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Liu WJ, Xiao H, Dai L, Liu D, Chen J, Qi X, Bi Y, Shi Y, Gao GF, Liu Y. Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus: from low pathogenic to highly pathogenic. Front Med 2021; 15:507-527. [PMID: 33860875 PMCID: PMC8190734 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The avian influenza A (H7N9) virus is a zoonotic virus that is closely associated with live poultry markets. It has caused infections in humans in China since 2013. Five waves of the H7N9 influenza epidemic occurred in China between March 2013 and September 2017. H7N9 with low-pathogenicity dominated in the first four waves, whereas highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza emerged in poultry and spread to humans during the fifth wave, causing wide concern. Specialists and officials from China and other countries responded quickly, controlled the epidemic well thus far, and characterized the virus by using new technologies and surveillance tools that were made possible by their preparedness efforts. Here, we review the characteristics of the H7N9 viruses that were identified while controlling the spread of the disease. It was summarized and discussed from the perspectives of molecular epidemiology, clinical features, virulence and pathogenesis, receptor binding, T-cell responses, monoclonal antibody development, vaccine development, and disease burden. These data provide tools for minimizing the future threat of H7N9 and other emerging and re-emerging viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China.
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Haixia Xiao
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Vaccines, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaopeng Qi
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Center for Influenza Research and Early Warning, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - George F Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518114, China.
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Mahal A, Duan M, Zinad DS, Mohapatra RK, Obaidullah AJ, Wei X, Pradhan MK, Das D, Kandi V, Zinad HS, Zhu Q. Recent progress in chemical approaches for the development of novel neuraminidase inhibitors. RSC Adv 2021; 11:1804-1840. [PMID: 35424082 PMCID: PMC8693540 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07283d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is the main cause of an infectious disease called influenza affecting the respiratory system including the throat, nose and lungs. Neuraminidase inhibitors are reagents used to block the enzyme called neuraminidase to prevent the influenza infection from spreading. Neuraminidase inhibitors are widely used in the treatment of influenza infection, but still there is a need to develop more potent agents for the more effective treatment of influenza. Complications of the influenza disease lead to death, and one of these complications is drug resistance; hence, there is an urgent need to develop more effective agents. This review focuses on the recent advances in chemical synthesis pathways used for the development of new neuraminidase agents along with the medicinal aspects of chemically modified molecules, including the structure-activity relationship, which provides further rational designs of more active small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mahal
- Department of Medical Biochemical Analysis, College of Health Technology, Cihan University-Erbil Erbil Kurdistan Region Iraq
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences South China Botanical Garden Guangzhou 510650 People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou HC Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Guangzhou 510663 People's Republic of China
| | - Meitao Duan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics Guangzhou 510515 People's Republic of China
| | - Dhafer S Zinad
- Applied Science Department, University of Technology Baghdad 10001 Iraq
| | - Ranjan K Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering Keonjhar Odisha 758002 India
| | - Ahmad J Obaidullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
- Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiaoyi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences South China Botanical Garden Guangzhou 510650 People's Republic of China
| | - Manoj K Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering Keonjhar Odisha 758002 India
| | - Debadutta Das
- Department of Chemistry, Sukanti Degree College Subarnapur Odisha 767017 India
| | - Venkataramana Kandi
- Department of Microbiology, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences Karimnagar Telangana India
| | - Hany S Zinad
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Newcastle University NE2 4HH Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- Iraq Natural History Museum and Research Centre (INHM), University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq
| | - Quanhong Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics Guangzhou 510515 People's Republic of China
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3
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Yu YN, Zheng Y, Hao SS, Zhang Z, Cai JX, Zong MM, Feng XL, Liu QT. The molecular evolutionary characteristics of new isolated H9N2 AIV from East China and the function of vimentin on virus replication in MDCK cells. Virol J 2020; 17:78. [PMID: 32552884 PMCID: PMC7302367 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The low pathogenic H9N2 AIV caused the serious impact on the poultry industry and public safety. Our purpose was to investigate the molecular evolutionary characteristics of the new isolated H9N2 virus and investigate the intracellular target protein of H9N2 AIV replication in sensitive cells. METHODS AIV A/chicken/Shandong/LY1/2017 (H9N2) was isolated from the cloaca of the healthy chicken in Shandong, and the full-length eight gene segments of this isolated H9N2 AIV were amplified by RT-PCR and analyzed. MDCK cells were used as the target cell model, and VOPBA assay and LC-MS/MS were carried out to identify the virus-binding protein of H9N2 AIV. MDCK cells were pre-treated with the special antibody and siRNA, and treated with H9N2 AIV to detect the virus replication. Additionally, Vimentin-pcDNA3.0 was successfully constructed, and transinfected into MDCK cells, and then H9N2 AIV mRNA was detected with RT-PCR. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis revealed that HA, NA, PB2, PB1, PA, NP and M seven genes of the isolated H9N2 AIV were derived from A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98, while NS gene was derived from A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y439/97. The cleavage site sequence of HA gene of the isolated H9N2 AIV was a PARSSR G pattern, and the left side sequence (224 ~ 229) of receptor binding site was NGQQGR pattern, which were similar to that of A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98. Following VOPBA assay, we found one protein of about 50KDa binding to H9N2 AIV, and the results of LC-MS/MS analysis proved that vimentin was the vital protein binding to H9N2 AIV. The pre-incubation of the specific antibody and siRNA decreased the viral RNA level in MDCK cells treated with H9N2 AIV. Furthermore, we found that over-expressed vimentin increased H9N2 AIV replication in MDCK cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that the isolated H9N2 AIV might be a recent clinical common H9N2 strain, and vimentin protein might be one vital factor for H9N2 AIV replication in MDCK cells, which might be a novel target for design and development of antiviral drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Nan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shan Shan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jia Xi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Man Man Zong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiu Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. .,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Qing Tao Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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Dreier C, Resa-Infante P, Thiele S, Stanelle-Bertram S, Walendy-Gnirß K, Speiseder T, Preuss A, Müller Z, Klenk HD, Stech J, Gabriel G. Mutations in the H7 HA and PB1 genes of avian influenza a viruses increase viral pathogenicity and contact transmission in guinea pigs. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 8:1324-1336. [PMID: 31503518 PMCID: PMC6746284 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1663131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza A viruses (AIV) of the H7 subtype continue to evolve posing a pandemic threat. However, molecular markers of H7N7 AIV pathogenicity and transmission in mammals remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed a systematic in vitro and in vivo analysis by comparing an H7N7 highly pathogenic AIV and its ferret adapted variant. Passaging an H7N7 AIV in ferrets led to six mutations in genes encoding the viral polymerase complex and the viral surface proteins. Here, we show that mutations in the H7 hemagglutinin gene cause increased pathogenicity in mice. Contact transmission between guinea pigs required additional mutations in the gene encoding the polymerase subunit PB1. Thus, particular vigilance is required with respect to HA and PB1 mutations as predictive molecular markers to assess the pandemic risk posed by emerging H7 avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Dreier
- Viral Zoonosis -One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology , Hamburg , Germany.,Current address: University of Ulm , Ulm , Germany
| | - Patricia Resa-Infante
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover , Germany.,Current address: IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Swantje Thiele
- Viral Zoonosis -One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Stephanie Stanelle-Bertram
- Viral Zoonosis -One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Kerstin Walendy-Gnirß
- Viral Zoonosis -One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Thomas Speiseder
- Viral Zoonosis -One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Annette Preuss
- Viral Zoonosis -One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Zacharias Müller
- Viral Zoonosis -One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Klenk
- Institute for Virology, Philipps University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - Jürgen Stech
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Gülsah Gabriel
- Viral Zoonosis -One Health, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology , Hamburg , Germany.,Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine , Hannover , Germany
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5
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Gou X, Wu X, Shi Y, Zhang K, Huang J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-reactivity of antibodies induced by H7 influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:286-294. [PMID: 31419167 PMCID: PMC7062429 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1649551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inoculation with vaccine is the major intervention currently used to prevent influenza infections. However, it will be a challenge to produce and implement a new vaccine when a novel highly pathogenic influenza virus emerges in humans as significant infections. H7 subtype influenza viruses have similar epitopes on hemagglutinin, which can induce cross-reactive antibodies. In this study, a meta-analysis of the cross-reactivity of antibodies induced by one H7 subtype influenza vaccine against other H7 subtypes was performed. Database search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Chinese Biological Medicine Database (CBM), and Wanfang. A total of 9 articles comprising 811 human subjects were included in this meta-analysis. All assessed H7 influenza vaccines induced vaccine strain-specific protective antibodies [seroconversion rate (SCR) = 0.74, 95% CI (0.65, 0.82); seroprotection rate (SPR) = 0.81, 95% CI (0.78, 0.83)]. All H7 influenza virus monovalent vaccines exhibited cross-reactivity tested by hemagglutinin inhibition test (HI), microneutralization test (MN) and immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to other H7 subtype viruses. H7N1, H7N3, H7N7, and H7N9 vaccines elicited cross-reactive antibodies against other H7 subtype influenza viruses [SCR = 0.66, 95% CI (0.50, 0.82); SPR = 0.79, 95% CI (0.67, 0.91)]. The pooled SCR (95%CI) of cross-reactivity of H7N1 and H7N3 vaccines were 0.88 (0.85, 0.91) and 0.40 (0.26, 0.54), respectively. The consolidated SPR (95%CI) of H7N1 and H7N7 vaccines were 0.89 (0.86, 0.92) and 0.93 (0.81, 1.06). All H7 vaccines induced cross-reactive antibodies against H7N9 viruses [SCR = 0.69, 95% CI (0.52, 0.86); SPR = 0.85, 95% CI (0.76, 0.94)]. H7 vaccines can be used to limit influenza infection when a new highly pathogenic H7 virus appears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Gou
- Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaoxue Wu
- Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Junqiong Huang
- Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Decreased Frequencies of Th17 and Tc17 Cells in Patients Infected with Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:1418251. [PMID: 31061831 PMCID: PMC6466882 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1418251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus infection, with a high mortality rate, has caused concern worldwide. Although interleukin-17- (IL-17-) secreting CD4+ T (Th17) and CD8+ T (Tc17) cells have been proven to play crucial roles in influenza virus infection, the changes and roles of Th17 and Tc17 cells in immune responses to H7N9 infection remain controversial. In this study, we found that the frequencies of Th17 and Tc17 cells among human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as well as IL-17A protein and mRNA levels were markedly decreased in patients with acute H7N9 virus infection. A positive correlation was found between the serum IL-17A level and the frequency of these two cell groups. In vitro infection experiments revealed decreased Th17 and Tc17 cell frequency and IL-17A levels at various time points postinfection. In addition, Th17 cells were the predominant sources of IL-17A in PBMCs of patients infected with H7N9 virus. Taken together, our results indicate immune disorder in acute H7N9 infection and a restored Th17 and Tc17 cell frequency might serve as a biomarker for predicting recovery in patients infected with this virus.
