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El-Farhan N, Tennant S, Rees SE, Evans C, Rees DA. Salivary Cortisol Response to ACTH Stimulation Is a Reliable Alternative to Serum Cortisol in Evaluating Hypoadrenalism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e579-e588. [PMID: 37768151 PMCID: PMC10795914 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The serum total cortisol response to the ACTH stimulation test is widely used to assess adrenocortical function but is affected by changes in cortisol-binding globulin (CBG) concentration. Salivary cortisol reflects free cortisol concentrations and may offer a reliable alternative. OBJECTIVES (1) To establish the salivary cortisol response to ACTH stimulation in healthy volunteers and patients with altered CBG concentrations; (2) to evaluate the performance of a lower reference limit (LRL) determined in healthy volunteers in patients with suspected hypoadrenalism (SH-patients). DESIGN A 250 µg ACTH stimulation test was undertaken in 139 healthy volunteers, 24 women taking an estradiol-containing oral contraceptive pill (OCP-females), 10 patients with low serum protein concentration (LP-patients), and 30 SH-patients. Salivary cortisol was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Mean and LRL of the 30-minute salivary cortisol response (mean-1.96 standard deviation) were derived from log-transformed concentrations. The LRL was applied as a diagnostic cut-off in SH-patients, with comparison to the serum response. RESULTS Mean CBG concentrations (range) were 58 (42-81) mg/L, 64 (43-95) mg/L, 41 (28-60) mg/L, and 116 (84-159) mg/L in males, females, LP-patients, and OCP-females, respectively. The mean 30-minute salivary cortisol concentration was 19.3 (2.5th-97.5th percentile 10.3-36.2) nmol/L in healthy volunteers. Corresponding values were not different in OCP-females [19.7 (9.5-41.2) nmol/L; P = .59] or LP-patients [19.0 (7.7-46.9) nmol/L; P = .97]. Overall diagnostic agreement between salivary and serum responses in SH-patients was 79%. CONCLUSION Salivary cortisol response to ACTH stimulation offers a reliable alternative to serum and may be especially useful in conditions of altered CBG concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia El-Farhan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport NP20 2UB, UK
| | - Sarah Tennant
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Immunology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Seren E Rees
- Birmingham Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Carol Evans
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Immunology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - D Aled Rees
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Akkoca Z, Yavuz B, Koçak Sezgin A, Bildirici Y. The effect of the swaddling method on stress levels in newborns administered nasal CPAP. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:629. [PMID: 38087248 PMCID: PMC10714443 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to investigate the effects of the swaddling method on the stress levels in newborns receiving nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP). METHODS The study was conducted between 1 June 2022 and 1 October 2022 with 40 newborns who underwent nCPAP in the second-level Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of a city hospital in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. Data were collected using a descriptive form, including the characteristics of newborns, a patient follow-up chart, and the Newborn Stress Scale (NSS). The descriptive form, the patient follow-up chart, and the NSS were completed by the researcher 30 min after the nCPAP was started and the first saliva sample was taken. The patient follow-up chart and NSS were completed 30 min after applying the swaddling method and the second saliva sample was collected. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 package software and presented with number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, min-max, and t-test. RESULTS The study found that the mean score of the NSS after the intervention (3.52 ± 2.57) was lower than that before the intervention (10.02 ± 2.05) (p < 0.05). The mean saliva cortisol levels of the newborns after the intervention (4.99 ± 1.89) were lower than before the intervention (5.51 ± 1.65) (p < 0.05). The mean heart (135.50 ± 14.15) and respiratory rates (68.07 ± 10.16) of the newborns after the intervention were lower than those before the intervention (140.82 ± 18.11; 72.95 ± 9.06, respectively) (p < 0.05). There was no difference between the mean oxygen saturation of newborns before and after the intervention (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The study showed that the swaddling method played a role in reducing the stress levels in newborns who underwent nCPAP. It is recommended that randomized controlled trials examining the effect of swaddling on the stress levels of newborns who underwent nCPAP be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Akkoca
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Eskisehir City Hospital, Neonatal Nurse, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Betul Yavuz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pediatric Nursing, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey.
| | - Ayşe Koçak Sezgin
- Faculty of Medicine, Basic Medical Science, Medical Biochemistry Department Kutahya, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Kutahya, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Bildirici
- Department of Pediatrics Eskisehir, University of Health Sciences, Eskisehir City Hospital, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Tornabene BJ, Hossack BR, Breuner CW. Assay validation of saliva glucocorticoids in Columbia spotted frogs and effects of handling and marking. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad078. [PMID: 38026797 PMCID: PMC10660366 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive methods are important to the field of conservation physiology to reduce negative effects on organisms being studied. Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones are often used to assess health of individuals, but collection methods can be invasive. Many amphibians are imperiled worldwide, and saliva is a non- or semi-invasive matrix to measure GCs that has been partially validated for only four amphibian species. Validation ensures that assays are reliable and can detect changes in saliva corticosterone (sCORT) after exposure to stressors, but it is also necessary to ensure sCORT concentrations are correlated with plasma concentrations. To help validate the use of saliva in assessing CORT responses in amphibians, we captured uniquely marked Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris) on sequential days and collected baseline and stress-induced (after handling) samples. For a subset of individuals, we collected and quantified CORT in both saliva and blood samples, which have not been compared for amphibians. We tested several aspects of CORT responses and, by collecting across separate days, measured repeatability of CORT responses across days. We also evaluated whether methods common to amphibian conservation, such as handling alone or handling, clipping a toe and tagging elevated sCORT. Similar to previous studies, we show that sCORT is reliable concerning parallelism, recovery, precision and sensitivity. sCORT was weakly correlated with plasma CORT (R2 = 0.21), and we detected elevations in sCORT after handling, demonstrating biological validation. Toe clipping and tagging did not increase sCORT over handling alone, but repeated handling elevated sCORT for ~72 hours. However, sCORT responses were highly variable and repeatability was low within individuals and among capture sessions, contrary to previous studies with urinary and waterborne CORT. sCORT is a semi-invasive and rapid technique that could be useful to assess effects of anthropogenic change and conservation efforts, but will require careful study design and future validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Tornabene
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, 32 Campus Dr., University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
- Wildlife Biology Program, W. A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation, 32 Campus Dr., University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Blake R Hossack
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, 32 Campus Dr., University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
- Wildlife Biology Program, W. A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation, 32 Campus Dr., University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Creagh W Breuner
- Wildlife Biology Program, W. A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation, 32 Campus Dr., University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
