1
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Wilson ZS, Raya-Sandino A, Miranda J, Fan S, Brazil JC, Quiros M, Garcia-Hernandez V, Liu Q, Kim CH, Hankenson KD, Nusrat A, Parkos CA. Critical role of thrombospondin-1 in promoting intestinal mucosal wound repair. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e180608. [PMID: 39078701 PMCID: PMC11385097 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.180608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) is a matricellular protein associated with the regulation of cell migration through direct binding interactions with integrin proteins and by associating with other receptors known to regulate integrin function, including CD47 and CD36. We previously demonstrated that deletion of an epithelial TSP1 receptor, CD47, attenuates epithelial wound repair following intestinal mucosal injury. However, the mechanisms by which TSP1 contributes to intestinal mucosal repair remain poorly understood. Our results show upregulated TSP1 expression in colonic mucosal wounds and impaired intestinal mucosal wound healing in vivo upon intestinal epithelium-specific loss of TSP1 (VillinCre/+ Thbs1fl/fl or Thbs1ΔIEC mice). We report that exposure to exogenous TSP1 enhanced migration of intestinal epithelial cells in a CD47- and TGF-β1-dependent manner and that deficiency of TSP1 in primary murine colonic epithelial cells resulted in impaired wound healing. Mechanistically, TSP1 modulated epithelial actin cytoskeletal dynamics through suppression of RhoA activity, activation of Rho family small GTPase (Rac1), and changes in filamentous-actin bundling. Overall, TSP1 was found to regulate intestinal mucosal wound healing via CD47 and TGF-β1, coordinate integrin-containing cell-matrix adhesion dynamics, and remodel the actin cytoskeleton in migrating epithelial cells to enhance cell motility and promote wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qingyang Liu
- Department of Pathology
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and
| | - Chang H Kim
- Department of Pathology
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and
| | - Kurt D Hankenson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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2
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Wang Q, Gallardo-Macias R, Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Gupta R, Golovko SA, Golovko MY, Oncel S, Gurvich VJ, Basson MD. A novel drug-like water-soluble small molecule Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) activator promotes intestinal mucosal healing. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 4:100147. [PMID: 36632414 PMCID: PMC9827036 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) injure the proximal and distal gut by different mechanisms. While many drugs reduce gastrointestinal injury, no drug directly stimulates mucosal wound healing. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, induces epithelial sheet migration. We synthesized and evaluated a water-soluble FAK-activating small molecule, M64HCl, with drug-like properties. Monolayer wound closure and Western blots measured migration and FAK phosphorylation in Caco-2 cells, in vitro kinase assays established FAK activation, and pharmacologic tests assessed drug-like properties. 30 mg/kg/day M64HCl was administered in two murine small intestine injury models for 4 days. M64HCl (0.1-1000 nM) dose-dependently increased Caco-2 FAK-Tyr 397 phosphorylation, without activating Pyk2 and accelerated Caco-2 monolayer wound closure. M64HCl dose-responsively activates the FAK kinase domain vs. the non-salt M64, increasing the Vmax of ATP-binding. Pharmacologic tests suggested M64HCl has drug-like properties and is enterally absorbed. M64HCl 25 mg/kg/day continuous infusion promoted healing of ischemic jejunal ulcers and indomethacin-induced small intestinal injury in C57Bl/6 mice. M64HCl-treated mice exhibited smaller ulcers 4 days after ischemic ulcer induction or indomethacin injury. Renal histology and plasma creatinine were normal. Mild hepatic inflammatory changes and ALT elevation were similar among M64HCl-treated mice and controls. M64HCl was concentrated in kidney and gastrointestinal mucosa and functional nephrectomy studies suggested predominantly urinary excretion. Little toxicity was observed in vitro or in single-dose mouse toxicity studies until >1000x higher than effective concentrations. M64HCl, a water-soluble FAK activator, promotes epithelial restitution and intestinal mucosal healing and may be useful to treat gut mucosal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
| | - Ricardo Gallardo-Macias
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Emilie E. Vomhof-DeKrey
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
| | - Rashmi Gupta
- Currently at Department of Biology, University of Maryland, USA
| | - Svetlana A. Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
| | - Mikhail Y. Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
| | - Sema Oncel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
| | - Vadim J. Gurvich
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Marc D. Basson
- Departments of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences, and Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
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3
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Oncel S, Basson MD. ZINC40099027 promotes monolayer circular defect closure by a novel pathway involving cytosolic activation of focal adhesion kinase and downstream paxillin and ERK1/2. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 390:261-279. [PMID: 36001146 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
ZINC40099027 (ZN27) is a specific focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activator that promotes murine mucosal wound closure after ischemic or NSAID-induced injury. Diverse motogenic pathways involve FAK, but the direct consequences of pure FAK activation have not been studied, and how ZN27-induced FAK activation stimulates wound closure remained unclear. We investigated signaling and focal adhesion (FA) turnover after FAK activation by ZN27 in Caco-2 cells, confirming key results in CCD841 cells. ZN27 increased Caco-2 FAK-Y-397, FAK-Y-576/7, paxillin-Y-118, and ERK 1/2 phosphorylation and decreased FAK-Y-925 phosphorylation, without altering FAK-Y-861, p38, Jnk, or Akt phosphorylation. ZN27 increased FAK-paxillin interaction while decreasing FAK-Grb2 association. ZN27 increased membrane-associated FAK-Y-397 and FAK-Y-576/7 phosphorylation and paxillin-Y-118 and ERK 1/2 phosphorylation but decreased FAK-Y-925 phosphorylation without altering Src or Grb2. Moreover, ZN27 increased the fluorescence intensity of GFP-FAK and pFAK-Y397 in FAs and increased the total number of FAs but reduced their size in GFP-FAK-transfected Caco-2 cells, consistent with increased FA turnover. In contrast, FAK-Y397F transfection prevented ZN27 effects on FAK size and number and FAK and pFAK fluorescent intensity in FAs. We confirmed the proposed FAK/paxillin/ERK pathway using PP2 and U0126 to block Src and MEK1/2 in Caco-2 and CCD841 cells. These results suggest that ZN27 promotes intestinal epithelial monolayer defect closure by stimulating autophosphorylation of FAK in the cytosol, distinct from classical models of FAK activation in the FA. Phosphorylated FAK translocates to the membrane, where its downstream substrates paxillin and ERK are phosphorylated, leading to FA turnover and human intestinal epithelial cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Oncel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, USA
| | - Marc D Basson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, USA.
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4
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Oncel S, Basson MD. Gut homeostasis, injury, and healing: New therapeutic targets. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:1725-1750. [PMID: 35633906 PMCID: PMC9099196 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i17.1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the gastrointestinal mucosa plays a crucial role in gut homeostasis, which depends upon the balance between mucosal injury by destructive factors and healing via protective factors. The persistence of noxious agents such as acid, pepsin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or Helicobacter pylori breaks down the mucosal barrier and injury occurs. Depending upon the size and site of the wound, it is healed by complex and overlapping processes involving membrane resealing, cell spreading, purse-string contraction, restitution, differentiation, angiogenesis, and vasculogenesis, each modulated by extracellular regulators. Unfortunately, the gut does not always heal, leading to such pathology as peptic ulcers or inflammatory bowel disease. Currently available therapeutics such as proton pump inhibitors, histamine-2 receptor antagonists, sucralfate, 5-aminosalicylate, antibiotics, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants all attempt to minimize or reduce injury to the gastrointestinal tract. More recent studies have focused on improving mucosal defense or directly promoting mucosal repair. Many investigations have sought to enhance mucosal defense by stimulating mucus secretion, mucosal blood flow, or tight junction function. Conversely, new attempts to directly promote mucosal repair target proteins that modulate cytoskeleton dynamics such as tubulin, talin, Ehm2, filamin-a, gelsolin, and flightless I or that proteins regulate focal adhesions dynamics such as focal adhesion kinase. This article summarizes the pathobiology of gastrointestinal mucosal healing and reviews potential new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Oncel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
| | - Marc D Basson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States
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5
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Wang Y, Xu X, Marshall JE, Gong M, Zhao Y, Dua K, Hansbro PM, Xu J, Liu G. Loss of Hyaluronan and Proteoglycan Link Protein-1 Induces Tumorigenesis in Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:754240. [PMID: 34966673 PMCID: PMC8710468 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.754240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common diagnosed cancer worldwide, but there are no effective cures for it. Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein-1 (HAPLN1) is a component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and involved in the tumor environment in the colon. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a key cytokine that regulates the deposition of ECM proteins in CRC. However, the role of HAPLN1 in TGF-β contributions to CRC remains unknown. We found that the mRNA expression of HAPLN1 was decreased in tumors from CRC patients compared with healthy controls and normal tissue adjacent to the tumor using two existing microarray datasets. This was validated at the protein level by tissue array from CRC patients (n = 59). HAPLN1 protein levels were also reduced in human CRC epithelial cells after 24 h of TGF-β stimulation, and its protein expression correlated with type I collagen alpha-1 (COL1A1) in CRC. Transfection of HAPLN1 overexpression plasmids into these cells increased protein levels but reduced COL1A1 protein, tumor growth, and cancer cell migration. TGF-β stimulation increased Smad2/3, p-Smad2/3, Smad4, and E-adhesion proteins; however, HAPLN1 overexpression restored these proteins to baseline levels in CRC epithelial cells after TGF-β stimulation. These findings suggest that HAPLN1 regulates the TGF-β signaling pathway to control collagen deposition via the TGF-β signaling pathway and mediates E-adhesion to control tumor growth. Thus, treatments that increase HAPLN1 levels may be a novel therapeutic option for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China.,Hangzhou Xunyao Biotechnology Pty. Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyue Xu
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqueline E Marshall
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Muxue Gong
- School of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medicine College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Kamal Dua
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jincheng Xu
- Stomatology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.,School of Dental Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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6
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ZINC40099027 Promotes Gastric Mucosal Repair in Ongoing Aspirin-Associated Gastric Injury by Activating Focal Adhesion Kinase. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040908. [PMID: 33920786 PMCID: PMC8071155 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause gastric ulcers and gastritis. No drug that treats GI injury directly stimulates mucosal healing. ZINC40099027 (ZN27) activates focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and heals acute indomethacin-induced small bowel injury. We investigated the efficacy of ZN27 in rat and human gastric epithelial cells and ongoing aspirin-associated gastric injury. ZN27 (10 nM) stimulated FAK activation and wound closure in rat and human gastric cell lines. C57BL/6J mice were treated with 300 mg/kg/day aspirin for five days to induce ongoing gastric injury. One day after the initial injury, mice received 900 µg/kg/6 h ZN27, 10 mg/kg/day omeprazole, or 900 µg/kg/6 h ZN27 plus 10 mg/kg/day omeprazole. Like omeprazole, ZN27 reduced gastric injury vs. vehicle controls. ZN27-treated mice displayed better gastric architecture, with thicker mucosa and less hyperemia, inflammation, and submucosal edema, and lost less weight than vehicle controls. Gastric pH, serum creatinine, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and renal and hepatic histology were unaffected by ZN27. Blinded scoring of pFAK-Y-397 immunoreactivity at the edge of ZN27-treated lesions demonstrated increased FAK activation, compared to vehicle-treated lesions, confirming target activation in vivo. These results suggest that ZN27 ameliorates ongoing aspirin-associated gastric mucosal injury by a pathway involving FAK activation. ZN27-derivatives may be useful to promote gastric mucosal repair.
