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Ochiai Y, Takahashi M, Matsuo T, Sasaki T, Sato Y, Fukasawa K, Araki T, Otsuka Y. Characteristics of long working hours and subsequent psychological and physical responses: JNIOSH cohort study. Occup Environ Med 2023; 80:304-311. [PMID: 37116959 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2022-108672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the prospective association among objectively measured average working hours (AWHs), frequency of long working hours (FLWHs; defined as ≥205 working hours/month (≥45 hours/week)) for 6 months, and workers' self-reported psychological and physical health. METHODS The study included 15 143 workers from 5 Japanese companies. We collected monthly attendance records over 6 months before distributing a questionnaire survey on psychological/physical stress responses and work-related demographics. We then evaluated the associations of those attendance records with psychological/physical measures using analysis of covariance adjusted for sex, age, employment, job type, working conditions, work site and experience of emergency state due to COVID-19. RESULTS Irritability, anxiety and depression were significantly greater at ≥180 hours (≥45 hours/week), and fatigue and lack of vigour were greater at ≥205 hours than those of the normal working-hour group (140-180 hours/month [35-45 hours/week]). Psychological indices increased significantly with FLWH, with ≥3 times for irritability, depression and fatigue; ≥2 times for lack of vigour; and ≥1 time for anxiety when compared with no long working hours. No significant associations were observed between AWH or FLWH and physical stress responses. CONCLUSIONS Longer AWH was associated with higher levels of psychological stress responses. The effects of FLWH in the past 6 months varied among the psychological stress responses and did not occur for physical complaints. Under circumstances requiring long hours, workers' mental health should be protected through minimising the frequency of long work hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ochiai
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masaya Takahashi
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsuo
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukasawa
- Advantage Risk Management Co Ltd, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Araki
- Advantage Risk Management Co Ltd, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Otsuka
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Ozawa M, Anzai T, Yamauchi T, Takahashi K. Do changes in working hours increase stress in Japanese white-collar workers? Front Public Health 2023; 11:1076024. [PMID: 36817909 PMCID: PMC9928859 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1076024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction High stress at work is associated with negative health outcomes for workers, making stress prevention a critical challenge. Overtime work is an influential stress factor. This study, therefore, aimed to longitudinally evaluate how stress increased depending on changes in working hours among Japanese white-collar workers. Methods We targeted 3,874 participants who were full-time workers and were recognized as having low stress in a web-based cohort in 2018 (T1) and 2019 (T2). We performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression with the following variables: years of experience, years of education, medical background, income, and roommates. Results We observed a greater increase in stress among female who worked 41-50 h per week at T1 and more than 50 hours per week at T2, and those who worked more than 50 h per week at T1 and 35-40/41-50 h per week at T2, compared to those who worked 41-50 h per week both at T1 and T2, with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of OR = 2.09, 95% CI (1.18, 3,70); OR =1.86, 95% CI (1.14, 3.03), respectively. However, no association between change in working hours and stress was found among male. Discussion These results show that reducing stress requires decreasing working hours as well as identifying factors that lead to high stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ozawa
- School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Anzai
- Department of Biostatistics, M&D Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamauchi
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Takahashi
- Department of Biostatistics, M&D Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Kurian RM, Thomas S. Importance of positive emotions in software developers’ performance: a narrative review. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2022.2134483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riba Maria Kurian
- Department of Psychology, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shinto Thomas
- Department of Psychology, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Raju A, Nithiya DR, Tipandjan A. Relationship between burnout, effort-reward imbalance, and insomnia among Informational Technology professionals. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2022; 11:296. [PMID: 36439009 PMCID: PMC9683435 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1809_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Work in informational technology (IT) professionals is highly competitive and stressful, leading to job stress. This can lead to burnout, effort-reward imbalance (ERI), and poor sleep quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study examined associations of ERI, burnout, and poor sleep quality among IT professionals using data from 200 software engineers (mean age of 29.3 ± 4 years, 32% women). ERI and overcommitment were assessed using Siegrist's "effort-reward" questionnaire. The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) was used to assess burnout and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to assess sleep quality. RESULTS ERI, burnout and poor sleep quality were present in 72%, 60%, and 70%, respectively. Females had higher ERI, burnout, and poor sleep quality compared to males. ERI is significantly associated with burnout (r = 0.45, P < 0.01) and poor sleep quality (r = 0.31, P < 0.01). Linear regression to assess the ability of ERI to predict levels of burnout yielded a statistically significant (R 2 = 0.206, P < 0.01) indicating ERI to be a unique incremental predictor of burnout (b = 0.454, t = 7.16, P < 0.01). ERI tends to be a predictive factor of poor sleep quality with Odd's ratio = 3.5, 95%CI (1.81-6.73), P < 0.01. CONCLUSION In summary, Intervention programs both at the individual and at the organization level have to be designed to combat ERI, burnout, and poor sleep quality among IT professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Raju
- Department of Physiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Puducherry, India
| | - Devi R. Nithiya
- Department of Physiology, Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India
| | - Arun Tipandjan
- Psychologist, International Center for Psychological Counselling and Social Research, Puducherry, India
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Qiu D, Li Y, Li R, He J, Ouyang F, Luo D, Xiao S. Long working hours, work-related stressors and sleep disturbances among Chinese government employees: A large population-based follow-up study. Sleep Med 2022; 96:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang RS, Huang SH, Sun CA, Lin IL, Wang BL, Huang YC, Chien WC. Atrial Fibrillation's Influence on Short Sleep Duration Increases the Risk of Fatness in Management Executives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095438. [PMID: 35564833 PMCID: PMC9103176 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study explored whether atrial fibrillation (AF)’s influence on short sleep duration (SD) increases the subsequent risk of fatness in management executives. This study included 25,953 healthy individuals working as management executives with ages ranging from 35 to 65 years (19,100 men and 6853 women) who participated in a qualifying physical filter program from 2006 to 2017 in Taiwan. Men and women who slept < 4 h had a 4.35-fold and 5.26-fold higher risk of developing AF than those who slept 7−8 h normally. Men and women who slept < 4 h had a 6.44-fold and 9.62-fold higher risk of fatness than those who slept 7−8 h. Men and women with AF had a 4.52-fold and 6.25-fold higher risk of fatness than those without AF. It showed that AF induced by short SD increases the risk of fatness. A short SD can predict an increased risk of fatness among management executives in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Wang
- Program of Data Analytics and Business Computing, Stern School of Business, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA;
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Hao Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei 10608, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Chien-An Sun
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan;
- Big Data Center, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan
| | - I-Long Lin
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Tatung University, Taipei 104327, Taiwan;
| | - Bing-Long Wang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (B.-L.W.); (Y.-C.H.); (W.-C.C.)
| | - Yao-Ching Huang
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (B.-L.W.); (Y.-C.H.); (W.-C.C.)
| | - Wu-Chien Chien
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Taiwanese Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Association, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (B.-L.W.); (Y.-C.H.); (W.-C.C.)