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Li Y, Sun L, Zheng W, Madina Mahesutihan, Li J, Bi Y, Wang H, Liu W, Luo TR. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of threonine 188 in nucleoprotein is crucial for the replication of influenza A virus. Virology 2018; 520:30-38. [PMID: 29775781 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoprotein (NP) is a major component of the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex that is responsible for viral replication, transcription and packaging of influenza A virus. Phosphorylation of NP plays an important role during viral infection. In the present study, we identified threonine 188 (T188) as a novel phosphorylated residue in the NP of influenza A virus by using mass spectrometry. T188 is located within nuclear export signal 2 (NES2) which is chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1)-independent. We observed that the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of residue T188 regulated viral replication by controlling NES2-dependent NP nuclear export and the polymerase activity of the vRNP complex. Our findings provide further insights for understanding the replication of influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Weinan Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Madina Mahesutihan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Heran Wang
- International Department, Beijing National Day School, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ting Rong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresourses & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
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Chen E, Wang MH, He F, Sun R, Cheng W, Zee BCY, Lau SYF, Wang X, Chong KC. An increasing trend of rural infections of human influenza A (H7N9) from 2013 to 2017: A retrospective analysis of patient exposure histories in Zhejiang province, China. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193052. [PMID: 29447278 PMCID: PMC5814046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although investigations have shown that closing live poultry markets (LPMs) is highly effective in controlling human influenza A (H7N9) infections, many of the urban LPMs were shut down, but rural LPMs remained open. This study aimed to compare the proportional changes between urban and rural infections in the Zhejiang province from 2013 to 2017 by analyzing the exposure histories of human cases. METHODS All laboratory-confirmed cases of H7N9 from 2013 (the first wave) to 2017 (the fifth wave) in the Zhejiang province of China were analyzed. Urban and rural infections were defined based on the locations of poultry exposure (direct and indirect) in urban areas (central towns) and rural areas (towns and villages on the outskirts of cities). A Chi-square trend test was used to compare the proportional trend between urban and rural infections over time and logistic regression was used to obtain the odds ratio by years. RESULTS From 2013 to 2017, a statistically significant trend in rural infections was observed (p <0.01). The incremental odds ratio by years of rural infections was 1.59 with 95% confidence intervals of 1.34 to 1.86. Each year, significant increases in the proportion of live poultry transactions in LPMS and poultry processing plants were detected in conjunction with an increased proportion of urban and rural infections. CONCLUSION The empirical evidence indicated a need for heightened infection control measures in rural areas, such as serving rural farms and backyards as active surveillance points for the H7N9 virus. Other potential interventions such as the vaccination of poultry and extending the closure of LPMs to the provincial level require further careful investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enfu Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Maggie H. Wang
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fan He
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Riyang Sun
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Benny C. Y. Zee
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Steven Y. F. Lau
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (KCC); (XW)
| | - Ka Chun Chong
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (KCC); (XW)
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9
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ZHANG XINAN, ZOU LAN, CHEN JING, FANG YILE, HUANG JICAI, ZHANG JINHUI, LIU SANHONG, FENG GUANGTING, YANG CUIHONG, RUAN SHIGUI. AVIAN INFLUENZA A H7N9 VIRUS HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED IN CHINA. J BIOL SYST 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339017400095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In March 2013, a novel avian-origin influenza A H7N9 virus was identified among human patients in China and a total of 124 human cases with 24 related deaths were confirmed by May 2013. From November 2013 to July 2017, H7N9 broke out four more times in China. A deterministic model is proposed to study the transmission dynamics of the avian influenza A H7N9 virus between wild and domestic birds and from birds to humans, and is applied to simulate the open data on numbers of the infected human cases and related deaths reported from March to May 2013 and from November 2013 to June 2014 by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] is estimated and sensitivity analysis of [Formula: see text] in terms of model parameters is performed. Taking into account the fact that it broke out again from November 2014 to June 2015, from November 2015 to July 2016, and from October 2016 to July 2017, we believe that H7N9 virus has been well established in birds and will likely cause regular outbreaks in humans again in the future. Control measures for the future spread of H7N9 include (i) reducing the transmission opportunities between wild birds and domestic birds, (ii) closing or monitoring the retail live-poultry markets in the infected areas, and (iii) culling the infected domestic birds in the epidemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- XINAN ZHANG
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - LAN ZOU
- Department of Mathematics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - JING CHEN
- Department of Mathematics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - YILE FANG
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuchang Branch, Wuhan 430064, P. R. China
| | - JICAI HUANG
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - JINHUI ZHANG
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 451191, P. R. China
| | - SANHONG LIU
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, P. R. China
| | - GUANGTING FENG
- School of Mathematics and Quantitative Economics, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 432025, P. R. China
| | - CUIHONG YANG
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - SHIGUI RUAN
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- Department of Mathematics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
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10
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Dong W, Yang K, Xu Q, Liu L, Chen J. Spatio-temporal pattern analysis for evaluation of the spread of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China, 2013-2014. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:704. [PMID: 29065855 PMCID: PMC5655814 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number (n = 460) of A(H7N9) human infections have been reported in China from March 2013 through December 2014, and H7N9 outbreaks in humans became an emerging issue for China health, which have caused numerous disease outbreaks in domestic poultry and wild bird populations, and threatened human health severely. The aims of this study were to investigate the directional trend of the epidemic and to identify the significant presence of spatial-temporal clustering of influenza A(H7N9) human cases between March 2013 and December 2014. METHODS Three distinct epidemic phases of A(H7N9) human infections were identified in this study. In each phase, standard deviational ellipse analysis was conducted to examine the directional trend of disease spreading, and retrospective space-time permutation scan statistic was then used to identify the spatio-temporal cluster patterns of H7N9 outbreaks in humans. RESULTS The ever-changing location and the increasing size of the three identified standard deviational ellipses showed that the epidemic moved from east to southeast coast, and hence to some central regions, with a future epidemiological trend of continue dispersing to more central regions of China, and a few new human cases might also appear in parts of the western China. Furthermore, A(H7N9) human infections were clustering in space and time in the first two phases with five significant spatio-temporal clusters (p < 0.05), but there was no significant cluster identified in phase III. CONCLUSIONS There was a new epidemiologic pattern that the decrease in significant spatio-temporal cluster of A(H7N9) human infections was accompanied with an obvious spatial expansion of the outbreaks during the study period, and identification of the spatio-temporal patterns of the epidemic can provide valuable insights for better understanding the spreading dynamics of the disease in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dong
- School of Information Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan China
- GIS Technology Engineering Research Centre for West-China Resources and Environment of Educational Ministry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Kun Yang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan China
- GIS Technology Engineering Research Centre for West-China Resources and Environment of Educational Ministry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Quanli Xu
- School of Tourism and Geographic Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan China
- GIS Technology Engineering Research Centre for West-China Resources and Environment of Educational Ministry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan China
| | - Juan Chen
- School of Information Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan China
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11
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Improvement of a rapid diagnostic application of monoclonal antibodies against avian influenza H7 subtype virus using Europium nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7933. [PMID: 28801679 PMCID: PMC5554140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a sensitive and rapid diagnostic test is needed for early detection of avian influenza (AI) H7 subtype. In this study, novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against influenza A H7N9 recombinant hemagglutinin (rHA)1 were developed and applied to a Europium nanoparticle–based rapid fluorescent immunochromatographic strip test (FICT) to improve the sensitivity of the rapid diagnostic system. Two antibodies (2F4 and 6D7) exhibited H7 subtype specificity in a dot-FICT assay by optimization of the conjugate and the pH of the lysis buffer. The subtype specificity was confirmed by an immunofluorescence assay and Western blot analysis. The limit of detection of the FICT employing novel mAbs 31 ng/mL for H7N9 rHA1 and 40 hemagglutination units/mL for H7 subtype virus. Sensitivity was improved 25-fold using Europium as confirmed by comparison of colloidal gold-based rapid diagnostic kit using the 2F4 and 6D7 mAbs.
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12
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Su S, Gu M, Liu D, Cui J, Gao GF, Zhou J, Liu X. Epidemiology, Evolution, and Pathogenesis of H7N9 Influenza Viruses in Five Epidemic Waves since 2013 in China. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:713-728. [PMID: 28734617 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
H7N9 influenza viruses were first isolated in 2013 and continue to cause human infections. H7N9 infections represent an ongoing public health threat that has resulted in 1344 cases with 511 deaths as of April 9, 2017. This highlights the continued threat posed by the current poultry trade and live poultry market system in China. Until now, there have been five H7N9 influenza epidemic waves in China; however, the steep increase in the number of humans infected with H7N9 viruses observed in the fifth wave, beginning in October 2016, the spread into western provinces, and the emergence of highly pathogenic (HP) H7N9 influenza outbreaks in chickens and infection in humans have caused domestic and international concern. In this review, we summarize and compare the different waves of H7N9 regarding their epidemiology, pathogenesis, evolution, and characteristic features, and speculate on factors behind the recent increase in the number of human cases and sudden outbreaks in chickens. The continuous evolution of the virus poses a long-term threat to public health and the poultry industry, and thus it is imperative to strengthen prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Su
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China; Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China.