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7
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Rashmi, More SK, Wang Q, Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Porter JE, Basson MD. ZINC40099027 activates human focal adhesion kinase by accelerating the enzymatic activity of the FAK kinase domain. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00737. [PMID: 33715263 PMCID: PMC7955952 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates gastrointestinal epithelial restitution and healing. ZINC40099027 (Zn27) activates cellular FAK and promotes intestinal epithelial wound closure in vitro and in mice. However, whether Zn27 activates FAK directly or indirectly remains unknown. We evaluated Zn27 potential modulation of the key phosphatases, PTP-PEST, PTP1B, and SHP2, that inactivate FAK, and performed in vitro kinase assays with purified FAK to assess direct Zn27-FAK interaction. In human Caco-2 cells, Zn27-stimulated FAK-Tyr-397 phosphorylation despite PTP-PEST inhibition and did not affect PTP1B-FAK interaction or SHP2 activity. Conversely, in vitro kinase assays demonstrated that Zn27 directly activates both full-length 125 kDa FAK and its 35 kDa kinase domain. The ATP-competitive FAK inhibitor PF573228 reduced basal and ZN27-stimulated FAK phosphorylation in Caco-2 cells, but Zn27 increased FAK phosphorylation even in cells treated with PF573228. Increasing PF573228 concentrations completely prevented activation of 35 kDa FAK in vitro by a normally effective Zn27 concentration. Conversely, increasing Zn27 concentrations dose-dependently activated kinase activity and overcame PF573228 inhibition of FAK, suggesting the direct interactions of Zn27 with FAK may be competitive. Zn27 increased the maximal activity (Vmax ) of FAK. The apparent Km of the substrate also increased under laboratory conditions less relevant to intracellular ATP concentrations. These results suggest that Zn27 is highly potent and enhances FAK activity via allosteric interaction with the FAK kinase domain to increase the Vmax of FAK for ATP. Understanding Zn27 enhancement of FAK activity will be important to redesign and develop a clinical drug that can promote mucosal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Shyam K More
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Emilie E Vomhof-DeKrey
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - James E Porter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Marc D Basson
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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8
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Wang Q, Gallardo-Macias R, Rashmi, Golovko MY, Elsayed AAR, More SK, Oncel S, Gurvich VJ, Basson MD. Discovery of Novel Small-Molecule FAK Activators Promoting Mucosal Healing. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:356-364. [PMID: 33738062 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal mucosal wounds are common to patients injured by factors as diverse as drugs, inflammatory bowel disease, peptic ulcers, and necrotizing enterocolitis. However, although many drugs are used to ameliorate injurious factors, there is no drug available to actually stimulate mucosal wound healing. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, induces epithelial sheet migration and wound healing, making FAK a potential pharmacological target in this regard. In our previous research, we found a lead compound with drug-like properties, ZINC40099027, which promotes FAK phosphorylation, inducing mucosal healing in murine models. Herein we describe the design and optimization of a small library of novel FAK activators based on ZINC40099027 and their applications toward human intestinal epithelial wound closure and mouse ulcer healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58201, United States
| | - Ricardo Gallardo-Macias
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Rashmi
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58201, United States
| | - Mikhail Y. Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58201, United States
| | - Ahmed Adham Raafat Elsayed
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58201, United States
| | - Shyam K. More
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58201, United States
| | - Sema Oncel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58201, United States
| | - Vadim J. Gurvich
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Marc D. Basson
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58201, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58201, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 1301 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58201, United States
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9
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Small molecule FAK activator promotes human intestinal epithelial monolayer wound closure and mouse ulcer healing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14669. [PMID: 31604999 PMCID: PMC6789032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
GI mucosal healing requires epithelial sheet migration. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK) stimulates epithelial motility. A virtual screen identified the small drug-like FAK mimic ZINC40099027, which activates FAK. We assessed whether ZINC40099027 promotes FAK-Tyr-397 phosphorylation and wound healing in Caco-2 monolayers and two mouse intestinal injury models. Murine small bowel ulcers were generated by topical serosal acetic acid or subcutaneous indomethacin in C57BL/6J mice. One day later, we began treatment with ZINC40099027 or DMSO, staining the mucosa for phosphorylated FAK and Ki-67 and measuring mucosal ulcer area, serum creatinine, ALT, and body weight at day 4. ZINC40099027 (10–1000 nM) dose-dependently activated FAK phosphorylation, without activating Pyk2-Tyr-402 or Src-Tyr-419. ZINC40099027 did not stimulate proliferation, and stimulated wound closure independently of proliferation. The FAK inhibitor PF-573228 prevented ZINC40099027-stimulated wound closure. In both mouse ulcer models, ZINC40099027accelerated mucosal wound healing. FAK phosphorylation was increased in jejunal epithelium at the ulcer edge, and Ki-67 staining was unchanged in jejunal mucosa. ZINC40099027 serum concentration at sacrifice resembled the effective concentration in vitro. Weight, creatinine and ALT did not differ between groups. Small molecule FAK activators can specifically promote epithelial restitution and mucosal healing and may be useful to treat gut mucosal injury.
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10
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Kaur H, Moreau R. Role of mTORC1 in intestinal epithelial repair and tumorigenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2525-2546. [PMID: 30944973 PMCID: PMC11105546 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
mTORC1 signaling is the prototypical pathway regulating protein synthesis and cell proliferation. mTORC1 is active in stem cells located at the base of intestinal crypts but silenced as transit-amplifying cells differentiate into enterocytes or secretory cells along the epithelium. After an insult or injury, self-limiting and controlled activation of mTORC1 is critical for the renewal and repair of intestinal epithelium. mTORC1 promotes epithelial cell renewal by driving cryptic stem cell division, and epithelial cell repair by supporting the dedifferentiation and proliferation of enterocytes or secretory cells. Under repeated insult or injury, mTORC1 becomes constitutively active, triggering an irreversible return to stemness, cell division, proliferation, and inflammation among dedifferentiated epithelial cells. Epithelium-derived cytokines promulgate inflammation within the lamina propria, which in turn releases inflammatory factors that act back on the epithelium where undamaged intestinal epithelial cells participate in the pervading state of inflammation and become susceptible to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Régis Moreau
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
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11
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Histidine and arginine modulate intestinal cell restitution via transforming growth factor-β1. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 850:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Navarro-Corcuera A, López-Zabalza MJ, Martínez-Irujo JJ, Álvarez-Sola G, Ávila MA, Iraburu MJ, Ansorena E, Montiel-Duarte C. Role of AGAP2 in the profibrogenic effects induced by TGFβ in LX-2 hepatic stellate cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:673-685. [PMID: 30660615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver damage induces hepatic stellate cells (HSC) activation, characterised by a fibrogenic, proliferative and migratory phenotype. Activated HSC are mainly regulated by transforming growth factor β 1 (TGFβ1), which increases the production of extracellular matrix proteins (e.g. collagen-I) promoting the progression of hepatic fibrosis. AGAP2 (ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 2) is a GTPase/GTP-activating protein involved in the actin remodelling system and receptor recycling. In the present work the role of AGAP2 in human HSC in response to TGFβ1 was investigated. LX-2 HSC were transfected with AGAP2 siRNA and treated with TGFβ1. AGAP2 knockdown prevented to some extent the proliferative and migratory TGFβ1-induced capacities of LX-2 cells. An array focused on human fibrosis revealed that AGAP2 knockdown partially prevented TGFβ1-mediated gene expression of the fibrogenic genes ACTA2, COL1A2, EDN1, INHBE, LOX, PDGFB, TGFΒ12, while favored the expression of CXCR4, IL1A, MMP1, MMP3 and MMP9 genes. Furthermore, TGFβ1 induced AGAP2 promoter activation and its protein expression in LX-2. Moreover, AGAP2 protein levels were significantly increased in liver samples from rats with thioacetamide-induced fibrosis. In addition, AGAP2 silencing affected TGFβ1-receptor 2 (TGFR2) trafficking in U2OS cells, blocking its effective recycling to the membrane. AGAP2 silencing in LX-2 cells prevented the TGFβ1-induced increase of collagen-I protein levels, while its overexpression enhanced collagen-I protein expression in the presence or absence of the cytokine. AGAP2 overexpression also increased focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylated levels in LX-2 cells. FAK and MEK1 inhibitors prevented the increase of collagen-I expression caused by TGFβ1 in LX-2 overexpressing AGAP2. In summary, the present work shows for the first time, that AGAP2 is a potential new target involved in TGFβ1 signalling, contributing to the progression of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María J López-Zabalza
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Juan J Martínez-Irujo
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Gloria Álvarez-Sola
- Hepatology Program. CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Spain.
| | - Matías A Ávila
- Hepatology Program. CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Spain.
| | - María J Iraburu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Ansorena
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Spain.