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Dugan AG, Decker RE, Zhang Y, Lombardi CM, Garza JL, Laguerre RA, Suleiman AO, Namazi S, Cavallari JM. Precarious Work Schedules and Sleep: A Study of Unionized Full-Time Workers. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SCIENCE 2022; 6:247-277. [PMID: 35372671 PMCID: PMC8962924 DOI: 10.1007/s41542-022-00114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Unlike precarious employment which is temporary and insecure, with inadequate pay, benefits, and legal protections, precarious work schedules can affect workers with permanent full-time jobs in sectors where employment has historically been secure, well-compensated, and even unionized. Precarious work schedules - characterized by long shifts, non-daytime hours, intensity and unsocial work hours - are increasingly prevalent. Relations between precarious work schedules and poor health are not well understood, and less is known about how to attenuate this relation. We examined the indirect effects of precarious work schedules on fatigue and depressive symptoms through sleep quantity. Two moderators - schedule flexibility and sleep quality - were examined as buffers of these associations. Workers from the Departments of Correction and Transportation in a northeast state (N = 222) took surveys and reported on demographics, work schedule characteristics, schedule flexibility, sleep quality and quantity, fatigue, and depressive symptoms. Results revealed that precarious work schedules had indirect effects on fatigue and depressive symptoms through sleep quantity. Schedule flexibility moderated the relation between precarious work schedules and sleep quantity, such that workers with greater schedule flexibility had more hours of sleep. Sleep quality moderated the association between sleep quantity and fatigue and depressive symptoms, such that workers reported greater fatigue and depressive symptoms when they had poorer sleep quality. Findings have direct applicability for developing initiatives that enhance Total Worker Health® through individual and organizational changes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41542-022-00114-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia G Dugan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Ragan E Decker
- Society for Human Resource Management, 1800 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314 USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Solomont School of Nursing, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 113 Wilder Street, Lowell, MA 01854-5126 USA
| | - Caitlin M Lombardi
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, 348 Mansfield Road, Unit 1058, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
| | - Jennifer L Garza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Rick A Laguerre
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
| | - Adekemi O Suleiman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 195 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - Sara Namazi
- Department of Health Sciences, Springfield College, 468 Alden St, Springfield, MA 01109 USA
| | - Jennifer M Cavallari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030 USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 195 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
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Health problems associated with single, multiple, and the frequency of months of objectively measured long working hours: a cohort study by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 95:685-699. [PMID: 34669025 PMCID: PMC8938362 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to examine the prospective associations of monthly working hours measured in a month, the 6-month averaged hours, and the frequency of long working hours (≥ 205 h/month) during the past 6 months with health indicators. Methods This study included 6,806 Japanese company workers (response rate = 86.6%). Data on the workers’ monthly attendance during the second half of fiscal year 2016 and annual health checkups in fiscal years 2016 and 2017 were collected. We evaluated the association of the above three types of monthly working hours with subsequent health checkup data in fiscal year 2017. We adjusted for the corresponding data in fiscal year 2016. Results Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed significant associations between monthly working hours and workers’ systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and triglyceride levels. However, the associations were not consistent between months. The average monthly working hours were significantly associated with higher LDL levels for the 220–240 h/mo group (OR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.07–2.08) and lower triglyceride levels for the < 140 h/mo group (OR: 0.15, 95%CI: 0.03–0.77), compared to the 140–180 h/mo group. The frequency of long working hours was significantly associated with higher LDL levels. Conclusions Working hours over several months produced various associations with health indicators compared to those measured in a single month. Our present data suggest that the effects of average or frequency of long working hours during the past 6 months are likely to appear in LDL levels.
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Lalloo D, Lewsey J, Katikireddi SV, Macdonald EB, Demou E. Health, lifestyle and occupational risks in Information Technology workers. Occup Med (Lond) 2021; 71:68-74. [PMID: 33515462 PMCID: PMC8034523 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Information technology (IT) and the IT workforce are rapidly expanding with potential occupational health implications. But to date, IT worker health is under-studied and large-scale studies are lacking. Aims To investigate health, lifestyle and occupational risk factors of IT workers. Methods We evaluated self-reported health, lifestyle and occupational risk factors for IT workers in the UK Biobank database. Using logistic regression, we investigated differences between IT workers and all other employed participants. Regression models were repeated for IT worker subgroups (managers, professionals, technicians) and their respective counterparts within the same Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) major group (functional managers, science and technology professionals, science and technology associate professionals). Results Overall, 10 931 (4%) employed participants were IT workers. Compared to all other employed participants, IT workers reported similar overall health, but lower lifestyle risk factors for smoking and obesity. Sedentary work was a substantially higher occupational exposure risk for IT workers compared to all other employed participants (odds ratio [OR] = 5.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.91–5.39) and their specific SOC group counterparts (managers: OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.68–1.99, professionals: OR = 7.18, 95% CI: 6.58–7.82, technicians: OR = 4.48, 95% CI: 3.87–5.17). IT workers were also more likely to engage in computer screen-time outside work than all other employed participants (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.35–1.51). Conclusions Improved understanding of health, lifestyle and occupational risk factors from this, the largest to date study of IT worker health, can help inform workplace interventions to mitigate risk, improve health and increase the work participation of this increasingly important and rapidly growing occupational group.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lalloo
- Healthy Working Lives Group, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Lewsey
- Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - S V Katikireddi
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - E B Macdonald
- Healthy Working Lives Group, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - E Demou
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Liu X, Wang C, Wang J, Ji Y, Li S. Effect of long working hours and insomnia on depressive symptoms among employees of Chinese internet companies. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1408. [PMID: 34271904 PMCID: PMC8283851 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In China, long working hours and insomnia are relatively common among internet company employees. Considering that both can affect mental health, we examined their independent and interaction effects on these employees' depressive symptoms (DS). METHODS We analyzed data from the 2016 occupational health questionnaire survey conducted in 35 large-, medium-, and small-scale internet companies. Overall, 3589 full-time employees were recruited to evaluate the association among working hours, insomnia, and DS. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess DS. The association of DS (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) with working hours (≤40, 41-50, 51-60, and > 60 h/week), insomnia (with or without), and interaction of both was estimated using multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Compared with the group working for ≤40 h/week, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for DS among participants who worked for 41-50 h/week, 51-60 h/week, and > 60 h/week were 1.32 (1.11-1.56), 1.74 (1.35-2.24), and 2.54 (1.90-3.39), respectively. The ORs for DS among those with insomnia were 2.36 (2.04-2.74) after adjusting for general characteristics. The ORs for DS related to insomnia were similar [1.91 (1.46-2.50), 2.00 (1.61-2.50), respectively] in the participants who worked for < 50 h/week. However, among participants working for 51-60 h or > 60 h/week, the adjusted ORs for DS substantially increased to 4.62 (2.90-7.37) and 5.60 (3.36-9.33), respectively. Moreover, among the participants with insomnia, working overtime showed a greater association with DS. CONCLUSIONS We showed that long working hours and insomnia are independent factors associated with the prevalence of DS; furthermore, an interaction effect of long working hours and insomnia on DS was observed. For relieving DS in internet company employees, it is important to reduce insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Liu
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China, 100050
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Science and Technology & Vaccine Research Center, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China, 100191
| | - Jin Wang
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China, 100050
| | - Yuqing Ji
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China, 100050
| | - Shuang Li
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, P.R. China, 100050.
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Beside and Behind the Wheel: Factors that Influence Driving Stress and Driving Behavior. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13094775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A large percentage of traffic accidents are due to human errors. Driving behavior and driving stress influence the probability of making these mistakes. Both are influenced by multiple factors, among which might be elements such as age, gender, sleeping hours, or working hours. The objective of this paper is to study, in a real scenario and without forcing the driver’s state, the relationship between driving behavior, driving stress, and these elements. Furthermore, we aim to provide guidelines to improve driving assistants. In this study, we used 1050 driving samples obtained from 35 volunteers. The driving samples correspond to regular commutes from home to the workplace. ANOVA and ANCOVA tests were carried out to check if there are significant differences in the four factors analyzed. Although the results show that driving behavior and driving stress are affected by gender, age, and sleeping hours, the most critical variable is working hours. Drivers with long working days suffer significantly more driving stress compared to other drivers, with the corresponding effect on their driving style. These drivers were the worst at maintaining the safety distance.