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13
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Lin X, Zhang D, Wang X, Huang Y, Du Z, Zou Y, Lu J, Hao Y. Attitudes of consumers and live-poultry workers to central slaughtering in controlling H7N9: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:517. [PMID: 28549473 PMCID: PMC5446744 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Guangdong Province in the Pearl River Delta of Southeast China is among the areas in the country with the highest rates of avian flu cases. In order to control the outbreak of human-infected H7N9 cases, Guangdong launched a new policy on the central slaughtering of live poultry in 2015. This study aims to evaluate attitudes of consumers and live-poultry workers toward the policy. The live-poultry workers consisted of two sub-groups: live-poultry traders and poultry farm workers. Methods Consumers and live-poultry workers from Guangdong were enrolled by stratified multi-stage random sampling. Online and field surveys were conducted to investigate participants’ attitudes on policy implementation. Questionnaires were developed to quantify participant demographics, to collect information about attitudes toward the policy, and to identify influential factors of policy acceptability. Proportional odds logistics regression was used in the univariate and multivariate analyses. A total of 1449 consumers, 181 live-poultry traders, and 114 poultry farm workers completed the study. Results Policy acceptability percentages among consumers, live-poultry traders, and poultry farm workers were 57.1, 37.9, and 62.6%, respectively. Logistics regression shows that consumers tended not to support the policy if they were males, if they were concerned with the food safety of chilled products, and if they preferred purchasing live poultry. Live-poultry traders tended not to support if they were subsidized by the government, if they were males, if they experienced a drop in trading volume, and if they were unclear whether avian flu was a preventable disease. Finally, poultry farm workers tended not to support if they experienced a drop in trading volume, if they operated a poultry farm on a small to medium scale, and if they experienced inconvenience in their work due to the policy. Conclusions The study reveals a substantial refusal or slowness to accept the policy. Failure to accept the policy results from varying reasons. Among consumers, concern about food safety and dietary preference are two major causes of disapproval. Policy acceptability among live-poultry workers diverges within the two sub-groups. While a large percentage of poultry farm workers accept the policy, the drop in trading and an insufficient subsidy hamper acceptance by live-poultry traders. We recommend that policy-makers promote health education and alleviate the policy impact on trading with a reformed subsidy policy to increase acceptability. These findings are crucial for the prevention of human-infected H7N9 cases in Guangdong. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4374-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Dingmei Zhang
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhicheng Du
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yaming Zou
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiahai Lu
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuantao Hao
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Rd, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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14
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Camp JV, Jonsson CB. A Role for Neutrophils in Viral Respiratory Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:550. [PMID: 28553293 PMCID: PMC5427094 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are immune cells that are well known to be present during many types of lung diseases associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and may contribute to acute lung injury. Neutrophils are poorly studied with respect to viral infection, and specifically to respiratory viral disease. Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is the cause of a respiratory disease that poses a significant global public health concern. Influenza disease presents as a relatively mild and self-limiting although highly pathogenic forms exist. Neutrophils increase in the respiratory tract during infection with mild seasonal IAV, moderate and severe epidemic IAV infection, and emerging highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). During severe influenza pneumonia and HPAI infection, the number of neutrophils in the lower respiratory tract is correlated with disease severity. Thus, comparative analyses of the relationship between IAV infection and neutrophils provide insights into the relative contribution of host and viral factors that contribute to disease severity. Herein, we review the contribution of neutrophils to IAV disease pathogenesis and to other respiratory virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy V Camp
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine at Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Colleen B Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
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15
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Mutations during the Adaptation of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus to the Respiratory Epithelium of Pigs Enhance Sialic Acid Binding Activity and Virulence in Mice. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02125-16. [PMID: 28148793 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02125-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural reservoir for influenza viruses is waterfowl, and from there they succeeded in crossing the barrier to different mammalian species. We analyzed the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to a mammalian host by passaging an H9N2 strain three times in differentiated swine airway epithelial cells. Using precision-cut slices from the porcine lung to passage the parental virus, isolates from each of the three passages (P1 to P3) were characterized by assessing growth curves and ciliostatic effects. The only difference noted was an increased growth kinetics of the P3 virus. Sequence analysis revealed four mutations: one each in the PB2 and NS1 proteins and two in the HA protein. The HA mutations, A190V and T212I, were characterized by generating recombinant viruses containing either one or both amino acid exchanges. Whereas the parental virus recognized α2,3-linked sialic acids preferentially, the HA190 mutant bound to a broad spectrum of glycans with α2,6/8/9-linked sialic acids. The HA212 mutant alone differed only slightly from the parental virus; however, the combination of both mutations (HA190+HA212) increased the binding affinity to those glycans recognized by the HA190 mutant. Remarkably, only the HA double mutant showed a significantly increased pathogenicity in mice. In contrast, none of those mutations affected the ciliary activity of the epithelial cells which is characteristic for virulent swine influenza viruses. Taken together, our results indicate that shifts in the HA receptor affinity are just an early adaptation step of avian H9N2 strains; further mutational changes may be required to become virulent for pigs.IMPORTANCE Swine play an important role in the interspecies transmission of influenza viruses. Avian influenza A viruses (IAV) of the H9N2 subtype have successfully infected hosts from different species but have not established a stable lineage. We have analyzed the adaptation of IAV-H9N2 virus to target cells of a new host by passaging the virus three times in differentiated porcine respiratory epithelial cells. Among the four mutations detected, the two HA mutations were analyzed by generating recombinant viruses. Depending on the infection system used, the mutations differed in their phenotypic expression, e.g., sialic acid binding activity, replication kinetics, plaque size, and pathogenicity in inbred mice. However, none of the mutations affected the ciliary activity which serves as a virulence marker. Thus, early adaptive mutation enhances the replication kinetics, but more mutations are required for IAV of the H9N2 subtype to become virulent.
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16
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Liu S, Ruan S, Zhang X. Nonlinear dynamics of avian influenza epidemic models. Math Biosci 2016; 283:118-135. [PMID: 27887851 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza is a zoonotic disease caused by the transmission of the avian influenza A virus, such as H5N1 and H7N9, from birds to humans. The avian influenza A H5N1 virus has caused more than 500 human infections worldwide with nearly a 60% death rate since it was first reported in Hong Kong in 1997. The four outbreaks of the avian influenza A H7N9 in China from March 2013 to June 2016 have resulted in 580 human cases including 202 deaths with a death rate of nearly 35%. In this paper, we construct two avian influenza bird-to-human transmission models with different growth laws of the avian population, one with logistic growth and the other with Allee effect, and analyze their dynamical behavior. We obtain a threshold value for the prevalence of avian influenza and investigate the local or global asymptotical stability of each equilibrium of these systems by using linear analysis technique or combining Liapunov function method and LaSalle's invariance principle, respectively. Moreover, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the occurrence of periodic solutions in the avian influenza system with Allee effect of the avian population. Numerical simulations are also presented to illustrate the theoretical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhong Liu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China; School of Mathematics and Statistics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Shigui Ruan
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China; Department of Mathematics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.
| | - Xinan Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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17
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Wang H, Xiao X, Lu J, Chen Z, Li K, Liu H, Luo L, Wang M, Yang Z. Factors associated with clinical outcome in 25 patients with avian influenza A (H7N9) infection in Guangzhou, China. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:534. [PMID: 27716101 PMCID: PMC5048464 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1840-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guangzhou reported its first laboratory-confirmed case of influenza A (H7N9) on January 10, 2014. A total of 25 cases were reported from the first wave of the epidemic until April 8, 2014. The fatality rate was much higher than in previous reports. The objective of the current work was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of A (H7N9) patients in Guangzhou and explore possible reasons for the high fatality rate. METHODS Clinical and epidemiological information regarding A (H7N9) cases in Guangzhou was collected through review of medical records and field research. Data regarding clinical and laboratory features, treatment, and outcomes were extracted. RESULTS Of the 25 patients, 84 % (21/25) had one or more underlying diseases. Fifteen patients (60.0 %) developed moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and 14 (56 %) died of the ARDS or multiorgan failure. Patients with longer delay between onset of illness and initiation of oseltamivir treatment were more likely to develop ARDS. Elevated C-creative protein, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and lymphocytopenia predicted a higher risk of developing ARDS. CONCLUSIONS The presence of underlying diseases and clinical complications predicted poor clinical outcome. Early oseltamivir treatment was associated with a reduced risk of developing ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1, Qide Rd, Jiahe, Baiyun, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - XinCai Xiao
- Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1, Qide Rd, Jiahe, Baiyun, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Jianyun Lu
- Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1, Qide Rd, Jiahe, Baiyun, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Zongqiu Chen
- Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1, Qide Rd, Jiahe, Baiyun, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Kuibiao Li
- Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1, Qide Rd, Jiahe, Baiyun, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1, Qide Rd, Jiahe, Baiyun, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Lei Luo
- Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1, Qide Rd, Jiahe, Baiyun, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1, Qide Rd, Jiahe, Baiyun, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - ZhiCong Yang
- Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1, Qide Rd, Jiahe, Baiyun, Guangzhou, 510440, China.