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13
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Basson MD, Wang Q, Chaturvedi LS, More S, Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Al-Marsoummi S, Sun K, Kuhn LA, Kovalenko P, Kiupel M. Schlafen 12 Interaction with SerpinB12 and Deubiquitylases Drives Human Enterocyte Differentiation. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 48:1274-1290. [PMID: 30045019 PMCID: PMC6123821 DOI: 10.1159/000492019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Human enterocytic differentiation is altered during development, fasting, adaptation, and bariatric surgery, but its intracellular control remains unclear. We hypothesized that Schlafen 12 (SLFN12) regulates enterocyte differentiation. METHODS We used laser capture dissection of epithelium, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry to evaluate SLFN12 expression in biopsies of control and fasting human duodenal mucosa, and viral overexpression and siRNA to trace the SLFN12 pathway in human Caco-2 and HIEC6 intestinal epithelial cells. RESULTS Fasting human duodenal mucosa expressed less SLFN12 mRNA and protein, accompanied by decreases in enterocytic markers like sucrase-isomaltase. SLFN12 overexpression increased Caco-2 sucrase-isomaltase promoter activity, mRNA, and protein independently of proliferation, and activated the SLFN12 putative promoter. SLFN12 coprecipitated Serpin B12 (SERPB12). An inactivating SLFN12 point mutation prevented both SERPB12 binding and sucrase-isomaltase induction. SERPB12 overexpression also induced sucrase-isomaltase, while reducing SERPB12 prevented the SLFN12 effect on sucrase-isomaltase. Sucrase-isomaltase induction by both SLFN12 and SERPB12 was attenuated by reducing UCHL5 or USP14, and blocked by reducing both. SERPB12 stimulated USP14 but not UCHL5 activity. SERPB12 coprecipitated USP14 but not UCHL5. Moreover, SLFN12 increased protein levels of the sucrase-isomaltase-promoter-binding transcription factor cdx2 without altering Cdx2 mRNA. This was prevented by reducing UCHL5 and USP14. We further validated this pathway in vitro and in vivo. SLFN12 or SERPB12 overexpression induced sucrase-isomaltase in human non-malignant HIEC-6 enterocytes. CONCLUSIONS SLFN12 regulates human enterocytic differentiation by a pathway involving SERPB12, the deubiquitylases, and Cdx2. This pathway may be targeted to manipulate human enterocytic differentiation in mucosal atrophy, short gut or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D Basson
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lakshmi S Chaturvedi
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Currently at Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biomedical Sciences-College of Pharmacy, Departments of Basic Sciences and Surgery-College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shyam More
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emilie E Vomhof-DeKrey
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarmad Al-Marsoummi
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kelian Sun
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leslie A Kuhn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colleges of National Science, Human Medicine, Osteopathic Medicine and Engineering, Michigan State University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pavlo Kovalenko
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Currently at Sarepta Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan, USA
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14
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Ono J, Shime H, Takaki H, Takashima K, Funami K, Yoshida S, Takeda Y, Matsumoto M, Kasahara M, Seya T. The TLR3/TICAM-1 signal constitutively controls spontaneous polyposis through suppression of c-Myc in Apc Min/+ mice. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:79. [PMID: 29041928 PMCID: PMC5646017 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal tumorigenesis is promoted by myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) activation in response to the components of microbiota in ApcMin/+ mice. Microbiota also contains double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a ligand for TLR3, which activates the toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 1 (TICAM-1, also known as TRIF) pathway. Methods We established ApcMin/+Ticam1−/− mice and their survival was compared to survival of ApcMin/+Myd88−/− and wild-type (WT) mice. The properties of polyps were investigated using immunofluorescence staining and RT-PCR analysis. Results We demonstrate that TICAM-1 is essential for suppression of polyp formation in ApcMin/+ mice. TICAM-1 knockout resulted in shorter survival of mice compared to WT mice or mice with knockout of MyD88 in the ApcMin/+ background. Polyps were more frequently formed in the distal intestine of ApcMin/+Ticam1−/− mice than in ApcMin/+ mice. Infiltration of immune cells such as CD11b+ and CD8α+ cells into the polyps was detected histologically. CD11b and CD8α mRNAs were increased in polyps of ApcMin/+Ticam1−/− mice compared to ApcMin/+ mice. Gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interferon (IFN)-γ, CXCL9 and IL-12p40 was increased in polyps of ApcMin/+Ticam1−/− mice. mRNA and protein expression of c-Myc, a critical transcription factor for inflammation-associated polyposis, were increased in polyps of ApcMin/+Ticam1−/− mice. A Lactobacillus strain producing dsRNA was detected in feces of ApcMin/+ mice. Conclusion These results imply that the TLR3/TICAM-1 pathway inhibits polyposis through suppression of c-Myc expression and supports long survival in ApcMin/+ mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12929-017-0387-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Ono
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.,Department of Microbiology Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shime
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.,Department of Microbiology Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Takaki
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.,Department of Microbiology Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Takashima
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.,Department of Microbiology Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Funami
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.,Department of Microbiology Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sumito Yoshida
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.,Department of Pathology I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yohei Takeda
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masanori Kasahara
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.,Department of Pathology I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Vaccine Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
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15
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Calvo N, Carriere P, Martin MJ, Gentili C. RSK activation via ERK modulates human colon cancer cells response to PTHrP. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 59:13-27. [PMID: 28385776 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) is associated with several human cancers such as colon carcinoma. This disease is a complex multistep process that involves enhanced cell cycle progression and migration. Recently we obtained evidence that in the human colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco2 cells, exogenous PTHrP increases the proliferation and positively modulates cell cycle progression via ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and PI3K. The purpose of this study was to explore if the serine/threonine kinase RSK, which is involved in the progress of many cancers and it is emerging as a potential therapeutic target, mediates PTHrP effects on cancer colon cells. Western blot analysis revealed that PTHrP increases RSK phosphorylation via ERK1/2 signaling pathway but not through p38 MAPK. By performing subcellular fractionation, we found that the peptide also induces the nuclear localization of activated RSK, where many of its substrates are located. RSK participates in cell proliferation, in the upregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK6 and in the downregulation of p53 induced by PTHrP. Wound healing and transwell filter assays revealed that cell migration increased after PTHrP treatment. In addition, the hormone increases the protein expression of the focal adhesion kinase FAK, a regulator of cell motility. We observed that PTHrP induces cell migration and modulates FAK protein expression through ERK/RSK signaling pathway but not via p38 MAPK pathway. Finally, in vivo studies revealed that the hormone activates RSK in xenografts tumor. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into the deregulated cell cycle and migration that is characteristic of tumor intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Calvo
- Departamento de BiologíaBioquímica y Farmacia, INBIOSUR, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) - CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Pedro Carriere
- Departamento de BiologíaBioquímica y Farmacia, INBIOSUR, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) - CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - María Julia Martin
- Departamento de BiologíaBioquímica y Farmacia, INBIOSUR, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) - CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Claudia Gentili
- Departamento de BiologíaBioquímica y Farmacia, INBIOSUR, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS) - CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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16
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Hara T, Yoshida E, Fujiwara Y, Yamamoto C, Kaji T. Transforming Growth Factor-β 1 Modulates the Expression of Syndecan-4 in Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells in a Biphasic Manner. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2009-2017. [PMID: 28019669 PMCID: PMC5485002 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are macromolecules that consist of a core protein and one or more glycosaminoglycan side chains. Previously, we reported that transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) regulates the synthesis of a large heparan sulfate proteoglycan, perlecan, and a small leucine‐rich dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, biglycan, in vascular endothelial cells depending on cell density. Recently, we found that TGF‐β1 first upregulates and then downregulates the expression of syndecan‐4, a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, via the TGF‐β receptor ALK5 in the cells. In order to identify the intracellular signal transduction pathway that mediates this modulation, bovine aortic endothelial cells were cultured and treated with TGF‐β1. Involvement of the downstream signaling pathways of ALK5—the Smad and MAPK pathways—in syndecan‐4 expression was examined using specific siRNAs and inhibitors. The data indicate that the Smad3–p38 MAPK pathway mediates the early upregulation of syndecan‐4 by TGF‐β1, whereas the late downregulation is mediated by the Smad2/3 pathway. Multiple modulations of proteoglycan synthesis may be involved in the regulation of vascular endothelial cell functions by TGF‐β1. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2009–2017,2017. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Hara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Environmental HealthTokyo University of ScienceNoda 278‐8510Japan
| | - Eiko Yoshida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Environmental HealthTokyo University of ScienceNoda 278‐8510Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Environmental HealthSchool of PharmacyTokyo University of Pharmacy and Life SciencesHachioji 192‐0392Japan
| | - Chika Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Environmental HealthToho UniversityFunabashi 274‐8510Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of Environmental HealthTokyo University of ScienceNoda 278‐8510Japan
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17
