. However, the molecular signatures of immune cell populations over time in an autoimmune process remain poorly defined. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we performed an unbiased examination of diverse islet-infiltrating cells during autoimmune diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse. The data revealed a landscape of transcriptional heterogeneity across the lymphoid and myeloid compartments. Memory CD4 and cytotoxic CD8 T cells appeared early in islets, accompanied by regulatory cells with distinct phenotypes. Surprisingly, we observed a dramatic remodeling in the islet microenvironment, in which the resident macrophages underwent a stepwise activation program. This process resulted in polarization of the macrophage subpopulations into a terminal proinflammatory state. This study provides a single-cell atlas defining the staging of autoimmune diabetes and reveals that diabetic autoimmunity is driven by transcriptionally distinct cell populations specialized in divergent biological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel N Zakharov
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Hao Hu
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Xiaoxiao Wan
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Emil R Unanue
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The MHC-II peptidome of pancreatic islets identifies key features of autoimmune peptides. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:455-463. [PMID: 32152506 PMCID: PMC7117798 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nature of autoantigens that trigger autoimmune diseases has been much discussed, but direct biochemical identification is lacking for most. Addressing this question demands unbiased examination of the self-peptides displayed by a defined autoimmune major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecule. Here we examined the immunopeptidome of the pancreatic islets in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, which spontaneously develop autoimmune diabetes based on the I-Ag7 variant of MHCII. The relevant peptides that induced pathogenic CD4+ T cells at the initiation of diabetes derived from proinsulin. These peptides were also found in the MHCII peptidome of the pancreatic lymph nodes and spleen. The proinsulin-derived peptides followed a trajectory from their generation and exocytosis in β cells, to uptake and presentation in islets and peripheral sites. Such a pathway generated conventional epitopes but also resulted in the presentation of post-translationally modified peptides, including deamidated sequences. These analyses reveal the key features of a restricted component in the self-MHCII peptidome that caused autoreactivity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Gioia L, Holt M, Costanzo A, Sharma S, Abe B, Kain L, Nakayama M, Wan X, Su A, Mathews C, Chen YG, Unanue E, Teyton L. Position β57 of I-A g7 controls early anti-insulin responses in NOD mice, linking an MHC susceptibility allele to type 1 diabetes onset. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:eaaw6329. [PMID: 31471352 PMCID: PMC6816460 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaw6329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The class II region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus is the main contributor to the genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D). The loss of an aspartic acid at position 57 of diabetogenic HLA-DQβ chains supports this association; this single amino acid change influences how TCRs recognize peptides in the context of HLA-DQ8 and I-Ag7 using a mechanism termed the P9 switch. Here, we built register-specific insulin peptide MHC tetramers to examine CD4+ T cell responses to Ins12-20 and Ins13-21 peptides during the early prediabetic phase of disease in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. A single-cell analysis of anti-insulin CD4+ T cells performed in 6- and 12-week-old NOD mice revealed tissue-specific gene expression signatures. TCR signaling and clonal expansion were found only in the islets of Langerhans and produced either classical TH1 differentiation or an unusual Treg phenotype, independent of TCR usage. The early phase of the anti-insulin response was dominated by T cells specific for Ins12-20, the register that supports a P9 switch mode of recognition. The presence of the P9 switch was demonstrated by TCR sequencing, reexpression, mutagenesis, and functional testing of TCRαβ pairs in vitro. Genetic correction of the I-Aβ57 mutation in NOD mice resulted in the disappearance of D/E residues in the CDR3β of anti-Ins12-20 T cells. These results provide a mechanistic molecular explanation that links the characteristic MHC class II polymorphism of T1D with the recognition of islet autoantigens and disease onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Gioia
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marie Holt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anne Costanzo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Siddhartha Sharma
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brian Abe
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lisa Kain
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80045, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Wan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew Su
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Clayton Mathews
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Emil Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Unanue ER, Wan X. The Immunoreactive Platform of the Pancreatic Islets Influences the Development of Autoreactivity. Diabetes 2019; 68:1544-1551. [PMID: 31331989 PMCID: PMC6692819 DOI: 10.2337/dbi18-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is maintained through a finely tuned balance between the immune system and the organ-resident cells. Disruption of this process not only results in organ dysfunction but also may trigger detrimental autoimmune responses. The islet of Langerhans consists of the insulin-producing β-cells essential for proper control of body metabolism, but less appreciated is that these cells naturally interact with the immune system, forming a platform by which the β-cell products are sensed, processed, and responded to by the local immune cells, particularly the islet-resident macrophages. Although its physiological outcomes are not completely understood, this immunoreactive platform is crucial for precipitating islet autoreactivity in individuals carrying genetic risks, leading to the development of type 1 diabetes. In this Perspective, we summarize recent studies that examine the cross talk between the β-cells and various immune components, with a primary focus on discussing how antigenic information generated during normal β-cell catabolism can be delivered to the resident macrophage and further recognized by the adaptive CD4 T-cell system, a critical step to initiate autoimmune diabetes. The core nature of the islet immune platform can be extrapolated to other endocrine tissues and may represent a common mechanism underlying the development of autoimmune syndromes influencing multiple endocrine organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Xiaoxiao Wan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wan X, Unanue ER. Antigen recognition in autoimmune diabetes: a novel pathway underlying disease initiation. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2018; 1:102-110. [PMID: 30687564 PMCID: PMC6333048 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pby015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of human autoimmune disorders results from complex interplay among genetic, environmental, and immunological risk factors. Despite much heterogeneity in environmental triggers, the leading genes that give the propensity for tissue-specific autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, are those associated with particular class II major histocompatibility complex alleles. Such genetic predisposition precipitates presentation of tissue antigens to MHC-II-restricted CD4 T cells. When properly activated, these self-reactive CD4 T cells migrate to the target tissue and trigger the initial immune attack. Using the non-obese diabetic mouse model of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes, much insight has been gained in understanding how presentation of physiological levels of self-antigens translates into pathological outcomes. In this review, we summarize recent advances illustrating the features of the antigen presenting cells, the sites of the antigen recognition, and the nature of the consequent T cell responses. We emphasize emerging evidence that highlights the importance of systemic presentation of catabolized tissue antigens in mobilization of pathogenic T cells. The implication of these studies in therapeutic perspectives is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wan X, Zinselmeyer BH, Zakharov PN, Vomund AN, Taniguchi R, Santambrogio L, Anderson MS, Lichti CF, Unanue ER. Pancreatic islets communicate with lymphoid tissues via exocytosis of insulin peptides. Nature 2018; 560:107-111. [PMID: 30022165 PMCID: PMC6090537 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-specific autoimmunity occurs when selected antigens presented by susceptible alleles of the major histocompatibility complex are recognized by T cells. However, the reason why certain specific self-antigens dominate the response and are indispensable for triggering autoreactivity is unclear. Spontaneous presentation of insulin is essential for initiating autoimmune type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice1,2. A major set of pathogenic CD4 T cells specifically recognizes the 12-20 segment of the insulin B-chain (B:12-20), an epitope that is generated from direct presentation of insulin peptides by antigen-presenting cells3,4. These T cells do not respond to antigen-presenting cells that have taken up insulin that, after processing, leads to presentation of a different segment representing a one-residue shift, B:13-214. CD4 T cells that recognize B:12-20 escape negative selection in the thymus and cause diabetes, whereas those that recognize B:13-21 have only a minor role in autoimmunity3-5. Although presentation of B:12-20 is evident in the islets3,6, insulin-specific germinal centres can be formed in various lymphoid tissues, suggesting that insulin presentation is widespread7,8. Here we use live imaging to document the distribution of insulin recognition by CD4 T cells throughout various lymph nodes. Furthermore, we identify catabolized insulin peptide fragments containing defined pathogenic epitopes in β-cell granules from mice and humans. Upon glucose challenge, these fragments are released into the circulation and are recognized by CD4 T cells, leading to an activation state that results in transcriptional reprogramming and enhanced diabetogenicity. Therefore, a tissue such as pancreatic islets, by releasing catabolized products, imposes a constant threat to self-tolerance. These findings reveal a self-recognition pathway underlying a primary autoantigen and provide a foundation for assessing antigenic targets that precipitate pathogenic outcomes by systemically sensitizing lymphoid tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bernd H Zinselmeyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pavel N Zakharov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anthony N Vomund
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ruth Taniguchi
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura Santambrogio
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl F Lichti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Resident macrophages of pancreatic islets have a seminal role in the initiation of autoimmune diabetes of NOD mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10418-E10427. [PMID: 29133420 PMCID: PMC5715775 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713543114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Our studies indicate that the resident macrophages of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans have a seminal role in the initiation and progression of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. In this study, islet macrophages were depleted by administration of a monoclonal antibody to the CSF-1 receptor. Macrophage depletion, either at the start of the autoimmune process or when diabetogenesis is active, leads to a significant reduction in diabetes incidence. Depletion of the islet macrophages reduces the entrance of T cells into islets and results in the absence of antigen presentation. Concordantly, a regulatory pathway develops that controls diabetes progression. We conclude that treatments that target the islet macrophages may have important clinical relevance for the control of autoimmune type 1 diabetes. Treatment of C57BL/6 or NOD mice with a monoclonal antibody to the CSF-1 receptor resulted in depletion of the resident macrophages of pancreatic islets of Langerhans that lasted for several weeks. Depletion of macrophages in C57BL/6 mice did not affect multiple parameters of islet function, including glucose response, insulin content, and transcriptional profile. In NOD mice depleted of islet-resident macrophages starting at 3 wk of age, several changes occurred: (i) the early entrance of CD4 T cells and dendritic cells into pancreatic islets was reduced, (ii) presentation of insulin epitopes by dispersed islet cells to T cells was impaired, and (iii) the development of autoimmune diabetes was significantly reduced. Treatment of NOD mice starting at 10 wk of age, when the autoimmune process has progressed, also significantly reduced the incidence of diabetes. Despite the absence of diabetes, NOD mice treated with anti–CSF-1 receptor starting at 3 or 10 wk of age still contained variably elevated leukocytic infiltrates in their islets when examined at 20–40 wk of age. Diabetes occurred in the anti–CSF-1 receptor protected mice after treatment with a blocking antibody directed against PD-1. We conclude that treatment of NOD mice with an antibody against CSF-1 receptor reduced diabetes incidence and led to the development of a regulatory pathway that controlled autoimmune progression.