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Perfectionist? You Don’t Need to Sleep: An interplay of Daytime Sleepiness and Task Performance. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-020-00362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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OCHIAI Y, TAKAHASHI M, MATSUO T, SASAKI T, FUKASAWA K, ARAKI T, TSUCHIYA M, OTSUKA Y. Objective and subjective working hours and their roles on workers' health among Japanese employees. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2020; 58:265-275. [PMID: 31685757 PMCID: PMC7286714 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2019-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the correlation between objective and subjective working hours (OWH and SWH, respectively) and their relation to the workers' health. The study included 6,806 workers of a Japanese company (response rate=86.6%). OWH were collected as the monthly data during fiscal year 2017 from the company record. SWH were self-reported as the weekly data during the past month in November 2017. Both OWH and SWH corresponded to the same period of one month (October 2017). Additionally, the data for the annual health checkup in fiscal year 2017 and self-reported mental health in November 2017 were collected. The results indicated that the longer OWH was related to more underestimation of SWH. The analyses of covariance adjusted for the selected variables showed that irrespective of OWH or SWH, significant relationships were found for stress responses but not for body mass index, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or triglyceride. However, significant relationships with only OWH were noted for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and positive work-related state of mind. The present findings show that SWH should be used carefully when assessing the health effects of long working hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko OCHIAI
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health,
Japan
| | | | - Tomoaki MATSUO
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health,
Japan
| | - Takeshi SASAKI
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health,
Japan
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Hino A, Inoue A, Mafune K, Hiro H. The effect of changes in overtime work hours on depressive symptoms among Japanese white-collar workers: A 2-year follow-up study. J Occup Health 2019; 61:320-327. [PMID: 31041854 PMCID: PMC6620753 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of changes in overtime work hours on depressive symptoms among Japanese white-collar workers. METHODS Participant data were collected from a company's annual mental health survey in June 2013 and June 2014. The participants comprised 922 workers who responded to the survey in both the years and had records of monthly working hours in the past 2 years. We obtained information on monthly working hours from personnel records from June 2012 to May 2014. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire. Changes in overtime work hours were measured by creating a five-category variable for each monthly average of overtime work hours in the past year: (a) stable short, (b) decreased, (c) stable medium, (d) increased, and (e) stable long groups. Analysis of covariance was conducted to estimate the degree of depressive symptoms of each group for changes in overtime work hours. RESULTS Significant differences among the groups were observed (F = 3.67, P = 0.006). In the Bonferroni multiple comparison test, significantly lower depressive symptoms were observed in the decreased group (point estimate = 9.56) compared to the stable short (10.76), stable medium (10.71), and increased groups (10.99). There was no significant difference between the decreased group and the stable long group (10.98). CONCLUSIONS A decrease in overtime work hours may prevent the deterioration of mental health. This knowledge could support the necessity of mental health measures through decreasing overtime work hours proposed by national policy in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Hino
- Department of Mental Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Akiomi Inoue
- Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kosuke Mafune
- Department of Mental Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hisanori Hiro
- Department of Mental Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Matsubara E, Ohira T. Inhalation of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) wood odor causes psychological relaxation after monotonous work among female participants. Biomed Res 2018; 39:241-249. [PMID: 30333431 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.39.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils have potential to mitigate stress symptoms and treat symptoms related to mental health. Few studies have investigated the effects of wood-derived aromatics on endocrinological and psychological responses in an actual space. In this study, we evaluated the effects of essential oil derived from Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) wood on the recovery state of female participants after they performed monotonous work. We determined the levels of salivary stress markers to describe the endocrinological responses. And we also used questionnaires to assess the perception of the odor of experimental rooms and psychological states. We found that olfactory stimulation with the volatile compounds of essential oil derived from Japanese cedar wood modulates mood states, and may transiently decrease sympathetic nervous activity. We suggest that olfactory stimulation with the volatile compounds of essential oil derived from Japanese cedar wood could be useful for maintaining mental health among women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatsuro Ohira
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
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16
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Nakata A. Long working hours, job satisfaction, and depressive symptoms: a community-based cross-sectional study among Japanese employees in small- and medium-scale businesses. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53041-53052. [PMID: 28881792 PMCID: PMC5581091 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although long working hours have been suspected to be a risk factor for depressive symptoms (DS), it is not well understood the conditions under which long working hours are associated with it. This study investigated the moderating effect of job satisfaction on the relationship between working hours and DS. A total of 2,375 full-time non-shift day workers (73% men), aged 18-79 (mean 45) years, in 296 small- and medium-scale businesses were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire evaluating working hours, job satisfaction, DS and covariates. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D) was used to assess DS. Risk of DS (CES-D ≥ 16) by working hours, job satisfaction, and both combined was estimated by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Compared to participants working 6-8 hrs/day, those working 12+ hrs/day had significantly higher odds of DS (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.49), while participants with low satisfaction, as opposed to high satisfaction, had increased odds of DS (aOR 1.81). Furthermore, compared to those working 6-8 hrs/day with high satisfaction (reference group), participants working 6-8 hrs/day, > 8 to 10 hrs/day, and > 10 hrs/day combined with low satisfaction had dose-response increase of DS (aOR 1.48, 2.21 and 2.31, respectively, p < 0.05), whereas those working > 8 to 10 hrs/day and > 10 hrs/day combined with high satisfaction had not (aOR 0.93 and 1.39, respectively, p > 0.10). The results suggest that long working hours are associated with increased risk of DS only under reduced job satisfaction condition, which highlights the importance of improving job satisfaction, particularly among those working excessive hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Nakata
- School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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17
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Herr RM, Li J, Loerbroks A, Angerer P, Siegrist J, Fischer JE. Effects and mediators of psychosocial work characteristics on somatic symptoms six years later: Prospective findings from the Mannheim Industrial Cohort Studies (MICS). J Psychosom Res 2017; 98:27-33. [PMID: 28554369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ample evidence documented the adverse health effects of work stressors, and recent research has increasingly focused on somatic symptoms which are very common and costly. Prospective evidence is however sparse and yielded mixed findings. Furthermore, there is reason to assume that depression and anxiety might mediate the effects of adverse psychosocial work conditions on somatic symptoms. This study aimed to investigate longitudinal effects of work stressors on somatic symptoms and the potential mediation by anxiety and/or depression. METHODS Six year follow-up data from 352 individuals - free of potentially stress-related chronic disease - were utilized. Somatic symptoms were assessed by 19 items of an established list of complaints at baseline and follow-up. The effort-reward-imbalance (ERI) model measured adverse psychosocial work conditions and over-commitment (OC). Linear regressions adjusted for socio-demographics, social status, lifestyle, and baseline symptoms estimated the effects of the ERI ratio, effort, reward, OC, and the ERI ratio×OC interaction on somatic symptoms six years later. Furthermore, single and multiple mediation by anxiety and/or depression was investigated. RESULTS There was a strong longitudinal effect of the ERI ratio, as well as of its subcomponents, and OC on somatic symptoms (all Bs≥|0.49|; p-values ≤0.004). Moreover, the ERI ratio×OC interaction was significant (p-value=0.047). Multiple mediation analyses revealed especially anxiety to mediate the effect of work stressors on somatic symptoms (Sobel test=0.007). CONCLUSION Adverse psychosocial work conditions seem to longitudinally affect somatic symptoms, potentially moderated by OC, and mediated by anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Herr
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Adrian Loerbroks
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Peter Angerer
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Johannes Siegrist
- Senior Professorships on Work Stress Research, Life Science Center, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Joachim E Fischer
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany.