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Kong DB, Chen F, Sima N. Focal adhesion kinases crucially regulate TGFβ-induced migration and invasion of bladder cancer cells via Src kinase and E-cadherin. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:1783-1792. [PMID: 28367061 PMCID: PMC5370070 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s122463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase that is triggered off by special extracellular signals such as some growth factors and integrins. FAK is found in cell-matrix attachment sites and implicated in cell migration, invasion, movement, gene expression, survival and apoptosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether FAK plays a role in invasion and migration of bladder cancer cells. Using an FAK-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) and an FAK inhibitor PF-228, we found that inhibition of FAK tyrosine phosphorylation or knockdown of FAK suppressed invasion and migration of bladder cancer cells. Src is an important mediator of FAK-regulated migratory and invasive activity. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Src and FAK is mutually dependent and plays a key role in transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-induced invasion and migration. E-cadherin acts downstream of FAK and is a critical negative regulator in FAK-regulated invasion and migration of bladder cancer cells. These findings imply that FAK is involved in oncogenic signaling of invasion and migration, which can be a novel therapeutic target to treat patients with bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Bo Kong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Surgery, The Jiujiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi
| | - Ni Sima
- Women's Reproductive Health Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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18
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Albaayit SFA, Abba Y, Abdullah R, Abdullah N. Prophylactic effects of Clausena excavata Burum. f. leaf extract in ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:1973-86. [PMID: 27366052 PMCID: PMC4914073 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s103993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clausena excavata is a natural herb with both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been used for decades in folkloric practice for the amelioration of various ailments. In this study, the gastroprotective activity of methanolic extract of C. excavata leaves (MECE) was determined in the Sprague Dawley rat ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. Rats were pretreated with a single dose of vehicle (5% Tween 20), 20 mg/mL omeprazole, 400 and 200 mg/mL of MECE dissolved in 5% Tween 20. Ulcer was induced with 5 mL/kg of ethanol and stomach tissue was obtained after 1 hour. Histological examination was done on hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and immunochemically stained gastric mucosal tissues. Prostaglandin E2, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and lipid peroxidation levels of the gastric tissue homogenates were also determined. Significantly (P<0.05) smaller ulcer areas, less intense edema, and fewer leukocytes’ infiltration were observed in MECE- and omeprazole-treated than in untreated gastric mucosa with ulcer. The gastric pH, mucus production, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase contents increased, while the lipid peroxidation content decreased as a result of MECE treatment. Bcl-2-associated X protein was underexpressed, while heat shock protein 70 and transforming growth factor-beta protein were overexpressed in the ulcerated gastric mucosa tissues treated with omeprazole and MECE. Similarly, there was a reduction in the levels of tumor necrotic factor-alpha and interleukin-6, while the level of interleukin-10 was increased. This study showed that the gastroprotective effect of MECE is achieved through inhibition of gastric juice secretion and ulcer lesion development, stimulation of mucus secretion, elevation of gastric pH, reduction of reactive oxygen species production, inhibition of apoptosis in the gastric mucosa, and modulation of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa Fadhel Abbas Albaayit
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Yusuf Abba
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rasedee Abdullah
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noorlidah Abdullah
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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19
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Brégeon J, Coron E, Da Silva ACC, Jaulin J, Aubert P, Chevalier J, Vergnolle N, Meurette G, Neunlist M. Sacral nerve stimulation enhances early intestinal mucosal repair following mucosal injury in a pig model. J Physiol 2016; 594:4309-23. [PMID: 26939757 DOI: 10.1113/jp271783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Reducing intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) dysfunctions is recognized as being of major therapeutic interest for various intestinal disorders. Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) is known to reduce IEB permeability. Here, we report in a pig model that SNS enhances morphological and functional recovery of IEB following mucosal injury induced via 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. These effects are associated with an increased expression of tight junction proteins such as ZO-1 and FAK. These results establish that SNS enhances intestinal barrier repair in acute mucosal injury. They further set the scientific basis for future use of SNS as a complementary or alternative therapeutic option for the treatment of gut disorders with IEB dysfunctions such as inflammatory bowel diseases or irritable bowel syndrome. ABSTRACT Intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) dysfunctions, such as increased permeability or altered healing, are central to intestinal disorders. Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) is known to reduce IEB permeability, but its ability to modulate IEB repair remains unknown. This study aimed to characterize the impact of SNS on mucosal repair following 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced lesions. Six pigs were stimulated by SNS 3 h prior to and 3 h after TNBS enema, while sham animals (n = 8) were not stimulated. The impact of SNS on mucosal changes was evaluated by combining in vivo imaging, histological and functional methods. Biochemical and transcriptomic approaches were used to analyse the IEB and mucosal inflammatory response. We observed that SNS enhanced the recovery from TNBS-induced increase in transcellular permeability. At 24 h, TNBS-induced alterations of mucosal morphology were significantly less in SNS compared with sham animals. SNS reduced TNBS-induced changes in ZO-1 expression and its epithelial pericellular distribution, and also increased pFAK/FAK expression compared with sham. Interestingly, SNS increased the mucosal density of neutrophils, which was correlated with an increase in trypsin and TGF-β1 levels compared with sham. Finally, SNS prevented the TNBS-induced increases in IL-1β and IL-4 over time that were observed with sham treatment. In conclusion, our results show that SNS enhances mucosal repair following injury. This study highlights novel mechanisms of action of SNS and identifies SNS as a new therapy for diseases with IEB repair disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Brégeon
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, F-44093, France.,Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France.,CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, F-44093, France
| | - Emmanuel Coron
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, F-44093, France.,Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France.,CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, F-44093, France
| | - Anna Christina Cordeiro Da Silva
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, F-44093, France.,Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France.,CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, F-44093, France
| | - Julie Jaulin
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, F-44093, France.,Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France.,CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, F-44093, France
| | - Philippe Aubert
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, F-44093, France.,Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France.,CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, F-44093, France
| | - Julien Chevalier
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, F-44093, France.,Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France.,CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, F-44093, France
| | | | - Guillaume Meurette
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, F-44093, France.,Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France.,CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, F-44093, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- INSERM, U913, Nantes, F-44093, France.,Université Nantes, Nantes, F-44093, France.,CHU Nantes, Hôtel Dieu, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, F-44093, France
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20
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Walsh MF, Hermann R, Lee JH, Chaturvedi L, Basson MD. Schlafen 3 Mediates the Differentiating Effects of Cdx2 in Rat IEC-Cdx2L1 Enterocytes. J INVEST SURG 2016; 28:202-7. [PMID: 26268420 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2015.1005780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM Mature, differentiated enterocytes are essential for normal gut function and critical to recovery from pathological conditions. Little is known about the factors that regulate intestinal epithelial cell differentiation in the adult intestine. The transcription factor, Cdx2, involved in enterocytic differentiation, remains expressed in the adult. Since we have implicated Slfn3 in differentiation in vivo and in vitro, we examined whether it also mediated differentiation in the IEC-Cdx2-L1 cell model of differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS IEC-Cdx2-L1 cells, permanently transfected with Cdx2 under the control of isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG), were stimulated to differentiate by 16-day exposure to IPTG. Transcript levels of Cdx2, Slfn 3, and villin were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of mRNA isolated from IPTG-treated and control cells. Slfn3 expression was lowered with specific siRNA to investigate the role of Slfn3 in Cdx2-driven villin expression in IPTG-differentiated cells. RESULTS Slfn3 and villin expression were significantly greater in IPTG-treated cells. Slfn3 siRNA lowered Slfn3 expression and abolished the IPTG-induced rise in villin expression (p < .05 by ANOVA); Cdx2 expression was unaffected by Slfn3 siRNA. DISCUSSION The data indicate that the presence of Slfn3 is required for Cdx2 to induce villin expression, and thus differentiation. However, Slfn3 must also promote differentiation of Cdx2 independently since IEC-6 cells that do not normally express Cdx2 can be differentiated by a variety of Slfn3-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F Walsh
- Department of Surgery, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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21
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Duperret EK, Dahal A, Ridky TW. Focal-adhesion-independent integrin-αv regulation of FAK and c-Myc is necessary for 3D skin formation and tumor invasion. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3997-4013. [PMID: 26359297 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.175539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins play crucial roles in epithelial adhesion, proliferation, wound healing and cancer. In the epidermis, the roles of many integrin subunits are incompletely defined and mechanistic details regarding their functions are lacking. We performed a multiplexed small hairpin (sh)RNA screen to define roles for each subunit in human organotypic skin. We show that integrin-αv (also known as ITGAV) heterodimers are essential for epidermal generation, with integrin-αv loss driving a keratinocyte G1-S cell cycle block. Surprisingly, integrin αv is not localized within keratinocyte focal adhesions, and instead maintains proliferation by controlling cellular (c)-Myc translation through FAK, p38β and p90RSK1. These phenotypes depend only on the binding partners of integrin-αv--integrin β5 and integrin β6 (also known as ITGB5 and ITGB6, respectively). Through inducible depletion of integrin αv in both normal organotypic epidermis and Ras-driven invasive neoplasia, we show that integrin αv is required for de novo tissue generation and neoplastic invasion but that it is dispensable for epidermal maintenance. Heterodimers of integrin αv with integrin β5 (integrin αvβ5) or integrin β6 (integrin αvβ6) are required to similar extents for neoplastic invasion, thus identifying integrin αvβ5 and integrin αvβ6 heterodimers as potential therapeutic targets for epidermal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Duperret
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, BRB 1010, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ankit Dahal
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, BRB 1010, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Todd W Ridky