Collapse
|
15
|
Unanue ER, Ferris ST, Carrero JA. The role of islet antigen presenting cells and the presentation of insulin in the initiation of autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse. Immunol Rev 2016; 272:183-201. [PMID: 27319351 PMCID: PMC4938008 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have been examining antigen presentation and the antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the islets of Langerhans of the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. The purpose is to identify the earliest events that initiate autoimmunity in this confined tissue. Islets normally have a population of macrophages that is distinct from those that inhabit the exocrine pancreas. Also found in NOD islets is a minor population of dendritic cells (DCs) that bear the CD103 integrin. We find close interactions between beta cells and the two APCs that result in the initiation of the autoimmunity. Even under non-inflammatory conditions, beta cells transfer insulin-containing vesicles to the APCs of the islet. This reaction requires live cells and intimate contact. The autoimmune process starts in islets with the entrance of CD4(+) T cells and an increase in the CD103(+) DCs. Mice deficient in the Batf3 transcription factor never develop diabetes due to the absence of the CD103/CD8α lineage of DCs. We hypothesize that the 12-20 peptide of the beta chain of insulin is responsible for activation of the initial CD4(+) T-cell response during diabetogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil R. Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8118, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri USA 63110
| | - Stephen T. Ferris
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8118, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri USA 63110
| | - Javier A. Carrero
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8118, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri USA 63110
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wan X, Thomas JW, Unanue ER. Class-switched anti-insulin antibodies originate from unconventional antigen presentation in multiple lymphoid sites. J Exp Med 2016; 213:967-78. [PMID: 27139492 PMCID: PMC4886365 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Unanue and colleagues show that activation of anti-insulin lymphocytes can occur at diverse anatomical sites in response to circulating insulin and may be driven by unconventional antigen presentation by germinal center B cells. Autoantibodies to insulin are a harbinger of autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes in humans and in non-obese diabetic mice. To understand the genesis of these autoantibodies, we investigated the interactions of insulin-specific T and B lymphocytes using T cell and B cell receptor transgenic mice. We found spontaneous anti-insulin germinal center (GC) formation throughout lymphoid tissues with GC B cells binding insulin. Moreover, because of the nature of the insulin epitope recognized by the T cells, it was evident that GC B cells presented a broader repertoire of insulin epitopes. Such broader recognition was reproduced by activating naive B cells ex vivo with a combination of CD40 ligand and interleukin 4. Thus, insulin immunoreactivity extends beyond the pancreatic lymph node–islets of Langerhans axis and indicates that circulating insulin, despite its very low levels, can have an influence on diabetogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - James W Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ferris ST, Carrero JA, Unanue ER. Antigen presentation events during the initiation of autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse. J Autoimmun 2016; 71:19-25. [PMID: 27021276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This is a brief summary of our studies of NOD autoimmune diabetes examining the events during the initial stage of the process. Our focus has been on antigen presentation events and the antigen presenting cells (APC) inside islets. Islets of non-diabetic mice contain resident macrophages that are developmentally distinct from those in the inter-acinar stroma. The autoimmune process starts with the entrance of CD4+ T cells together with a burst of a subset of dendritic cells (DC) bearing CD103. The CD103+ DC develop under the influence of the Batf3 transcription factor. Batf3 deficient mice do not develop diabetes and their islets are uninfiltrated throughout life. Thus, the CD103+ DC are necessary for the progression of autoimmune diabetes. The major CD4+ T cell response in NOD are the T cells directed to insulin. In particular, the non-conventional 12-20 segment of the insulin B chain is presented by the class II MHC molecule I-A(g7) and elicits pathogenic CD4+ T cells. We discuss that the diabetic process requires the CD103+ DC, the CD4+ T cells to insulin peptides, and NOD specific I-Ag(7) MHC-II allele. Finally, our initial studies indicate that beta cells transfer insulin containing vesicles to the local APC in a contact-dependent reaction. Live images of beta cells interactions with the APC and electron micrographs of islet APCs also show the transfer of granules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Ferris
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8118, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Javier A Carrero
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8118, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8118, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ovcinnikovs V, Walker LSK. Regulatory T Cells in Autoimmune Diabetes: Mechanisms of Action and Translational Potential. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 136:245-77. [PMID: 26615100 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of specialized T cells with regulatory function, harnessing the power of these cells to ameliorate autoimmunity has been a major goal. Here we collate the evidence that regulatory T cells (Treg) can inhibit Type 1 diabetes in animal models and humans. We discuss the anatomical sites and molecular mechanisms of Treg suppressive function in the Type 1 diabetes setting, citing evidence that Treg can function in both the pancreatic lymph nodes and within the pancreatic lesion. Involvement of the CTLA-4 pathway, as well as TGF-β and IL-2 deprivation will be considered. Finally, we summarize current efforts to manipulate Treg therapeutically in individuals with Type 1 diabetes. The translation of this research area from bench to bedside is still in its infancy, but the remarkable therapeutic potential of successfully manipulating Treg populations is clear to see.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitalijs Ovcinnikovs
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Lucy S K Walker
- Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Beta cells transfer vesicles containing insulin to phagocytes for presentation to T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5496-502. [PMID: 26324934 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1515954112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta cells from nondiabetic mice transfer secretory vesicles to phagocytic cells. The passage was shown in culture studies where the transfer was probed with CD4 T cells reactive to insulin peptides. Two sets of vesicles were transferred, one containing insulin and another containing catabolites of insulin. The passage required live beta cells in a close cell contact interaction with the phagocytes. It was increased by high glucose concentration and required mobilization of intracellular Ca2+. Live images of beta cell-phagocyte interactions documented the intimacy of the membrane contact and the passage of the granules. The passage was found in beta cells isolated from islets of young nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and nondiabetic mice as well as from nondiabetic humans. Ultrastructural analysis showed intraislet phagocytes containing vesicles having the distinct morphology of dense-core granules. These findings document a process whereby the contents of secretory granules become available to the immune system.
