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Ishqi HM, Ali M, Dawra R. Recent advances in the role of neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps in acute pancreatitis. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:4107-4122. [PMID: 37725239 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease, which is triggered by adverse events in acinar cells of the pancreas. After the initial injury, infiltration of neutrophils in pancreas is observed. In the initial stages of pancreatitis, the inflammation is sterile. It has been shown that the presence of neutrophils at the injury site can modulate the disease. Their depletion in experimental animal models of the acute pancreatitis has been shown to be protective. But information on mechanism of contribution to inflammation by neutrophils at the injury site is not clear. Once at injury site, activated neutrophils release azurophilic granules containing proteolytic enzymes and generate hypochlorous acid which is a strong microbicidal agent. Additionally, emerging evidence shows that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are formed which consist of decondensed DNA decorated with histones, proteases and granular and cytosolic proteins. NETs are considered mechanical traps for microbes, but there is preliminary evidence to indicate that NETs, which constitute a special mechanism of the neutrophil defence system, play an adverse role in pancreatitis by contributing to the pancreatic inflammation and distant organ injury. This review presents the overall current information about neutrophils and their role including NETs in acute pancreatitis (AP). It also highlights current gaps in knowledge which should be explored to fully elucidate the role of neutrophils in AP and for therapeutic gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mubarak Ishqi
- Department of Surgery and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Misha Ali
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rajinder Dawra
- Department of Surgery and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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2
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Kleibert M, Zygmunciak P, Łakomska K, Mila K, Zgliczyński W, Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska B. Insight into the Molecular Mechanism of Diabetic Kidney Disease and the Role of Metformin in Its Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13038. [PMID: 37685845 PMCID: PMC10487922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the leading causes of death among patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Despite the growing knowledge about the pathogenesis of DKD, we still do not have effective direct pharmacotherapy. Accurate blood sugar control is essential in slowing down DKD. It seems that metformin has a positive impact on kidneys and this effect is not only mediated by its hypoglycemic action, but also by direct molecular regulation of pathways involved in DKD. The molecular mechanism of DKD is complex and we can distinguish polyol, hexosamine, PKC, and AGE pathways which play key roles in the development and progression of this disease. Each of these pathways is overactivated in a hyperglycemic environment and it seems that most of them may be regulated by metformin. In this article, we summarize the knowledge about DKD pathogenesis and the potential mechanism of the nephroprotective effect of metformin. Additionally, we describe the impact of metformin on glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes, which are harmed in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Kleibert
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Przemysław Zygmunciak
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.Z.); (K.M.)
| | - Klaudia Łakomska
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Klaudia Mila
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (P.Z.); (K.M.)
| | - Wojciech Zgliczyński
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Bielanski Hospital, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Beata Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Bielanski Hospital, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland;
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3
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The Synergistic Action of Metformin and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer Extract Alleviates Metabolic Disorders in Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020936. [PMID: 36674447 PMCID: PMC9862386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin, an antidiabetic drug, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer (GU), an oriental medicinal herb, have been reported to exert anti-obesity effects. This study investigated the synergistic action of metformin and GU in improving diet-induced obesity. Mice were fed a normal diet, a high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD + 0.015% GU water extract for 8 weeks. The HFD and GU groups were then randomly divided into two groups and fed the following diets for the next 8 weeks: HFD with 50 mg/kg metformin (HFDM) and GU with 50 mg/kg metformin (GUM). GUM prevented hepatic steatosis and adiposity by suppressing expression of mRNAs and enzyme activities related to lipogenesis in the liver and upregulating the expression of adipocyte mRNAs associated with fatty acid oxidation and lipolysis, and as a result, improved dyslipidemia. Moreover, GUM improved glucose homeostasis by inducing glucose uptake in tissues and upregulating mRNA expressions associated with glycolysis in the liver and muscle through AMP-activated protein kinase activation. GUM also improved inflammation by increasing antioxidant activity in the liver and erythrocytes and decreasing inflammatory cytokine productions. Here, we demonstrate that GU and metformin exert synergistic action in the prevention of obesity and its complications.
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4
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Love KM, Barrett EJ, Horton WB. Metformin's Impact on the Microvascular Response to Insulin. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqac162. [PMID: 36201598 PMCID: PMC10233257 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Metformin improves insulin's action on whole-body glucose metabolism in various insulin-resistant populations. The detailed cellular mechanism(s) for its metabolic actions are multiple and still incompletely understood. Beyond metabolic actions, metformin also impacts microvascular function. However, the effects of metformin on microvascular function and microvascular insulin action specifically are poorly defined. In this mini-review, we summarize what is currently known about metformin's beneficial impact on both microvascular function and the microvascular response to insulin while highlighting methodologic issues in the literature that limit straightforward mechanistic understanding of these effects. We examine potential mechanisms for these effects based on pharmacologically dosed studies and propose that metformin may improve human microvascular insulin resistance by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Finally, we explore several important evidence gaps and discuss avenues for future investigation that may clarify whether metformin's ability to improve microvascular insulin sensitivity is linked to its positive impact on vascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M Love
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Eugene J Barrett
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - William B Horton
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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5
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Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by Extracellular Neutrophil Traps Plays Important Role in the Occurrence and Treatment of Extracellular Neutrophil Traps-Related Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105626. [PMID: 35628437 PMCID: PMC9147606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many articles have demonstrated that extracellular neutrophil traps (NETs) are often described as part of the antibacterial function. However, since the components of NETs are non-specific, excessive NETs usually cause inflammation and tissue damage. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) caused by NETs is the major focus of tissue damage, which is highly related to many inflammatory diseases. Therefore, this review summarizes the latest advances in the primary and secondary mechanisms between NETs and ED regarding inflammation as a mediator. Moreover, the detailed molecular mechanisms with emphasis on the disadvantages from NETs are elaborated: NETs can use its own enzymes, release particles as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and activate the complement system to interact with endothelial cells (ECs), drive ECs damage and eventually aggravate inflammation. In view of the role of NETs-induced ED in different diseases, we also discussed possible molecular mechanisms and the treatments of NETs-related diseases.
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Ding Y, Zhou Y, Ling P, Feng X, Luo S, Zheng X, Little PJ, Xu S, Weng J. Metformin in cardiovascular diabetology: a focused review of its impact on endothelial function. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:9376-9396. [PMID: 34646376 PMCID: PMC8490502 DOI: 10.7150/thno.64706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a first-line treatment for diabetes, the insulin-sensitizing biguanide, metformin, regulates glucose levels and positively affects cardiovascular function in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular complications. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) represents the primary pathological change of multiple vascular diseases, because it causes decreased arterial plasticity, increased vascular resistance, reduced tissue perfusion and atherosclerosis. Caused by “biochemical injury”, ED is also an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. Accumulating evidence shows that metformin improves ED through liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/5'-adenosine monophosphat-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and AMPK-independent targets, including nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) and krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). Evaluating the effects of metformin on endothelial cell functions would facilitate our understanding of the therapeutic potential of metformin in cardiovascular diabetology (including diabetes and its cardiovascular complications). This article reviews the physiological and pathological functions of endothelial cells and the intact endothelium, reviews the latest research of metformin in the treatment of diabetes and related cardiovascular complications, and focuses on the mechanism of action of metformin in regulating endothelial cell functions.