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, BRB 1010, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Hwang JS, Eun SY, Ham SA, Yoo T, Lee WJ, Paek KS, Do JT, Lim DS, Seo HG. PPARδ modulates oxLDL-induced apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells through a TGF-β/FAK signaling axis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 62:54-61. [PMID: 25732738 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) has been implicated in the modulation of vascular homeostasis. However, its roles in the apoptotic cell death of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that PPARδ modulates oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced apoptosis of VSMCs through the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling pathways. Activation of PPARδ by GW501516, which is a specific ligand, significantly inhibited oxLDL-induced cell death and generation of reactive oxygen species in VSMCs. These inhibitory effects were significantly reversed in the presence of small interfering (si)RNA against PPARδ, or by blockade of the TGF-β or FAK signaling pathways. Furthermore, PPARδ-mediated recovery of FAK phosphorylation suppressed by oxLDL was reversed by SB431542, a specific ALK5 receptor inhibitor, indicating that a TGF-β/FAK signaling axis is involved in the action of PPARδ. Among the protein kinases activated by oxLDL, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase was suppressed by ligand-activated PPARδ. In addition, oxLDL-induced expression and translocation of pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic factors were markedly affected in the presence of GW501516. Those effects were reversed by PPARδ siRNA, or inhibitors of TGF-β or FAK, which also suggests that PPARδ exerts its anti-apoptotic effect via a TGF-β/FAK signaling axis. Taken together, these findings indicate that PPARδ plays an important role in the pathophysiology of disease associated with apoptosis of VSMC, such as atherosclerosis and restanosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Seok Hwang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Eun
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ah Ham
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesik Yoo
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jin Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Shin Paek
- Department of Nursing, Semyung University, 65 Semyung-ro, Jecheon, Chungbuk 390-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Seog Lim
- Department of Applied Bioscience, CHA University, 355 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 463-400, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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Peters SB, Nelson DA, Kwon HR, Koslow M, DeSantis KA, Larsen M. TGFβ signaling promotes matrix assembly during mechanosensitive embryonic salivary gland restoration. Matrix Biol 2015; 43:109-24. [PMID: 25652203 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical properties of the microenvironment regulate cell morphology and differentiation within complex organs. However, methods to restore morphogenesis and differentiation in organs in which compliance is suboptimal are poorly understood. We used mechanosensitive mouse salivary gland organ explants grown at different compliance levels together with deoxycholate extraction and immunocytochemistry of the intact, assembled matrices to examine the compliance-dependent assembly and distribution of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane in explants grown at permissive or non-permissive compliance. Extracellular matrix and basement membrane assembly were disrupted in the glands grown at low compliance compared to those grown at high compliance, correlating with defective morphogenesis and decreased myoepithelial cell differentiation. Extracellular matrix and basement membrane assembly as well as myoepithelial differentiation were restored by addition of TGFβ1 and by mechanical rescue, and mechanical rescue was prevented by inhibition of TGFβ signaling during the rescue. We detected a basal accumulation of active integrin β1 in the differentiating myoepithelial cells that formed a continuous peripheral localization around the proacini and in clefts within active sites of morphogenesis in explants that were grown at high compliance. The pattern and levels of integrin β1 activation together with myoepithelial differentiation were interrupted in explants grown at low compliance but were restored upon mechanical rescue or with application of exogenous TGFβ1. These data suggest that therapeutic application of TGFβ1 to tissues disrupted by mechanical signaling should be examined as a method to promote organ remodeling and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Peters
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, United States
| | - Deirdre A Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, United States
| | - Hae Ryong Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, United States; Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, Neural, and Developmental Biology, University at Albany, State University of New York, United States
| | - Matthew Koslow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, United States; Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, Neural, and Developmental Biology, University at Albany, State University of New York, United States
| | - Kara A DeSantis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, United States; Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, Neural, and Developmental Biology, University at Albany, State University of New York, United States
| | - Melinda Larsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, United States.
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24
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Teng Y, Wong HK, Jhanji V, Chen JH, Young AL, Zhang M, Choy KW, Mehta JS, Pang CP, Yam GHF. Signature microRNAs in human cornea limbal epithelium. Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 15:277-94. [PMID: 25487418 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to identify the signature microRNAs, which regulate the biological processes of corneal epithelial progenitor cell (CEPC) homeostasis and regulation through characterizing the differential expression profile of microRNAs in human limbal epithelium containing adult CEPC versus central corneal epithelium without CEPC. MicroRNA microarray had identified 37 microRNAs enriched in human corneal epithelium. Among them, nine were significantly upregulated in limbal epithelium and one in central corneal epithelium after validation by TaqMan® real-time polymerase chain reaction. In addition to our previous finding of miR-143 and 145, the expression of miR-10b, 126, and 155 was localized in limbal epithelium (LE) (predominantly basal layers) by using locked nucleic acid-based in situ hybridization. Potential target genes were predicted by TargetScan Human v6.0 and compared to the reported human cornea epithelial gene profile GSE5543. Analyzed by web-based Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and DAVID Functional Annotation Bioinformatics Resources v6.7, the downregulated genes were involved in pathways of immune response and cellular protection, apoptosis, and cell movement whereas upregulated genes with cell survival, cell-matrix interaction, and cell-cell adhesion. We found a constant occurrence of miR-143, 145, and 155 in all KEGG pathways regulating limbal epithelial events. By Ingenuity Systems (IPA®) analysis, these microRNAs could cooperatively regulate cell growth and apoptosis via tumor necrosis factor activation and MYC repression. Our findings thus suggest a unique microRNA signature existing in human limbal epithelium and participating in CEPC homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Teng
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
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25
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Chaturvedi L, Sun K, Walsh MF, Kuhn LA, Basson MD. The P-loop region of Schlafen 3 acts within the cytosol to induce differentiation of human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:3029-37. [PMID: 25261706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Schlafen 3 (Slfn3) mediates rodent enterocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo, required for intestinal function. Little is known about Schlafen protein structure-function relationships. To define the Slfn3 domain that promotes differentiation, we studied villin and sucrase isomaltase (SI) promoter activity in Slfn3-null human Caco-2BBE cells transfected with full-length rat Slfn3 DNA or truncated constructs. Confocal microscopy and Western blots showed that Slfn3 is predominantly cytosolic. Villin promoter activity, increased by wild type Slfn3, was further enhanced by adding a nuclear exclusion sequence, suggesting that Slfn3 does not affect transcription by direct nuclear action. We therefore sought to dissect the region in Slfn3 stimulating promoter activity. Since examination of the Slfn3 N-terminal region revealed sequences similar to both an aminopeptidase (App) and a divergent P-loop resembling those in NTPases, we initially divided Slfn3 into an N-terminal domain containing the App and P-loop regions, and a C-terminal region. Only the N-terminal construct stimulated promoter activity. Further truncation indicated that both the App and the smaller P-loop constructs enhanced promoter activity similarly to the N-terminal sequence. Point mutations within the N-terminal region (R128L, altering a critical active site residue in the App domain, and L212D, conserved in Schlafens but variable in P-loop proteins) did not affect activity. These results show that Slfn3 acts in the cytosol to trigger a secondary signal cascade that elicits differentiation marker expression and narrows the active domain to the third of the Slfn3 sequence homologous to P-loop NTPases, a first step in understanding its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelian Sun
- Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Mary F Walsh
- Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Leslie A Kuhn
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Computer Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Marc D Basson
- Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Boudreau HE, Casterline BW, Burke DJ, Leto TL. Wild-type and mutant p53 differentially regulate NADPH oxidase 4 in TGF-β-mediated migration of human lung and breast epithelial cells. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:2569-82. [PMID: 24714748 PMCID: PMC4021516 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) induces the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) leading to increased cell plasticity at the onset of cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Mechanisms involved in TGF-β-mediated EMT and cell motility are unclear. Recent studies showed that p53 affects TGF-β/SMAD3-mediated signalling, cell migration, and tumorigenesis. We previously demonstrated that Nox4, a Nox family NADPH oxidase, is a TGF-β/SMAD3-inducible source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) affecting cell migration and fibronectin expression, an EMT marker, in normal and metastatic breast epithelial cells. Our present study investigates the involvement of p53 in TGF-β-regulated Nox4 expression and cell migration. METHODS We investigated the effect of wild-type p53 (WT-p53) and mutant p53 proteins on TGF-β-regulated Nox4 expression and cell migration. Nox4 mRNA and protein, ROS production, cell migration, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation were examined in three different cell models based on their p53 mutational status. H1299, a p53-null lung epithelial cell line, was used for heterologous expression of WT-p53 or mutant p53. In contrast, functional studies using siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous p53 were conducted in MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast epithelial cells that express p53-R280K and MCF-10A normal breast cells that have WT-p53. RESULTS We found that WT-p53 is a potent suppressor of TGF-β-induced Nox4, ROS production, and cell migration in p53-null lung epithelial (H1299) cells. In contrast, tumour-associated mutant p53 proteins (R175H or R280K) caused enhanced Nox4 expression and cell migration in both TGF-β-dependent and TGF-β-independent pathways. Moreover, knockdown of endogenous mutant p53 (R280K) in TGF-β-treated MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast epithelial cells resulted in decreased Nox4 protein and reduced phosphorylation of FAK, a key regulator of cell motility. Expression of WT-p53 or dominant-negative Nox4 decreased TGF-β-mediated FAK phosphorylation, whereas mutant p53 (R280K) increased phospho-FAK. Furthermore, knockdown of WT-p53 in MCF-10A normal breast epithelial cells increased basal Nox4 expression, whereas p53-R280K could override endogenous WT-p53 repression of Nox4. Remarkably, immunofluorescence analysis revealed MCF-10A cells expressing p53-R280K mutant showed an upregulation of Nox4 in both confluent and migrating cells. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings define novel opposing functions for WT-p53 and mutant p53 proteins in regulating Nox4-dependent signalling in TGF-β-mediated cell motility.