Collapse
|
20
|
Garciafigueroa Y, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. A brief glimpse over the horizon for type 1 diabetes nanotherapeutics. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:36-45. [PMID: 25817545 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pace at which nanotherapeutic technology for human disease is evolving has accelerated exponentially over the past five years. Most of the technology is centered on drug delivery which, in some instances, offers tunable control of drug release. Emerging technologies have resulted in improvements in tissue and cell targeting while others are at the initial stages of pairing drug release and drug release kinetics with microenvironmental stimuli or changes in homeostasis. Nanotherapeutics has only recently been adopted for consideration as a prophylaxis/treatment approach in autoimmunity. Herein, we summarize the current state-of-the art of nanotherapeutics specifically for type 1 diabetes mellitus and offer our view over the horizon of where we envisage this modality evolving towards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yesica Garciafigueroa
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ferris ST, Carrero JA, Mohan JF, Calderon B, Murphy KM, Unanue ER. A minor subset of Batf3-dependent antigen-presenting cells in islets of Langerhans is essential for the development of autoimmune diabetes. Immunity 2015; 41:657-69. [PMID: 25367577 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes is characterized by inflammatory infiltration; however, the initiating events are poorly understood. We found that the islets of Langerhans in young nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice contained two antigen-presenting cell (APC) populations: a major macrophage and a minor CD103(+) dendritic cell (DC) population. By 4 weeks of age, CD4(+) T cells entered islets coincident with an increase in CD103(+) DCs. In order to examine the role of the CD103(+) DCs in diabetes, we examined Batf3-deficient NOD mice that lacked the CD103(+) DCs in islets and pancreatic lymph nodes. This led to a lack of autoreactive T cells in islets and, importantly, no incidence of diabetes. Additional examination revealed that presentation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I epitopes in the pancreatic lymph nodes was absent with a partial impairment of MHC class II presentation. Altogether, this study reveals that CD103(+) DCs are essential for autoimmune diabetes development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Ferris
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Javier A Carrero
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James F Mohan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Boris Calderon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
An evolving autoimmune microenvironment regulates the quality of effector T cell restimulation and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:9223-8. [PMID: 24927530 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322193111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the processes of autoimmune attack of tissues is important for inhibiting continued tissue destruction. In type 1 diabetes, it is not known how cytotoxic effector T cell responses evolve over time in the pancreatic islets targeted for destruction. We used two-photon microscopy of live, intact, individual islets to investigate how progression of islet infiltration altered the behavior of infiltrating islet-specific CD8(+) T cells. During early-islet infiltration, T-cell interactions with CD11c(+) antigen-presenting cells (APCs) were stable and real-time imaging of T cell receptor (TCR) clustering provided evidence of TCR recognition in these stable contacts. Early T cell-APC encounters supported production of IFN-γ by T effectors, and T cells at this stage also killed islet APCs. At later stages of infiltration, T-cell motility accelerated, and cytokine production was lost despite the presence of higher numbers of infiltrating APCs that were able to trigger T-cell signaling in vitro. Using timed introduction of effector T cells, we demonstrate that elements of the autoimmune-tissue microenvironment control the dynamics of autoantigen recognition by T cells and their resulting pathogenic effector functions.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
This paper reviews the presentation of peptides by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules in the autoimmune diabetes of the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Islets of Langerhans contain antigen-presenting cells that capture the proteins and peptides of the beta cells' secretory granules. Peptides bound to I-A(g7), the unique MHC class II molecule of NOD mice, are presented in islets and in pancreatic lymph nodes. The various beta cell-derived peptides interact with selected CD4 T cells to cause inflammation and beta cell demise. Many autoreactive T cells are found in NOD mice, but not all have a major role in the initiation of the autoimmune process. I emphasize here the evidence pointing to insulin autoreactivity as a seminal component in the diabetogenic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110;
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Calderon B, Carrero JA, Unanue ER. The central role of antigen presentation in islets of Langerhans in autoimmune diabetes. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 26:32-40. [PMID: 24556398 PMCID: PMC4118295 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The islets of Langerhans normally contain resident antigen presenting cells (APCs), which in normal conditions are mostly represented by macrophages, with a few dendritic cells (DC). We present here the features of these islet APCs, making the point that they have a supportive function in islet homeostasis. Islet APCs express high levels of major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) molecules on their surfaces and are highly active in antigen presentation in the autoimmune diabetes of the NOD mouse: they do this by presenting peptides derived from molecules of the β-cells. These APCs also are instrumental in the localization of diabetogenic T cells into islets. The islet APC present exogenous peptides derived from secretory granules of the β-cell, giving rise to unique peptide-MHC complexes (pMHC) that activate those non-conventional T cells that bypass thymus selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Calderon
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Javier A Carrero
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emil R Unanue