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Mutua V, Gershwin LJ. A Review of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Disease: Potential Anti-NETs Therapeutics. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 61:194-211. [PMID: 32740860 PMCID: PMC7395212 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Activated neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to a variety of stimuli. NETosis is driven by protein-arginine deiminase type 4, with the release of intracellular granule components that function by capturing and destroying microbes, including viral, fungal, bacterial, and protozoal pathogens. The positive effects of pathogen control are countered by pro-inflammatory effects as demonstrated in a variety of diseases. Components of NETS are non-specific, and other than controlling microbes, they cause injury to surrounding tissue by themselves or by increasing the pro-inflammatory response. NETs can play a role in enhancement of the inflammation seen in autoimmune diseases including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosis. In addition, autoinflammatory diseases such as gout have been associated with NETosis. Inhibition of NETs may decrease the severity of many diseases improving survival. Herein, we describe NETosis in different diseases focusing on the detrimental effect of NETs and outline possible therapeutics that can be used to mitigate netosis. There is a need for more studies and clinical trials on these and other compounds that could prevent or destroy NETs, thereby decreasing damage to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Mutua
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Laurel J Gershwin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, USA
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Guo Y, Li W, Qian M, Jiang T, Guo P, Du Q, Lin N, Xie X, Wu Z, Lin D, Liu D. D-4F Ameliorates Contrast Media-Induced Oxidative Injuries in Endothelial Cells via the AMPK/PKC Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:556074. [PMID: 33658920 PMCID: PMC7917283 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.556074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is involved in the pathophysiological processes of contrast media (CM)–induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) after vascular angiography or intervention. Previous study found that apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) mimetic peptide, D-4F, alleviates endothelial impairments via upregulating heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and scavenging excessively generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, whether D-4F could ameliorate oxidative injuries in endothelial cells through suppressing ROS production remains unclear. In this study, a representative nonionic iodinated CM, iodixanol, was chosen for the in vitro and in vivo studies. Endothelial cell viability was assayed using micrographs, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8). Apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry analysis and caspase-3 activation. Endothelial inflammation was tested using monocyte adhesion assay and adhesion molecule expression. ROS production was detected by measuring the formation of lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde (MDA) through the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) assay. Peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻) formation was tested using the 3-nitrotyrosine ELISA kit. Iodixanol impaired cell viability, promoted vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression, and induced cell apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). However, D-4F mitigated these injuries. Furthermore, iodixanol induced the phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC) beta II, p47, Rac1, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) at Thr495, which elicited ROS release and ONOO⁻ generation. D-4F inhibited NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation, ROS production, and ONOO⁻ formation via the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/PKC pathway. Additionally, after an intravascular injection of iodixanol in Sprague Dawley rats, iodixanol induced a remarkable inflammatory response in arterial endothelial cells, although significant apoptosis and morphological changes were not observed. D-4F alleviated the vessel inflammation resulting from iodixanol in vivo. Collectively, besides scavenging ROS, D-4F could also suppress ROS production and ONOO⁻ formation through the AMPK/PKC pathway, which ameliorated oxidative injuries in endothelial cells. Hence, D-4F might serve as a potential agent in preventing CI-AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fujian Cardiovascular Institute, Fujian Provincial Center for Geriatrics, Provincial Clinical Medicine College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingming Qian
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, High-field NMR Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ping Guo
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qian Du
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Na Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fujian Cardiovascular Institute, Fujian Provincial Center for Geriatrics, Provincial Clinical Medicine College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianwei Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fujian Cardiovascular Institute, Fujian Provincial Center for Geriatrics, Provincial Clinical Medicine College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fujian Cardiovascular Institute, Fujian Provincial Center for Geriatrics, Provincial Clinical Medicine College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Donghai Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, High-field NMR Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fujian Cardiovascular Institute, Fujian Provincial Center for Geriatrics, Provincial Clinical Medicine College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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9
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Mohammed I, Hollenberg MD, Ding H, Triggle CR. A Critical Review of the Evidence That Metformin Is a Putative Anti-Aging Drug That Enhances Healthspan and Extends Lifespan. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:718942. [PMID: 34421827 PMCID: PMC8374068 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.718942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The numerous beneficial health outcomes associated with the use of metformin to treat patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), together with data from pre-clinical studies in animals including the nematode, C. elegans, and mice have prompted investigations into whether metformin has therapeutic utility as an anti-aging drug that may also extend lifespan. Indeed, clinical trials, including the MILES (Metformin In Longevity Study) and TAME (Targeting Aging with Metformin), have been designed to assess the potential benefits of metformin as an anti-aging drug. Preliminary analysis of results from MILES indicate that metformin may induce anti-aging transcriptional changes; however it remains controversial as to whether metformin is protective in those subjects free of disease. Furthermore, despite clinical use for over 60 years as an anti-diabetic drug, the cellular mechanisms by which metformin exerts either its actions remain unclear. In this review, we have critically evaluated the literature that has investigated the effects of metformin on aging, healthspan and lifespan in humans as well as other species. In preparing this review, particular attention has been placed on the strength and reproducibility of data and quality of the study protocols with respect to the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of metformin. We conclude that despite data in support of anti-aging benefits, the evidence that metformin increases lifespan remains controversial. However, via its ability to reduce early mortality associated with various diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline and cancer, metformin can improve healthspan thereby extending the period of life spent in good health. Based on the available evidence we conclude that the beneficial effects of metformin on aging and healthspan are primarily indirect via its effects on cellular metabolism and result from its anti-hyperglycemic action, enhancing insulin sensitivity, reduction of oxidative stress and protective effects on the endothelium and vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Mohammed
- Department of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Al-Rayyan, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Chris R. Triggle, ; Ibrahim Mohammed,
| | - Morley D. Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hong Ding
- Department of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Al-Rayyan, Qatar
- Departments of Medical Education and Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Al-Rayyan, Qatar
| | - Chris R. Triggle
- Department of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Al-Rayyan, Qatar
- Departments of Medical Education and Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Al-Rayyan, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Chris R. Triggle, ; Ibrahim Mohammed,
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10
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Singh K, Chauhan S. Study on aggregation properties and interactive nature of bile salts in the presence of drugs: a comparative approach. Chem Ind 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2020.1820911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
| | - Suvarcha Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
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11
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Mohebbati R, Abbasnezhad A, Havakhah S, Mousavi M. The Effect of Nigella Sativa on Renal Oxidative Injury in Diabetic Rats. SAUDI JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES AND TRANSPLANTATION 2020; 31:775-786. [PMID: 32801238 DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.292311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a key role in the evolution of diabetes complications. The current study looked into the potential effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Nigella sativa on the oxidative injury of the rat kidneys in diabetic animals. The animals were placed into five study groups in a random manner as follows: (1) control, (2) diabetic, (3 and 4) treatment with two doses of N. sativa extract (200 and 400 mg/kg), and (5) treatment with metformin (300 mg/kg). The time course of administration was six weeks. The malondialdehyde (MD A) and total thiol groups, as well as the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, were also assessed in the renal tissue and lipid profile in serum. In the diabetic groups, the level of MDA significantly increased (P < 0.01) and antioxidant levels decreased compared to the control (P < 0.05). In treated rats with N. sativa, the antioxidant status of renal tissue was improved (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). The lipid profile also improved in the rats treated with the extract (P < 0.001). Our findings suggest that long-term administration of N. sativa in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin can improve the status of the oxidative stress in kidney tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mohebbati
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbasali Abbasnezhad
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Havakhah
- Addiction and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Positive interaction of mangiferin with selected oral hypoglycemic drugs: a therapeutic strategy to alleviate diabetic nephropathy in experimental rats. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:4465-4475. [PMID: 32451927 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the notorious diabetes associated complications. Despite many therapeutic strategies available, metabolic control of DN continues to poses a challenge. In this study, the interactions of mangiferin with selected oral hypoglycemic drugs, metformin and gliclazide to effectively alleviate the symptoms of renal injury in DN are evaluated. Male Sprague Dawley rats were used as experimental model and type II diabetes was induced by administration of high fat diet and low dose streptozotocin. Oral intervention of mangiferin with metformin and gliclazide for a period of 28 days was given to diabetic rats. At the end of the treatment period, biochemical parameters, kidney function markers, anti-oxidant enzymes levels, oxidative stress mediated gene expression and histology were analysed. Significant reduction in the serum biochemical markers (glucose, urea and creatinine) were observed in the groups treated with combination drugs. Marked improvement in the combination treated groups in terms of inflammation and oxidative damage in the gene (TNFα, NFκB, TGFβ, VEGF, PKC) and protein expression (NFκB, VEGF) were noted in the kidney tissue alleviating the symptoms of DN. These results were further corroborated with histopathological results. Scientific data in the present study reveals that the combinations of mangiferin with the oral hypoglycemic drugs have been favorable in alleviating renal injury. Hence, a combination therapy to alleviate the vascular complication, diabetic nephropathy may be considered as a possible therapeutic strategy by including natural phytocompounds as an add on therapy to conventional oral hypoglycemic drugs.