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18
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Bi Y, Liu J, Xiong H, Zhang Y, Liu D, Liu Y, Gao GF, Wang B. A new reassortment of influenza A (H7N9) virus causing human infection in Beijing, 2014. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26624. [PMID: 27230107 PMCID: PMC4882526 DOI: 10.1038/srep26624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A 73-year-old man was confirmed to have an influenza A (H7N9) virus infection, and the causative agent A/Beijing/02/2014(H7N9) virus was isolated. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the virus belonged to a novel genotype, which probably emerged and further reassorted with other H9 or H7 viruses in poultry before transmitting to humans. This virus caused a severe infection with high levels of cytokines and neutralizing antibodies. Eventually, the patient was cured after serially combined treatments. Taken together, our findings indicated that this novel genotype of the human H7N9 virus did not evolve directly from the first Beijing isolate A/Beijing/01/2013(H7N9), suggesting that the H7N9 virus has not obtained the ability for human-to-human transmissibility and the virus only evolves in poultry and then infects human by direct contact. Hence, the major measures to prevent human H7N9 virus infection are still to control and standardize the live poultry trade. Early antiviral treatment with combination therapies, including mechanical ventilation, nutrition support and symptomatic treatment, are effective for H7N9 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Haofeng Xiong
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Network Information Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - George F Gao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
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19
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Prosser DJ, Hungerford LL, Erwin RM, Ottinger MA, Takekawa JY, Newman SH, Xiao X, Ellis EC. Spatial Modeling of Wild Bird Risk Factors for Highly Pathogenic A(H5N1) Avian Influenza Virus Transmission. Avian Dis 2016; 60:329-36. [DOI: 10.1637/11125-050615-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Wang L, Cowling BJ, Wu P, Yu J, Li F, Zeng L, Wu JT, Li Z, Leung GM, Yu H. Human exposure to live poultry and psychological and behavioral responses to influenza A(H7N9), China. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 20:1296-305. [PMID: 25076186 PMCID: PMC4111172 DOI: 10.3201/eid2008.131821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure was common in urban and rural areas and remains a potential risk factor for human infection. To investigate human exposure to live poultry and changes in risk perception and behavior after the April 2013 influenza A(H7N9) outbreak in China, we surveyed 2,504 urban residents in 5 cities and 1,227 rural residents in 4 provinces and found that perceived risk for influenza A(H7N9) was low. The highest rate of exposure to live poultry was reported in Guangzhou, where 47% of those surveyed reported visiting a live poultry market >1 times in the previous year. Most (77%) urban respondents reported that they visited live markets less often after influenza A(H7N9) cases were first identified in China in March 2013, but only 30% supported permanent closure of the markets to control the epidemic. In rural areas, 48% of respondents reported that they raised backyard poultry. Exposure to live commercial and private poultry is common in urban and rural China and remains a potential risk factor for human infection with novel influenza viruses.
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21
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Zhu H, Lam TTY, Smith DK, Guan Y. Emergence and development of H7N9 influenza viruses in China. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 16:106-113. [PMID: 26922715 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of human infections with avian H7N9 viruses since 2013 demonstrates the continuing pandemic threat posed by the current influenza ecosystem in China. Influenza surveillance and phylogenetic analyses showed that these viruses were generated by multiple interspecies transmissions and reassortments among the viruses resident in domestic ducks and the H9N2 viruses enzootic in chickens. A large population of domestic ducks hosting diverse influenza viruses provided the precondition for these events to occur, while acquiring internal genes from enzootic H9N2 influenza viruses in chickens promoted the spread of these viruses. Human infections effectively act as sentinels, reflecting the intensity of the activity of these viruses in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachen Zhu
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (HKU-Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - David Keith Smith
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Guan
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (HKU-Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China; Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Chen J, Cui G, Lu C, Ding Y, Gao H, Zhu Y, Wei Y, Wang L, Uede T, Li L, Diao H. Severe Infection With Avian Influenza A Virus is Associated With Delayed Immune Recovery in Survivors. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2606. [PMID: 26844470 PMCID: PMC4748887 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infection with avian influenza A virus (H7N9) is a concern because of the mortality rate. Previously, we characterized immunological responses during active infection with it and reported evidence of impaired antigen-presenting capability, particularly in severely affected individuals. Here we describe an investigation of immunological responses during a 1-year follow-up of survivors of H7N9 infection. Survivors of H7N9 infection were classified as having had mild (n = 42) or severe infection (n = 26). Their immune status, including human leukocyte antigen-DR expression on monocytes, and their ability to mount cytokine responses were assessed at 1, 3, and 12 months postinfection.The total lymphocyte count and the percentages of different types of lymphocytes had normalized by 1 month postinfection. However, there was evidence of ongoing impairment of immune responses in those who had had severe infection. This included reduced human leukocyte antigen-DR expression on CD14 monocytes, reduced interferon-γ production by T cells, and higher plasma levels of the matrix metalloproteinases 2, 3, and 9. By 3 months postinfection, these had all normalized.After severe H7N9 infection, recovery of the antigen-presenting capability of monocytes and T-cell responses are delayed. This may lead to an increased vulnerability to secondary bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (JC, GC, CL, YD, HG, YZ, YW, LW, LL, HD); and Molecular Immunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (TU)
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Kucharski AJ, Mills HL, Donnelly CA, Riley S. Transmission Potential of Influenza A(H7N9) Virus, China, 2013-2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:852-5. [PMID: 25897624 PMCID: PMC4412215 DOI: 10.3201/eid2105.141137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine transmission potential of influenza A(H7N9) virus, we used symptom onset data to compare 2 waves of infection in China during 2013–2014. We found evidence of increased transmission potential in the second wave and showed that live bird market closure was significantly less effective in Guangdong than in other regions.
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Interpreting the transmissibility of the avian influenza A(H7N9) infection from 2013 to 2015 in Zhejiang Province, China. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 144:1584-91. [PMID: 26645357 PMCID: PMC4855998 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268815002812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three epidemic waves of human influenza A(H7N9) were documented in several different provinces in China between 2013 and 2015. With limited understanding of the potential for human-to-human transmission, it was difficult to implement control measures efficiently or to inform the public adequately about the application of interventions. In this study, the human-to-human transmission rate for the epidemics that occurred between 2013 and 2015 in Zhejiang Province, China, was analysed. The reproduction number (R), a key indicator of transmission intensity, was estimated by fitting the number of infections from poultry to humans and from humans to humans into a mathematical model. The posterior mean R for human-to-human transmission was estimated to be 0·27, with a 95% credible interval of 0·14–0·44 for the first wave, whereas the posterior mean Rs decreased to 0·15 in the second and third waves. Overall, these estimates indicate that a human H7N9 pandemic is unlikely to occur in Zhejiang. The reductions in the viral transmissibility and the number of poultry-transmitted infections after the first epidemic may be attributable to the various intervention measures taken, including changes in the extent of closures of live poultry markets.
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Dong W, Yang K, Xu QL, Yang YL. A Predictive Risk Model for A(H7N9) Human Infections Based on Spatial-Temporal Autocorrelation and Risk Factors: China, 2013-2014. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:15204-21. [PMID: 26633446 PMCID: PMC4690917 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121214981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the spatial distribution, spatial autocorrelation, temporal cluster, spatial-temporal autocorrelation and probable risk factors of H7N9 outbreaks in humans from March 2013 to December 2014 in China. The results showed that the epidemic spread with significant spatial-temporal autocorrelation. In order to describe the spatial-temporal autocorrelation of H7N9, an improved model was developed by introducing a spatial-temporal factor in this paper. Logistic regression analyses were utilized to investigate the risk factors associated with their distribution, and nine risk factors were significantly associated with the occurrence of A(H7N9) human infections: the spatial-temporal factor φ (OR = 2546669.382, p < 0.001), migration route (OR = 0.993, p < 0.01), river (OR = 0.861, p < 0.001), lake(OR = 0.992, p < 0.001), road (OR = 0.906, p < 0.001), railway (OR = 0.980, p < 0.001), temperature (OR = 1.170, p < 0.01), precipitation (OR = 0.615, p < 0.001) and relative humidity (OR = 1.337, p < 0.001). The improved model obtained a better prediction performance and a higher fitting accuracy than the traditional model: in the improved model 90.1% (91/101) of the cases during February 2014 occurred in the high risk areas (the predictive risk > 0.70) of the predictive risk map, whereas 44.6% (45/101) of which overlaid on the high risk areas (the predictive risk > 0.70) for the traditional model, and the fitting accuracy of the improved model was 91.6% which was superior to the traditional model (86.1%). The predictive risk map generated based on the improved model revealed that the east and southeast of China were the high risk areas of A(H7N9) human infections in February 2014. These results provided baseline data for the control and prevention of future human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dong
- School of Tourism and Geographic Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China.
- School of Information Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China.
- GIS Technology Engineering Research Centre for West-China Resources and Environment of Educational Ministry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Kun Yang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China.
- GIS Technology Engineering Research Centre for West-China Resources and Environment of Educational Ministry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Quan-Li Xu
- School of Tourism and Geographic Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China.
- GIS Technology Engineering Research Centre for West-China Resources and Environment of Educational Ministry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Yu-Lian Yang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China.
- GIS Technology Engineering Research Centre for West-China Resources and Environment of Educational Ministry, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China.