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18
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Parkes KR. Work environment, overtime and sleep among offshore personnel. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 99:383-388. [PMID: 26654911 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Personnel working on North Sea oil/gas installations are exposed to remote and potentially hazardous environments, and to extended work schedules (typically, 14×12h shifts). Moreover, overtime (additional to the standard 84-h week) is not uncommon among offshore personnel. Evidence from onshore research suggests that long work hours and adverse environmental characteristics are associated with sleep impairments, and consequently with health and safety risks, including accidents and injuries. However, little is known about the extent to which long hours and a demanding work environment combine synergistically in relation to sleep. The present study sought to address this issue, using survey data collected from offshore day-shift personnel (N=551). The multivariate analysis examined the additive and interactive effects of overtime and measures of the psychosocial/physical work environment (job demands, job control, supervisor support, and physical stressors) as predictors of sleep outcomes during offshore work weeks. Control variables, including age and sleep during leave weeks, were also included in the analysis model. Sleep duration and quality were significantly impaired among those who worked overtime (54% of the participants) relative to those who worked only 12-h shifts. A linear relationship was found between long overtime hours and short sleep duration; personnel who worked >33h/week overtime reported <6h/day sleep. Significant interactions were also found; sleep duration was negatively related to job demands, and positively related to supervisor support, only among personnel who worked overtime. Poor sleep quality was predicted by the additive effects of overtime, low support and an adverse physical environment. These findings highlight the need to further examine the potential health and safety consequences of impaired sleep associated with high overtime rates offshore, and to identify the extent to which adverse effects of overtime can be mitigated by favourable physical and psychosocial work environment characteristics.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Job environments have been fundamentally changed by globalization and modern technological innovation. Qualitative workload is expected to increase more than quantitative workload through this rapid technological innovation. Especially, in developed countries, qualitative workload is expected to become a primary job-related stress factor in the near future. Therefore, it is essential to clarify the characteristics of qualitative workload and to determine how to cope with it effectively. OBJECTIVES Since job stress level and ego aptitude are correlated and qualitative overload increases stress, we examined qualitative overload and ego aptitude among male Japanese cutting-edge science researchers. METHODS The Brief Job Stress Questionnaire and the Tokyo University Ego-gram New Version II were distributed to all workers at two Japanese academic institutions. RESULTS Qualitative overload and adult ego aptitude, representing rationalism, were higher in male researchers than in the Japanese male general sample. In addition, adapted child aptitude, representing obedience, was lower in male researchers. Lack of supervisor support was positively associated with qualitative overload, and nurturing parent ego aptitude was negatively associated with it. CONCLUSIONS Male researchers had higher levels of qualitative overload. Increasing supervisor support is essential in decreasing this qualitative overload. Furthermore, enhancement of nurturing parent ego aptitude (i.e., careful consideration for others) is also important for qualitative overload management.
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The association of work stress with somatic symptoms in Chinese working women: a large cross-sectional survey. J Psychosom Res 2016; 89:7-10. [PMID: 27663103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been suggested that the relationship between work stress and somatic symptoms (e.g., cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal complaints, general pain, and fatigue) is particularly pronounced in women. As evidence from China is sparse, we used a large sample of Chinese working women to test those potential associations. METHODS Data were obtained from a cross-sectional study of 6826 working women in five urban areas in China who were free from major clinical disease. The sample was drawn from five occupations (physicians, nurses, school teachers, bank employees, and industrial workers). The Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire and Patient Health Questionnaire-15 were used to measure work stress and somatic symptoms, respectively. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression was performed to analyze the associations. RESULTS 52.6% participants reported high work stress in terms of concurrent high effort and low reward. The distribution of severity of somatic symptoms covered the full range from minimal (37.3%) and low (30.6%), to medium (19.7%) and high (12.4%). The adjusted odds ratio of somatic symptoms by high work stress was 2.45 (95% confidence interval=2.24-2.68), and all single psychosocial work factors (effort, reward, and over-commitment) exerted substantial effects on somatic symptoms (odds ratios>2.00). CONCLUSIONS Work stress is strongly associated with somatic symptoms in Chinese working women. Future longitudinal studies and intervention studies are needed to understand and improve women's psychosocial work environment and their psychosomatic health in China and elsewhere.
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21
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Associations of psychosocial working conditions and working time characteristics with somatic complaints in German resident physicians. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2015; 89:583-92. [PMID: 26542379 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-015-1096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Somatic complaints (SC) are highly prevalent in working populations and cause suffering and extensive health-care utilization. Adverse psychosocial working conditions as conceptualized in the Job Demand-Control-Support Model (JDC-S) and adverse working time characteristics (WTC) are potential risk factors. This combination is particularly common in hospital physicians. This study examines associations of JDC-S and WTC with SC in resident physicians from Germany. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 405 physicians at the end of residency training. SC were measured using the Giessen Subjective Complaints List (GBB-24) containing the sub-categories exhaustion, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and cardiovascular complaints. Data on working conditions were collected by a self-report method for work analysis in hospitals (TAA-KH-S) and by questions on WTC (i.e., working hours). Multivariable stepwise regression analyses were applied. RESULTS Workload showed the most pronounced relationship with all sub-categories of SC except gastrointestinal complaints. Job autonomy was not significantly related to any SC sub-category. Social support at work was inversely associated with all SC sub-categories except for cardiovascular complaints. Free weekends were associated with reduced SC except for exhaustion. Shift work was related to an increased SC total score and musculoskeletal complaints. Working hours showed no association with SC. CONCLUSION In resident physicians, high workload and shift work are associated with increased SC, while social support at work and free weekends are associated with decreased SC. These insights may inform the development of preventive measures to improve the health of this professional group. Prospective studies are needed though to corroborate our findings.
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22
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Kim BH, Lee HE. The association between working hours and sleep disturbances according to occupation and gender. Chronobiol Int 2015; 32:1109-14. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1064440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Bliwise DL, Buxton OM, Buysse D, Dinges DF, Gangwisch J, Grandner MA, Kushida C, Malhotra RK, Martin JL, Patel SR, Quan SF, Tasali E. Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion. J Clin Sleep Med 2015; 11:931-52. [PMID: 26235159 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.4950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society recently released a Consensus Statement regarding the recommended amount of sleep to promote optimal health in adults. This paper describes the methodology, background literature, voting process, and voting results for the consensus statement. In addition, we address important assumptions and challenges encountered during the consensus process. Finally, we outline future directions that will advance our understanding of sleep need and place sleep duration in the broader context of sleep health.
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24
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Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, Bliwise DL, Buxton OM, Buysse D, Dinges DF, Gangwisch J, Grandner MA, Kushida C, Malhotra RK, Martin JL, Patel SR, Quan SF, Tasali E. Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion. Sleep 2015; 38:1161-83. [PMID: 26194576 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society recently released a Consensus Statement regarding the recommended amount of sleep to promote optimal health in adults. This paper describes the methodology, background literature, voting process, and voting results for the consensus statement. In addition, we address important assumptions and challenges encountered during the consensus process. Finally, we outline future directions that will advance our understanding of sleep need and place sleep duration in the broader context of sleep health.