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13
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Triggle CR, Ding H, Marei I, Anderson TJ, Hollenberg MD. Why the endothelium? The endothelium as a target to reduce diabetes-associated vascular disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:415-430. [PMID: 32150686 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 66 years, our knowledge of the role of the endothelium in the regulation of cardiovascular function and dysfunction has advanced from the assumption that it is a single layer of cells that serves as a barrier between the blood stream and vascular smooth muscle to an understanding of its role as an essential endocrine-like organ. In terms of historical contributions, we pay particular credit to (1) the Canadian scientist Dr. Rudolf Altschul who, based on pathological changes in the appearance of the endothelium, advanced the argument in 1954 that "one is only as old as one's endothelium" and (2) the American scientist Dr. Robert Furchgott, a 1998 Nobel Prize winner in Physiology or Medicine, who identified the importance of the endothelium in the regulation of blood flow. This review provides a brief history of how our knowledge of endothelial function has advanced and now recognize that the endothelium produces a plethora of signaling molecules possessing paracrine, autocrine, and, arguably, systemic hormone functions. In addition, the endothelium is a therapeutic target for the anti-diabetic drugs metformin, glucagon-like peptide I (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) that offset the vascular disease associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R Triggle
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hong Ding
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Isra Marei
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Todd J Anderson
- Department of Cardiac Sciences and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network, Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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14
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Meza CA, La Favor JD, Kim DH, Hickner RC. Endothelial Dysfunction: Is There a Hyperglycemia-Induced Imbalance of NOX and NOS? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153775. [PMID: 31382355 PMCID: PMC6696313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOX) are enzyme complexes that have received much attention as key molecules in the development of vascular dysfunction. NOX have the primary function of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), and are considered the main source of ROS production in endothelial cells. The endothelium is a thin monolayer that lines the inner surface of blood vessels, acting as a secretory organ to maintain homeostasis of blood flow. The enzymatic production of nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is critical in mediating endothelial function, and oxidative stress can cause dysregulation of eNOS and endothelial dysfunction. Insulin is a stimulus for increases in blood flow and endothelium-dependent vasodilation. However, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes are characterized by poor control of the endothelial cell redox environment, with a shift toward overproduction of ROS by NOX. Studies in models of type 2 diabetes demonstrate that aberrant NOX activation contributes to uncoupling of eNOS and endothelial dysfunction. It is well-established that endothelial dysfunction precedes the onset of cardiovascular disease, therefore NOX are important molecular links between type 2 diabetes and vascular complications. The aim of the current review is to describe the normal, healthy physiological mechanisms involved in endothelial function, and highlight the central role of NOX in mediating endothelial dysfunction when glucose homeostasis is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Meza
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Justin D La Favor
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Do-Houn Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Robert C Hickner
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, College of Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
- Department of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa.
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15
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Kheniser KG, Kashyap SR, Kasumov T. A systematic review: the appraisal of the effects of metformin on lipoprotein modification and function. Obes Sci Pract 2019; 5:36-45. [PMID: 30820329 PMCID: PMC6381305 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Metformin is a commonly prescribed anti-hyperglycaemic pharmacological agent, and it remains a staple in the management of type II diabetes. In addition to metformin's glucose lowering effects, research has indicated that metformin inhibits glycation-mediated and oxidative modification of lipoprotein residues. The purpose was to discuss the effects of metformin as it relates to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) modification. MATERIALS AND METHODS The purpose was to conduct a narrative and pragmatic review on the effects of metformin as it pertains to HDL and LDL modification. RESULTS High-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration is a quantitative measure and therefore does not provide insight into its function, which is a qualitative property. Dysfunctional HDLs are unable to carry out functions normally associated with HDL because they can be modified by glycating agents. Metformin may counteract HDL dysfunction by abating HDL modification. Reductions in HDL modification may improve reverse cholesterol transport ability and thus possibly diminish cardiovascular risk. Similarly, metformin-mediated attenuations in LDL modification may reduce their atherogenic potency. CONCLUSION Metformin may partially ameliorate HDL dysfunction and reduce LDL modification by inhibiting alpha-dicarbonyl-mediated modification of apolipoprotein residues; consequently, the results are salient because cardiovascular disease incidence may be reduced given that reverse cholesterol transport activity predicts risk, and modified LDL are proatherogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. G. Kheniser
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | - S. R. Kashyap
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismCleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA
| | - T. Kasumov
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesNortheast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstownOHUSA
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16
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Choi SW, Ho CK. Antioxidant properties of drugs used in Type 2 diabetes management: could they contribute to, confound or conceal effects of antioxidant therapy? Redox Rep 2018; 23:1-24. [PMID: 28514939 PMCID: PMC6748682 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2017.1324381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This is a narrative review, investigating the antioxidant properties of drugs used in the management of diabetes, and discusses whether these antioxidant effects contribute to, confound, or conceal the effects of antioxidant therapy. METHODS A systematic search for articles reporting trials, or observational studies on the antioxidant effect of drugs used in the treatment of diabetes in humans or animals was performed using Web of Science, PubMed, and Ovid. Data were extracted, including data on a number of subjects, type of treatment (and duration) received, and primary and secondary outcomes. The primary outcomes were reporting on changes in biomarkers of antioxidants concentrations and secondary outcomes were reporting on changes in biomarkers of oxidative stress. RESULTS Diabetes Mellitus is a disease characterized by increased oxidative stress. It is often accompanied by a spectrum of other metabolic disturbances, including elevated plasma lipids, elevated uric acid, hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and central obesity. This review shows evidence that some of the drugs in diabetes management have both in vivo and in vitro antioxidant properties through mechanisms such as scavenging free radicals and upregulating antioxidant gene expression. CONCLUSION Pharmaceutical agents used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes has been shown to exert an antioxidant effect..
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Wai Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Queen Mary
Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong
Kong SAR
| | - Cyrus K. Ho
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural
Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne,
Australia
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences,
School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,
Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
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17
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Wu W, Wang S, Liu Q, Shan T, Wang Y. Metformin Protects against LPS-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction by Activating AMPK Pathway. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3272-3284. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiche Wu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Sisi Wang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Feed Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
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18
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Menegazzo L, Scattolini V, Cappellari R, Bonora BM, Albiero M, Bortolozzi M, Romanato F, Ceolotto G, Vigili de Kreutzeberg S, Avogaro A, Fadini GP. The antidiabetic drug metformin blunts NETosis in vitro and reduces circulating NETosis biomarkers in vivo. Acta Diabetol 2018; 55:593-601. [PMID: 29546579 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-018-1129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetes is associated with an excess release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and an enhanced NETosis, a neutrophil cell death programme instrumental to anti-microbial defences, but also involved in tissue damage. We herein investigated whether the antidiabetic drug metformin protects against NETosis. METHODS We measured NET components in the plasma of patients with pre-diabetes who were randomized to receive metformin or placebo for 2 months. To control for the effect on glucose, we also measured NET components in the plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes before and after treatment with insulin or dapagliflozin. In vitro, we used static and dynamic imaging with advanced live confocal two-photon microscopy to evaluate the effects of metformin on cellular events during NETosis. We examined putative molecular mechanisms by monitoring chromatin decondensation and DNA release in vitro. RESULTS Metformin, as compared to placebo, significantly reduced the concentrations of NET components elastase, proteinase-3, histones and double strand DNA, whereas glucose control with insulin or dapagliflozin exerted no significant effect. In vitro, metformin prevented pathologic changes in nuclear dynamics and DNA release, resulting in a blunted NETosis in response to phorbol myristate acetate and calcium influx. Metformin prevented membrane translocation of PKC-βII and activation of NADPH oxidase in neutrophils, both of which diminished the NETosis response. CONCLUSIONS Metformin treatment reduced the concentrations of NET components independently from glucose control. This effect was reproducible in vitro and was related to the inhibitory effect exerted by metformin on the PKC-NADPH oxidase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Menegazzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Scattolini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberta Cappellari
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129, Padua, Italy
| | - Benedetta Maria Bonora
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129, Padua, Italy
| | - Mattia Albiero
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129, Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Bortolozzi
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129, Padua, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Romanato
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
- IOM-CNR, ss.14 km 163.5, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulio Ceolotto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Avogaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Fadini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129, Padua, Italy.