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Makaracı Y, Makaracı M, Zorba E, Lautenbach F. A Pilot Study of the Biofeedback Training to Reduce Salivary Cortisol Level and Improve Mental Health in Highly-Trained Female Athletes. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2023; 48:357-367. [PMID: 37204539 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-023-09589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Biofeedback (BFB) training can provide a useful resource for athletes to cope with stress. However, the effects of BFB training on acute and chronic endocrine stress responses, parasympathetic activity, and mental health in competitive athletes have not been explored yet. This pilot study examined the effects of a 7-week BFB training on psychophysiological parameters in highly trained female athletes. Six highly trained female volleyball players (mean age: 17.50 ± 1.05 years) volunteered to participate in the study. Athletes individually attended 21-session heart rate variability (HRV)-BFB training consisting of six minutes for 7 weeks. A BFB device (Nexus 10) was used to measure the athletes' physiological responses reflecting HRV. To assess the cortisol awakening response (CAR), saliva samples were collected immediately after awakening and 15 min, 30 min, and 60 min post-awakening. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 was filled out before and after the intervention to assess mental health. Furthermore, athletes provided saliva samples during eight sessions pre- and immediately post-session. Mid-day cortisol levels decreased significantly after the intervention. No significant change was observed in CAR and physiological responses after the intervention. A significant decrease in cortisol level was observed in BFB sessions in which cortisol level was assessed, except for two sessions. We concluded that short sessions of 7-week HRV-BFB training could be used as an effective method to control autonomic functions and stress of female athletes. Although the present study provides strong evidence for the psychophysiological well-being of athletes, further investigations with larger samples are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yücel Makaracı
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey.
| | - Melek Makaracı
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
| | - Erdal Zorba
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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5
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Nebe S, Reutter M, Baker DH, Bölte J, Domes G, Gamer M, Gärtner A, Gießing C, Gurr C, Hilger K, Jawinski P, Kulke L, Lischke A, Markett S, Meier M, Merz CJ, Popov T, Puhlmann LMC, Quintana DS, Schäfer T, Schubert AL, Sperl MFJ, Vehlen A, Lonsdorf TB, Feld GB. Enhancing precision in human neuroscience. eLife 2023; 12:e85980. [PMID: 37555830 PMCID: PMC10411974 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neuroscience has always been pushing the boundary of what is measurable. During the last decade, concerns about statistical power and replicability - in science in general, but also specifically in human neuroscience - have fueled an extensive debate. One important insight from this discourse is the need for larger samples, which naturally increases statistical power. An alternative is to increase the precision of measurements, which is the focus of this review. This option is often overlooked, even though statistical power benefits from increasing precision as much as from increasing sample size. Nonetheless, precision has always been at the heart of good scientific practice in human neuroscience, with researchers relying on lab traditions or rules of thumb to ensure sufficient precision for their studies. In this review, we encourage a more systematic approach to precision. We start by introducing measurement precision and its importance for well-powered studies in human neuroscience. Then, determinants for precision in a range of neuroscientific methods (MRI, M/EEG, EDA, Eye-Tracking, and Endocrinology) are elaborated. We end by discussing how a more systematic evaluation of precision and the application of respective insights can lead to an increase in reproducibility in human neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Nebe
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mario Reutter
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-UniversityWürzburgGermany
| | - Daniel H Baker
- Department of Psychology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of YorkYorkUnited Kingdom
| | - Jens Bölte
- Institute for Psychology, University of Münster, Otto-Creuzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral NeuroscienceMünsterGermany
| | - Gregor Domes
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of TrierTrierGermany
- Institute for Cognitive and Affective NeuroscienceTrierGermany
| | - Matthias Gamer
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-UniversityWürzburgGermany
| | - Anne Gärtner
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Carsten Gießing
- Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of OldenburgOldenburgGermany
| | - Caroline Gurr
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Kirsten Hilger
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-UniversityWürzburgGermany
- Department of Psychology, Psychological Diagnostics and Intervention, Catholic University of Eichstätt-IngolstadtEichstättGermany
| | - Philippe Jawinski
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Louisa Kulke
- Department of Developmental with Educational Psychology, University of BremenBremenGermany
| | - Alexander Lischke
- Department of Psychology, Medical School HamburgHamburgGermany
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical School HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Sebastian Markett
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Maria Meier
- Department of Psychology, University of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
- University Psychiatric Hospitals, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department (UPKKJ), University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Christian J Merz
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Tzvetan Popov
- Department of Psychology, Methods of Plasticity Research, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lara MC Puhlmann
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience ResearchMainzGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
| | - Daniel S Quintana
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
- NevSom, Department of Rare Disorders & Disabilities, Oslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of OsloOsloNorway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Tim Schäfer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | | | - Matthias FJ Sperl
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of GiessenGiessenGermany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Universities of Marburg and GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Antonia Vehlen
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of TrierTrierGermany
| | - Tina B Lonsdorf
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of BielefeldBielefeldGermany
| | - Gordon B Feld
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- Department of Addiction Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
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6
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Crewther BT, Hecht M, Grillot RL, Eisenbruch AB, Catena T, Potts N, Kilduff LP, Cook CJ, Maestripieri D, Roney JR. Day-to-day coordination of the stress and reproductive axes: A continuous-time analysis of within-person testosterone and cortisol relationships in athletic and healthy men. Physiol Behav 2023; 263:114104. [PMID: 36731761 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Day-to-day coordination of the stress (i.e., hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal [HPA]) and reproductive (i.e., hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal [HPG]) axes is central to allostatic regulation, reproductive success, and survival. Reports of positive, within-person testosterone and cortisol relationships (or coupling) suggest cross-talk of a facilitative nature, but longitudinal evidence is scarce and has methodological and analytical limitations. To address this, we used a continuous-time (CT) model to investigate day-to-day, within-person coupling of testosterone and cortisol in two male cohorts. Salivary testosterone and cortisol fluctuations were monitored in 35 athletic men across two international tournaments (M = 19.3 tests) and in 41 healthy men during normal daily living (M = 27.9 tests). Bayesian CT analysis revealed a diminishing effect of each hormone on itself as time-interval length or lag increased. In both groups, cortisol had a negative lagged effect on testosterone that persisted for around three days. The cortisol effect on testosterone peaked after 0.71 and 0.51 days in athletic (standardized estimate = -0.13) and healthy men (standardized estimate = -0.11), respectively. Further estimates of non-lagged, contemporaneous correlations revealed positive testosterone and cortisol relationships (athlete r = 0.04, healthy r = 0.46). In summary, complex within-person HPA and HPG interplay emerged in two independent male cohorts. Specifically, a rising cortisol concentration was linked to a fall in testosterone concentration at later time points, but concurrently these hormones tended to rise and fall together. Our results suggest that inhibitory and facilitatory hormonal actions coexist on varying timescales, thereby expanding knowledge of HPG and HPA cross-talk in everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair T Crewther
- Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland; School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia; Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | | | - Rachel L Grillot
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
| | | | - Tikal Catena
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Neill Potts
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Perth, Australia
| | - Liam P Kilduff
- A-STEM, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK; Welsh Institute of Performance Science (WIPS), Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Christian J Cook
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia; Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - James R Roney
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
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7
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Sontag SA, Cabarkapa D, Fry AC. Testosterone and Cortisol Salivary Samples Are Stable Across Multiple Freeze-Thaw Cycles. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:915-918. [PMID: 36730584 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sontag, SA, Cabarkapa, D, and Fry, AC. Testosterone and cortisol salivary samples are stable across multiple freeze-thaw cycles. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 915-918, 2023-When processing salivary samples for biomarker analysis, avoiding multiple freeze-thaw cycles is generally recommended. However, confusing tissue handling instructions or challenges with collections in the field sometimes makes this problematic. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine if the stability of salivary testosterone (T) and cortisol (C) hormones remains unchanged when exposed to multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Seven healthy recreationally active adults provided salivary samples at rest (i.e., 1600 hours) for analysis of T and C. Samples were separated into 4 aliquots for each hormone and underwent 4 freeze-thaw cycles (T1-T4 and C1-C4) before being analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The overall analysis of variance model was significant for T ( p = 0.008) and nonsignificant for C ( p = 0.820). A follow-up post hoc comparison indicated significant differences in salivary hormonal concentrations between T1 and T4 ( p = 0.029), T2 and T4 ( p = 0.007), and T3 and T4 ( p = 0.032). The findings of this study indicate that salivary steroid hormones seem to be relatively stable following multiple freeze-thaw cycles. However, C seems to be more stable when exposed to multiple freeze-thaw cycles, as T concentrations did reveal a significant decrease by the fourth thaw cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Sontag
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK; and
| | - Dimitrije Cabarkapa
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory - Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Andrew C Fry
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory - Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
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Tseng YJ, Wang YC, Hsueh PC, Wu CC. Development and validation of machine learning-based risk prediction models of oral squamous cell carcinoma using salivary autoantibody biomarkers. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:534. [PMID: 36424594 PMCID: PMC9685866 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) continues to rise. OSCC is associated with a low average survival rate, and most patients have a poor disease prognosis because of delayed diagnosis. We used machine learning techniques to predict high-risk cases of OSCC by using salivary autoantibody levels and demographic and behavioral data. METHODS We collected the salivary samples of patients recruited from a teaching hospital between September 2008 and December 2012. Ten salivary autoantibodies, sex, age, smoking, alcohol consumption, and betel nut chewing were used to build prediction models for identifying patients with a high risk of OSCC. The machine learning algorithms applied in the study were logistic regression, random forest, support vector machine with the radial basis function kernel, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and a stacking model. We evaluated the performance of the models by using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), with simulations conducted 100 times. RESULTS A total of 337 participants were enrolled in this study. The best predictive model was constructed using a stacking algorithm with original forms of age and logarithmic levels of autoantibodies (AUC = 0.795 ± 0.055). Adding autoantibody levels as a data source significantly improved the prediction capability (from 0.698 ± 0.06 to 0.795 ± 0.055, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We successfully established a prediction model for high-risk cases of OSCC. This model can be applied clinically through an online calculator to provide additional personalized information for OSCC diagnosis, thereby reducing the disease morbidity and mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Tseng
- grid.260539.b0000 0001 2059 7017Department of Computer Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan ,grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Yi-Cheng Wang
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Department of Information Management, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Hsueh
- grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Chih-Ching Wu
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan ,grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1St Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan City, 33302 Taiwan ,grid.413801.f0000 0001 0711 0593Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan ,grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan ,grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Krämer J, Kang R, Grimm LM, De Cola L, Picchetti P, Biedermann F. Molecular Probes, Chemosensors, and Nanosensors for Optical Detection of Biorelevant Molecules and Ions in Aqueous Media and Biofluids. Chem Rev 2022; 122:3459-3636. [PMID: 34995461 PMCID: PMC8832467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic molecular probes, chemosensors, and nanosensors used in combination with innovative assay protocols hold great potential for the development of robust, low-cost, and fast-responding sensors that are applicable in biofluids (urine, blood, and saliva). Particularly, the development of sensors for metabolites, neurotransmitters, drugs, and inorganic ions is highly desirable due to a lack of suitable biosensors. In addition, the monitoring and analysis of metabolic and signaling networks in cells and organisms by optical probes and chemosensors is becoming increasingly important in molecular biology and medicine. Thus, new perspectives for personalized diagnostics, theranostics, and biochemical/medical research will be unlocked when standing limitations of artificial binders and receptors are overcome. In this review, we survey synthetic sensing systems that have promising (future) application potential for the detection of small molecules, cations, and anions in aqueous media and biofluids. Special attention was given to sensing systems that provide a readily measurable optical signal through dynamic covalent chemistry, supramolecular host-guest interactions, or nanoparticles featuring plasmonic effects. This review shall also enable the reader to evaluate the current performance of molecular probes, chemosensors, and nanosensors in terms of sensitivity and selectivity with respect to practical requirement, and thereby inspiring new ideas for the development of further advanced systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Krämer
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Rui Kang
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Laura M. Grimm
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Luisa De Cola
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Dipartimento
DISFARM, University of Milano, via Camillo Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Instituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Pierre Picchetti