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25
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Virtanen M, Jokela M, Nyberg ST, Madsen IEH, Lallukka T, Ahola K, Alfredsson L, Batty GD, Bjorner JB, Borritz M, Burr H, Casini A, Clays E, De Bacquer D, Dragano N, Erbel R, Ferrie JE, Fransson EI, Hamer M, Heikkilä K, Jöckel KH, Kittel F, Knutsson A, Koskenvuo M, Ladwig KH, Lunau T, Nielsen ML, Nordin M, Oksanen T, Pejtersen JH, Pentti J, Rugulies R, Salo P, Schupp J, Siegrist J, Singh-Manoux A, Steptoe A, Suominen SB, Theorell T, Vahtera J, Wagner GG, Westerholm PJM, Westerlund H, Kivimäki M. Long working hours and alcohol use: systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data. BMJ 2015; 350:g7772. [PMID: 25587065 PMCID: PMC4293546 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g7772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the association between long working hours and alcohol use. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data. DATA SOURCES A systematic search of PubMed and Embase databases in April 2014 for published studies, supplemented with manual searches. Unpublished individual participant data were obtained from 27 additional studies. REVIEW METHODS The search strategy was designed to retrieve cross sectional and prospective studies of the association between long working hours and alcohol use. Summary estimates were obtained with random effects meta-analysis. Sources of heterogeneity were examined with meta-regression. RESULTS Cross sectional analysis was based on 61 studies representing 333,693 participants from 14 countries. Prospective analysis was based on 20 studies representing 100,602 participants from nine countries. The pooled maximum adjusted odds ratio for the association between long working hours and alcohol use was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.18) in the cross sectional analysis of published and unpublished data. Odds ratio of new onset risky alcohol use was 1.12 (1.04 to 1.20) in the analysis of prospective published and unpublished data. In the 18 studies with individual participant data it was possible to assess the European Union Working Time Directive, which recommends an upper limit of 48 hours a week. Odds ratios of new onset risky alcohol use for those working 49-54 hours and ≥ 55 hours a week were 1.13 (1.02 to 1.26; adjusted difference in incidence 0.8 percentage points) and 1.12 (1.01 to 1.25; adjusted difference in incidence 0.7 percentage points), respectively, compared with working standard 35-40 hours (incidence of new onset risky alcohol use 6.2%). There was no difference in these associations between men and women or by age or socioeconomic groups, geographical regions, sample type (population based v occupational cohort), prevalence of risky alcohol use in the cohort, or sample attrition rate. CONCLUSIONS Individuals whose working hours exceed standard recommendations are more likely to increase their alcohol use to levels that pose a health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Jokela
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Solja T Nyberg
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ida E H Madsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tea Lallukka
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Ahola
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Sweden
| | - G David Batty
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jakob B Bjorner
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Borritz
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Koge Hospital, Koge, Denmark
| | - Hermann Burr
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Berlin, Germany
| | - Annalisa Casini
- School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Clays
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk De Bacquer
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico Dragano
- Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Raimund Erbel
- Department of Cardiology, West-German Heart Center Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jane E Ferrie
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eleonor I Fransson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Mark Hamer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - France Kittel
- School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anders Knutsson
- Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Markku Koskenvuo
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- Helmholtz Zentrum München (German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)), 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lunau
- Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin L Nielsen
- Unit of Social Medicine, Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Nordin
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tuula Oksanen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan H Pejtersen
- Danish National Centre for Social Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jaana Pentti
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reiner Rugulies
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Public Health and Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paula Salo
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jürgen Schupp
- German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Siegrist
- Institute for Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Archana Singh-Manoux
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Villejuif, France
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sakari B Suominen
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Nordic School of Public Health, Gothenburg, Sweden Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Töres Theorell
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jussi Vahtera
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Gert G Wagner
- German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Hugo Westerlund
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
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Hino A, Inoue A, Kawakami N, Tsuno K, Tomioka K, Nakanishi M, Mafune K, Hiro H. Buffering effects of job resources on the association of overtime work hours with psychological distress in Japanese white-collar workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2014; 88:631-40. [PMID: 25283889 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-014-0990-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to investigate the buffering effects of job resources, utilizing the job demands-control (or demand-control-support) and effort-reward imbalance models (i.e., job control, workplace social support, and extrinsic reward), on the association of overtime work hours with psychological distress in Japanese employees. METHODS A total of 1,198 participants (valid response rate = 93.7 %) from five branches of a manufacturing company in Japan completed a self-administered questionnaire comprising the scales assessing job resources, psychological distress, and demographic characteristics. We obtained the information on working hours in the most recent month from the personnel records of the surveyed company. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. In a series of analyses, interaction term of overtime work hours with each job resource was included in the model. RESULTS Significant interaction effect of overtime work hours with job control was observed. Among the low job control group, the long overtime (80 h or more) subgroup had a significantly higher prevalence odds ratio of psychological distress compared to the short overtime (44 h or less) subgroup. No significant association of overtime work hours with psychological distress was found among the high job control group. On the other hand, there was no significant interaction effect of overtime work hours with workplace social support or extrinsic reward. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that high job control has an effect on reducing psychological distress in relation to overtime work hours in Japanese employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Hino
- Department of Mental Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan,
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27
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Lang C, Brand S, Feldmeth AK, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Pühse U, Gerber M. Increased self-reported and objectively assessed physical activity predict sleep quality among adolescents. Physiol Behav 2013; 120:46-53. [PMID: 23851332 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both scientists and the general public assume that physical activity (PA) is an effective, non-pharmacological approach to improvement in sleep quality. However, objective and reliable data on this relationship are scarce, particularly for adolescents. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to test the relationship by assessing both PA and sleep subjectively and objectively. A total of 56 adolescent vocational school students (Mean age=17.98, SD=1.36; 28 males, 28 females) participated in the study. Sleep and PA were subjectively assessed via questionnaires. Accelerometers objectively assessed PA, while sleep-EEG devices objectively assessed sleep. The data supported our prediction that adolescents with high PA levels would have longer TST, fewer wakening at night (WASO), fewer symptoms of insomnia, and higher sleep quality. However, gender influenced this pattern of results in that significant findings were only found between high self-reported PA levels and shorter perceived sleep onset latency (SOL). Though self-reported PA levels were a better predictor of good sleep than objectively assessed PA levels, gender was associated with sleep complaints; females reported more sleep complaints. Results indicate that among a non-clinical sample of adolescents increased PA is favorably associated with restoring sleep. Therefore, PA seems beneficial not only for physical and mental health, but also for sleep restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Lang
- Institute of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Kitamura H, Shindo M, Tachibana A, Honma H, Someya T. Personality and Resilience Associated with Perceived Fatigue of Local Government Employees Responding to Disasters. J Occup Health 2013. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.12-0095-br] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kitamura
- Department of PsychiatryNiigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesJapan
- Section of Disaster MedicineNiigata University Research Institute for Natural Hazards and Disaster RecoveryJapan
| | - Masanobu Shindo
- Department of PsychiatryNiigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesJapan
| | - Akira Tachibana
- Department of PsychiatryNiigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesJapan
| | - Hiroko Honma
- Niigata Institute for Traumatic Stress, Mental Health and Welfare Association in Niigata PrefectureJapan
| | - Toshiyuki Someya
- Department of PsychiatryNiigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesJapan
- Section of Disaster MedicineNiigata University Research Institute for Natural Hazards and Disaster RecoveryJapan
- Niigata Institute for Traumatic Stress, Mental Health and Welfare Association in Niigata PrefectureJapan
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Fitzgerald CJ, Danner KM. Evolution in the Office: How Evolutionary Psychology Can Increase Employee Health, Happiness, and Productivity. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/147470491201000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We review the empirical literature that has implemented aspects of our ancestral environment into the workplace and discuss the positive influence these factors have had on employees' physical and psychological health. We focus upon several components of our ancestral environment, including sunlight, greenery, sleep, physical movement, and social interaction with fellow humans as well as animals (specifically, dogs). Employers who are willing to adopt an evolutionary psychological approach to organizing their workplaces may drastically improve their workers' overall physical and psychological health as well as their overall productivity. This will, in turn, decrease employer costs related to medical care, absenteeism, and lack of productivity. Suggestions regarding how to implement these evolutionary psychological methods to the workplace are also discussed.