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Farooqui A, Huang L, Wu S, Cai Y, Su M, Lin P, Chen W, Fang X, Zhang L, Liu Y, Zeng T, Paquette SG, Khan A, Kelvin AA, Kelvin DJ. Assessment of Antiviral Properties of Peramivir against H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus in an Experimental Mouse Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:7255-64. [PMID: 26369969 PMCID: PMC4649212 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01885-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The H7N9 influenza virus causes a severe form of disease in humans. Neuraminidase inhibitors, including oral oseltamivir and injectable peramivir, are the first choices of antiviral treatment for such cases; however, the clinical efficacy of these drugs is questionable. Animal experimental models are essential for understanding the viral replication kinetics under the selective pressure of antiviral agents. This study demonstrates the antiviral activity of peramivir in a mouse model of H7N9 avian influenza virus infection. The data show that repeated administration of peramivir at 30 mg/kg of body weight successfully eradicated the virus from the respiratory tract and extrapulmonary tissues during the acute response, prevented clinical signs of the disease, including neuropathy, and eventually protected mice against lethal H7N9 influenza virus infection. Early treatment with peramivir was found to be associated with better disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Farooqui
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Linxi Huang
- Infectious Diseases Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Suwu Wu
- Intensive Care Unit, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - Yingmu Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Su
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Pengzhou Lin
- Infectious Diseases Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Intensive Care Unit, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - Xibin Fang
- Intensive Care Unit, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yisu Liu
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Tiansheng Zeng
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Stephane G Paquette
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adnan Khan
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Alyson A Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J Kelvin
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou, Guangdong, China Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Qi W, Shi W, Li W, Huang L, Li H, Wu Y, Yan J, Jiao P, Zhu B, Ma J, Gao GF, Liao M, Liu D. Continuous reassortments with local chicken H9N2 virus underlie the human-infecting influenza A (H7N9) virus in the new influenza season, Guangdong, China. Protein Cell 2015; 5:878-82. [PMID: 25109943 PMCID: PMC4225483 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Shi D, Shen S, Fan X, Chen S, Wang D, Li C, Wu X, Li L, Bai D, Zhang C, Wang J. Evaluation of Commercial Diagnostic Assays for the Specific Detection of Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus RNA Using a Quality-Control Panel and Clinical Specimens in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137862. [PMID: 26361351 PMCID: PMC4567293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel avian influenza A H7N9-subtype virus emerged in China in 2013 and threatened global public health. Commercial kits that specifically detect avian influenza A (H7N9) virus RNA are urgently required to prepare for the emergence and potential pandemic of this novel influenza virus. The safety and effectiveness of three commercial molecular diagnostic assays were evaluated using a quality-control panel and clinical specimens collected from over 90 patients with confirmed avian influenza A (H7N9) virus infections. The analytical performance evaluation showed that diverse influenza H7N9 viruses can be detected with high within- and between-lot reproducibility and without cross-reactivity to other influenza viruses (H1N1 pdm09, seasonal H1N1, H3N2, H5N1 and influenza B). The detection limit of all the commercial assays was 2.83 Log10 copies/μl [0.7 Log10TCID50/mL of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus strain A/Zhejiang/DTID-ZJU01/2013], which is comparable to the method recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition, using a WHO-Chinese National Influenza Center (CNIC) method as a reference for clinical evaluation, positive agreement of more than 98% was determined for all of the commercial kits, while negative agreement of more than 99% was observed. In conclusion, our findings provide comprehensive evidence for the high performance of three commercial diagnostic assays and suggest the application of these assays as rapid and effective diagnostic tools for avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in the routine clinical practice of medical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Shi
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu Shen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingliang Fan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suhong Chen
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dayan Wang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changgui Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongting Bai
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuntao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (CTZ); (JZW)
| | - Junzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (CTZ); (JZW)
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Surveillance of Avian H7N9 Virus in Various Environments of Zhejiang Province, China before and after Live Poultry Markets Were Closed in 2013-2014. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135718. [PMID: 26308215 PMCID: PMC4550274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To date, there have been a total of 637 laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus across mainland China, with 28% (179/637) of these reported in Zhejiang Province. Surveillance of avian H7N9 virus was conducted to investigate environmental contamination during H7N9 outbreaks. We sought to evaluate the prevalence of H7N9 in the environment, and the effects of poultry market closures on the incidence of human H7N9 cases. Methods We collected 6740 environmental samples from 751 sampling sites across 11 cities of Zhejiang Province (China) between January 2013 and March 2014. The presence of H7N9 was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, with prevalence compared between sites and over time. The relationship between environmental contamination and human cases of H7N9 infection were analyzed using Spearman’s ranked correlation coefficient. Results Of the 6740 samples, 10.09% (680/6740) were H7N9-positive. The virus was found to circulate seasonally, and peaked during the spring and winter of 2013–2014. The prevalence of the virus decreased from the north to the southeast of the province, coinciding with the geographical distribution of human H7N9 cases. Compared with other sampling sites, live poultry markets (LPMs) had the highest prevalence of H7N9 virus at 13.94% (667/4784). Of the various sample types analyzed, virus prevalence was highest for chopping board swabs at 15.49% (110/710). The prevalence of the virus in the environment positively correlated with the incidence of human H7N9 cases (r2 = 0.498; P < 0.01). Cities with a higher incidence of human H7N9 cases also had a higher prevalence of H7N9 among samples and at sampling sites. Following the closure of LPMs at the end of January 2014, the prevalence of H7N9 decreased from 19.18% (487/2539) to 6.92% (79/1141). This corresponded with a decrease in the number of human H7N9 cases reported. Conclusions The prevalence of H7N9 virus in environmental samples oscillated seasonally, regardless of whether LPMs were open. The presence of H7N9 in environmental samples positively correlated with the number of human H7N9 cases, indicating that eradication of the virus from the environment is essential in reducing the numbers of H7N9 cases and halting the spread of the virus.
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Evaluation and application of a one-step duplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for the rapid detection of influenza A (H7N9) virus from poultry samples. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2471-7. [PMID: 26179621 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2511-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In China, a novel reassortant influenza A (H7N9) virus, which has caused 435 cases of human infection, has recently emerged. Most cases of human infections with the H7N9 virus are known to be associated with a poultry farm and live-poultry markets. In this study, a one-step duplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of the H7N9 virus for effective surveillance and early diagnosis of cases from clinical samples collected from live-poultry markets or poultry farms. The detection limit of this assay was as low as 0.1 EID50 of H7N9 viruses, which is similar to the detection limit of the real-time RT-PCR assay released by the Word Health Organization. The coefficients of variation (CVs) of both inter-assay and intra-assay reproducibility were less than 1.55 %, showing good reproducibility. No cross-reactivity was observed with RNA of other subtypes of influenza virus or other avian respiratory viruses. The assay can effectively detect H7N9 influenza virus RNA from multiple sources, including chickens, pigeons, ducks, humans, and the environment. Furthermore, the RRT-PCR assay was evaluated with more than 700 clinical samples collected from live-poultry markets and 120 experimentally infected chicken samples. Together, these results indicate that the duplex RRT-PCR assay is a specific, sensitive, and efficient diagnostic method for the epidemiological surveillance and diagnosis of H7N9 virus from different sources, particularly poultry samples.
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Lu J, Wu J, Guan D, Yi L, Zeng X, Zou L, Liang L, Ni H, Zhang X, Lin J, Ke C. Genetic changes of reemerged influenza A(H7N9) viruses, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1582-3. [PMID: 25153821 PMCID: PMC4178397 DOI: 10.3201/eid2009.140250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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32
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Sun Y, Wang H, Lou X, Mao H, Yan Y, Chen E, Wang X, Li Z, Gao J, Fu X, Chen Z, Feng Y, Chen Z, Zhang Y. Living poultry markets in rural area: Human infection with H7N9 virus re-emerges in Zhejiang Province, China, in winter 2014. J Clin Virol 2015; 70:16-22. [PMID: 26305813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.06.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza A H7N9 virus, previously undetected in humans, has caused infections in many areas in China since February 2013. Here we report the re-emergence of a case of H7N9 in rural Jiaxing city, Zhejiang Province, in the winter of 2014. OBJECTIVES To understand (1) the clinical syndrome, epidemiological and virological characteristics of this case; (2) the importance of controlling live poultry markets (LPMs) in rural areas. STUDY DESIGN There is one patient and 16 contacts, including 4 family members living in the same household, and 12 medical personnel. Pharyngeal swabs and serum samples were collected from the patient and her contacts. Environment samples were also obtained from the local LPMs. We conducted detailed clinical and epidemiological investigations and laboratory work, including viral RNA extraction, RT-PCR detection and sequencing. Characteristic and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the obtained sequences. RESULTS H7N9s were detected in environmental samples collected in LPMs in Jiaxing, Zhejiang. Unknown mutations were discovered in amino acids in the sample from the patient. The strain from the patient was in a clade different from isolates obtained in 2013 in phylogenetic trees of HA, NA and PB2. CONCLUSIONS A severe case of H7N9 was identified in early winter, 2014. Epidemiological and clinical tests were consistent with patterns reported previously, while laboratory findings showed the virus to be different. Live poultry markets in rural Zhejiang Province are in need of closer supervision and enhanced management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Henghui Wang
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuyu Lou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyan Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Yan
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Enfu Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinying Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofei Fu
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongwen Chen
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youjun Feng
- Center for Infection & Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zhiping Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infection & Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Lam TTY, Zhou B, Wang J, Chai Y, Shen Y, Chen X, Ma C, Hong W, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Duan L, Chen P, Jiang J, Zhang Y, Li L, Poon LLM, Webby RJ, Smith DK, Leung GM, Peiris JSM, Holmes EC, Guan Y, Zhu H. Dissemination, divergence and establishment of H7N9 influenza viruses in China. Nature 2015; 522:102-5. [PMID: 25762140 DOI: 10.1038/nature14348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since 2013 the occurrence of human infections by a novel avian H7N9 influenza virus in China has demonstrated the continuing threat posed by zoonotic pathogens. Although the first outbreak wave that was centred on eastern China was seemingly averted, human infections recurred in October 2013 (refs 3-7). It is unclear how the H7N9 virus re-emerged and how it will develop further; potentially it may become a long-term threat to public health. Here we show that H7N9 viruses have spread from eastern to southern China and become persistent in chickens, which has led to the establishment of multiple regionally distinct lineages with different reassortant genotypes. Repeated introductions of viruses from Zhejiang to other provinces and the presence of H7N9 viruses at live poultry markets have fuelled the recurrence of human infections. This rapid expansion of the geographical distribution and genetic diversity of the H7N9 viruses poses a direct challenge to current disease control systems. Our results also suggest that H7N9 viruses have become enzootic in China and may spread beyond the region, following the pattern previously observed with H5N1 and H9N2 influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (HKU-Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China [2] Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou 515041, China [3] Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong, China
| | - Boping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (HKU-Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Jia Wang