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mohan JF, Calderon B, Anderson MS, Unanue ER. Pathogenic CD4⁺ T cells recognizing an unstable peptide of insulin are directly recruited into islets bypassing local lymph nodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2403-14. [PMID: 24127484 PMCID: PMC3804950 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the nonobese diabetic mouse, a predominant component of the autoreactive CD4(+) T cell repertoire is directed against the B:9-23 segment of the insulin B chain. Previous studies established that the majority of insulin-reactive T cells specifically recognize a weak peptide-MHC binding register within the B:9-23 segment, that to the 12-20 register. These T cells are uniquely stimulated when the B:9-23 peptide, but not the insulin protein, is offered to antigen presenting cells (APCs). Here, we report on a T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mouse (8F10) that offers important new insights into the biology of these unconventional T cells. Many of the 8F10 CD4(+) T cells escaped negative selection and were highly pathogenic. The T cells were directly recruited into islets of Langerhans, where they established contact with resident intra-islet APCs. Immunogenic insulin had to be presented in order for the T cells to localize and cause disease. These T cells bypassed an initial priming stage in the pancreatic lymph node thought to precede islet T cell entry. 8F10 T cells induced the production of antiinsulin antibodies and islets contained immunoglobulin (IgG) deposited on β cells and along the vessel walls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James F Mohan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jacobelli J, Lindsay RS, Friedman RS. Peripheral tolerance and autoimmunity: lessons from in vivo imaging. Immunol Res 2013; 55:146-54. [PMID: 22956468 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multi-photon microscopy has taken hold as a widely used technique in immunology, allowing for imaging of the kinetics of immune cell motility and cell-cell interactions, but what have we learned from this technique about the processes involved in peripheral tolerance and autoimmunity? Various studies have now looked at the dynamics of several mechanisms of peripheral T cell tolerance and efforts to examine the dynamics of the autoimmune response at the disease site are also under way. Here, we will discuss the findings of studies that use multi-photon microscopy to examine the dynamics of T cell tolerance in the lymph nodes and of the autoimmune processes involved in models of type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. An emerging theme from these studies is that short T cell-antigen presenting cell interactions can lead to tolerance, and that autoreactive T cell restimulation at the disease site can play an important role in autoimmune disease exacerbation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Jacobelli
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Calderon B, Unanue ER. Antigen presentation events in autoimmune diabetes. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:119-28. [PMID: 22178549 PMCID: PMC3523676 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antigen presenting cells (APC) be they dendritic cells (DC) or macrophages reside in all tissues. Their role varies from presenting antigen, clearing the tissue from unwanted material, helping in the remodeling that follows injury and inflammation, to a supporting or trophic function. Their features, biology, and turnover may be unique for each organ, modulated by the particular anatomy and physiology of the tissue. These features affect the handling and presentation of antigens, either exogenous such as those from viruses or bacteria, or endogenous, autologous proteins in situations of autoimmunity. Herein, we focus on the resident APC of the islets of Langerhans and their role in autoimmune diabetes. The intra-islet APC are central cells in diabetogenesis by presenting beta cell derived antigens and by modulating the localization of T cells into the islets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Calderon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sun Y, Wang W, Shan B, Di J, Chen L, Ren L, Li W, Li DJ, Lin Y. FTY720-induced conversion of conventional Foxp3- CD4+ T cells to Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in NOD mice. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66:349-62. [PMID: 21623989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM FTY720 is known as an agonist of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor, but little is known about the possibility that FTY720 induces the conversion of conventional Foxp3(-) CD4(+) T cells to Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. METHOD OF STUDY FTY720 treatment was performed using Foxp3(-) CD4(+) T cells purified from NOD mice. RESULTS FTY720 caused an increase in Foxp3(+) Treg cells in lymphoid organs in NOD mice. FTY720 effectively induced Foxp3 expression in Foxp3(-) CD4(+) T cells both in vitro and in vivo, an effect that was inhibited by a TGF-β-neutralizing antibody or the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. T-cell-mediated embryo rejection in NOD mice was prevented upon FTY720 treatment. CONCLUSIONS The use of FTY720 along with Ag administration may represent a useful therapeutic strategy to selectively expand Ag-specific Foxp3(+) Tregs to intervene autoimmune and infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sun
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Calderon B, Carrero JA, Miller MJ, Unanue ER. Cellular and molecular events in the localization of diabetogenic T cells to islets of Langerhans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:1561-6. [PMID: 21220322 PMCID: PMC3029745 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018973108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the entry of autoreactive T cells to their target organ is important in autoimmunity because this entry initiates the inflammatory process. Here, the events that lead to specific localization of diabetogenic CD4 T cells into islets of Langerhans resulting in diabetes were examined. This was evaluated in two models, one in which T cells specific for a hen-egg white lysozyme (HEL) peptide were injected into mice expressing HEL on β cells and the other using T cells in the nonobese diabetic mouse strain, which develops spontaneous diabetes. Only T cells specific for β-cell antigens localized in islets within the first hours after their injection and were found adherent to intraislet dendritic cells (DCs). DCs surrounded blood vessels with dendrites reaching into the vessels. Localization of antigen-specific T cells did not require chemokine receptor signaling but involved class II histocompatibility and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 molecules. We found no evidence for nonspecific localization of CD4 T cells into normal noninflamed islets. Thus, the anatomy of the islet of Langerhans permits the specific localization of diabetogenic T cells at a time when there is no inflammation in the islets.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/immunology
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton
- Muramidase/genetics
- Muramidase/immunology
- Muramidase/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Calderon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Javier A. Carrero
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Mark J. Miller
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Emil R. Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Summers Deluca L, Gommerman JL. The lymphotoxin pathway as a novel regulator of dendritic cell function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 691:363-74. [PMID: 21153340 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6612-4_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
31
|
Decoy receptor 3 protects non-obese diabetic mice from autoimmune diabetes by regulating dendritic cell maturation and function. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:2552-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
32
|