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Frank Biedermann
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Montgomery TM, Greenberg JR, Gunson JL, John K, Laubach ZM, Nonnamaker E, Person ES, Rogers H, Ronis EM, Smale L, Steinfield KR, Strong R, Holekamp KE, Beehner JC. Measuring salivary cortisol in wild carnivores. Horm Behav 2022; 137:105082. [PMID: 34798449 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Salivary hormone analyses provide a useful alternative to fecal and urinary hormone analyses in non-invasive studies of behavioral endocrinology. Here, we use saliva to assess cortisol levels in a wild population of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), a gregarious carnivore living in complex social groups. We first describe a novel, non-invasive method of collecting saliva from juvenile hyenas and validate a salivary cortisol assay for use in this species. We then analyze over 260 saliva samples collected from nearly 70 juveniles to investigate the relationships between cortisol and temporal and social variables in these animals. We obtain some evidence of a bimodal daily rhythm with salivary cortisol concentrations dropping around dawn and dusk, times at which cub activity levels are changing substantially. We also find that dominant littermates have lower cortisol than singleton juveniles, but that cortisol does not vary with age, sex, or maternal social rank. Finally, we examine how social behaviors such as aggression or play affect salivary cortisol concentrations. We find that inflicting aggression on others was associated with lower cortisol concentrations. We hope that the detailed description of our methods provides wildlife researchers with the tools to measure salivary cortisol in other wild carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy M Montgomery
- Michigan State University, Department of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Mara Hyena Project, Kenya; Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior, Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Bücklestraße 5a, 78467 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Julia R Greenberg
- Michigan State University, Department of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Mara Hyena Project, Kenya; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Psychology, 1202 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jessica L Gunson
- Mara Hyena Project, Kenya; New York University, Department of Anthropology, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | | | - Zachary M Laubach
- Michigan State University, Department of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Mara Hyena Project, Kenya; University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 1900 Pleasant Street, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Emily Nonnamaker
- Mara Hyena Project, Kenya; University of Notre Dame, Department of Biological Sciences, 175 Galvin Life Sciences Center, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Erin S Person
- Mara Hyena Project, Kenya; University of California Berkeley, Department of Integrative Biology, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Heidi Rogers
- Mara Hyena Project, Kenya; University of California Santa Cruz, Department of Statistical Science, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | | | - Laura Smale
- Michigan State University, Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, 316 Physics Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Katherine R Steinfield
- Mara Hyena Project, Kenya; University College London, Division of Biosciences, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Kay E Holekamp
- Michigan State University, Department of Integrative Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Mara Hyena Project, Kenya
| | - Jacinta C Beehner
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; University of Michigan, Department of Anthropology, 1085 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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11
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Abstract
The use of saliva as a diagnostic biofluid has been increasing in recent years, thanks to the identification and validation of new biomarkers and improvements in test accuracy, sensitivity, and precision that enable the development of new noninvasive and cost-effective devices. However, the lack of standardized methods for sample collection, treatment, and storage contribute to the overall variability and lack of reproducibility across analytical evaluations. Furthermore, the instability of salivary biomarkers after sample collection hinders their translation into commercially available technologies for noninvasive monitoring of saliva in home settings. The present review aims to highlight the status of research on the challenges of collecting and using diagnostic salivary samples, emphasizing the methodologies used to preserve relevant proteins, hormones, genomic, and transcriptomic biomarkers during sample handling and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana d'Amone
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Giusy Matzeu
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Fiorenzo G Omenetto
- Silklab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.,Department of Physics, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States.,Laboratory for Living Devices, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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12
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Brylev L, Fominykh V, Chernenkaia V, Chernenkiy I, Gorbachev K, Ataulina A, Izvekov A, Monakhov M, Olenichev A, Orlov S, Turin I, Loginov M, Rautbart S, Baymukanov A, Parshikov V, Demeshonok V, Yakovlev A, Druzhkova T, Guekht A, Gulyaeva N. Stress load and neurodegeneration after gastrostomy tube placement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:2473-2482. [PMID: 34559375 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dysphagia and progressive swallowing problems due to motoneuron death is one of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) symptoms. Malnutrition and body weight loss result in immunological disturbances, fatigability and increase risk of secondary complications in ALS patients, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube (PEG) placement representing a well-recognized method for malnutrition correction and potentially increasing life expectancy. However, despite nutritional correction, occasional rapid neurological deterioration may develop after PEG placement. We have hypothesized that this decline can be a result of exteroceptive stress during PEG placement and promote neurodegeneration in ALS patients. Intravenous sedation may decrease stress during invasive procedures and it is safe during PEG placement in ALS patients. The aim of the study was comparing different PEG placement protocols of anesthesia (local anesthesia or local anesthesia plus intravenous sedation) in ALS from perspectives of stress load and neurological deterioration profile. During 1.5 years 94 ALS patients were admitted; gastrostomy was performed in 79 patients. After screening according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 patients were included in the prospective consecutive study. All patients were divided in two groups, with local anesthesia and with combination of local anesthesia and intravenous sedation. Routine biochemical indices, neurodegeneration and stress markers were measured. The age of ALS patients was 61 ± 10 years; 20 patients were included at stage 4A and 10 at stage 4B (King's College staging). PEG was placed at average14 months after the diagnosis and 2.2 years after first symptoms. Mean ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised was 27.8, mean forced vital capacity of lung 46.3% (19-91%). After one year of observation only 8 patients survived. Mean life duration after PEG was 5 months (5 days-20 months). Comparison of two PEG placement protocols did not reveal differences in survival time, stress load and inflammation level. Higher saliva cortisol levels, serum cortisol, glucose, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 were detected after PEG placement, confirming considerable stress response. PEG is a stressful factor for ALS patients, PEG placement representing a natural model of exteroceptive stress. Stress response was detected as increased cortisol, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and glucose levels. Intravenous sedation did not increase the risk of PEG placement procedure, however, sedation protocol did not affect stress load.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brylev
- Bujanov Moscow City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
- "Live Now" Charity Foundation for supporting people with ALS and other neuromuscular disorders, Moscow, Russia
| | - V Fominykh
- Bujanov Moscow City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia.