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Tsurugano S, Nakao M, Takeuchi T, Nomura K, Yano E. Job stress strengthens the link between metabolic risk factors and renal dysfunction in adult men. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2012; 226:101-8. [PMID: 22245766 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.226.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The metabolic risk factors obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia are closely associated with renal dysfunction. As psychosocial stress affects these risk factors, here, we examined relationships between metabolic risk factors and renal function, and their association with job stress. The participants were 1,231 Japanese male office workers attending annual health examinations. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was determined using the equation recommended by the Japanese Society for Nephrology: eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m(2)) = 194 × age(-0.287) × Cr(-1.094). Job stress was measured using the Job Content Questionnaire based on the job demand-control model. The job strain index equaled the job demand scores divided by the job control scores. The participants were classified into four ordinal groups of job strain index, based on previous studies (i.e., ≤ 0.4 the lowest, 0.4-0.5 lower, 0.5-0.6 higher, or ≥ 0.6 the highest). A significant correlation was found between lowered eGFR and each of the metabolic risk factors waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol (p < 0.001). Furthermore, job stress had an interactive effect on the relationships between eGFR and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and triglycerides, depending on the job strain index (highest vs. lowest) (p < 0.05). The highly stressed workers exhibited a close association of eGFR with metabolic risk factors like hypertension and dyslipidemia. Therefore, intensive management may be important for preventing the progression of renal dysfunction and cardiovascular complications in those experiencing stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Tsurugano
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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31
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Garcia D, Archer T, Moradi S, Andersson-Arntén AC. Exercise Frequency, High Activation Positive Affect, and Psychological Well-Being: Beyond Age, Gender, and Occupation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/psych.2012.34047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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32
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Jha A, Sadhukhan SK, Velusamy S, Banerjee G, Banerjee A, Saha A, Talukdar S. Exploring the quality of life (QOL) in the Indian software industry: a public health viewpoint. Int J Public Health 2011; 57:371-81. [PMID: 21901333 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-011-0295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to describe the QOL and its determinants among software professionals of Kolkata, and to compare the same according to information technology (IT) and IT-enabled services (ITeS) sub-sectors. METHODS An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among software professionals of Kolkata applying a two-stage stratified random sampling technique. The WHO QOL BREF questionnaire was administered along with a list of pertinent variables. RESULTS Overall, the analysis for 338 software professionals (177 IT and 161 ITeS) clearly demonstrated significant differences between mean scores of these two sectors for each of the six outcome domains of WHO QOL BREF. Multilevel multivariate analysis outlined 13 significant predictors of QOL-four positive (age, regular fitness regimes, foreign placements and changing companies frequently) and the rest of the nine, negative (multiple sex partners, multiple addictions, extended working hours, night-shift duties, income, expenditure, carrying office work home, current illness and ITeS company type). CONCLUSIONS Our study helps in obtaining a clear understanding of the multifaceted risk factors prevailing in this sector, the majority of which can be effectively addressed by specific health promotional interventions. A dedicated health policy is mandated at both government and company levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Jha
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Headquarters, New Delhi, India.
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33
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Nakashima M, Morikawa Y, Sakurai M, Nakamura K, Miura K, Ishizaki M, Kido T, Naruse Y, Suwazono Y, Nakagawa H. Association between long working hours and sleep problems in white-collar workers. J Sleep Res 2011; 20:110-6. [PMID: 20561174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00852.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the association between long work hours and sleep disturbance among white-collar workers. We evaluated 1510 male white-collar full-time employees, between the ages of 18 and 59 years, using a comprehensive sleep quality questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). All subjects worked in a light metal products factory in Japan. The mean number of monthly overtime work hours was determined using data from the previous 6 months from timecard records. Subjects were divided into five groups based on quintiles of the mean number of monthly overtime work hours: <26 h month(-1); ≥26 but <40; ≥40 but <50; ≥50 but <63; and >63. Leisure time physical activity, drinking habits just before sleep, presence of family/partner and health status were used as confounding factors in the multiple regression model. The prevalence of short sleep hours, impairment of sleep efficiency and daytime dysfunction among seven components of PSQI increased, in a dose-response relationship, with overtime work hours. The prevalence of high global score (>5.5 points) was highest in workers with overtime hours ≥50 h week(-1). The odds ratios after adjustment for confounding factors for high global score using less than 26 h as a reference group were 1.67 for workers with ≥50 h and <63 h, and 1.87 for workers with 63 h and more. To conclude, the present results suggest that long work hours correlate with reduced sleep quality in a dose-response manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Nakashima
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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Tomioka K, Morita N, Saeki K, Okamoto N, Kurumatani N. Working hours, occupational stress and depression among physicians. Occup Med (Lond) 2011; 61:163-70. [PMID: 21383384 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqr004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physicians report high prevalence of depression, work long hours and are exposed to many occupational stresses (OSs). AIMS To investigate the cross-sectional association between working hours, OS and depression among physicians. METHODS A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to 1902 alumni of a medical school. The questionnaire evaluated working hours in the previous week, OS assessed by the effort-reward imbalance model, social support and depression evaluated by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. The associations between these occupational factors and depression were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS The questionnaire was returned by 795 alumni (response rate, 42%), and 706 respondents (534 men and 172 women) were suitable for analysis. The odds ratio (OR) of depression in the long working hours group (>70 h/week) was 1.8 (95% CI: 1.1-2.8) compared with the short working hours group (<54 h/week), adjusted for basic attributes. The adjusted ORs of depression in the upper effort-reward ratio (ERR) tertile versus the lower ERR tertile were 0.6 (0.2-1.8) in the short working hours group, 8.5 (3.0-24.0) in the middle working hours group and 9.9 (3.8-25.7) in the long working hours group. The adjusted ORs of depression stratified according to working hours and ERR tended to be higher in the groups with a higher ERR, but no association between working hours and depression was found. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the management of OS is needed as a countermeasure against depression among physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tomioka
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
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35
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Driesen K, Jansen NWH, Kant I, Mohren DCL, van Amelsvoort LGPM. Depressed mood in the working population: associations with work schedules and working hours. Chronobiol Int 2011; 27:1062-79. [PMID: 20636216 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2010.489877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The impact of working time arrangements (WTA) on health has been studied extensively. Still, little is known about the interrelation between work schedules, working hours, and depressed mood. For work schedules, the underlying assumptions regarding depressed mood refer to a disturbance of social and biological rhythms, whereas for working hours, the assumptions relate to workload and work capacity. Conversely, depressed mood may urge an employee to adjust his/her work schedule and/or number of working hours/week (h/wk). The aim of this study was to assess the association between work schedule and working hours with depressed mood. Using baseline data from the Maastricht Cohort Study, depressed mood in day work was compared with depressed mood in different shiftwork schedules (n = 8843). Within day work, several categories of working h/wk were studied in association with depressed mood (n = 7217). The association between depressed mood and several aspects of overtime was assessed separately. Depressed mood was measured with a dichotomous item: "Did you feel down every day over the last two weeks?" Separate logistic regression analyses were conducted for men and women, with adjustments for potential confounders. The odds ratio (OR) for depressed mood was greater for men involved in shiftwork than for men only involved in day work (three-shift OR = 2.05 [95% confidence interval, CI 1.52-2.77]; five-shift OR = 1.34 [95% CI 1.00-1.80]; irregular-shift OR = 1.79 [95% CI 1.27-2.53]). In female employees, five-shift work was associated with a higher prevalence of depressed mood (OR = 5.96 [95% CI 2.83-12.56]). Regarding the number of working h/wk, men working <26 h/wk had a higher prevalence of depressed mood than men working 36-40 h/wk (OR = 2.73 [95% CI 1.35-5.52]). After conducting trend analyses, a significant decreasing trend was found in men, whereas an increasing trend was found in women working a high number of hours. Furthermore, a dose-response relationship was present in men regarding the number of overtime h/wk. This study showed that different work schedules and working hours are associated with depressed mood. Shiftwork was related to a higher prevalence of depressed mood than day work. The association was more pronounced for male employees. Regarding the number of working h/wk, male and female employees showed an opposite trend in depressed mood. Because of the possibility of a healthy worker effect and the possibility of a reciprocal relationship between WTA and depressed mood, the reported relation might be underestimated. This study has illustrated that occupational physicians, who deal with depressed mood among workers, should carefully consider the impact of WTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolien Driesen
- Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Brand S, Beck J, Hatzinger M, Harbaugh A, Ruch W, Holsboer-Trachsler E. Associations between satisfaction with life, burnout-related emotional and physical exhaustion, and sleep complaints. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010; 11:744-54. [PMID: 20331383 DOI: 10.3109/15622971003624205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Burnout is a state of work-related emotional and physical exhaustion. Burnout is related to sleep complaints. By contrast, people with optimistic attitude seem to be less vulnerable to stress and burnout. Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating the relation between burnout, depressive symptoms, satisfaction with life, and sleep complaints. METHODS A total of 2231 participants (age [years]: M=40.8; 1183 females and 1048 males) took part in the study. Participants completed a series of questionnaires such as the Tedium Measure, the Insomnia Severity Index, and the Satisfaction with Life-questionnaire. For statistical analyses, a Structural Equation Model (SEM) was applied. RESULTS Pessimism, emotional and physical exhaustion, depressive symptoms, and low satisfaction with life were interrelated. Emotional and physical exhaustion was related to sleep complaints, whereas sleep complaints were not related to depressive symptoms and pessimism. Satisfaction with life was related to low sleep complaints, though mediated via low emotional and physical exhaustion, and low pessimism. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that among burnout symptoms emotional and physical exhaustion, but not depressive symptoms, are related to sleep complaints. Satisfaction with life, via low emotional and physical exhaustion, and low pessimism, further contributes to favourable sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Brand
- Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Depression and Sleep Research Unit, Basel.