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19
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Soydas T, Yaprak Sarac E, Cinar S, Dogan S, Solakoglu S, Tuncdemir M, Kanigur Sultuybek G. The protective effects of metformin in an in vitro model of aging 3T3 fibroblast under the high glucose conditions. J Physiol Biochem 2018; 74:273-281. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-018-0613-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Aissaoui O, Amiali M, Bouzid N, Belkacemi K, Bitam A. Effect of Spirulina platensis ingestion on the abnormal biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in the pancreas and liver of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1304-1312. [PMID: 28274159 PMCID: PMC6130544 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1300820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous studies have shown that Spirulina platensis Gomont (Phormidiaceae) (SP) extract has beneficial effects on many disease conditions. The putative protective effects of SP were investigated in diabetic rats. OBJECTIVE The current study investigates the antioxidant effects of SP in diabetic Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight) was intraperitoneally administrated to induce diabetes. An aqueous suspension of SP powder in distillate water (10% w/v) was administrated orally by gavage (1 mL/day) for 50 days. Histopathological, biochemical and antioxidant analyses were performed. Glycemia, liver function and HOMA-IR were assessed using Spinreact and ELISA kits. RESULTS SP exhibited high-antioxidant activity. The IC50 values of the SP aqueous extract were 70.40 and 45.69 mg/L compared to those of the standard antioxidant BHT, which were 27.97 and 19.77 mg/L, for the DPPH and ABTS tests, respectively. The diabetic animals showed a significant increase in glycaemia (from 4.05 to 4.28 g/L) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (50.17 mmol/g protein) levels. Treatment with SP significantly reduced glycaemia by 79% and liver function markers [glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and alkaline phosphatase (Alk-p)]) by 25, 36 and 20%, respectively, compared to that of the controls. There was a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (48%), total antioxidant status (43%), glutathione peroxidase (37%) and glutathione reductase (16%) in the diabetic rats treated with SP. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These results showed that SP has high antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging, antihyperglycemic and hepatoprotective effects in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ourida Aissaoui
- Food Technology and Human Nutrition Laboratory, École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique (ENSA), Algiers, Algeria
| | - Malek Amiali
- Food Technology and Human Nutrition Laboratory, École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique (ENSA), Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nora Bouzid
- Department of Anapathology, CHU Parnet, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Khaled Belkacemi
- Department of Soil Sciences and Agri-Food Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Arezki Bitam
- Food Technology and Human Nutrition Laboratory, École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique (ENSA), Algiers, Algeria
- CONTACT Arezki BitamFood Technology and Human Nutrition Laboratory, École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique (ENSA), El-Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
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21
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Shivavedi N, Kumar M, Tej GNVC, Nayak PK. Metformin and ascorbic acid combination therapy ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus and comorbid depression in rats. Brain Res 2017; 1674:1-9. [PMID: 28827076 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and depression are the common comorbid disorders affecting humans worldwide. There is an unmet need to develop therapeutic strategies to treat both diabetes mellitus and comorbid depression. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of metformin and ascorbic acid against type 2 diabetes mellitus and comorbid depression in rats. Four groups of diabetic rats were orally administered with vehicle (1mL/kg), metformin (25mg/kg), ascorbic acid (25mg/kg), or combination of metformin (25mg/kg) and ascorbic acid (25mg/kg) for 11 consecutive days. Diabetes was induced by single-dose administration of streptozotocin (65mg/kg, i.p.) with nicotinamide (120mg/kg, i.p.). Comorbid depression was induced by five inescapable foot-shocks (2mA, 2ms duration) at 10s intervals on days 1, 5, 7, and 10. One group of healthy rats received only vehicles to serve as nondiabetic control group. On day 11, animals were sacrificed, and blood and brain samples were collected from each rat following forced swim test. Plasma glucose, insulin, and corticosterone levels were estimated in plasma. The levels of monoamines, proinflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress were measured in prefrontal cortex. The combination therapy significantly reduced immobility period, glucose, and corticosterone levels relative to diabetes with comorbid depression group. Furthermore, the combination therapy increased the levels of insulin and monoamines, and caused a significant reductions in oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, the present study revealed that metformin and ascorbic acid combination therapy could be a potential strategy to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and comorbid depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Shivavedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Gullanki Naga Venkata Charan Tej
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Prasanta Kumar Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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22
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Maniar K, Moideen A, Mittal A, Patil A, Chakrabarti A, Banerjee D. A story of metformin-butyrate synergism to control various pathological conditions as a consequence of gut microbiome modification: Genesis of a wonder drug? Pharmacol Res 2016; 117:103-128. [PMID: 27939359 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The most widely prescribed oral anti-diabetic agent today in the world today is a member of the biguanide class of drugs called metformin. Apart from its use in diabetes, it is currently being investigated for its potential use in many diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, comorbidities of diabetes such as retinopathy, nephropathy to name a few. Numerous in-vitro and in-vivo studies as well as clinical trials have been and are being conducted with a vast amount of literature being published every day. Numerous mechanisms for this drug have been proposed, but they have been unable to explain all the actions observed clinically. It is of interest that insulin has a stimulatory effect on cellular growth. Metformin sensitizes the insulin action but believed to be beneficial in cancer. Like -wise metformin is shown to have beneficial effects in opposite sets of pathological scenario looking from insulin sensitization point of view. This requires a comprehensive review of the disease conditions which are claimed to be affected by metformin therapy. Such a comprehensive review is presently lacking. In this review, we begin by examining the history of metformin before it became the most popular anti-diabetic medication today followed by a review of its relevant molecular mechanisms and important clinical trials in all areas where metformin has been studied and investigated till today. We also review novel mechanistic insight in metformin action in relation to microbiome and elaborate implications of such aspect in various disease states. Finally, we highlight the quandaries and suggest potential solutions which will help the researchers and physicians to channel their research and put this drug to better use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Maniar
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amal Moideen
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankur Mittal
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amol Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amitava Chakrabarti
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.
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23
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Bokori-Brown M, Petrov PG, Khafaji MA, Mughal MK, Naylor CE, Shore AC, Gooding KM, Casanova F, Mitchell TJ, Titball RW, Winlove CP. Red Blood Cell Susceptibility to Pneumolysin: CORRELATION WITH MEMBRANE BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:10210-27. [PMID: 26984406 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.691899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of the biochemical and biophysical properties of the plasma membrane as well as membrane morphology on the susceptibility of human red blood cells to the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin pneumolysin, a key virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae, using single cell studies. We show a correlation between the physical properties of the membrane (bending rigidity and surface and dipole electrostatic potentials) and the susceptibility of red blood cells to pneumolysin-induced hemolysis. We demonstrate that biochemical modifications of the membrane induced by oxidative stress, lipid scrambling, and artificial cell aging modulate the cell response to the toxin. We provide evidence that the diversity of response to pneumolysin in diabetic red blood cells correlates with levels of glycated hemoglobin and that the mechanical properties of the red blood cell plasma membrane are altered in diabetes. Finally, we show that diabetic red blood cells are more resistant to pneumolysin and the related toxin perfringolysin O relative to healthy red blood cells. Taken together, these studies indicate that the diversity of cell response to pneumolysin within a population of human red blood cells is influenced by the biophysical and biochemical status of the plasma membrane and the chemical and/or oxidative stress pre-history of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bokori-Brown
- From the College of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom,
| | - Peter G Petrov
- the College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Mawya A Khafaji
- the College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad K Mughal
- the Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Claire E Naylor
- the Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Angela C Shore
- the Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5AX, United Kingdom, the National Institute for Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, United Kingdom, and
| | - Kim M Gooding
- the Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5AX, United Kingdom, the National Institute for Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, United Kingdom, and
| | - Francesco Casanova
- the Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5AX, United Kingdom, the National Institute for Health Research Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter National Health Service Foundation Trust, Exeter EX2 5DW, United Kingdom, and
| | - Tim J Mitchell
- the Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Richard W Titball
- From the College of Life and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - C Peter Winlove
- the College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
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Khallaghi B, Safarian F, Nasoohi S, Ahmadiani A, Dargahi L. Metformin-induced protection against oxidative stress is associated with AKT/mTOR restoration in PC12 cells. Life Sci 2016; 148:286-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Polydatin Attenuates H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress via PKC Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:5139458. [PMID: 26881030 PMCID: PMC4736317 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5139458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction, which is found to precede the development of diverse cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The aim of this study was to observe the protective effects of PD against H2O2-induced oxidative stress injury (OSI) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the possible mechanism of PD in OSI treatment. HUVECs were subjected to H2O2 in the absence or presence of PD. It turned out that PD improved cell viability and adhesive and migratory abilities, inhibited the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and elevated the content of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). TUNEL, fluorometric assays, and Western blotting showed that OSI upregulated the apoptosis ratio, the activity of caspase-3 and the level of proapoptotic protein Bax and decreased the level of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. However, PD treatment partially reversed these damage effects and Protein Kinase C (PKC) activation by thymeleatoxin (THX) in turn eliminated the antiapoptotic effect of PD. Furthermore, PD attenuated the H2O2-induced phosphorylation of PKCs α and δ and increased the phosphorylation of PKC ε. Our results indicated that PD might exert protective effects against OSI through various interactions with PKC pathway.