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MESH Headings
- Breast/cytology
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Enzyme Induction
- Epithelial Cells/physiology
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Female
- Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, p53
- Humans
- Lung/cytology
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mutation, Missense
- NADPH Oxidase 4
- NADPH Oxidases/biosynthesis
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Transfection
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Boudreau
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - B W Casterline
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - D J Burke
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - T L Leto
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12441 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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27
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IL-10 treatment is associated with prohibitin expression in the Crohn's disease intestinal fibrosis mouse model. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:617145. [PMID: 23690666 PMCID: PMC3649775 DOI: 10.1155/2013/617145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prohibitin, which can inhibit oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, has been shown to have significant anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we investigate the effects of altering prohibitin levels in affected tissues in the interleukin-10 knockout (IL-10KO) mouse model with intestinal fibrosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of IL-10 on prohibitin and the role of prohibitin in intestinal fibrosis of murine colitis. After the mice were treated with IL-10, prohibitin expression and localization were evaluated in IL-10KO and wild-type (WT, 129/SvEv) mice. The colon tissue was then investigated and the potential pathogenic molecular mechanisms were further studied. Fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR) and immunohistochemistry assays revealed a significant upregulation of prohibitin with IL-10 treatment. Furthermore, IL-10 decreases inflammatory cytokines and TGF-β1 in the IL-10KO model of Crohn's disease and demonstrates a promising trend in decreasing tissue fibrosis. In conclusion, we hypothesize that IL-10 treatment is associated with increased prohibitin and would decrease inflammation and fibrosis in an animal model of Crohn's disease. Interestingly, prohibitin may be a potential target for intestinal fibrosis associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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28
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Focal adhesion kinase regulates intestinal epithelial barrier function via redistribution of tight junction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:151-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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29
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Salem S, Harris T, Mok JSL, Li MYS, Keenan CR, Schuliga MJ, Stewart AG. Transforming growth factor-β impairs glucocorticoid activity in the A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:2036-48. [PMID: 22300324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The lung adenocarcinoma cell line, A549, undergoes epithelial-mesenchymal cell transition (EMT) in response to TGF-β. Glucocorticoids do not prevent the EMT response, but TGF-β induced resistance to the cytokine-regulatory action of glucocorticoids. We sought to characterize the impairment of glucocorticoid response in A549 cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A549 cells were exposed to TGF-β for up to 96 h before glucocorticoid treatment and challenge with IL-1α to assess glucocorticoid regulation of IL-6 and CXCL8 production. Nuclear localization of the glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα) was ascertained by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Transactivation of the glucocorticoid response element (GRE) was measured with a transfected GRE-secreted human placental alkaline phosphatase reporter. KEY RESULTS TGF-β (40-400 pM) reduced the maximum inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on IL-1α-induced IL-6 and CXCL8 production. The impaired glucocorticoid response was detected with 4 h of TGF-β (40 pM) exposure (and 4 h IL-1α to induce CXCL8 expression) and therefore was not secondary to EMT, a process that requires longer incubation periods and higher concentrations of TGF-β. TGF-β also impaired dexamethasone regulation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in thrombin-stimulated BEAS-2B epithelial cells. Impaired regulation of CXCL8 was associated with markedly reduced GRE transactivation and reduced induction of mRNA for IκBα, the glucocorticoid-inducible leucine zipper and the epithelial sodium channel (SCNN1A). The expression, cellular levels and nuclear localization of GRα were reduced by TGF-β. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We have identified mechanisms underlying the impairment of responses to glucocorticoids by TGF-β in the A549 and BEAS-2B cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Salem
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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30
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Pejchal J, Novotný J, Mařák V, Österreicher J, Tichý A, Vávrová J, Šinkorová Z, Zárybnická L, Novotná E, Chládek J, Babicová A, Kubelková K, Kuča K. Activation of p38 MAPK and expression of TGF-β1 in rat colon enterocytes after whole body γ-irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:348-58. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.654044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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31
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Hong S, Lee JB, Iizuka Y, Song YK, Seong GJ, Han SH. The role of focal adhesion kinase in the TGF-β-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation of human Tenon's fibroblasts. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2012; 26:45-8. [PMID: 22323885 PMCID: PMC3268168 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2012.26.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation of human Tenon's fibroblasts. Methods Primary cultured human Tenon's fibroblasts were exposed to TGF-β1 for up to 48 hours. The mRNA levels of FAK, α smooth muscle actin (αSMA), and β-actin were determined by quantitative real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels of collagen type I, FAK, phospho-FAK, αSMA, and β-actin were determined by Western immunoblots. After the small interfering RNA targeting FAK (siRNAFAK) molecules were delivered into the cells, the expressions of αSMA proteins were determined by Western immunoblots. Results In human Tenon's fibroblasts, TGF-β1 significantly increased the mRNA and protein expressions of αSMA. However, when the action of FAK was inhibited using siRNAFAK, the TGF-β1-induced expression of αSMA was attenuated. Conclusions Our data suggest that FAK may be associated with the TGF-β1-induced transdifferentiation of human Tenon's fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, which is the essential step of subconjunctival fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Hong
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Thomas S, Metzke D, Schmitz J, Dörffel Y, Baumgart DC. Anti-inflammatory effects of Saccharomyces boulardii mediated by myeloid dendritic cells from patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G1083-92. [PMID: 21903765 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00217.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) is a probiotic yeast that has demonstrated efficacy in pilot studies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Microbial antigen handling by dendritic cells (DC) is believed to be of critical importance for immunity and tolerance in IBD. The aim was to characterize the effects of Sb on DC from IBD patients. Highly purified (>95%), lipopolysaccharide-stimulated CD1c(+)CD11c(+)CD123(-) myeloid DC (mDC) from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC; n = 36), Crohn's disease (CD; n = 26), or infectious controls (IC; n = 4) were cultured in the presence or absence of fungal supernatant from Sb (SbS). Phenotype and cytokine production and/or secretion of IBD mDC were measured by flow cytometry and cytometric bead arrays, respectively. T cell phenotype and proliferation were assessed in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) with allogenic CD4(+)CD45RA(+) naïve T cells from healthy donors. Mucosal healing was investigated in epithelial wounding and migration assays with IEC-6 cells. SbS significantly decreased the frequency of CD40-, CD80-, and CD197 (CCR7; chemokine receptor-7)-expressing IBD mDC and reduced their secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 while increasing IL-8. In the MLR, SbS significantly inhibited T cell proliferation induced by IBD mDC. Moreover, SbS inhibited T(H)1 (TNF-α and interferon-γ) polarization induced by UC mDC and promoted IL-8 and transforming growth factor-β-dependent mucosal healing. In summary, we provide novel evidence of synergistic mechanisms how Sb controls inflammation (inhibition of T cell costimulation and inflammation-associated migration and mobilization of DC) and promotes epithelial restitution relevant in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Thomas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Charité Medical Center-Virchow Hospital, Medical School of the Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Van Landeghem L, Chevalier J, Mahé MM, Wedel T, Urvil P, Derkinderen P, Savidge T, Neunlist M. Enteric glia promote intestinal mucosal healing via activation of focal adhesion kinase and release of proEGF. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G976-87. [PMID: 21350188 PMCID: PMC3119120 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00427.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing of the gastrointestinal mucosa is essential for the maintenance of gut homeostasis and integrity. Enteric glial cells play a major role in regulating intestinal barrier function, but their role in mucosal barrier repair remains unknown. The impact of conditional ablation of enteric glia on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mucosal damage and on healing of diclofenac-induced mucosal ulcerations was evaluated in vivo in GFAP-HSVtk transgenic mice. A mechanically induced model of intestinal wound healing was developed to study glial-induced epithelial restitution. Glial-epithelial signaling mechanisms were analyzed by using pharmacological inhibitors, neutralizing antibodies, and genetically engineered intestinal epithelial cells. Enteric glial cells were shown to be abundant in the gut mucosa, where they associate closely with intestinal epithelial cells as a distinct cell population from myofibroblasts. Conditional ablation of enteric glia worsened mucosal damage after DSS treatment and significantly delayed mucosal wound healing following diclofenac-induced small intestinal enteropathy in transgenic mice. Enteric glial cells enhanced epithelial restitution and cell spreading in vitro. These enhanced repair processes were reproduced by use of glial-conditioned media, and soluble proEGF was identified as a secreted glial mediator leading to consecutive activation of epidermal growth factor receptor and focal adhesion kinase signaling pathways in intestinal epithelial cells. Our study shows that enteric glia represent a functionally important cellular component of the intestinal epithelial barrier microenvironment and that the disruption of this cellular network attenuates the mucosal healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurianne Van Landeghem
- 1INSERM U913, Nantes; ,2Université de Nantes-Faculté de Médecine, Nantes; ,3Nantes University Hospital-Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France;
| | - Julien Chevalier
- 1INSERM U913, Nantes; ,2Université de Nantes-Faculté de Médecine, Nantes; ,3Nantes University Hospital-Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France;
| | - Maxime M. Mahé
- 1INSERM U913, Nantes; ,2Université de Nantes-Faculté de Médecine, Nantes; ,3Nantes University Hospital-Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France;
| | - Thilo Wedel