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - V Chernenkaia
- Bujanov Moscow City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
| | - I Chernenkiy
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - K Gorbachev
- Bujanov Moscow City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Ataulina
- Bujanov Moscow City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Izvekov
- Mukhin Moscow City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Monakhov
- Bujanov Moscow City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Olenichev
- Bujanov Moscow City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
| | - S Orlov
- Bujanov Moscow City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
| | - I Turin
- Moscow City Clinical Hospital №40, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Loginov
- Bujanov Moscow City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
| | - S Rautbart
- Bujanov Moscow City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Baymukanov
- Bujanov Moscow City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
| | - V Parshikov
- "Live Now" Charity Foundation for supporting people with ALS and other neuromuscular disorders, Moscow, Russia
| | - V Demeshonok
- "Live Now" Charity Foundation for supporting people with ALS and other neuromuscular disorders, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Yakovlev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - T Druzhkova
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Guekht
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N Gulyaeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Stoffel M, Neubauer AB, Ditzen B. How to assess and interpret everyday life salivary cortisol measures: A tutorial on practical and statistical considerations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 133:105391. [PMID: 34607270 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Salivary cortisol has been the central marker in psychoneuroendocrinological stress research for three decades. Given the technological possibilities to assess data in ecologically valid circumstances, many studies have implemented longitudinal assessments of salivary cortisol in study participants' everyday life. Such studies bear the potential to understand real-life associations of cortisol with psychological traits, states, and health variables. Furthermore, changes in the neuroendocrine regulation and in cortisol reactivity can be used to evaluate the effects of behavioral interventions in real-life circumstances. While standardized paradigms have been developed to measure cortisol in laboratory settings, there is high heterogeneity in the assessment, statistical processing, and interpretation of everyday life cortisol measures. This methodological tutorial aims at summarizing important knowledge which had been accumulated during the past two decades and which could be used to set up an ambulatory assessment study focusing on salivary cortisol in everyday life. Practical advice for possible strategies at all stages of the research process is outlined in detail. Additionally, an example on how to statistically process cortisol data in a multilevel framework (including syntax) is provided. In these analyses, we investigate within- and between-person research questions regarding the association between stress and cortisol in daily life. Thus, the present work (a) can be used as tutorial for setting up everyday life studies focusing on the assessment of salivary cortisol, and (b) can be useful to avoid inconsistencies in study planning, data assessment and data processing in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stoffel
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Bergheimer Straße 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany; Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Andreas B Neubauer
- Department for Education and Human Development, DIPF
- Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Rostocker Straße 6, 60323 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Rostocker Straße 6, 60323 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Beate Ditzen
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Bergheimer Straße 20, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany; Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Germany.
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14
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The NIMH Intramural Longitudinal Study of the Endocrine and Neurobiological Events Accompanying Puberty: Protocol and rationale for methods and measures. Neuroimage 2021; 234:117970. [PMID: 33771694 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Delineating the relationship between human neurodevelopment and the maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis during puberty is critical for investigating the increase in vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders that is well documented during this period. Preclinical research demonstrates a clear association between gonadal production of sex steroids and neurodevelopment; however, identifying similar associations in humans has been complicated by confounding variables (such as age) and the coactivation of two additional endocrine systems (the adrenal androgenic system and the somatotropic growth axis) and requires further elucidation. In this paper, we present the design of, and preliminary observations from, the ongoing NIMH Intramural Longitudinal Study of the Endocrine and Neurobiological Events Accompanying Puberty. The aim of this study is to directly examine how the increase in sex steroid hormone production following activation of the HPG-axis (i.e., gonadarche) impacts neurodevelopment, and, additionally, to determine how gonadal development and maturation is associated with longitudinal changes in brain structure and function in boys and girls. To disentangle the effects of sex steroids from those of age and other endocrine events on brain development, our study design includes 1) selection criteria that establish a well-characterized baseline cohort of healthy 8-year-old children prior to the onset of puberty (e.g., prior to puberty-related sex steroid hormone production); 2) temporally dense longitudinal, repeated-measures sampling of typically developing children at 8-10 month intervals over a 10-year period between the ages of eight and 18; 3) contemporaneous collection of endocrine and other measures of gonadal, adrenal, and growth axis function at each timepoint; and 4) collection of multimodal neuroimaging measures at these same timepoints, including brain structure (gray and white matter volume, cortical thickness and area, white matter integrity, myelination) and function (reward processing, emotional processing, inhibition/impulsivity, working memory, resting-state network connectivity, regional cerebral blood flow). This report of our ongoing longitudinal study 1) provides a comprehensive review of the endocrine events of puberty; 2) details our overall study design; 3) presents our selection criteria for study entry (e.g., well-characterized prepubertal baseline) along with the endocrinological considerations and guiding principles that underlie these criteria; 4) describes our longitudinal outcome measures and how they specifically relate to investigating the effects of gonadal development on brain development; and 5) documents patterns of fMRI activation and resting-state networks from an early, representative subsample of our cohort of prepubertal 8-year-old children.