- 1] Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou 515041, China [2] Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong, China
| | - Yujuan Chai
- 1] Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou 515041, China [2] Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongyi Shen
- 1] Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou 515041, China [2] Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (HKU-Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Chi Ma
- 1] Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou 515041, China [2] Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenshan Hong
- Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Emergency Detection for Public Health of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Emergency Detection for Public Health of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, China
| | - Lian Duan
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (HKU-Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China [2] Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou 515041, China [3] Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong, China
| | - Peiwen Chen
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (HKU-Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China [2] Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou 515041, China
| | - Junfei Jiang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (HKU-Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China [2] Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- 1] Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou 515041, China [2] Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong, China
| | - Lifeng Li
- 1] Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou 515041, China [2] Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong, China
| | - Leo Lit Man Poon
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (HKU-Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China [2] Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong, China
| | - Richard J Webby
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - David K Smith
- 1] Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou 515041, China [2] Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong, China
| | - Gabriel M Leung
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph S M Peiris
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (HKU-Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China [2] Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong, China
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Yi Guan
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (HKU-Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China [2] Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou 515041, China [3] Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong, China
| | - Huachen Zhu
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (HKU-Shenzhen Branch), Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China [2] Joint Influenza Research Centre (SUMC/HKU), Shantou University Medical College (SUMC), Shantou 515041, China [3] Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong, China
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Wang D, Tang G, Huang Y, Yu C, Li S, Zhuang L, Fu L, Wang S, Li N, Li X, Yang L, Lan Y, Bai T, Shu Y. A returning migrant worker with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus infection in Guizhou, China: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2015; 9:109. [PMID: 25962780 PMCID: PMC4437457 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-015-0580-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human infection with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus was first reported on March, 2013 in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. The majority of human cases were detected in mainland China; other regions out of mainland China reported imported human cases, including Hong Kong SAR, Taiwan (the Republic of China) and Malaysia, due to human transportation. Here, we report the first human case of H7N9 infection imported into Guizhou Province during the Spring Festival travel season in January 2014. Case presentation In early January 2014, a 38-year-old healthy Chinese man, a migrant worker returning from previously H7N9-affected Zhejiang Province, was identified as the first human case of infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in Guizhou Province. He developed fever in Zhejiang at the beginning of January 2014, and returned to Guizhou for the Chinese New Year the next day. He went to seek medical care, but deteriorated rapidly and died on day 8 after his illness onset. The influenza virus A/Guizhou/01502/2014 isolated from the patient had 99% identity with viruses circulating in the Yangtze River Delta region. Selected amino acids substitutions, well-known to be associated with mammalian adaptation, viral replication and drug resistance were similar to other H7N9 viruses circulating in humans. Conclusions Epidemiology investigation and laboratory results confirmed it was the first imported case of H7N9 infection in Guizhou Province. This finding further indicated that more human H7N9 cases may be detected in other regions due to frequent travel both domestically and internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingming Wang
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101 Bageyan Road, Guiyang City, 550004, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Guangpeng Tang
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101 Bageyan Road, Guiyang City, 550004, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Yan Huang
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101 Bageyan Road, Guiyang City, 550004, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Chun Yu
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101 Bageyan Road, Guiyang City, 550004, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Shijun Li
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101 Bageyan Road, Guiyang City, 550004, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Li Zhuang
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101 Bageyan Road, Guiyang City, 550004, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Lin Fu
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 101 Bageyan Road, Guiyang City, 550004, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Shiping Wang
- Zunyi Prefecture Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 19 Xima Road, Zunyi City, 563002, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Nanshi Li
- Meitan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 99-8 Zhedanan Road, Meitan County, 564100, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Xiyan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R China.
| | - Lei Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R China.
| | - Yu Lan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R China.
| | - Tian Bai
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R China.
| | - Yuelong Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, 155 Changbai Road, Beijing, 102206, P. R China.
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Kang M, He J, Song T, Rutherford S, Wu J, Lin J, Huang G, Tan X, Zhong H. Environmental Sampling for Avian Influenza A(H7N9) in Live-Poultry Markets in Guangdong, China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126335. [PMID: 25933138 PMCID: PMC4416787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To provide an increased understanding of avian influenza A(H7N9) activity in live-poultry market in space and time and hence improve H7N9 epidemic control, an ongoing environmental sampling program in multiple live-poultry markets across Guangdong, China was conducted during March 2013–June 2014. Methods A total of 625 live-poultry markets throughout 21 prefecture areas took part in the study. A total of 10 environmental sites in markets for sampling were identified to represent 4 different poultry-related activity areas. At least 10 environmental samples were collected from each market every month. The real time RT-PCR was performed to detect the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. Field survey was conducted to investigate the sanitation status of live-poultry markets. Results There were 109 human infections with H7N9 avian influenza in Guangdong, of which 37 (34%) died. A total of 18741 environmental swabs were collected and subjected to real-time RT-PCR test, of which 905(4.83%) were found positive for H7N9 virus. There were 201 (32.16%) markets affected by H7N9 in 16 prefecture areas. The detection of H7N9 virus in markets spiked in winter months. 63.33% markets (38/60) had no physical segregation for poultry holding, slaughter or sale zones. Closing live-poultry market significantly decreased the H7N9 detection rate from 14.83% (112/755) to 1.67% (5/300). Conclusions This study indicates the importance of live-poultry market surveillance based on environmental sampling for H7N9 Avian Influenza control. Improving live-poultry market management and sanitation and changing consumer practices are critical to reduce the risk of H7N9 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng He
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tie Song
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shannon Rutherford
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, School of Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jie Wu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Lin
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Huang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Tan
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haojie Zhong
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Zaraket H, Baranovich T, Kaplan BS, Carter R, Song MS, Paulson JC, Rehg JE, Bahl J, Crumpton JC, Seiler J, Edmonson M, Wu G, Karlsson E, Fabrizio T, Zhu H, Guan Y, Husain M, Schultz-Cherry S, Krauss S, McBride R, Webster RG, Govorkova EA, Zhang J, Russell CJ, Webby RJ. Mammalian adaptation of influenza A(H7N9) virus is limited by a narrow genetic bottleneck. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6553. [PMID: 25850788 PMCID: PMC4403340 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus is associated mainly with the exposure to infected poultry. The factors that allow interspecies transmission but limit human-to-human transmission are unknown. Here we show that A/Anhui/1/2013(H7N9) influenza virus infection of chickens (natural hosts) is asymptomatic and that it generates a high genetic diversity. In contrast, diversity is tightly restricted in infected ferrets, limiting further adaptation to a fully transmissible form. Airborne transmission in ferrets is accompanied by the mutations in PB1, NP and NA genes that reduce viral polymerase and neuraminidase activity. Therefore, while A(H7N9) virus can infect mammals, further adaptation appears to incur a fitness cost. Our results reveal that a tight genetic bottleneck during avian-to-mammalian transmission is a limiting factor in A(H7N9) influenza virus adaptation to mammals. This previously unrecognized biological mechanism limiting species jumps provides a measure of adaptive potential and may serve as a risk assessment tool for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Zaraket
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236 Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Tatiana Baranovich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Bryan S. Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Robert Carter
- Department of Computation Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - James C. Paulson
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology and Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MEM-L71, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jerold E. Rehg
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Justin Bahl
- School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler Street, Houston Texas 77030 USA
| | - Jeri C. Crumpton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Jon Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Michael Edmonson
- Department of Computation Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computation Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Erik Karlsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Thomas Fabrizio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Huachen Zhu
- Joint Influenza Research Center (Shantou University Medical College & Hong Kong University), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, PR China
| | - Yi Guan
- Joint Influenza Research Center (Shantou University Medical College & Hong Kong University), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515031, PR China
| | - Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology and Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MEM-L71, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Elena A. Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computation Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Charles J. Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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Yang Y, Zhang Y, Fang L, Halloran ME, Ma M, Liang S, Kenah E, Britton T, Chen E, Hu J, Tang F, Cao W, Feng Z, Longini IM. Household transmissibility of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus, China, February to May 2013 and October 2013 to March 2014. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:21056. [PMID: 25788253 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.10.21056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To study human-to-human transmissibility of the avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in China, household contact information was collected for 125 index cases during the spring wave (February to May 2013), and for 187 index cases during the winter wave (October 2013 to March 2014). Using a statistical model, we found evidence for human-to-human transmission, but such transmission is not sustainable. Under plausible assumptions about the natural history of disease and the relative transmission frequencies in settings other than household, we estimate the household secondary attack rate (SAR) among humans to be 1.4% (95% CI: 0.8 to 2.3), and the basic reproductive number R0 to be 0.08 (95% CI: 0.05 to 0.13). The estimates range from 1.3% to 2.2% for SAR and from 0.07 to 0.12 for R0 with reasonable changes in the assumptions. There was no significant change in the human-to-human transmissibility of the virus between the two waves, although a minor increase was observed in the winter wave. No sex or age difference in the risk of infection from a human source was found. Human-to-human transmissibility of H7N9 continues to be limited, but it needs to be closely monitored for potential increase via genetic reassortment or mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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Duan S, Meliopoulos VA, McClaren JL, Guo XZJ, Sanders CJ, Smallwood HS, Webby RJ, Schultz-Cherry SL, Doherty PC, Thomas PG. Diverse heterologous primary infections radically alter immunodominance hierarchies and clinical outcomes following H7N9 influenza challenge in mice. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004642. [PMID: 25668410 PMCID: PMC4335497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of a novel H7N9 influenza A virus (IAV) causing severe human infections in China raises concerns about a possible pandemic. The lack of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies in the broader population highlights the potential protective role of IAV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) memory specific for epitopes conserved between H7N9 and previously encountered IAVs. In the present study, the heterosubtypic immunity generated by prior H9N2 or H1N1 infections significantly, but variably, reduced morbidity and mortality, pulmonary virus load and time to clearance in mice challenged with the H7N9 virus. In all cases, the recall of established CTL memory was characterized by earlier, greater airway infiltration of effectors targeting the conserved or cross-reactive H7N9 IAV peptides; though, depending on the priming IAV, each case was accompanied by distinct CTL epitope immunodominance hierarchies for the prominent KbPB1703, DbPA224, and DbNP366 epitopes. While the presence of conserved, variable, or cross-reactive epitopes between the priming H9N2 and H1N1 and the challenge H7N9 IAVs clearly influenced any change in the immunodominance hierarchy, the changing patterns were not tied solely to epitope conservation. Furthermore, the total size of the IAV-specific memory CTL pool after priming was a better predictor of favorable outcomes than the extent of epitope conservation or secondary CTL expansion. Modifying the size of the memory CTL pool significantly altered its subsequent protective efficacy on disease severity or virus clearance, confirming the important role of heterologous priming. These findings establish that both the protective efficacy of heterosubtypic immunity and CTL immunodominance hierarchies are reflective of the immunological history of the host, a finding that has implications for understanding human CTL responses and the rational design of CTL-mediated vaccines. The emergence of human infections with a novel strain of avian-origin H7N9 virus in China raises a pandemic concern. The introduction of a new subtype in humans makes people at all ages susceptible due to the lack of population-wide neutralizing antibodies. However, cross-subtype protection from existing host immunity might provide important protection that can limit severe disease. Our study found that previous infection with non-H7N9 subtype viruses such as H9N2 viruses or H1N1 viruses could provide protection against lethal H7N9 challenge to varying degrees in mice. The virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells generated by the previous infection but targeting conserved or related portions of the internal proteins (epitopes) of the H7N9 viruses were selectively expanded and recruited at very early time points after H7N9 challenge, contributing to protective efficacy. The magnitude of the priming virus-generated memory CD8+ T cells was the best predictor of the protective efficacy of the heterosubtypic immunity against subsequent H7N9 challenge in these animals, when compared to the magnitude of the challenge response or the degree of epitope conservation between the priming and challenge strains. These results demonstrate the complexity of cross-reactive CD8+ T cell dynamics and suggest that significant protective immunity can be present even when few epitopes are conserved during heterosubtypic influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Duan
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Victoria A. Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. McClaren
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xi-Zhi J. Guo
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Catherine J. Sanders
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Heather S. Smallwood
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stacey L. Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Peter C. Doherty
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Viral lung infections: epidemiology, virology, clinical features, and management of avian influenza A(H7N9). Curr Opin Pulm Med 2015; 20:225-32. [PMID: 24637225 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The avian influenza A(H7N9) virus has jumped species barrier and caused severe human infections. Here, we present the virological features relevant to clinical practice, and summarize the epidemiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive strategies of A(H7N9) infection. RECENT FINDINGS As of 18 February 2014, A(H7N9) virus has caused 354 infections in mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong with a case-fatality rate of 32%. Elderly men were most affected. Most patients acquired the infection from direct contact with poultry or from a contaminated environment, although person-to-person transmission has likely occurred. A(H7N9) infection has usually presented with severe pneumonia, often complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure. Mild infections have been reported in children and young adults. Nasopharyngeal aspirate and sputum samples should be collected for diagnosis, preferably using reverse transcriptase-PCR. Early treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors improved survival, but the efficacy of antivirals was hampered by resistant mutants. The closure of live poultry markets in affected areas has significantly contributed to the decline in the incidence of human cases. SUMMARY The emergence of A(H7N9) virus represents a significant health threat. High vigilance is necessary so that appropriate treatment can be instituted for the patient and preventive measures can be implemented.
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40
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Influenza viruses: update on epidemiology, clinical features, treatment and vaccination. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2015; 20:242-6. [PMID: 24637227 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the last decade, sporadic and lethal human disease caused by zoonotic avian influenza viruses, and the seasonal activity of human H1N1 2009 pandemic type have driven intense epidemiological and laboratory studies into the virus life cycle. This article highlights major developments from mid-2012 to early 2014. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in molecular techniques and efficient rollout of diagnostic tests have enabled the rapid identification of clinical cases and detailed genetic sequencing of viral genomes. Studies have contributed widely to the understanding of how and when influenza viruses circulate, what determines their innate pathogenicity in particular hosts and whether host cofactors influence disease severity. Other imperatives include investigations into how influenza can be better prevented by vaccination, or treated with antiviral drugs. SUMMARY Avian influenza viruses present a continuous threat to human populations. There is a need for sustained surveillance and downstream research to evaluate the potential for future pandemics.
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Ding H, Chen Y, Yu Z, Horby PW, Wang F, Hu J, Yang X, Mao H, Qin S, Chai C, Liu S, Chen E, Yu H. A family cluster of three confirmed cases infected with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in Zhejiang Province of China. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:698. [PMID: 25551435 PMCID: PMC4304124 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A total of 453 laboratory-confirmed cases infected with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus (including 175 deaths) have been reported till October 2,2014, of which 30.68% (139/453) of the cases were identified from Zhejiang Province. We describe the largest reported cluster of virologically confirmed H7N9 cases, comprised by a fatal Index case and two mild secondary cases. Methods A retrospective investigation was conducted in January of 2014. Three confirmed cases, their close contacts, and relevant environments samples were tested by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), viral culture, and sequencing. Serum samples were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Results The Index case, a 49-year-old farmer with type II diabetes, who lived with his daughter (Case 2, aged 24) and wife (Case 3, aged 43) and his son-in-law (H7N9 negative). The Index case and Case 3 worked daily in a live bird market. Onset of illness in Index case occurred in January 13, 2014 and subsequently, he died of multi-organ failure on January 20. Case 2 presented with mild symptoms on January 20 following frequent unprotected bed-side care of the Index case between January 14 to 19, and exposed to live bird market on January 17. Case 3 became unwell on January 23 after providing bedside care to the Index case on January 17 to 18, and following the contact with Case 2 during January 21 to 22 at the funeral of the Index case. The two secondary cases were discharged on February 2 and 5 separately after early treatment with antiviral medication. Four virus strains were isolated and genome analyses showed 99.6 ~100% genetic homology, with two amino mutations (V192I in NS and V280A in NP). 42% (11/26) of environmental samples collected in January were H7N9 positive. Twenty-five close contacts remained well and were negative for H7N9 infection by RT-PCR and HI assay. Conclusions In the present study, the Index case was infected from a live bird market while the two secondary cases were infected by the Index case during unprotected exposure. This family cluster is, therefore, compatible with non-sustained person-to-person transmission of avian influenza A/H7N9. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0698-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ding
- Hangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Yin Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Zhao Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Peter W Horby
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit-Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hu Chi Minh City, Vietnam. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom. .,Singapore Infectious Disease Initiative, Singapore City, Singapore.
| | - Fenjuan Wang
- XiaoShan District Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Jingfeng Hu
- ShangCheng District Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Xuhui Yang
- Hangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Haiyan Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Shuwen Qin
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Chengliang Chai
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Shelan Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Enfu Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310051, China.
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, China.
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The K526R substitution in viral protein PB2 enhances the effects of E627K on influenza virus replication. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5509. [PMID: 25409547 PMCID: PMC4263149 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-adaptive strategies, such as the E627K substitution in the PB2 protein, are critical for replication of avian influenza A viruses in mammalian hosts. Here we show that mutation PB2-K526R is present in some human H7N9 influenza isolates, in nearly 80% of H5N1 human isolates from Indonesia and, in conjunction with E627K, in almost all seasonal H3N2 viruses since 1970. Polymerase complexes containing PB2-526R derived from H7N9, H5N1 or H3N2 viruses exhibit increased polymerase activity. PB2-526R also enhances viral transcription and replication in cells. In comparison with viruses carrying 627K, H7N9 viruses carrying both 526R and 627K replicate more efficiently in mammalian (but not avian) cells and in mouse lung tissues, and cause greater body weight loss and mortality in infected mice. PB2-K526R interacts with nuclear export protein and our results suggest that it contributes to enhance replication for certain influenza virus subtypes, particularly in combination with 627K.
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Liu J, Nian QG, Li J, Hu Y, Li XF, Zhang Y, Deng YQ, Zhu SY, Zhu QY, Qin ED, Jiang T, Qin CF. Development of reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of novel avian influenza A (H7N9) virus. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:271. [PMID: 25394781 PMCID: PMC4234856 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emerged human infection with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in China since 2013 has aroused global concerns. There is great demand for simple and rapid diagnostic method for early detection of H7N9 to provide timely treatment and disease control. The aim of the current study was to develop a rapid, accurate and feasible reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for detection of H7N9 virus. Results The detection limits of the H7- and N9-specific RT-LAMP assay were both approximately 0.2 PFU per reaction. No cross-reactivity was observed with other subtype of influenza viruses or common respiratory viral pathogens. The assay worked well with clinical specimens from patients and chickens, and exhibited high specificity and sensitivity. Conclusions The H7/N9 specific RT-LAMP assay was sensitive and accurate, which could be a useful alternative in clinical diagnostics of influenza A (H7N9) virus, especially in the hospitals and laboratories without sophisticated diagnostic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No.20 Dongda Street, Beijing, Fengtai District, 100071, China. .,Department of Transfusion Medicine, PLA Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Qing-Gong Nian
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No.20 Dongda Street, Beijing, Fengtai District, 100071, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No.20 Dongda Street, Beijing, Fengtai District, 100071, China.
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No.20 Dongda Street, Beijing, Fengtai District, 100071, China.
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No.20 Dongda Street, Beijing, Fengtai District, 100071, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No.20 Dongda Street, Beijing, Fengtai District, 100071, China.
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No.20 Dongda Street, Beijing, Fengtai District, 100071, China.
| | - Shun-Ya Zhu
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No.20 Dongda Street, Beijing, Fengtai District, 100071, China.
| | - Qing-Yu Zhu
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No.20 Dongda Street, Beijing, Fengtai District, 100071, China.
| | - E-De Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No.20 Dongda Street, Beijing, Fengtai District, 100071, China.