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26
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Hu M, Ye P, Liao H, Chen M, Yang F. Metformin Protects H9C2 Cardiomyocytes from High-Glucose and Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury via Inhibition of Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Inflammatory Responses: Role of AMPK and JNK. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:2961954. [PMID: 27294149 PMCID: PMC4884853 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2961954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a first-line drug for the management of type 2 diabetes. Recent studies suggested cardioprotective effects of metformin against ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, it remains elusive whether metformin provides direct protection against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury in cardiomyocytes under normal or hyperglycemic conditions. This study in H9C2 rat cardiomyoblasts was designed to determine cell viability under H/R and high-glucose (HG, 33 mM) conditions and the effects of cotreatment with various concentrations of metformin (0, 1, 5, and 10 mM). We further elucidated molecular mechanisms underlying metformin-induced cytoprotection, especially the possible involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK). Results indicated that 5 mM metformin improved cell viability, mitochondrial integrity, and respiratory chain activity under HG and/or H/R (P < 0.05). The beneficial effects were associated with reduced levels of reactive oxygen species generation and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-6) (P < 0.05). Metformin enhanced phosphorylation level of AMPK and suppressed HG + H/R induced JNK activation. Inhibitor of AMPK (compound C) or activator of JNK (anisomycin) abolished the cytoprotective effects of metformin. In conclusion, our study demonstrated for the first time that metformin possessed direct cytoprotective effects against HG and H/R injury in cardiac cells via signaling mechanisms involving activation of AMPK and concomitant inhibition of JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Ping Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Hua Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Manhua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Feiyan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
- *Feiyan Yang:
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Derkach KV, Kuznetsova LA, Sharova TS, Ignat’eva PA, Bondareva VM, Shpakov AO. The effect of prolonged metformin treatment on the activity of the adenylyl cyclase system and NO-synthase in the brain and myocardium of obese rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x1505003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Patergnani S, Missiroli S, Marchi S, Giorgi C. Mitochondria-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes Microenvironment: Targeting Autophagic and Apoptotic Pathways in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2015; 5:173. [PMID: 26284195 PMCID: PMC4515599 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a tightly regulated catabolic pathway that terminates in the lysosomal compartment after the formation of a cytoplasmic vacuole that engulfs macromolecules and organelles. Notably, autophagy is associated with several human pathophysiological conditions, playing either a cytoprotective or cytopathic role. Many studies have investigated the role of autophagy in cancer. However, whether autophagy suppresses tumorigenesis or provides cancer cells with a rescue mechanism under unfavorable conditions remains unclear. Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) are juxtaposed between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and have been identified as critical hubs in the regulation of apoptosis and tumor growth. One key function of MAMs is to provide asylum to a number of proteins with tumor suppressor and oncogenic properties. Accordingly, mechanistic studies during tumor progression suggest a strong involvement of these proteins at various steps of the autophagic process. This paper discusses the present state of our knowledge about the intimate molecular networks between MAMs and autophagy in cancer cells and addresses how these networks might be manipulated to improve anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Patergnani
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Sonia Missiroli
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
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Cahova M, Palenickova E, Dankova H, Sticova E, Burian M, Drahota Z, Cervinkova Z, Kucera O, Gladkova C, Stopka P, Krizova J, Papackova Z, Oliyarnyk O, Kazdova L. Metformin prevents ischemia reperfusion-induced oxidative stress in the fatty liver by attenuation of reactive oxygen species formation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G100-11. [PMID: 26045616 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00329.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with chronic oxidative stress. In our study, we explored the antioxidant effect of antidiabetic metformin on chronic [high-fat diet (HFD)-induced] and acute oxidative stress induced by short-term warm partial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) or on a combination of both in the liver. Wistar rats were fed a standard diet (SD) or HFD for 10 wk, half of them being administered metformin (150 mg·kg body wt(-1)·day(-1)). Metformin treatment prevented acute stress-induced necroinflammatory reaction, reduced alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase serum activity, and diminished lipoperoxidation. The effect was more pronounced in the HFD than in the SD group. The metformin-treated groups exhibited less severe mitochondrial damage (markers: cytochrome c release, citrate synthase activity, mtDNA copy number, mitochondrial respiration) and apoptosis (caspase 9 and caspase 3 activation). Metformin-treated HFD-fed rats subjected to I/R exhibited increased antioxidant enzyme activity as well as attenuated mitochondrial respiratory capacity and ATP resynthesis. The exposure to I/R significantly increased NADH- and succinate-related reactive oxygen species (ROS) mitochondrial production in vitro. The effect of I/R was significantly alleviated by previous metformin treatment. Metformin downregulated the I/R-induced expression of proinflammatory (TNF-α, TLR4, IL-1β, Ccr2) and infiltrating monocyte (Ly6c) and macrophage (CD11b) markers. Our data indicate that metformin reduces mitochondrial performance but concomitantly protects the liver from I/R-induced injury. We propose that the beneficial effect of metformin action is based on a combination of three contributory mechanisms: increased antioxidant enzyme activity, lower mitochondrial ROS production, and reduction of postischemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Cahova
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Eliska Palenickova
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Dankova
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Sticova
- Clinical and Transplant Pathology Department, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Burian
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Drahota
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Cervinkova
- Department of Physiology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Otto Kucera
- Department of Physiology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Christina Gladkova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Pavel Stopka
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Academy of Science CR, Husinec-Rez, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Krizova
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Academy of Science CR, Husinec-Rez, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Papackova
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Oliyarnyk
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Kazdova
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Kinaan M, Ding H, Triggle CR. Metformin: An Old Drug for the Treatment of Diabetes but a New Drug for the Protection of the Endothelium. Med Princ Pract 2015; 24:401-15. [PMID: 26021280 PMCID: PMC5588255 DOI: 10.1159/000381643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-diabetic and oral hypoglycaemic agent metformin, first used clinically in 1958, is today the first choice or 'gold standard' drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovary disease. Of particular importance for the treatment of diabetes, metformin affords protection against diabetes-induced vascular disease. In addition, retrospective analyses suggest that treatment with metformin provides therapeutic benefits to patients with several forms of cancer. Despite almost 60 years of clinical use, the precise cellular mode(s) of action of metformin remains controversial. A direct or indirect role of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), the fuel gauge of the cell, has been inferred in many studies, with evidence that activation of AMPK may result from a mild inhibitory effect of metformin on mitochondrial complex 1, which in turn would raise AMP and activate AMPK. Discrepancies, however, between the concentrations of metformin used in in vitro studies versus therapeutic levels suggest that caution should be applied before extending inferences derived from cell-based studies to therapeutic benefits seen in patients. Conceivably, the effects, or some of them, may be at least partially independent of AMPK and/or mitochondrial respiration and reflect a direct effect of either metformin or a minor and, as yet, unidentified putative metabolite of metformin on a target protein(s)/signalling cascade. In this review, we critically evaluate the data from studies that have investigated the pharmacokinetic properties and the cellular and clinical basis for the oral hypoglycaemic, insulin-sensitising and vascular protective effects of metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chris R. Triggle
- *Chris R. Triggle, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, PO Box 24144, Education City, Doha (Qatar), E-Mail
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Metformin and liraglutide ameliorate high glucose-induced oxidative stress via inhibition of PKC-NAD(P)H oxidase pathway in human aortic endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2014; 232:156-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Saleh DO, Bayoumi AR, El-Eraky WI, El-Khatib AS. Streptozotocin-induced vascular and biochemical changes in rats: Effects of rosiglitazone vs. metformin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bfopcu.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mathew G, Thambi M, Unnikrishnan MK. A multimodal Darwinian strategy for alleviating the atherosclerosis pandemic. Med Hypotheses 2013; 82:159-62. [PMID: 24355423 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The conflict between our 'primitive' genes and 'modern' lifestyle probably lies at the root of several disorders that afflict modern man. Atherosclerosis, which is relatively unknown among contemporary hunter-gatherer populations, has reached pandemic proportions in recent times. Being an evolutionary problem with several inter-related pathologies, current therapeutic strategy for treating atherosclerosis has inherent limitations. Reviewing evolution-linked risk factors suggests that there are four aspects to the etiology of atherosclerosis namely, decreased intestinal parasitism, oversensitivity of evolutionarily redundant mast cells, chronic underactivation of AMPK (cellular energy sensor) and a deficiency of vitamin D. A combination of these four causes appear to have precipitated the atherosclerosis pandemic in modern times. Man and worms co-existed symbiotically in the past. Massive de-worming campaigns could have disrupted this symbiosis, increasing nutritional availability to man (pro-obesity) at the cost of decreased immunotolerance (pro-atherogenicity). A reduction in helminth-induced chronic TH2 activation could also have enhanced TH1 polarization, eventually disrupting the reciprocal regulation of TH1/TH2 balance and resulting in atherosclerosis. The riddance of helminth infestations may have rendered mast cells immunologically redundant, making them oversensitive to inflammatory stimuli, thereby playing a pro-atherogenic role. AMPK activation exerts pleiotropic anti-atherogenic effects, such as suppression of fatty acid, cholesterol, protein synthesis, reduction of vascular smooth muscle proliferation, etc. As energy deficit is the chief stimulus for AMPK activation, the over-nourished modern man appears to be suffering from chronic underactivation of AMPK, legitimising the unrivalled supremacy of metformin, the oldest prescribed antidiabetic drug. The fact that humans evolved in the sunny tropics suggests that humans are selected for high vitamin D levels. Vitamin D deficiency is now linked to several conditions including increased risk of CV disorders, diabetes, etc. The manifold decrease in vitamin D levels in modern man justifies a need for supplementation. We therefore hypothesize that a judicious combination of mast cell stabilization, AMPK activation, vitamin D supplementation, and moderation in hygiene practices could be an evolution-based multimodal strategy for both preventing and mitigating the pandemic of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Mathew
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Magith Thambi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India
| | - M K Unnikrishnan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India.