Astorri E, Bombardieri M, Gabba S, Peakman M, Pozzilli P, Pitzalis C. Evolution of Ectopic Lymphoid Neogenesis and In Situ Autoantibody Production in Autoimmune Nonobese Diabetic Mice: Cellular and Molecular Characterization of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Pancreatic Islets. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3359-68. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
33
|
Lin Y, Wang H, Wang W, Zeng S, Zhong Y, Li DJ. Prevention of embryo loss in non-obese diabetic mice using adoptive ITGA2(+)ISG20(+) natural killer-cell transfer. Reproduction 2009; 137:943-55. [PMID: 19321657 DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Both regulatory T cells and regulatory natural killer (NK) cells may play essential roles in the maintenance of pregnancy. In this study, we show that a significantly high percentage of spontaneous embryo loss was observed in both allogeneic and syngeneic pregnant non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. The percentage of embryo loss in allogeneic pregnant mice was further increased by the administration of anti-asialo ganglio-N-tetraosylceramide to deplete NK cells, but was decreased by the adoptive transfer of ITGA2(+)ISG20(+) (CD49b(+) CD25(+)) NK cells from normal mice. No such trend was observed in syngeneic pregnant NOD mice. The pattern of CXCR4 (specific receptor for CXCL12) expression on NK cells was analyzed and NK-cell migration was confirmed by in vitro and in vivo migratory assays. Since CXCL12 production by murine trophoblast cells was confirmed previously, our findings suggest that the recruitment of peripheral CXCR4-expressing ITGA2(+)ISG20(+) NK cells into pregnant uteri may be important in the regulation of feto-maternal tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang W, Lin Y, Zeng S, Li DJ. Improvement of fertility with adoptive CD25+ natural killer cell transfer in subfertile non-obese diabetic mice. Reprod Biomed Online 2009; 18:95-103. [PMID: 19146775 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role that CD25(+) natural killer (NK) cells may play in the establishment of pregnancy, the effect of adoptive CD25(+) NK cell transfer on pregnancy outcome in subfertile non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice was investigated. Phenotypic analysis of NK cells was performed by flow cytometry before and after the transfer. The proportion of subfertile NOD female mice that failed to become pregnant when co-caged with C57Bl/6 males for 16 weeks was significantly higher in female NOD mice than in normal female BALB/c controls (53.1% versus 15.1%; P < 0.01). The subfertile NOD mice were divided into three groups receiving CD25(+) NK cells (group 1), CD25(-) cells (group 2) or RPMI 1640 medium only (group 3). Group 1 had significantly more pregnancies than those receiving CD25(-) NK cells (77.8% versus 11.1%; P < 0.01) and controls injected with RPMI 1640 medium (0.0%; P < 0.01). Improved fertility was concomitant with an increase in placental CD49b(+) NK cells expressing Foxp3. Foxp3 expression was confirmed in the CD25(+) NK cells before the transfer. These results indicate that subfertility in NOD mice may be partially attributed to the insufficiency of CD25(+) and Foxp3(+) NK cells recruited into the pregnant uterus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gatumu MK, Skarstein K, Papandile A, Browning JL, Fava RA, Bolstad AI. Blockade of lymphotoxin-beta receptor signaling reduces aspects of Sjögren's syndrome in salivary glands of non-obese diabetic mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R24. [PMID: 19222863 PMCID: PMC2688257 DOI: 10.1186/ar2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTβR) pathway is important in the development and maintenance of lymphoid structures. Blocking this pathway has proven beneficial in murine models of autoimmune diseases such as diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of LTβR pathway blockade on Sjögren syndrome (SS)-like salivary gland disease in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Methods The course of SS-like disease was followed in NOD mice that were given lymphotoxin-beta receptor-immunoglobulin fusion protein (LTβR-Ig) starting at 9 weeks of age. Treatment was given as a single weekly dose for 3, 7, or 10 weeks. Age-matched NOD mice treated with mouse monoclonal IgG1, or not treated at all, were used as controls. The severity of inflammation, cellular composition, and lymphoid neogenesis in the submandibular glands were determined by immunohistochemistry. Mandibular lymph nodes were also studied. Saliva flow rates were measured, and saliva was analyzed by a multiplex cytokine assay. The salivary glands were analyzed for CXCL13, CCL19, and CCL21 gene expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Treatment with LTβR-Ig prevented the increase in size and number of focal infiltrates normally observed in this SS-like disease. Compared with the controls, the submandibular glands of LTβR-Ig-treated mice had fewer and smaller T- and B-cell zones and fewer high endothelial venules per given salivary gland area. Follicular dendritic cell networks were lost in LTβR-Ig-treated mice. CCL19 expression was also dramatically inhibited in the salivary gland infiltrates. Draining lymph nodes showed more gradual changes after LTβR-Ig treatment. Saliva flow was partially restored in mice treated with 10 LTβR-Ig weekly injections, and the saliva cytokine profile of these mice resembled that of mice in the pre-disease state. Conclusions Our findings show that blocking the LTβR pathway results in ablation of the lymphoid organization in the NOD salivary glands and thus an improvement in salivary gland function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K Gatumu
- Section for Pathology, The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Levisetti MG, Lewis DM, Suri A, Unanue ER. Weak proinsulin peptide-major histocompatibility complexes are targeted in autoimmune diabetes in mice. Diabetes 2008; 57:1852-60. [PMID: 18398138 PMCID: PMC2453633 DOI: 10.2337/db08-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Weak major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binding of self-peptides has been proposed as a mechanism that may contribute to autoimmunity by allowing for escape of autoreactive T-cells from the thymus. We examined the relationship between the MHC-binding characteristics of a beta-cell antigen epitope and T-cell autoreactivity in a model of autoimmune diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The binding of a proinsulin epitope, proinsulin-1(47-64) (PI-1[47-64]), to the MHC class II molecules I-A(g7) and I-A(k) was measured using purified class II molecules. T-cell reactivity to the proinsulin epitope was examined in I-A(g7+) and I-A(k+) mice. RESULTS C-peptide epitopes bound very weakly to I-A(g7) molecules. However, C-peptide-reactive T-cells were induced after immunization in I-A(g7)-bearing mice (NOD and B6.g7) but not in I-A(k)-bearing mice (B10.BR and NOD.h4). T-cells reactive with the PI-1(47-64) peptide were found spontaneously in the peripancreatic lymph nodes of pre-diabetic NOD mice. These T-cells were activated by freshly isolated beta-cells in the presence of antigen-presenting cells and caused diabetes when transferred into NOD.scid mice. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate an inverse relationship between self-peptide-MHC binding and T-cell autoreactivity for the PI-1(47-64) epitope in autoimmune diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo G Levisetti