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37
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Job stress models, depressive disorders and work performance of engineers in microelectronics industry. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2010; 84:91-103. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-010-0538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Brand S, Beck J, Gerber M, Hatzinger M, Holsboer-Trachsler E. 'Football is good for your sleep': favorable sleep patterns and psychological functioning of adolescent male intense football players compared to controls. J Health Psychol 2010; 14:1144-55. [PMID: 19858334 DOI: 10.1177/1359105309342602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that physical activity exerts a favorable impact on sleep, although scientific evidence is lacking. This study investigated the impact of football sports on the sleep patterns of 36 male chronic and intense football players and 34 controls. Participants completed a sleep log for seven consecutive days. Compared to controls, football players reported shorter sleep onset latency, fewer awakenings, higher scores of sleep quality and a lower variability of sleep from weekdays to weekends. The findings suggest that football sports activity is positively associated with both quantitative and qualitative dimensions of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Brand
- Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Beck
- Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Switzerland
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39
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Nishitani N, Sakakibara H. Job stress factors, stress response, and social support in association with insomnia of Japanese male workers. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2010; 48:178-184. [PMID: 20424348 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.48.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the relation of insomnia with job stress factors, stress response, and social support. A self-completed questionnaire survey was conducted in 212 male Japanese workers at a synthetic fiber plant. With regard to insomnia, subjects were asked the first 5 of the 8 questions on the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS). Job stress factors, stress response and social support were assessed using the Job Stress Questionnaire. Multiple regression analyses showed that psychological job stress factors of poor appropriateness of work and high qualitative workload were associated with insomnia. The psychological stress response of depression and physical stress responses were also related with insomnia. Depression was also related to appropriateness of work. The present results showed that insomnia was closely related with the psychological job stress factor of appropriateness of work and the psychological response of depression. These mutual relationships between insomnia and poor mental health need be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Nishitani
- Toray Industries, Inc., Aichi Plant, Nishi-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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40
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Takada M, Suzuki A, Shima S, Inoue K, Kazukawa S, Hojoh M. Associations between lifestyle factors, working environment, depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation: a large-scale study in Japan. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2009; 47:649-655. [PMID: 19996541 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.47.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To improve the management of depression and the prevention of suicide, we investigated associations between lifestyle, working environment, depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. Variables measured included job stressors, working hours, overtime work, smoking status, alcohol consumption, sleep, exercise, meals, and family factors. Original items were used to measure working on holidays, number of confidants, use of stress reduction techniques, and suicidal ideation. A total of 4,118 employees (2,834 men, 1,284 women) in eleven cities and districts across Japan were analyzed. On stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis, variables associated with depressive symptoms were exposure to high job stress, problem drinking, a feeling of insufficient sleep, absence of confidants, and no use of stress reduction techniques in both sexes. Further, problem drinking and absence of confidants were associated with suicidal ideation in both sexes. The prevalence of workers who had no confidants and who did not use stress reduction techniques was unexpectedly high. Given their clear association with depressive symptoms, greater attention to these factors should improve measures aimed at the prevention of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Takada
- Department of Community-oriented Medicine, Mie University, Graduate School of Medical, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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41
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Brand S, Hatzinger M, Beck J, Holsboer-Trachsler E. Perceived parenting styles, personality traits and sleep patterns in adolescents. J Adolesc 2009; 32:1189-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ikegami K, Ogyu S, Arakomo Y, Suzuki K, Mafune K, Hiro H, Nagata S. Recovery of cognitive performance and fatigue after one night of sleep deprivation. J Occup Health 2009; 51:412-22. [PMID: 19602843 DOI: 10.1539/joh.l8127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate how subjective sleepiness, mood states, simple and high-order cognitive performance change after one night of sleep deprivation (SD) and recover to after 7 h normal recovery sleep opportunity during three recovery days. METHODS Ten healthy subjects participated in this study. We measured their subjective sleepiness, mood states and their performances of 2 simple tasks and 4 high-order cognitive tasks twice a day for 5 days, on the baseline day, post-vigil day and 3 recovery days after SD. This study was conducted considering each participant's motivation for task, learning effect and diurnal variation of performance. RESULTS The performances of simple tasks such as addition or short-term memory were not reduced after SD and were the poorest on the baseline day, and improved gradually; however the high-order cognitive performances were at their lowest on the post-vigil day and needed 2 recovery sleep opportunities to return to the baseline level. Fatigue and confusion in mood states and subjective sleepiness were also at their lowest after SD. Subjective sleepiness nearly recovered to the baseline level on the 1st recovery day, but fatigue and confusion reached the baseline levels on the 2nd recovery day. CONCLUSION These results suggest that cognitive deterioration and the recovery process may differ between simple task performance and high-order cognitive task performance, which needed 2 ordinary sleep opportunities to recover to the baseline level, and the change of subjective mood states were also different for each mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Ikegami
- Department of Mental Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Incorporating home demands into models of job strain: findings from the work, family, and health network. J Occup Environ Med 2009; 50:1244-52. [PMID: 19001950 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31818c308d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article was to integrate home demands with the demand-control-support model to test if home demands interact with job strain to increase depressive symptoms. METHODS Data were from 431 employees in four extended care facilities. Presence of a child younger than 18 years in the household signified home demands. The outcome was depressive symptoms based on a shortened version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. RESULTS The association between job strain and depressive symptoms was moderated by social support (SS) and presence of a child in the household (child). There was no association among participants with high SS and no child, but a positive one among participants with low SS and a child. CONCLUSIONS Job strain may be a particularly important determinant of depressive symptoms among employees with family demands. Models of job strain should expand to incorporate family demands.
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44
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Working overtime is associated with anxiety and depression: the Hordaland Health Study. J Occup Environ Med 2009; 50:658-66. [PMID: 18545093 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181734330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether long work hours are associated with increased levels and prevalences of anxiety and depression. METHODS Overtime workers (n = 1350) were compared with a reference group of 9092 workers not working overtime regarding anxiety and depression by means of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Self-reported information on various work-related factors, demographics, lifestyle, and somatic health was included. RESULTS Overtime workers of both genders had significantly higher anxiety and depression levels and higher prevalences of anxiety and depressive disorders compared with those working normal hours. Findings suggest a dose-response relationship between work hours and anxiety or depression. CONCLUSIONS Working overtime is associated with increased levels of anxiety and depression. The working groups differed significantly regarding several factors including income and heavy manual labor.