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15
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Duarte D, Castro B, Pereira JL, Marques JF, Costa AL, Gil AM. Evaluation of Saliva Stability for NMR Metabolomics: Collection and Handling Protocols. Metabolites 2020; 10:E515. [PMID: 33352779 PMCID: PMC7766053 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a salivary metabolic profile upon sample collection and preparation is determinant in metabolomics. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to identify metabolite changes during short-term storage, at room temperature (RT)/4 °C/-20 °C, and after sample preparation, at RT/4 °C (mimicking typical clinical/laboratory settings). Interestingly, significant metabolic inter-individual and inter-day variability were noted, probably determining sample stability to some extent. After collection, no changes were noted at -20 °C (at least for 4 weeks). RT storage induced decreases in methylated macromolecules (6 h); lactate (8 h); alanine (12 h); galactose, hypoxanthine, pyruvate (24 h); sarcosine, betaine, choline, N-acetyl-glycoproteins (48 h), while acetate increased (48 h). Less, but different, changes were observed at 4 °C, suggesting different oral and microbial status at different temperatures (with a possible contribution from inter-individual and inter-day variability), and identifying galactose, hypoxanthine, and possibly, choline esters, as potential general stability indicators. After preparation, addition of NaN3 did not impact significantly on saliva stabilization, neither at RT nor at 4 °C, although its absence was accompanied by slight increases in fucose (6.5 h) and proline (8 h) at RT, and in xylose (24 h) at 4 °C. The putative metabolic origins of the above variations are discussed, with basis on the salivary microbiome. In summary, after collection, saliva can be stored at RT/4 °C for up to 6 h and at -20 °C for at least 4 weeks. Upon preparation for NMR analysis, samples are highly stable at 25 °C up to 8 h and at 4 °C up to 48 h, with NaN3 addition preventing possible early changes in fucose, proline (6-8 h), and xylose (24 h) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Duarte
- CICECO—Department of Chemistry, Aveiro Institute of Materials, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.); (B.C.)
| | - Beatriz Castro
- CICECO—Department of Chemistry, Aveiro Institute of Materials, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.); (B.C.)
| | - Joana Leonor Pereira
- Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.L.P.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Joana Faria Marques
- GIBBO-Oral Biology and Biochemistry Research Group, CEMBDE-COCHRANE Portugal—Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Ana Luísa Costa
- Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.L.P.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Ana M. Gil
- CICECO—Department of Chemistry, Aveiro Institute of Materials, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.); (B.C.)
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16
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Gildner TE. Reproductive hormone measurement from minimally invasive sample types: Methodological considerations and anthropological importance. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23535. [PMID: 33174269 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Energetic investment in human reproduction has long been recognized as costly, influencing developmental, physiological, and behavioral patterns in males and females. These effects are largely coordinated through the actions of reproductive hormones (eg, testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone). Here, the utility and limitations of minimally invasive sampling techniques are explored, providing a novel perspective on how reproductive hormone measurements can enhance reproductive endocrinology research. Salivary steroid measures are most commonly used, although several dried blood spot and urine assays are also available, and researchers continue to explore the efficacy of other sample types. These relatively simple measures have facilitated the collection of multiple samples from a single participant, allowing researchers to more accurately track the diurnal and cyclical variation exhibited by many reproductive hormones. Ultimately, the ability to collect fine-grained participant data allows biological anthropologists to better test questions central to human reproductive ecology, life history theory, and public health. For example, fieldwork using these techniques suggests that testosterone profile variation across populations is influenced by energetic constraints and reproductive status. Moreover, hormone concentrations shape the development of sex characteristics, with implications for evolutionary questions related to sexual selection. Hormone levels also can be used to identify a range of medical concerns (eg, suppressed hormone production levels linked with psychosocial stress). These findings highlight how minimally invasive collection techniques can be applied to test diverse evolutionary hypotheses and identify important health concerns. Still, more work is needed to standardize collection and laboratory analysis procedures, thereby enabling more direct data comparisons between researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Gildner
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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17
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Crewther BT, Hecht M, Potts N, Kilduff LP, Drawer S, Marshall E, Cook CJ. A longitudinal investigation of bidirectional and time-dependent interrelationships between testosterone and training motivation in an elite rugby environment. Horm Behav 2020; 126:104866. [PMID: 33002456 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In sport, testosterone has been positioned as a substrate for motivation with both directional and time dependencies. However, evidence is scarce when considering the complexities of competitive sport and no work has explicitly modeled these dependencies. To address these gaps, we investigated the bidirectional and time-dependent interrelationships between testosterone and training motivation in an elite rugby environment. Thirty-six male athletes were monitored across training weeks before and after eight international rugby matches. Pre-breakfast measures of salivary testosterone and training motivation (1-10 rating) were taken on training, competition, and recovery days (up to 40 tests). Using a continuous-time (CT) model, within-person estimates of autoregressive effects (persistence) and cross-lagged effects (relationships) were derived. A stronger, more persistent temporal association was identified for testosterone than for motivation. Cross-lagged effects verified that training motivation was positively related to testosterone at latter time points (p < 0.001). Discrete-time analyses revealed a non-linear association; increasing in strength from a zero-time lag to peak after 2.83 days (standardized effect = 0.25), before dissipation over longer lagged intervals. The testosterone relationship with ensuing training motivation was also positive, but non-significant. Match effects also appeared (p < 0.001) with a predicted decline in training motivation, but a rise in testosterone, at match onset. In summary, a positive association emerged between within-person fluctuations in self-appraised motivation to train and testosterone concentration in an elite rugby environment. The lagged, non-linear nature of this relationship and match predictions on both outcomes support, and extend, theoretical models linking testosterone and competitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair T Crewther
- Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Poland; Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College, UK.
| | | | | | - Liam P Kilduff
- A-STEM, School of Engineering, Swansea University, UK; Welsh Institute of Performance Science (WIPS), Swansea University, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth Marshall
- Human Performance, Sport and Physiology Group, Brain-Behaviour Research Group, School of Science and Technology University of New England, Australia
| | - Christian J Cook
- Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College, UK; A-STEM, School of Engineering, Swansea University, UK; Human Performance, Sport and Physiology Group, Brain-Behaviour Research Group, School of Science and Technology University of New England, Australia
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18
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Estradiol and Women's Health: Considering the Role of Estradiol as a Marker in Behavioral Medicine. Int J Behav Med 2020; 27:294-304. [PMID: 32006161 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-019-09820-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The sex hormone estradiol, as measured through saliva, represents a non-invasive and cost-effective approach to understanding the influence of hormonal factors on physical and psychological well-being among women. Estradiol levels dramatically change at hormonal transitions, such as puberty, menopause, and postpartum. It is at these transitions where women are at increased risk for psychological and somatic distress. Salivary estradiol also has implications for decision-making and has been broadly associated with engagement in health-compromising behaviors which can influence women's ability to cope with and manage chronic health conditions. This review summarizes the evidence for salivary estradiol as a marker of physical and psychological health, and discusses practical information regarding saliva collection and assay. The overall intent is to expand and clarify knowledge of the relation between changes in salivary estradiol and women's health as well as to provide a means of integrating salivary estradiol into future behavioral medicine research.