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Suri A, Walters JJ, Rohrs HW, Gross ML, Unanue ER. First signature of islet beta-cell-derived naturally processed peptides selected by diabetogenic class II MHC molecules. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3849-56. [PMID: 18322192 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.3849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of Ags targeted by T cells in autoimmune diabetes is unknown. In this study, we identify and characterize a limited number of naturally processed peptides from pancreatic islet beta-cells selected by diabetogenic I-A(g7) molecules of NOD mice. We used insulinomas transfected with the CIITA transactivator, which resulted in their expression of class II histocompatibility molecules and activation of diabetogenic CD4 T cells. Peptides bound to I-A(g7) were isolated and examined by mass spectrometry: some peptides derived from proteins present in secretory granules of endocrine cells, and a number were shared with cells of neuronal lineage. All proteins to which peptides were identified were expressed in beta cells from normal islets. Peptides bound to I-A(g7) molecules contained the favorable binding motif characterized by acidic amino acids at the P9 position. The draining pancreatic lymph nodes of prediabetic NOD mice contained CD4 T cells that recognized three different natural peptides. Furthermore, four different peptides elicited CD4 T cells, substantiating the presence of such self-reactive T cells. The overall strategy of identifying natural peptides from islet beta-cells opens up new avenues to evaluate the repertoire of self-reactive T cells and its role in onset of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anish Suri
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dendritic cells in islets of Langerhans constitutively present beta cell-derived peptides bound to their class II MHC molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:6121-6. [PMID: 18427107 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801973105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Islets of Langerhans from normal mice contained dendritic cells (DCs) in the range of 8-10 per islet. DCs were found in several mouse strains, including those from lymphocyte-deficient mice. DCs were absent in islets from colony stimulating factor-1 deficient mice and this absence correlated with small size islets. Most DCs were found next to blood vessels and resided in islets for several days. Some DCs contained insulin-like granules, and most expressed peptide-MHC complexes derived from beta cell proteins. Islet DCs were highly effective in presenting beta cell antigens to CD4 T cells ex vivo. Presentation of beta cell-derived peptide-MHC complexes by DCs neither depended on islet inflammation nor correlated with the extent of spontaneous beta cell death. Periislet stroma DCs did not contain beta cell peptide-MHC complexes; however, 50% of DCs in pancreatic node were positive. Hence, presentation of high levels of beta cell antigens normally takes place by islet DCs, a finding that has to be placed in the perspective of autoimmune diabetes.
Collapse
|
39
|
Lin Y, Xu L, Jin H, Zhong Y, Di J, Lin QD. CXCL12 enhances exogenous CD4+CD25+ T cell migration and prevents embryo loss in non-obese diabetic mice. Fertil Steril 2008; 91:2687-96. [PMID: 18384776 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible role of CXCL12 in the migration of regulatory T (Treg) cells. DESIGN Animal model-based study. SETTING Academic. ANIMAL(S) Pregnant non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice were compared with non-immunodeficient mice. INTERVENTION(S) In vivo and in vitro CXCL12 induction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Flow cytometric analysis and Treg cell migratory assay. RESULT(S) A significantly high percentage of spontaneous embryo resorption was observed in both syngeneic and allogeneic pregnant NOD mice. The percentage of embryo loss in allogeneic pregnant NOD mice was significantly decreased by treatment with Treg cells and CXCL12 injection; however, no such effect was observed in syngeneic pregnant NOD mice. In addition, the migration of Treg cells induced by CXCL12 was confirmed by both in vitro and in vivo migratory assays. CXCR4, the specific receptor for CXCL12, was expressed more intensively on Treg cells than on non-Treg CD3(+) T cells, whereas CXCL12 was dominantly expressed in cytokeratin 7(+) trophoblast cells at an early stage of gestation, and its expression reduced gradually during pregnancy. CONCLUSION(S) The higher level of embryo loss in allogeneic pregnant NOD mice may be due to the lack of Treg cells. CXCL12 can cause CXCR4(+) Treg cells to migrate into the pregnant uterus and establish a beneficial microenvironment for the fetus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chen G, Han G, Wang J, Wang R, Xu R, Shen B, Qian J, Li Y. Induction of active tolerance and involvement of CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells in anti-CD3 F(ab')2 treatment-reversed new-onset diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:972-9. [PMID: 18349126 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The application of anti-CD3 F(ab')(2) monoclonal antibodies has recently been expanded to treat established autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes. However, the mechanism underlying their effect remains largely unclear. We report that short-phase administration of anti-CD3 F(ab')(2) antibodies efficiently allowed 80% of new-onset, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice to significantly regain both normoglycemia and pancreatic beta cell-specific autoantigen (ie, glutamic acid decarboxylase and insulin) tolerance, with both effects lasting more than 40 weeks. The responsible mechanism appears to involve the induction and maintenance of a population of immunoregulatory CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells, which were marked by an enhanced Th2 response and secretion of elevated levels of interleukin-10. In vivo neutralization of interleukin-4 and/or interleukin-10 bioactivity abrogated this anti-CD3-mediated effect. Importantly, when the cotransfer of NKT cells from the livers of anti-CD3-treated mice and splenocytes from untreated, acutely diabetic NOD mice was performed in NOD-severe combined immunodeficient mice, the NKT cells were sufficient to either delay or prevent the onset of diabetes compared with controls where only splenocytes were introduced. These data suggest that CD1d-restricted NKT cells may play a critical role in anti-CD3 antibody-induced diabetes remission and the restoration of immune tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guojiang Chen