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No.20 Dongda Street, Beijing, Fengtai District, 100071, China.
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No.20 Dongda Street, Beijing, Fengtai District, 100071, China.
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de Araujo J, de Azevedo Júnior SM, Gaidet N, Hurtado RF, Walker D, Thomazelli LM, Ometto T, Seixas MMM, Rodrigues R, Galindo DB, da Silva ACS, Rodrigues AMM, Bomfim LL, Mota MA, Larrazábal ME, Branco JO, Serafini P, Neto IS, Franks J, Webby RJ, Webster RG, Durigon EL. Avian influenza virus (H11N9) in migratory shorebirds wintering in the Amazon Region, Brazil. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110141. [PMID: 25329399 PMCID: PMC4199675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquatic birds are the natural reservoir for avian influenza viruses (AIV). Habitats in Brazil provide stopover and wintering sites for water birds that migrate between North and South America. The current study was conducted to elucidate the possibility of the transport of influenza A viruses by birds that migrate annually between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In total, 556 orotracheal/cloacal swab samples were collected for influenza A virus screening using real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). The influenza A virus-positive samples were subjected to viral isolation. Four samples were positive for the influenza A matrix gene by rRT-PCR. From these samples, three viruses were isolated, sequenced and characterized. All positive samples originated from a single bird species, the ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres), that was caught in the Amazon region at Caeté Bay, Northeast Pará, at Ilha de Canelas. To our knowledge, this is the first isolation of H11N9 in the ruddy turnstone in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jansen de Araujo
- BSL3+ Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Renata F. Hurtado
- BSL3+ Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Luciano M. Thomazelli
- BSL3+ Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Ometto
- BSL3+ Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina M. M. Seixas
- BSL3+ Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana C. S. da Silva
- SFA-PA- Superintendência Federal de Agricultura no estado do Pará. Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo A. Mota
- SFA-PA- Superintendência Federal de Agricultura no estado do Pará. Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Joaquim O. Branco
- Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas da Terra e do Mar, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Patricia Serafini
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação das Aves Silvestres (CEMAVE), Cabedelo, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Isaac S. Neto
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação das Aves Silvestres (CEMAVE), Cabedelo, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Edison L. Durigon
- BSL3+ Laboratório de Virologia Clínica e Molecular do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB-II), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Suk JE, Van Cangh T, Beauté J, Bartels C, Tsolova S, Pharris A, Ciotti M, Semenza JC. The interconnected and cross-border nature of risks posed by infectious diseases. Glob Health Action 2014; 7:25287. [PMID: 25308818 PMCID: PMC4195207 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v7.25287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases can constitute public health emergencies of international concern when a pathogen arises, acquires new characteristics, or is deliberately released, leading to the potential for loss of human lives as well as societal disruption. A wide range of risk drivers are now known to lead to and/or exacerbate the emergence and spread of infectious disease, including global trade and travel, the overuse of antibiotics, intensive agriculture, climate change, high population densities, and inadequate infrastructures, such as water treatment facilities. Where multiple risk drivers interact, the potential impact of a disease outbreak is amplified. The varying temporal and geographic frequency with which infectious disease events occur adds yet another layer of complexity to the issue. Mitigating the emergence and spread of infectious disease necessitates mapping and prioritising the interdependencies between public health and other sectors. Conversely, during an international public health emergency, significant disruption occurs not only to healthcare systems but also to a potentially wide range of sectors, including trade, tourism, energy, civil protection, transport, agriculture, and so on. At the same time, dealing with a disease outbreak may require a range of critical sectors for support. There is a need to move beyond narrow models of risk to better account for the interdependencies between health and other sectors so as to be able to better mitigate and respond to the risks posed by emerging infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Suk
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden; Global Public Health Unit, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;
| | - Thomas Van Cangh
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julien Beauté
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cornelius Bartels
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Svetla Tsolova
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anastasia Pharris
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Massimo Ciotti
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan C Semenza
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
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Epidemiology of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in the two waves before and after October 2013 in Zhejiang province, China. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 143:1839-45. [DOI: 10.1017/s095026881400257x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYWe compared the epidemiological and clinical features of avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infections in the population in Zhejiang province, China, between March and April 2013 (first wave) and October 2013 and February 2014 (second wave). No statistical difference was found for age, sex, occupation, presence of underlying conditions, exposure history, white blood cell count, lymphocyte percentage and illness timeline and duration (all P > 0·05). The virus spread to 30 new counties compared to the first wave. The case-fatality rate was 22% in the first wave and 42% in the second (P = 0·023). Of those infected, 66% in the first wave and 62% in the second wave had underlying conditions. The proportion of those exposed to live poultry markets were 80% and 66%, respectively. We recommend permanent closure of live poultry markets and reformation of poultry supply and sales.
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Spackman E, Pantin-Jackwood MJ. Practical aspects of vaccination of poultry against avian influenza virus. Vet J 2014; 202:408-15. [PMID: 25296849 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although little has changed in vaccine technology for avian influenza virus (AIV) in the past 20 years, the approach to vaccination of poultry (chickens, turkeys and ducks) for avian influenza has evolved as highly pathogenic AIV has become endemic in several regions of the world. Vaccination for low pathogenicity AIV is also becoming routine in regions where there is a high level of field challenge. In contrast, some countries will not use vaccination at all and some will only use it on an emergency basis during eradication efforts (i.e. stamping-out). There are pros and cons to each approach and, since every outbreak situation is different, no one method will work equally well in all situations. Numerous practical aspects must be considered when developing an AIV control program with vaccination as a component, such as: (1) the goals of vaccination must be defined; (2) the population to be vaccinated must be clearly identified; (3) there must be a plan to obtain and administer good quality vaccine in a timely manner and to achieve adequate coverage with the available resources; (4) risk factors for vaccine failure should be mitigated as much as possible; and, most importantly, (5) biosecurity must be maintained as much as possible, if not enhanced, during the vaccination period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Spackman
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), 934 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA.
| | - Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), 934 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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Watanabe T, Watanabe S, Maher EA, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. Pandemic potential of avian influenza A (H7N9) viruses. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:623-31. [PMID: 25264312 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses rarely infect humans, but the recently emerged avian H7N9 influenza viruses have caused sporadic infections in humans in China, resulting in 440 confirmed cases with 122 fatalities as of 16 May 2014. In addition, epidemiologic surveys suggest that there have been asymptomatic or mild human infections with H7N9 viruses. These viruses replicate efficiently in mammals, show limited transmissibility in ferrets and guinea pigs, and possess mammalian-adapting amino acid changes that likely contribute to their ability to infect mammals. In this review, we summarize the characteristic features of the novel H7N9 viruses and assess their pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokiko Watanabe
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 575 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA; ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Eileen A Maher
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 575 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 575 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 575 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711, USA; ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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Kreijtz JHCM, Wiersma LCM, De Gruyter HLM, Vogelzang-van Trierum SE, van Amerongen G, Stittelaar KJ, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Sutter G, Rimmelzwaan GF. A single immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based influenza virus H7 vaccine affords protection in the influenza A(H7N9) pneumonia ferret model. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:791-800. [PMID: 25246535 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first reports in early 2013, >440 human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) have been reported including 122 fatalities. After the isolation of the first A(H7N9) viruses, the nucleotide sequences became publically available. Based on the coding sequence of the influenza virus A/Shanghai/2/2013 hemagglutinin gene, a codon-optimized gene was synthesized and cloned into a recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA). This MVA-H7-Sh2 viral vector was used to immunize ferrets and proved to be immunogenic, even after a single immunization. Subsequently, ferrets were challenged with influenza virus A/Anhui/1/2013 via the intratracheal route. Unprotected animals that were mock vaccinated or received empty vector developed interstitial pneumonia characterized by a marked alveolitis, accompanied by loss of appetite, weight loss, and heavy breathing. In contrast, animals vaccinated with MVA-H7-Sh2 were protected from severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center Viroclinics Biosciences, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich German Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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Liao Q, Ip DKM, Tsang TK, Cao B, Jiang H, Liu F, Zheng J, Peng Z, Wu P, Huai Y, Lau EHY, Feng L, Leung GM, Yu H, Cowling BJ. A clinical prediction rule for diagnosing human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) in a hospital emergency department setting. BMC Med 2014; 12:127. [PMID: 25091477 PMCID: PMC4243192 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-014-0127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus are associated with severe illness and high mortality. To better inform triage decisions of hospitalization and management, we developed a clinical prediction rule for diagnosing patients with A(H7N9) and determined its predictive performance. METHODS Clinical details on presentation of adult patients hospitalized with either A(H7N9)(n = 121) in China from March to May 2013 or other causes of acute respiratory infections (n = 2,603) in Jingzhou City, China from January 2010 through September 2012 were analyzed. A clinical prediction rule was developed using a two-step coefficient-based multivariable logistic regression scoring method and evaluated with internal validation by bootstrapping. RESULTS In step 1, predictors for A(H7N9) included male sex, poultry exposure history, and fever, haemoptysis, or shortness of breath on history and physical examination. In step 2, haziness or pneumonic consolidation on chest radiographs and leukopenia were also associated with a higher probability of A(H7N9). The observed risk of A(H7N9) was 0.3% for those assigned to the low-risk group and 2.5%, 4.3%, and 44.0% for tertiles 1 through 3, respectively, in the high-risk group. This prediction rule achieved good model performance, with an optimism-corrected sensitivity of 0.93, a specificity of 0.80, and an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.96. CONCLUSIONS A simple decision rule based on data readily obtainable in the setting of patients' first clinical presentations from the first wave of the A/H7N9 epidemic in China has been developed. This prediction rule has achieved good model performance in predicting their risk of A(H7N9) infection and should be useful in guiding important clinical and public health decisions in a timely and objective manner. Data to be gathered with its use in the current evolving second wave of the A/H7N9 epidemic in China will help to inform its performance in the field and contribute to its further refinement.
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