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19
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Savinov SS, Anisimov AA. Effect of Conditions for Sampling of Human Saliva on the Results of Determination of Macro- and Micronutrients. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820040139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Thongphakdee A, Sukparangsi W, Comizzoli P, Chatdarong K. Reproductive biology and biotechnologies in wild felids. Theriogenology 2020; 150:360-373. [PMID: 32102745 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Conservation strategies in natural habitats as well as in breeding centers are necessary for maintaining and reinforcing viable populations of wild felids. Among the fundamental knowledge that is required for conservation breeding, a solid understanding of reproductive biology is critical for improving natural breeding and enhance genetic diversity. Additionally, it offers the opportunity to develop assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) in threatened and endangered species. Conservation breeding and reproductive biotechnologies of wild felids have advanced in the past decade. It has been clearly shown that female felids have species and individual patterns of reproductive cycles and respond differently to exogenous hormones. In males, several species still have poor semen quality often due to the loss of genetic diversity in small populations. To overcome the challenges of natural breeding (incompatibility between individuals or suboptimal environment) and mitigate inbreeding, artificial insemination, embryo production and embryo transfer have been further developed in 24 wild cat species. Major factors limiting ART success are inconsistent responses to ovarian stimulation, variable quality of gametes and embryos, and preparation of recipient females. Additional approaches including stem cell technologies have been explored for future medical applications. However, there still is a critical need for better knowledge of feline reproductive biology and improvement of ARTs efficiency to increase the genetic diversity and create sustainable populations of wild felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ampika Thongphakdee
- Wildlife Reproductive Innovation Center, Bureau of Conservation and Research, Zoological Park Organization Under the Royal Patronage of H.M. the King, 267, Pracharaj 1 Road, Bang Sue, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand.
| | - Woranop Sukparangsi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Saen Suk, Muang, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Pierre Comizzoli
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Ave, NW, Washington, DC, 2008, USA
| | - Kaywalee Chatdarong
- Research Unit of Obstetrics and Reproduction in Animals, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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21
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Holzhauer CG, Wemm SE, Wulfert E, Cao ZT. Fluctuations in progesterone moderate the relationship between daily mood and alcohol use in young adult women. Addict Behav 2020; 101:106146. [PMID: 31639640 PMCID: PMC6876695 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has demonstrated associations between hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle and women's alcohol use. This association has been explained by mood changes that, for some women, accompany decreasing levels of progesterone during the menstrual cycle, particularly during the late luteal/premenstrual phase. The current study examined whether participants' daily ratings of mood interact with changing levels of progesterone to predict alcohol use. METHOD Young adult women attended two sessions scheduled two weeks apart, during which they completed questionnaires and provided salivary samples for the assay of progesterone levels. In the intervening two weeks, participants completed daily logs of their mood, alcohol use, and menses. Ordered Generalized Linear Mixed Models assessed the effects of daily mood (examined as both a within- and between-subject variable) on the likelihood of drinking, as a function of menstrual cycle phase and changes in progesterone across the two weeks. RESULTS One standard deviation increase in progesterone corresponded to a 1.61 decrease in the odds of drinking. This main effect was moderated by daily mood. Women were more likely to drink during a decrease in progesterone on days they rated their mood as negative, whereas during an increase in progesterone they were more likely to drink on days they reported a positive mood. Between-subject analyses showed that women who reported lower overall mood during the two-week period were more likely to drink with an increase in progesterone and less likely with a decrease. CONCLUSIONS Women's likelihood to drink increased when they experienced negative mood in the context of decreasing levels of progesterone, whereas the negative-mood/drinking association was mitigated among those with increasing levels of progesterone. However, compared to women who on average had an overall more positive mood, women with an overall lower mood (and corresponding higher levels of depression and anxiety at baseline) did not experience the protective effects of rising progesterone levels on drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn Glanton Holzhauer
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Dept of Psychiatry, 365 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, United States.
| | - Stephanie E Wemm
- Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Stress Center, 2 Church Street South, Suite 209, New Haven, CT 06519, United States
| | - Edelgard Wulfert
- University at Albany, State University of New York, Psychology Department, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, United States
| | - Zhimin Tim Cao
- University at Albany, State University of New York, Psychology Department, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, United States; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States
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22
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Prasad S, Lassetter B, Welker KM, Mehta PH. Unstable correspondence between salivary testosterone measured with enzyme immunoassays and tandem mass spectrometry. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 109:104373. [PMID: 31377558 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although some studies reveal that saliva handling and storage practices may influence salivary testosterone concentrations measured with immunoassays, the effect of these method factors on the validity of testosterone immunoassays remains unknown. The validity of immunoassays can be assessed by comparing hormone concentrations measured with immunoassays to a standard reference method: liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (MS). We previously reported the correspondence between salivary testosterone measured with enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) and with MS when there was less variance in (or more control over) method factors related to saliva handling and storage across measurement methods (Welker et al., 2016). In the present study, we expanded the original dataset and compared the correspondence between Salimetrics EIAs and MS when there was greater variance in (or less control over) method factors across EIAs and MS (high method variance), to when there was less variance in these factors (low method variance). If variance in these method factors impacts the validity of testosterone measurement, then the EIA-MS correspondence should be stronger when method variance is low compared to when it is high. Our results contradicted this hypothesis: Salimetrics EIA-MS correspondence was stronger when variance in method factors was high compared to when it was low. The composite average correlation across both method variance comparisons provides an updated estimate of Salimetrics EIA-MS correspondence, but the instability in this correspondence may pose challenges to the reproducibility of psychoneuroendocrinology research. We discuss possible explanations for the surprising pattern of results and provide recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smrithi Prasad
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, United States; Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California, United States.