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road No. 27, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Martin AP, Grisotto MG, Canasto-Chibuque C, Kunkel SL, Bromberg JS, Furtado GC, Lira SA. Islet expression of M3 uncovers a key role for chemokines in the development and recruitment of diabetogenic cells in NOD mice. Diabetes 2008; 57:387-94. [PMID: 18003753 DOI: 10.2337/db07-1309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by a local inflammatory reaction in and around islets followed by selective destruction of insulin-secreting beta-cells. We tested the hypothesis that chemokines affect different mechanisms responsible for the development of diabetes in NOD mice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined chemokine expression in islets of NOD mice and tested their functional relevance to development of diabetes using transgenic mice expressing the mouse herpesvirus 68-encoded chemokine decoy receptor M3 (NOD-M3 mice) in insulin-secreting beta-cells. RESULTS Multiple chemokines were expressed in pancreatic islets of NOD mice before development of diabetes. Islet-specific expression of the pan-chemokine inhibitor M3 dramatically reduced leukocyte infiltration and islet destruction and completely blocked development of diabetes in NOD-M3 mice. M3 blocked diabetes by inhibiting the priming of diabetogenic cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes and their recruitment into the islets. This effect was specific to the pancreatic islets because M3 expression did not affect other ongoing autoimmune processes. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that chemokines mediate afferent and efferent immunity in type 1 diabetes and suggest that broad chemokine blockade may represent a viable strategy to prevent insulitis and islet destruction.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Crosses, Genetic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Insulin/genetics
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Rats
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Martin
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Ave., Box 1630, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
The emerging role of TRPV1 in diabetes and obesity. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008; 29:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2007.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
43
|
Abstract
Endowed with the ability to actively suppress an immune response, regulatory T cells (Tregs) hold the promise of halting ongoing pathogenic autoimmunity and restoring self-tolerance in patients suffering from autoimmune diseases. Through many in vitro and in vivo studies, we have learned that Tregs can function in the lymph nodes as well as in the peripheral tissues. In vivo, Tregs act through dendritic cells to limit autoreactive T-cell activation, thus preventing their differentiation and acquisition of effector functions. By limiting the supply of activated pathogenic cells, Tregs prevent or slow down the progression of autoimmune diseases. However, this protective mechanism appears insufficient in autoimmune individuals, likely because of a shortage of Tregs cells and/or the development and accumulation of Treg-resistant pathogenic T cells over the long disease course. Thus, restoration of self-tolerance in these patients will likely require purging of pathogenic T cells along with infusion of Tregs with increased ability to control ongoing tissue injury. In this review, we highlight advances in dissecting Treg function in vivo in autoimmune settings and summarize multiple studies that have overcome the limitations of the low abundance of Tregs and their hypoproliferative phenotype to develop Treg-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qizhi Tang
- UCSF Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lee Y, Chin RK, Christiansen P, Sun Y, Tumanov AV, Wang J, Chervonsky AV, Fu YX. Recruitment and activation of naive T cells in the islets by lymphotoxin beta receptor-dependent tertiary lymphoid structure. Immunity 2006; 25:499-509. [PMID: 16934497 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is preceded by the organization of tertiary lymphoid organ (TLO) in situ, but its role in the development of tissue destruction and the cytokines that control such structures have not been fully defined. We have now observed that TNF superfamily 14 (TNFSF14) is upregulated in aged nonobese diabetic (NOD) pancreas with the appearance of TLO. Blockade of TNFSF14 signaling caused a substantial reduction in the expression of lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTbetaR)-controlled migration factors within the islets and disrupts organization of tertiary structures, leading to prevention of diabetes. Consistently, enhancing LTbetaR signaling by transgenic expression of TNFSF14 in the islets of NOD mice rapidly promoted de novo formation of local TLO, resulting in diabetes, even in the absence of draining lymph nodes (LN). Thus, the TNFSF14-LTbetaR pathway appears to be critical in the development and maintenance of TLO for the onset of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youjin Lee
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland, Room J541, MC3083, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Turley SJ, Lee JW, Dutton-Swain N, Mathis D, Benoist C. Endocrine self and gut non-self intersect in the pancreatic lymph nodes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:17729-33. [PMID: 16317068 PMCID: PMC1308925 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509006102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoimmune cascade that culminates in diabetes initiates within pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs). Here, we show that developmentally controlled lymphogenesis establishes a preferential trafficking route from the gut to the PLN, where T cells can be activated by antigens drained from the peritoneum and the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, intestinal stress modifies the presentation of pancreatic self-antigens in PLNs. The convergence of endocrine and intestinal contents within PLNs has significant implications for type 1 diabetes and may help to explain the link between autoimmune pathogenesis and environmental provocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J Turley
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Byersdorfer CA, Schweitzer GG, Unanue ER. Diabetes Is Predicted by the β Cell Level of Autoantigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4347-54. [PMID: 16177075 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Two novel transgenic (Tg) strains were created expressing hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) in a pancreas-specific fashion. RmHP.111 mice had levels of HEL per cell similar to that of the established ILK-3 strain, while RmHP.117 mice had 10-fold lower levels (50,000 molecules per cell). When bred to 3A9 TCR Tg mice, negative selection occurred equally in all three double-Tg combinations, yet only ILK-3 x 3A9 and RmHP.111 x 3A9 mice became diabetic. Additionally, activated 3A9 cells readily transferred diabetes into ILK-3 or RmHP.111 mice, but only marginally into the RmHP.117 strain. In the peripancreatic lymph node, division of naive 3A9 cells was similar between RmHP.111 and RmHP.117 strains, but pancreatic APCs from RmHP.111 x 3A9 mice stimulated HEL-reactive cells to a much greater degree than those from RmHP.117 x 3A9 mice. In this model, diabetes was dependent upon both initial priming in the peripancreatic lymph node and subsequent presentation in the pancreas, with disease incidence predicted by the beta cell level of autoantigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Byersdorfer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Current literature in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2005; 21:475-82. [PMID: 16114072 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
48
|
N/A, 杨 桂, 安 利. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:2001-2003. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i16.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
|