- 4Institute of Anatomy, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany; and
| | - Petri Urvil
- 5University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Galveston, Texas
| | - Pascal Derkinderen
- 1INSERM U913, Nantes; ,2Université de Nantes-Faculté de Médecine, Nantes; ,3Nantes University Hospital-Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France;
| | - Tor Savidge
- 5University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Galveston, Texas
| | - Michel Neunlist
- 1INSERM U913, Nantes; ,2Université de Nantes-Faculté de Médecine, Nantes; ,3Nantes University Hospital-Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes, France;
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Emami CN, Mittal R, Wang L, Ford HR, Prasadarao NV. Recruitment of dendritic cells is responsible for intestinal epithelial damage in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis by Cronobacter sakazakii. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:7067-79. [PMID: 21551359 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is a Gram-negative pathogen associated with the cases of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) that result from formula contamination. In a mouse model of NEC, we demonstrate that C. sakazakii infection results in epithelial damage by recruiting greater numbers of dendritic cells (DCs) than macrophages and neutrophils in the gut and suppresses DC maturation, which requires outer membrane protein A (OmpA) expression in C. sakazakii. Pretreatment of intestinal epithelial cell monolayers with supernatant from OmpA(+) C. sakazakii/DC culture markedly enhanced membrane permeability and enterocyte apoptosis, whereas OmpA(-) C. sakazakii/DC culture supernatant had no effect. Analysis of OmpA(+) C. sakazakii/DC coculture supernatant revealed significantly greater TGF-β production compared with the levels produced by OmpA(-) C. sakazakii infection. TGF-β levels were elevated in the intestinal tissue of mice infected with OmpA(+) C. sakazakii. Cocultures of CaCo-2 cells and DCs in a "double-layer" model followed by infection with OmpA(+) C. sakazakii significantly enhanced monolayer leakage by increasing TGF-β production. Elevated levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) were also observed in the double-layer infection model, and abrogation of iNOS expression prevented the C. sakazakii-induced CaCo-2 cell monolayer permeability despite the presence of DCs or OmpA(+) C. sakazakii/DC supernatant. Blocking TGF-β activity using a neutralizing Ab suppressed iNOS production and prevented apoptosis and monolayer leakage. Depletion of DCs in newborn mice protected against C. sakazakii-induced NEC, whereas adoptive transfer of DCs rendered the animals susceptible to infection. Therefore, C. sakazakii interaction with DCs in intestine enhances the destruction of the intestinal epithelium and the onset of NEC due to increased TGF-β production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia N Emami
- Department of Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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Medina C, Santos-Martinez MJ, Santana A, Paz-Cabrera MC, Johnston MJ, Mourelle M, Salas A, Guarner F. Transforming growth factor-beta type 1 receptor (ALK5) and Smad proteins mediate TIMP-1 and collagen synthesis in experimental intestinal fibrosis. J Pathol 2011; 224:461-72. [PMID: 21465486 DOI: 10.1002/path.2870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is known to play a key role in intestinal fibrosis; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. TGF-β signal transduction is through TGF-β receptors, including the TGF-β type 1 receptor. Most cell types contain a TGF-β type 1 receptor form known as activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5), which propagates the signal to the nucleus through the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 proteins. Therefore, we assessed the effect of the disruption of TGF-β/ALK5/Smad signalling by an ALK5 inhibitor (SD-208) in two experimental animal models of intestinal fibrosis: anaerobic bacteria- and trinitrobenzensulphonic acid-induced colitis. In addition, isolated myofibroblasts were pretreated with SD-208 and exposed to recombinant TGF-β1. Finally, myofibroblasts were transfected with ALK5, Smad2, and Smad3-specific siRNA. Up-regulation of ALK5 and TIMP-1, phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 proteins, and increased intestinal wall collagen deposition were found in both experimental animal models. These effects were decreased by SD-208. TGF-β1 treatment also induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3 and up-regulation of ALK5 protein, TIMP-1, and α2 type 1 collagen gene expression in isolated myofibroblasts. Again these effects were inhibited by SD-208. Also, ALK5, Smad2, and Smad3 siRNA abolished the induction of TIMP-1 and α2 type 1 collagen. Our findings provide evidence that the TGF-β/ALK5/Smad pathway participates in the pathogenesis of experimental intestinal fibrosis. These data show promise for the development of an effective therapeutic intervention in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Medina
- Department of Pharmacology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Dong L, Wang Y, Li S, Yu G, Gan Y, Li D, Wang C. TGF-β1 Promotes Migration and Invasion of Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma. J Dent Res 2011; 90:804-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034511401407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) is one of the most common subtypes of salivary gland carcinomas and frequently metastasizes to distant organs. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that promote SACC metastasis. In this study, we report that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 was highly expressed in the highly metastatic SACC-LM cell line as compared with its parental low-metastatic SACC-83 cell line. Exogenous addition of TGF-β1 induced Smad2 phosphorylation and promoted the migration and invasion of SACC-83 cells. Consistently, the inhibition of endogenous TGF-β1 signaling in SACC-LM cells by an inhibitor specific to the type I TGF-β1 receptor (TβRI) suppressed cell migration and invasion. Moreover, we found that TGF-β1 expression was significantly increased in human primary SACC samples with metastasis. Taken together, our results suggest that TGF-β1 may play a crucial role in SACC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Dong
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
| | - Y.X. Wang
- Central Laboratory Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
| | - S.L. Li
- Central Laboratory Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
| | - G.Y. Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | | | - D. Li
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
| | - C.Y. Wang
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Kitamura H, Yamamoto S, Nakase H, Matsuura M, Honzawa Y, Matsumura K, Takeda Y, Uza N, Nagata K, Chiba T. Role of heat shock protein 47 in intestinal fibrosis of experimental colitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 404:599-604. [PMID: 21144841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intestinal fibrosis is a clinically important issue of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is unclear whether or not heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), a collagen-specific molecular chaperone, plays a critical role in intestinal fibrosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of HSP47 in intestinal fibrosis of murine colitis. METHODS HSP47 expression and localization were evaluated in interleukin-10 knockout (IL-10KO) and wild-type (WT, C57BL/6) mice by immunohistochemistry. Expression of HSP47 and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in colonic tissue was measured. In vitro studies were conducted in NIH/3T3 cells and primary culture of myofibroblasts separated from colonic tissue of IL-10KO (PMF KO) and WT mice (PMF WT) with stimulation of several cytokines. We evaluated the inhibitory effect of administration of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting HSP47 on intestinal fibrosis in IL-10KO mice in vivo. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed HSP47 positive cells were observed in the mesenchymal and submucosal area of both WT and IL-10 KO mice. Gene expressions of HSP47 and TGF-β1 were significantly higher in IL-10KO mice than in WT mice and correlated with the severity of inflammation. In vitro experiments with NIH3T3 cells, TGF-β1 only induced HSP47 gene expression. There was a significant difference of HSP47 gene expression between PMF KO and PMF WT. Administration of siRNA targeting HSP47 remarkably reduced collagen deposition in colonic tissue of IL-10KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that HSP47 plays an essential role in intestinal fibrosis of IL-10KO mice, and may be a potential target for intestinal fibrosis associated with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kitamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Ma Y, Semba S, Maemoto A, Takeuchi M, Kameshita I, Ishida A, Kato S, Katoh T, Liu Y, Taniguchi T. Oxazolone-induced over-expression of focal adhesion kinase in colonic epithelial cells of colitis mouse model. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:3949-54. [PMID: 20682312 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We examined the change of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) expression levels in colonic epithelial cells isolated from mice in which colitis was induced by oxazolone administration, using the monoclonal antibody YK34, which cross-reacts with a wide variety of PTKs. We identified focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and found the expression level increased due to the induction of colitis. Furthermore, we found that there was a positive correlation between FAK expression and the severity of colitis. Also, FAK expression localized in the colonic epithelium but not in the lamina propria, implying FAK functions in epithelial cells during colitis formation and/or wound repairing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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Park MS, Kim YH, Lee JW. FAK mediates signal crosstalk between type II collagen and TGF-beta 1 cascades in chondrocytic cells. Matrix Biol 2010; 29:135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 10/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Deng B, Yang X, Liu J, He F, Zhu Z, Zhang C. Focal adhesion kinase mediates TGF-β1-induced renal tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in vitro. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 340:21-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Effects and mechanism of irbesartan on tubulointerstitial fibrosis in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 30:48-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-010-0109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Hao HF, Naomoto Y, Bao XH, Watanabe N, Sakurama K, Noma K, Tomono Y, Fukazawa T, Shirakawa Y, Yamatsuji T, Matsuoka J, Takaoka M. Progress in researches about focal adhesion kinase in gastrointestinal tract. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:5916-23. [PMID: 20014455 PMCID: PMC2795178 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.5916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a 125-kDa non-receptor protein tyrosine. Growth factors or the clustering of integrins facilitate the rapid phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr-397 and this in turn recruits Src-family protein tyrosine kinases, resulting in the phosphorylation of Tyr-576 and Tyr-577 in the FAK activation loop and full catalytic FAK activation. FAK plays a critical role in the biological processes of normal and cancer cells including the gastrointestinal tract. FAK also plays an important role in the restitution, cell survival and apoptosis and carcinogenesis of the gastrointestinal tract. FAK is over-expressed in cancer cells and its over-expression and elevated activities are associated with motility and invasion of cancer cells. FAK has been proposed as a potential target in cancer therapy. Small molecule inhibitors effectively inhibit the kinase activity of FAK and show a potent inhibitory effect for the proliferation and migration of tumor cells, indicating a high potential for application in cancer therapy.