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Suwazono Y, Dochi M, Kobayashi E, Oishi M, Okubo Y, Tanaka K, Sakata K. Benchmark duration of work hours for development of fatigue symptoms in Japanese workers with adjustment for job-related stress. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2008; 28:1689-1698. [PMID: 18793288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to calculate benchmark durations and lower 95% confidence limits for benchmark durations of working hours associated with subjective fatigue symptoms by applying the benchmark dose approach while adjusting for job-related stress using multiple logistic regression analyses. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by 3,069 male and 412 female daytime workers (age 18-67 years) in a Japanese steel company. The eight dependent variables in the Cumulative Fatigue Symptoms Index were decreased vitality, general fatigue, physical disorders, irritability, decreased willingness to work, anxiety, depressive feelings, and chronic tiredness. Independent variables were daily working hours, four subscales (job demand, job control, interpersonal relationship, and job suitability) of the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire, and other potential covariates. Using significant parameters for working hours and those for other covariates, the benchmark durations of working hours were calculated for the corresponding Index property. Benchmark response was set at 5% or 10%. Assuming a condition of worst job stress, the benchmark duration/lower 95% confidence limit for benchmark duration of working hours per day with a benchmark response of 5% or 10% were 10.0/9.4 or 11.7/10.7 (irritability) and 9.2/8.9 or 10.4/9.8 (chronic tiredness) in men and 8.9/8.4 or 9.8/8.9 (chronic tiredness) in women. The threshold amounts of working hours for fatigue symptoms under the worst job-related stress were very close to the standard daily working hours in Japan. The results strongly suggest that special attention should be paid to employees whose working hours exceed threshold amounts based on individual levels of job-related stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Suwazono
- Department of Ocuupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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46
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Sato Y, Miyake H, Thériault G. Overtime work and stress response in a group of Japanese workers. Occup Med (Lond) 2008; 59:14-9. [PMID: 19001069 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqn141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Working long overtime hours is considered a cause of mental health problems among workers but such a relationship has yet to be empirically confirmed. AIM To clarify the influence of overtime work on response to stress and to assess the role of other stress-related factors on this relationship. METHODS The study was conducted among 24 685 employees of a company in Japan. Stress response, job stressors and social supports were assessed by the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire. Participants were divided into five categories of overtime (0-19, 20-39, 40-59, >or=60 h of overtime per month and exempted employees). RESULTS The nonadjusted odds ratios for stress response for 40-59 and >or=60 overtime hours per month in reference to 0-19 overtime hours were 1.11 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.19] and 1.62 (95% CI 1.50-1.76), respectively. After adjustment for self-assessed amount of work, mental workload and sleeping time, the association between overtime work and stress response disappeared. CONCLUSIONS This large cross-sectional study shows that overtime work appears to influence stress response indirectly through other stress factors such as self-assessed amount of work, mental workload and sleeping time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sato
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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47
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Brand S, Hermann B, Muheim F, Beck J, Holsboer-Trachsler E. Sleep patterns, work, and strain among young students in hospitality and tourism. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2008; 46:199-209. [PMID: 18544879 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.46.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Good and sufficient sleep is crucial for a good quality of life. We investigated the associations between sleep patterns, work, and strain among students of hospitality and tourism. METHODS 92 students completed psychological and sleep-related questionnaires, and a sleep/work log for one week. RESULTS Sleeping hours were inversely correlated with working hours. Decreased sleep quality was associated with increased scores of strain, depression and anxiety. Participants with increased working hours were 3.2 times more likely to report heightened insomnia scores than those with lower weekly working hours. Working on weekends was associated with increased strain with family life and peers. CONCLUSIONS In hospitality and tourism, the employees' 'personal costs' for a 24/7 service may be underestimated; unfavourable work schedules are linked with decreased sleep quality, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and with social problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Brand
- Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Depression Research Unit, Whilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4025 Basel, Switzerland
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48
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Park MK, Satoh N, Kumashiro M. Mental workload under time pressure can trigger frequent hot flashes in menopausal women. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2008; 46:261-8. [PMID: 18544887 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.46.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between mental workload and occurrence of hot flashes. Twelve women with moderate to severe menopausal hot flashes participated in the study. Subjects participated in both a mental arithmetic task (Task) and control (Non-task) experiments. We measured heart rate, heart rate variability, blood pressure, near infrared spectroscopy, skin temperature, and skin potential level. The incidence of hot flashes was greater in Task than in Non-task. No significant differences between before, during and after hot flashes emerged for the percentage of correct responses and reaction time. However, the percentage of correct responses for two subjects among the ten who experienced hot flashes in Task substantially declined during hot flashes. Chest skin temperatures increased in both Task and Non-task during hot flashes, and regional oxygen saturation was significantly higher in Non-task than in Task. The present study suggested that mental workload under time pressure might be a risk factor for menopausal hot flashes, and the performance of most people who experienced hot flashes was not affected by hot flashes, however, work-related difficulties due to cognitive disturbance during hot flashes might arise in some people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyong Park
- Department of Ergonomics, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
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Rau R, Hoffmann K, Metz U, Richter PG, Rösler U, Stephan U. Gesundheitsrisiken bei Unternehmern. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ARBEITS-UND ORGANISATIONSPSYCHOLOGIE 2008. [DOI: 10.1026/0932-4089.52.3.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
An einer Studie zum Zusammenhang zwischen der Gesundheit von Unternehmern, deren Arbeitsmerkmalen und deren Erfolg nahmen 53 klein- und mittelständische Unternehmer teil. Erfasste Arbeitsmerkmale waren: Handlungs-/Entscheidungsspielraum, Arbeitsintensität, Arbeitszeit, Konkurrenzdruck und Prognose über die Auftragsentwicklung. Der Unternehmenserfolg wurde über das Mitarbeiterwachstum, die Möglichkeit des Unternehmers, von seiner Firma abwesend zu sein (Urlaubstage), und dem erlebten Unternehmenserfolg operationalisiert. Gesundheitsindikatoren waren Depression, Angst, vitale Erschöpfung, Schlafstörungen und Bluthochdruck. Im Vergleich zur Gesamtbevölkerung wiesen die Unternehmer in allen untersuchten Gesundheitsvariablen häufiger Beeinträchtigungen auf. Regressionsanalysen ergaben, dass lange Arbeitszeiten und Konkurrenzdruck mit einer verzögerten Rückstellung des systolischen Blutdrucks (SBD) in der Freizeit und Nacht einhergingen. Alle untersuchten Erfolgsmerkmale waren für die Gesundheit prädiktiv. So war Mitarbeiterwachstum negativ mit dem SBD während der Arbeit sowie Schlafstörungen assoziiert. Je mehr Unternehmenserfolg erlebt wurde, desto geringer waren die Werte für vitale Erschöpfung und Depression. Die Urlaubsdauer war negativ mit Angst und vitaler Erschöpfung korreliert. Insgesamt hatte von den Arbeitsmerkmalen nur die Dauer der Arbeitszeit einen Effekt auf die Gesundheit von Unternehmern. Daneben existieren aber offensichtlich weitere Faktoren, die mit der Unternehmergesundheit in Beziehung stehen. Dies sind neben dem Konkurrenzdruck am Markt insbesondere Indikatoren des Unternehmenserfolgs.
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Saijo Y, Ueno T, Hashimoto Y. Twenty-four-hour shift work, depressive symptoms, and job dissatisfaction among Japanese firefighters. Am J Ind Med 2008; 51:380-91. [PMID: 18286600 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of a 24-hr shift-work burden on firefighters' mental health has not been fully investigated. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationships between specific workload items among firefighters engaged in 24-hr shift work and job stress as estimated by the generic job-stress questionnaire on depressive symptoms and job dissatisfaction from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). METHOD The subjects were 1,301 firefighters. The questionnaire covered age, gender, job type, job class, marital status, smoking and drinking habits, number of attendances, turnout time, extra work hours, average nap-time, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and questions from the NIOSH generic job-stress questionnaire, including those on job satisfaction. RESULTS In multivariate logistic regression analyses, a model that included all variables except the measures from the NIOSH generic job-stress questionnaire showed that shorter nap-time had significant higher odds ratios (ORs) for depressive symptoms and job dissatisfaction, but the significances disappeared in a fully adjusted model. In fully adjusted logistic regression analyses, low quantitative workload, low variance in workload, high intra- and intergroup conflict, low social support from a supervisor, high role conflict and ambiguity, and low self-esteem had significant higher ORs for depressive symptoms and/or job dissatisfaction. CONCLUSIONS Amount of workload, variance in workload, intra- and intergroup conflict, social support from a supervisor, role conflict and ambiguity, and self-esteem were significantly related to depressive symptoms and/or job dissatisfaction among Japanese firefighters. Moreover, inadequate nap-time may affect their mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Saijo
- Department of Heath Science, Asahikwa Medical College, Midorigaoka, Hokkaido, Japan.
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