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Pojoga LH, Yao TM, Opsasnick LA, Garza AE, Reslan OM, Adler GK, Williams GH, Khalil RA. Dissociation of hyperglycemia from altered vascular contraction and relaxation mechanisms in caveolin-1 null mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 348:260-70. [PMID: 24281385 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.209189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia and endothelial dysfunction are associated with hypertension, but the specific causality and genetic underpinning are unclear. Caveolin-1 (cav-1) is a plasmalemmal anchoring protein and modulator of vascular function and glucose homeostasis. Cav-1 gene variants are associated with reduced insulin sensitivity in hypertensive individuals, and cav-1(-/-) mice show endothelial dysfunction, hyperglycemia, and increased blood pressure (BP). On the other hand, insulin-sensitizing therapy with metformin may inadequately control hyperglycemia while affecting the vascular outcome in certain patients with diabetes. To test whether the pressor and vascular changes in cav-1 deficiency states are related to hyperglycemia and to assess the vascular mechanisms of metformin under these conditions, wild-type (WT) and cav-1(-/-) mice were treated with either placebo or metformin (400 mg/kg daily for 21 days). BP and fasting blood glucose were in cav-1(-/-) > WT and did not change with metformin. Phenylephrine (Phe)- and KCl-induced aortic contraction was in cav-1(-/-) < WT; endothelium removal, the nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) blocker L-NAME (N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester), or soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) enhanced Phe contraction, and metformin blunted this effect. Acetylcholine-induced relaxation was in cav-1(-/-) > WT, abolished by endothelium removal, L-NAME or ODQ, and reduced with metformin. Nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside was more potent in inducing relaxation in cav-1(-/-) than in WT, and metformin reversed this effect. Aortic eNOS, AMPK, and sGC were in cav-1(-/-) > WT, and metformin decreased total and phosphorylated eNOS and AMPK in cav-1(-/-). Thus, metformin inhibits both vascular contraction and NO-cGMP-dependent relaxation but does not affect BP or blood glucose in cav-1(-/-) mice, suggesting dissociation of hyperglycemia from altered vascular function in cav-1-deficiency states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luminita H Pojoga
- Cardiovascular Endocrine Section, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension Division (L.H.P., T.M.Y., A.E.G., G.K.A., G.H.W.), and Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery (L.A.O., O.M.R., R.A.K.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Labazi H, Wynne BM, Tostes R, Webb RC. Metformin treatment improves erectile function in an angiotensin II model of erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med 2013; 10:2154-64. [PMID: 23889981 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increased angiotensin II (AngII) levels cause hypertension, which is a major risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). Studies have demonstrated that increased AngII levels in penile tissue are associated with ED. A recent study showed that metformin treatment restored nitric oxide synthase (NOS) protein expression in penile tissue in obese rats; however, whether metformin treatment can be beneficial and restore erectile function in a model of ED has not yet been established. AIM The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that AngII induces ED by means of increased corpus cavernosum contraction, and that metformin treatment will reverse ED in AngII-treated rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with mini-osmotic pumps containing saline or AngII (70 ng/minute, 28 days). Animals were then treated with metformin or vehicle during the last week of AngII infusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Intracavernosal pressure; corpus cavernosum contraction and relaxation; nNOS protein expression; extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and eNOS protein expression and phosphorylation. RESULTS AngII-induced ED was accompanied with an increase in corpus cavernosum contractility, decreased nitrergic relaxation, and increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Metformin treatment improved erectile function in the AngII-treated rats by reversing the increased contraction and decreased relaxation. Metformin treatment also resulted in an increase in eNOS phosphorylation at ser1177. CONCLUSIONS Metformin treatment increased eNOS phosphorylation and improved erectile function in AngII hypertensive rats by reestablishing normal cavernosal smooth muscle tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Labazi
- Georgia Health Sciences University, Physiology Department, Augusta, GA, USA
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Gadad PC, Matthews KH, Knott RM. Role of HIF1α and PKCβ in mediating the effect of oxygen and glucose in a novel wound assay. Microvasc Res 2013; 88:61-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Zhu M, Chen J, Jiang H, Miao C. Propofol protects against high glucose-induced endothelial adhesion molecules expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:13. [PMID: 23311470 PMCID: PMC3579710 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia could induce oxidative stress, activate transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), up-regulate expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, and lead to endothelial injury. Studies have indicated that propofol could attenuate oxidative stress and suppress NF-κB activation in some situations. In the present study, we examined whether and how propofol improved high glucose-induced up-regulation of endothelial adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHODS Protein expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, NF-κB, inhibitory subunit of NF-κBα (IκBα), protein kinase Cβ2 (PKCβ2), and phosphorylation of PKCβ2 (Ser(660)) were measured by Western blot. NF-κB activity was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. PKC activity was measured with SignaTECT PKC assay system. Superoxide anion (O(2)(.-)) accumulation was measured with the reduction of ferricytochrome c assay. Human peripheral mononuclear cells were prepared with Histopaque-1077 solution. RESULTS High glucose induced the expression of endothelial selectin (E-selectin), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and increased mononuclear-endothelial adhesion. High glucose induced O(2)(.-) accumulation, PKCβ2 phosphorylation and PKC activation. Further, high glucose decreased IκBα expression in cytoplasm, increased the translocation of NF-κB from cytoplasm to nuclear, and induced NF-κB activation. Importantly, we found these high glucose-mediated effects were attenuated by propofol pretreatment. Moreover, CGP53353, a selective PKCβ2 inhibitor, decreased high glucose-induced NF-κB activation, adhesion molecules expression, and mononuclear-endothelial adhesion. CONCLUSION Propofol, via decreasing O(2)(.-) accumulation, down-regulating PKCβ2 Ser(660) phosphorylation and PKC as well as NF-κB activity, attenuated high glucose-induced endothelial adhesion molecules expression and mononuclear-endothelial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Zhu
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Bhatt MP, Lim YC, Hwang J, Na S, Kim YM, Ha KS. C-peptide prevents hyperglycemia-induced endothelial apoptosis through inhibition of reactive oxygen species-mediated transglutaminase 2 activation. Diabetes 2013; 62:243-53. [PMID: 22923476 PMCID: PMC3526059 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
C-peptide is a bioactive peptide with a potentially protective role in diabetes complications; however, its molecular mechanism of protection against cardiovascular damage caused by hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis remains unclear. We investigated the protective mechanism of C-peptide against hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis using human umbilical vein endothelial cells and streptozotocin diabetic mice. High glucose (33 mmol/L) induced apoptotic cell death in endothelial cells via sequential elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as subsequent activation of transglutaminase 2 (TG2). C-peptide (1 nmol/L) prevented endothelial cell death by inhibiting protein kinase C- and NADPH oxidase-dependent intracellular ROS generation and by abolishing high glucose-induced TG2 activation, without affecting intracellular Ca(2+) levels. Consistently, in the aorta of streptozotocin diabetic mice, hyperglycemia stimulated transamidating activity and endothelial cell apoptosis that was inhibited by C-peptide replacement therapy (35 pmol/min/kg) using osmotic pumps (control and diabetes, n = 8; diabetes + C-peptide, n = 7). In addition, C-peptide prevented hyperglycemia-induced activation of transamidation activity and apoptosis in the heart and renal cortex of streptozotocin diabetic mice. Thus, C-peptide protects endothelial cells from hyperglycemia-induced apoptotic cell death by inhibiting intracellular ROS-mediated activation of TG2. Furthermore, TG2 may be a promising avenue of therapeutic investigation to treat diabetic vasculopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Prasad Bhatt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gandaki Medical College Charak Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Young-Cheol Lim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - JongYun Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - SungHun Na
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
- Corresponding author: Kwon-Soo Ha,
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Zhang TX, Xu JX, Peng F, Chai DJ, Lin JX. Metformin reduces vascular endothelial dysfunction caused by an acute glucose load in patients with hypertension. Blood Press 2012; 22:106-13. [DOI: 10.3109/08037051.2012.732761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Renal podocyte injury in a rat model of type 2 diabetes is prevented by metformin. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:210821. [PMID: 23056035 PMCID: PMC3465985 DOI: 10.1155/2012/210821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia promotes oxidative stress and hence generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Metformin, an oral hypoglycemic drug, possesses antioxidant effects. The aim of this paper is to investigate the protective effects of metformin on the injury of renal podocytes in spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rats, a new model for nonobese type 2 diabetes. Metformin (350 mg/kg/day) was given to SDT rats for 17 weeks. Blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and albuminuria were examined. Kidney histopathology, renal 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels and apoptosis were examined. In 43-week-old SDT rats, severe hyperglycemia was developed, and albuminuria was markedly increased. Diabetes induced significant alterations in renal glomerular structure. In addition, urinary and renal 8-OHdG levels were highly increased, and podocyte loss was shown through application of the TUNEL and synaptopodin staining. However, treatment of SDT rats with metformin restored all these renal changes. Our data suggested that diabetes-induced podocyte loss in diabetic nephropathy could be suppressed by the antidiabetes drug, metformin, through the repression of oxidative injury.