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Iolascon A, De Falco L, Borgese F, Esposito MR, Avvisati RA, Izzo P, Piscopo C, Guizouarn H, Biondani A, Pantaleo A, De Franceschi L. A novel erythroid anion exchange variant (Gly796Arg) of hereditary stomatocytosis associated with dyserythropoiesis. Haematologica 2009; 94:1049-59. [PMID: 19644137 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2008.002873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stomatocytoses are a group of inherited autosomal dominant hemolytic anemias and include overhydrated hereditary stomatocytosis, dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis, hereditary cryohydrocytosis and familial pseudohyperkalemia. DESIGN AND METHODS We report a novel variant of hereditary stomatocytosis due to a de novo band 3 mutation (p. G796R-band3 CEINGE) associated with a dyserythropoietic phenotype. Band 3 genomic analysis, measurement at of hematologic parameters and red cell indices and morphological analysis of bone marrow were carried out. We then evaluated the red cell membrane permeability and ion transport systems by functional studies of the patient's erythrocytes and Xenopus oocytes transfected with mutated band 3. We analyzed the red cell membrane tyrosine phosphorylation profile and the membrane association of the tyrosine kinases Syk and Lyn from the Src-family-kinase group, since the activity of the membrane cation transport pathways is related to cyclic phosphorylation-dephosphorylation events. RESULTS The patient showed mild hemolytic anemia with circulating stomatocytes together with signs of dyserythropoiesis. Her red cells displayed increased Na(+) content with decreased K(+)content and abnormal membrane cation transport activities. Functional characterization of band 3 CEINGE in Xenopus oocytes showed that the mutated band 3 is converted from being an anion exchanger (Cl(-), HCO(3)(-)) to being a cation pathway for Na(+) and K(+). Increased tyrosine phosphorylation of some red cell membrane proteins was observed in diseased erythrocytes. Syk and Lyn membrane association was increased in the patient's red cells compared to in normal controls, indicating perturbation of phospho-signaling pathways involved in cell volume regulation events. CONCLUSIONS Band 3 CEINGE alters function from that of anion exchange to cation transport, affects the membrane tyrosine phosphorylation profile, in particular of band 3 and stomatin, and its presence during red cell development likely contributes to dyserythropiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Iolascon
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Van Landeghem L, Mahé MM, Teusan R, Léger J, Guisle I, Houlgatte R, Neunlist M. Regulation of intestinal epithelial cells transcriptome by enteric glial cells: impact on intestinal epithelial barrier functions. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:507. [PMID: 19883504 PMCID: PMC2778665 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidences suggest that enteric glial cells (EGC), a major constituent of the enteric nervous system (ENS), are key regulators of intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) functions. Indeed EGC inhibit intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) proliferation and increase IEB paracellular permeability. However, the role of EGC on other important barrier functions and the signalling pathways involved in their effects are currently unknown. To achieve this goal, we aimed at identifying the impact of EGC upon IEC transcriptome by performing microarray studies. RESULTS EGC induced significant changes in gene expression profiling of proliferating IEC after 24 hours of co-culture. 116 genes were identified as differentially expressed (70 up-regulated and 46 down-regulated) in IEC cultured with EGC compared to IEC cultured alone. By performing functional analysis of the 116 identified genes using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, we showed that EGC induced a significant regulation of genes favoring both cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion as well as cell differentiation. Consistently, functional studies showed that EGC induced a significant increase in cell adhesion. EGC also regulated genes involved in cell motility towards an enhancement of cell motility. In addition, EGC profoundly modulated expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and cell survival, although no clear functional trend could be identified. Finally, important genes involved in lipid and protein metabolism of epithelial cells were shown to be differentially regulated by EGC. CONCLUSION This study reinforces the emerging concept that EGC have major protective effects upon the IEB. EGC have a profound impact upon IEC transcriptome and induce a shift in IEC phenotype towards increased cell adhesion and cell differentiation. This concept needs to be further validated under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Ogias D, de Andrade Sá ER, Alvares EP, Gama P. Opposite effects of fasting on TGF-beta3 and TbetaRI distribution in the gastric mucosa of suckling and early weanling rats. Nutrition 2009; 26:224-9. [PMID: 19524404 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to evaluate the effects of a dietary regimen (suckling or early weaning) and feeding status (fed or fasted) on the distribution of transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-beta3) and TGF receptor-I (TbetaRI) in the gastric epithelium of pups. METHODS Wistar rats were used. At 15 d, half of the pups were separated from dams and fed with hydrated powered chow. On day 17, suckling and early weanling rats were subjected to fasting (17h). Four different conditions were established: suckling fed and fasted and early weanling fed and fasted. At 18 d stomachs were collected under anesthesia and were fixed in 4% formaldehyde for immunohistochemistry. The number of immunostained epithelial cells per microscopic field was determined for TGF-beta3 and TbetaRI in longitudinal sections from the gastric mucosa. RESULTS We found that during suckling, fasting reduced the number of immunolabeled cells per field of both molecules when compared with the fed group (P<0.05), whereas in early weaning, food restriction increased TGF-beta3 and TbetaRI distributions (P<0.05). We also observed that TGF-beta3 and TbetaRI were more concentrated in parietal cells in the upper gland in suckling pups, whereas after early weaning these were displaced to parietal and chief cells at the bottom of the gland. CONCLUSION Suckling and early weaning directly influence TGF-beta3 and TbetaRI distributions in the gastric epithelium in response to fasting, such that early weaning anticipates the effects observed in adult rats. Furthermore, the differential concentrations of TGF-beta3 and TbetaRI indicate that they might be important for cell proliferation events in growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ogias
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Suer S, Ampasala D, Walsh MF, Basson MD. Role of ERK/mTOR signaling in TGFbeta-modulated focal adhesion kinase mRNA stability and protein synthesis in cultured rat IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 336:213-23. [PMID: 19340459 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence is available showing the importance of the FAK (focal adhesion kinase) protein level in the migration and homeostasis of intestinal cells. TGFbeta (transforming growth factor beta) modulates FAK protein expression in a complex fashion not only by inducing the activation of p38 and Smad signaling resulting in increased fak promoter activity and increased FAK protein levels, but also by activating ERK (extracellular signal regulated kinases), p38, and the Smad pathway. We show that the blockade of ERK signaling by a specific MEK (MAPK kinase) inhibitor attenuates TGFbeta-induced FAK mRNA stability and reduces FAK protein levels in rat IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells. The mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin)-specific inhibitor rapamycin and small interfering RNAs for mTOR and p70(S6) kinase also block TGFbeta-induced FAK protein synthesis. Furthermore, we have found that a TGFbeta-induced increase in wound closures in monolayers of these cells is abolished in the presence ERK or mTOR inhibition. Thus, TGFbeta also modulates FAK protein levels in cultured rat IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells via ERK activation, acting at the transcriptional level to complement Smad signaling and at on the translational level via the mTOR pathway downstream of ERK, which in turn promotes intestinal epithelial cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Suer
- Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48912, USA
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TGF-beta1 modulates focal adhesion kinase expression in rat intestinal epithelial IEC-6 cells via stimulatory and inhibitory Smad binding elements. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2008; 1789:88-98. [PMID: 19059368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
TGF-beta and FAK modulate cell migration, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, and TGF-beta promotes FAK transcription in intestinal epithelial cells via Smad-dependent and independent pathways. We utilized a 1320 bp FAK promoter-luciferase construct to characterize basal and TGF-beta-mediated FAK gene transcription in IEC-6 cells. Inhibiting JNK or Akt negated TGF-beta-stimulated promoter activity; ERK inhibition did not block the TGF-beta effect but increased basal activity. Co-transfection with Co-Smad4 enhanced the TGF-beta response while the inhibitory Smad7 abolished it. Serial deletions sequentially removing the four Smad binding elements (SBE) in the 5' untranslated region of the promoter revealed that the two most distal SBE's are positive regulators while SBE3 exerts a negative influence. Mutational deletion of two upstream p53 sites enhanced basal but did not affect TGF-beta-stimulated increases in promoter activity. TGF-beta increased DNA binding of Smad4, phospho-Smad2/3 and Runx1/AML1a to the most distal 435 bp containing 3 SBE and 2 AML1a sites by ChIP assay. However, although point mutation of SBE1 ablated the TGF-beta-mediated rise in SV40-promoter activity, mutation of AML1a sites did not. TGF-beta regulation of FAK transcription reflects a complex interplay between positive and negative non-Smad signals and SBE's, the last independent of p53 or AML1a.
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TGFbeta1 antagonistic peptides inhibit TGFbeta1-dependent angiogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:813-25. [PMID: 19041849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) in tumor promotion and in angiogenesis is context-dependent. While TGFbeta prevents tumor growth and angiogenesis in early phases of tumor development, evidence is accumulating about its pro-angiogenic and tumor promotion activities in late-stages of tumor progression. Here we have studied, in an experimental context previously reported to disclose the pro-angiogenic effects of TGFbeta, the blocking activity of TGFbeta antagonist peptides. In agreement with previous results, we have observed that TGFbeta exerts a powerful pro-angiogenic activity on human normal dermal microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC), by promoting invasion and capillary morphogenesis in Matrigel. No apoptotic activity of TGFbeta was observed. By RT-PCR we have shown that TGFbeta up-regulates expression not only of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), but also of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), whose inhibition by specific antibodies blunted the TGFbeta angiogenic response in vitro. The SMAD2/3 and FAK signaling pathways were activated by TGFbeta in MVEC, as an early and late response, respectively. The use of two different TGFbeta1 antagonist peptides, derived from TGFbeta type III receptor sequence and 15-mer phage display technology, inhibited the signaling and pro-angiogenic response in vitro, as well as uPAR and PAI-1 up-regulation of MVEC following TGFbeta challenge. The anti-angiogenic properties of both inhibitors were evident also in the in vivo TGFbeta Matrigel Sponge Assay. These results may be relevant to develop a potentially fruitful strategy for the therapy of late-stage-associated tumor angiogenesis.
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