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Tarr JM, Ding N, Kaul K, Antonell A, Pérez-Jurado LA, Chibber R. Cellular crosstalk between TNF-α, NADPH oxidase, PKCβ2, and C2GNT in human leukocytes. Cell Signal 2012; 24:873-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Lobato N, Filgueira F, Hagihara G, Akamine E, Pariz J, Tostes R, Carvalho M, Fortes Z. Improvement of metabolic parameters and vascular function by metformin in obese non-diabetic rats. Life Sci 2012; 90:228-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Cifarelli V, Geng X, Styche A, Lakomy R, Trucco M, Luppi P. C-peptide reduces high-glucose-induced apoptosis of endothelial cells and decreases NAD(P)H-oxidase reactive oxygen species generation in human aortic endothelial cells. Diabetologia 2011; 54:2702-12. [PMID: 21773684 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during hyperglycaemia are implicated in the development of diabetic vascular complications. High glucose increases oxidative stress in endothelial cells and induces apoptosis. A major source of ROS in endothelial cells exposed to glucose is the NAD(P)H oxidase enzyme. Several studies demonstrated that C-peptide, the product of proinsulin cleavage within the pancreatic beta cells, displays anti-inflammatory effects in certain models of vascular dysfunction. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this effect is unclear. We hypothesised that C-peptide reduces glucose-induced ROS generation by decreasing NAD(P)H oxidase activation and prevents apoptosis METHODS Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were exposed to 25 mmol/l glucose in the presence or absence of C-peptide and tested for protein quantity and activity of caspase-3 and other apoptosis markers by ELISA, TUNEL and immunoblotting. Intracellular ROS were measured by flow cytometry using the ROS sensitive dye chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (CM-H(2)-DCDFA). NAD(P)H oxidase activation was assayed by lucigenin. Membrane and cytoplasmic levels of the NAD(P)H subunit ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac1) (RAC-1) and its GTPase activity were studied by immunoblotting and ELISA. RAC-1 (also known as RAC1) gene expression was investigated by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS C-peptide significantly decreased caspase-3 levels and activity and upregulated production of the anti-apoptotic factor B cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2). Glucose-induced ROS production was quenched by C-peptide and this was associated with a decreased NAD(P)H oxidase activity and reduced RAC-1 membrane production and GTPase activity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In glucose-exposed endothelial cells, C-peptide acts as an endogenous antioxidant molecule by reducing RAC-1 translocation to membrane and NAD(P)H oxidase activation. By preventing oxidative stress, C-peptide protects endothelial cells from glucose-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cifarelli
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Rangos Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 530 45th Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
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Janjetovic K, Harhaji-Trajkovic L, Misirkic-Marjanovic M, Vucicevic L, Stevanovic D, Zogovic N, Sumarac-Dumanovic M, Micic D, Trajkovic V. In vitro and in vivo anti-melanoma action of metformin. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668:373-82. [PMID: 21806981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo anti-melanoma effect of antidiabetic drug metformin was investigated using B16 mouse melanoma cell line. Metformin caused a G(2)/M cell cycle arrest associated with apoptotic death of melanoma cells, as confirmed by the flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle/DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine exposure and caspase activation. Metformin-mediated apoptosis of melanoma cells was preceded by induction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial membrane depolarization, measured by flow cytometry in cells stained with appropriate fluorescent reporter dyes. The expression of tumor suppressor protein p53 was increased, while the mRNA levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 were reduced by metformin, as revealed by cell-based ELISA and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. Treatment with metformin did not stimulate expression of the cycle blocker p21, indicating that p21 was dispensable for the observed cell cycle arrest. The activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was not required for the anti-melanoma action of metformin, as AMPK inhibitor compound C completely failed to restore viability of metformin-treated B16 cells. Metformin induced autophagy in B16 cells, as demonstrated by flow cytometry-detected increase in intracellular acidification and immunoblot-confirmed upregulation of autophagosome-associated LC3-II. Autophagy inhibitors ammonium chloride and wortmannin partly restored the viability of metformin-treated melanoma cells. Finally, oral administration of metformin led to a significant reduction in tumor size in a B16 mouse melanoma model. These data suggest that anti-melanoma effects of metformin are mediated through p21- and AMPK-independent cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and autophagy associated with p53/Bcl-2 modulation, mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Janjetovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Giorgi C, Romagnoli A, Agnoletto C, Bergamelli L, Sorrentino G, Brini M, Pozzan T, Meldolesi J, Pinton P, Rizzuto R. Translocation of signalling proteins to the plasma membrane revealed by a new bioluminescent procedure. BMC Cell Biol 2011; 12:27. [PMID: 21658234 PMCID: PMC3138454 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-12-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation by extracellular ligands of G protein-coupled (GPCRs) and tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs), results in the generation of second messengers that in turn control specific cell functions. Further, modulation/amplification or inhibition of the initial signalling events, depend on the recruitment onto the plasma membrane of soluble protein effectors. High throughput methodologies to monitor quantitatively second messenger production, have been developed over the last years and are largely used to screen chemical libraries for drug development. On the contrary, no such high throughput methods are yet available for the other aspect of GPCRs regulation, i.e. protein translocation to the plasma membrane, despite the enormous interest of this phenomenon for the modulation of receptor downstream functions. Indeed, to date, the experimental procedures available are either inadequate or complex and expensive. Results Here we describe the development of a novel conceptual approach to the study of cytosolic proteins translocation to the inner surface of the plasma membrane. The basis of the technique consists in: i) generating chimeras between the protein of interests and the calcium (Ca2+)-sensitive, luminescent photo-protein, aequorin and ii) taking advantage of the large Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+] difference between bulk cytosolic and the sub-plasma membrane rim. Conclusion This approach, that keeps unaffected the translocation properties of the signalling protein, can in principle be applied to any protein that, upon activation, moves from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. Thus, not only the modulation of GPCRs and RTKs can be investigated in this way, but that of all other proteins that can be recruited to the plasma membrane also independently of receptor activation. Moreover, its automated version, which can provide information about the kinetics and concentration-dependence of the process, is also applicable to high throughput screening of drugs affecting the translocation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI) and LTTA center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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46
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Ghatak SB, Dhamecha PS, Bhadada SV, Panchal SJ. Investigation of the potential effects of metformin on atherothrombotic risk factors in hyperlipidemic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 659:213-23. [PMID: 21463616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The increased mortality rate due to atherothrombotic events and related complications has necessitated the search for new pharmacological agents. Hyperlipidemia, thrombosis and oxidative stress are the primary underlying concerns in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Metformin, although proved to be beneficial in micro and macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus, its effects on pure cardiovascular subjects are still debatable. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of metformin on atherothrombotic risk factors in experimental hyperlipidemic rats. Hyperlipidemia was induced by an intra-peritoneal injection of criton X-100 (25 mg/kg). Assessment of the effects of metformin (300 mg/kg/day, 400 mg/kg/day and 500 mg/kg/day) on lipid profile, coagulation time (activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time), fibrinogen level, thrombosis, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes level, plasma fluorescent oxidation products and aortic nitrite level revealed an overall improvement in the lipid profile at the dose of 400 mg/kg along with a significant reduction in oxidative stress as compared to criton X-100 treated control. Activated partial thromboplastin and prothrombin times were prolonged at all doses, while plasma fibrinogen level remained unaffected. Metformin pre-treatment also reduced endothelial cell damage in ferrous chloride induced thrombosis in carotid arteries. Thus, the results indicate a potential protective effect of metformin on atherothrombotic risk factors, as evident from an improvement in lipid profile, reduction in oxidative stress and thrombotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somsuvra B Ghatak
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad-382 481, Gujarat, India.
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Wang X, Wang Z, Liu JZ, Hu JX, Chen HL, Li WL, Hai CX. Double antioxidant activities of rosiglitazone against high glucose-induced oxidative stress in hepatocyte. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:839-47. [PMID: 21333731 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia is the hallmark of diabetes and its complication. High glucose-induced excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production has been considered to play an important role in the development of diabetes. However, the influence of high glucose on the liver remains to be clarified. Rosiglitazone (RSG) is a member of thiazolidinediones (TDZs) family, which is the ligand of the of nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), being used clinically for the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients through their insulin-sensitizing effect. In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of high glucose in QZG hepatocytes and evaluated the protective effect of RSG. The results showed that high glucose significantly reduced cell viability through generation of ROS via activation of PKC, which was inhibited by RSG. On the one hand, RSG notably inhibited the activation of PKC induced by high glucose independent of PPARγ, leading to the decrease of ROS generation. On the other hand, RSG notably increased the expression of key antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 and antioxidant enzyme HO-1 in a PPARγ-dependent manner, leading to the elimination of excessive ROS. In addition, RSG also inhibited the decrease of COX-2 expression induced by high glucose through activating PPARγ. Furthermore, the activation of Akt and MAPKs was involved in the effect of RSG on Nrf2, HO-1 and COX-2. In summary, our study supports the hypothesis that RSG protect hepatocytes from high glucose-induced toxicity through PPARγ-dependent and PPARγ-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Giorgi C, Agnoletto C, Baldini C, Bononi A, Bonora M, Marchi S, Missiroli S, Patergnani S, Poletti F, Rimessi A, Zavan B, Pinton P. Redox control of protein kinase C: cell- and disease-specific aspects. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1051-85. [PMID: 20136499 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hormones, growth factors, electrical stimulation, and cell-cell interactions regulate numerous cellular processes by altering the levels of second messengers, thus influencing biochemical reactions inside the cells. The Protein Kinase C family (PKCs) is a group of serine/threonine kinases that are dependent on calcium (Ca(2+)), diacylglycerol, and phospholipids. Signaling pathways that induce variations on the levels of PKC activators have been implicated in the regulation of diverse cellular functions and, in turn, PKCs are key regulators of a plethora of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and tumorigenesis. Importantly, PKCs contain regions, both in the N-terminal regulatory domain and in the C-terminal catalytic domain, that are susceptible to redox modifications. In several pathophysiological conditions when the balance between oxidants, antioxidants, and alkylants is compromised, cells undergo redox stress. PKCs are cell-signaling proteins that are particularly sensitive to redox stress because modification of their redox-sensitive regions interferes with their activity and, thus, with their biological effects. In this review, we summarize the involvement of PKCs in health and disease and the importance of redox signaling in the regulation of this family of kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), BioPharmaNet, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Zhen D, Chen Y, Tang X. Metformin reverses the deleterious effects of high glucose on osteoblast function. J Diabetes Complications 2010; 24:334-44. [PMID: 19628413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An association has been previously established between uncompensated diabetes mellitus and the loss of bone mineral density and/or quality. In the present study, we examined the effects of different concentrations of glucose (5.5, 11, 22, and 44 mmol/L) with or without metformin (10-640 micromol/L) on rat primary osteoblasts cultured in an osteogenic medium. With 11 mmol/L glucose, cellular proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, the number of nodules formed, and calcium deposition in mineralized nodules were increased significantly; intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis were slightly reduced, although these reductions were not statistically significant. At higher concentrations of glucose (22 and 44 mmol/L), cellular proliferation, ALP activity, the number of nodules formed, and calcium deposition were greatly reduced; ROS and apoptosis were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Metformin markedly increased cellular proliferation, ALP activity, calcium deposition, and the number of nodules formed and inhibited ROS and apoptosis in all glucose groups. Moreover, we assessed the gene expression levels of Runx2, IGF-1, and IGF-1R. Eleven micromole per liter glucose stimulated Runx2 and IGF-1 expression; 44 mmol/L glucose inhibited Runx2, IGF-1, and IGF-1R expression. Metformin stimulated the expression of Runx2 and IGF-1 in three glucose groups, but it did not affect IGF-1R. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the dual effects of glucose on cell proliferation and development are dose dependent. Metformin not only significantly decreased intracellular ROS and apoptosis, but also had a direct osteogenic effect on osteoblasts at all glucose concentrations, which could be partially mediated via promotion of Runx2 and IGF-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghu Zhen
- Department of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China.
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Millioni R, Puricelli L, Iori E, Arrigoni G, Tessari P. The effects of rosiglitazone and high glucose on protein expression in endothelial cells. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:578-84. [PMID: 19911850 DOI: 10.1021/pr900435z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone is a thiazolidinedione used to treat insulin resistance in diabetes. Although thiazolidinediones may also exert cardiovascular effects, contrasting results were reported. Favorable effects were shown for pioglitazone, whereas adverse reactions were suspected for rosiglitazone. Therefore, a reassessment of the molecular effects of rosiglitazone on vascular cells is required. We tested the effects of rosiglitazone on the proteome of human endothelial cells grown under either normal or high glucose levels. Protein profiles were analyzed in both membrane and cytosolic fractions. About 150 cytosolic proteins, and approximately 100 membrane proteins, were detected. Two-thirds of the proteins significantly altered by high glucose were also modulated by rosiglitazone in an antagonistic way. Half of these proteins are involved in apoptosis. Using an independent assay of apoptosis based on nucleosome quantification, an approximately 20% stimulation by high versus normal glucose was shown (p < 0.05). Conversely, rosiglitazone reduced apoptosis by approximately 30-50% in cells exposed to either glucose conditions (p < 0.001). In addition, rosiglitazone differently modulated cytoskeleton and energy metabolism-related proteins. Our data show novel, potential sites of action of rosiglitazone through protein expression of endothelial cells. These mechanisms may foster new investigations on the overall vascular effects of this compound, and help to discriminate between desired and adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Millioni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Chair of Metabolism, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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