| | | | - Keith M Welker
- College of Liberal Arts, University of Massachusetts Boston, United States
| | - Pranjal H Mehta
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, United States; Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, United Kingdom
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23
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Crewther BT, Potts N, Kilduff LP, Drawer S, Cook CJ. Performance indicators during international rugby union matches are influenced by a combination of physiological and contextual variables. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 23:396-402. [PMID: 31706825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research has linked physiological (e.g., hormonal, affective, fatigue) outcomes to performance indicators in rugby competition, but no work has integrated and contextualised these factors within a test-match environment. We addressed this gap by monitoring 29 athletes from a training squad across eight international rugby matches. DESIGN Longitudinal observational study. METHODS Pre-match (8-9am) measures of salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations, sleep duration, pulse rate, muscle soreness, stress, mood, and motivation were taken. Contextual factors were playing time, internal training load (ITL), test-match experience, opponent ranking, and crowd size. Performance was indexed by coach and player ratings of performance (CRP, PRP) and quantitative metrics; offloads, turnovers, runs with ball in hand (RWB), tackles, passes, and defenders beaten (DFB). RESULTS Morning cortisol, sleep and mood were positively related to CRP and PRP (standardised coefficient estimates from 0.17 to 0.22). Cortisol, sleep, stress, mood and motivation were associated with one (or more) of turnovers, RWB, tackles, passes and DFB (incidence rate ratio [IRR] from 0.74 to 1.40). Playing time was positively related to all quantitative performance indicators (IRR from 1.01 to 1.04) with ITL, opponent ranking, and crowd size predicting selected outputs (IRR from 0.89 to 1.15). The explanatory models varied (conditional R2=0.15-0.83) but were generally stronger with both physiological and contextual inputs. CONCLUSIONS Multiple physiological and contextual factors appear to contribute to player performance in international rugby competition. Measurement of these factors may guide training and management practices, a potential practical consequence but also advancing understanding from marker to causal link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair T Crewther
- Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Poland; Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College, UK.
| | | | - Liam P Kilduff
- A-STEM, School of Engineering, Swansea University, UK; Welsh Institute of Performance Science (WIPS), Swansea University, UK
| | | | - Christian J Cook
- Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College, UK; A-STEM, School of Engineering, Swansea University, UK; University of New England, Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Australia
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24
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Schaebs FS, Marshall-Pescini S, Range F, Deschner T. Analytical validation of an Enzyme Immunoassay for the measurement of urinary oxytocin in dogs and wolves. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 281:73-82. [PMID: 31121163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Assessing changes in oxytocin (OT) levels in response to a variety of social stimuli has become of major interest in the field of behavioral endocrinology. OT is involved in the regulation of various aspects of social behavior such as tolerance, and the formation and maintenance of social bonds but also the regulation of stress. All of these aspects have been identified as potential targets of selection during the domestication process. Therefore, comparing the role of the oxytocinergic system in various aspects of dog and wolf social behavior, might help to understand whether this system was involved in the domestication process. Studies assessing OT levels in dogs and wolves have used invasively collected plasma and serum samples and non-invasively collected urine samples. However, when using an assay system on a new species a careful and complete validation of the method is of crucial importance, and to date no proper validation, to assess urinary OT levels in dogs and wolves, has been reported. We therefore conducted an analytical validation of an Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) for the measurement of OT in urine of dogs and wolves, using a commercially available EIA. Stability tests revealed that OT levels degrade over time when stored at 4 °C, but are little affected by repeated thawing. In addition, our results indicate that the variance in OT levels is slightly lower when phosphoric acid is added following collection to prevent OT degradation. Long term storage tests revealed that urinary OT levels are least variable when stored as extracts in ethanol at -20 °C, rather than as unextracted urine samples. Validation results were acceptable with regard to parallelism, but values for accuracy and extraction efficiency were not meeting the standard criteria usually applied to steroid EIAs, especially when assessed for the lower range of the assay. The results of this study highlight the importance of an analytical assay validation, since even if validation parameters are not optimal, if published, they allow readers to estimate the relevance of studies using the validated method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franka S Schaebs
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sarah Marshall-Pescini
- Wolf Science Center, Domestication Lab, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1a, A-1160 Vienna, Austria; Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Friederike Range
- Wolf Science Center, Domestication Lab, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1a, A-1160 Vienna, Austria; Comparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Dockray S, O'Neill S, Jump O. Measuring the Psychobiological Correlates of Daily Experience in Adolescents. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2019; 29:595-612. [PMID: 31573767 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mapping the psychobiological correlates of social contexts, experiences, and emotional responses of adolescents in their daily lives provides insight into how adolescent well-being shapes, and is shaped by, experience. Measures of these psychobiological correlates are enabled by devices and technologies that must be precise and suitable for adolescent participants. The present report reviews the most often used research measures, and suggests strategies for best practice, drawn from practical experience. The rapid advances in technological methods to collect attuned measures of psychological processes, social context, and biological function indicate the promise for multimodal measures in ecological settings. Attaining these methodological goals will support research to secure comprehensive, quality data, and advance the understanding of psychobiological function in ambulatory settings.
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26
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Jafari MJ, Khosrowabadi R, Khodakarim S, Khodagholi F, Mohammadian F. The effects of combined exposure to noise and heat on human salivary cortisol and blood pressure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2019; 27:831-839. [PMID: 31438779 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2019.1659578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. Noise and heat are the most important physical hazardous agents that can affect physiological parameters. This study investigated the independent and combined effects of noise and heat exposure on human saliva cortisol and blood pressure. Methods. In this experimental study, 72 students were exposed to noise (at sound pressure levels of 45, 75, 85 and 95 dB(A)) and heat (at wet bulb globe temperatures [WBGTs] of 22, 29 and 34 °C) for 30 min. Samples of saliva and blood pressure were taken before and after each independent and combined exposure. Results. The results revealed that the average saliva cortisol and blood pressure in male and female subjects increased significantly after independent exposure to noise at 95 dB(A) and a WBGT of 34 °C. The combined exposure to noise and heat increased saliva cortisol and blood pressure, which was statistically significant for three combinations of 95 dB(A) at 34 °C, 95 dB(A) at 29 °C and 85 dB(A) at 34 °C. Conclusions. Combined exposure to noise and heat could affect saliva cortisol and blood pressure in both male and female groups. Further studies are recommended to capture other combinations of physical hazardous agents, especially in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Jafari
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Khosrowabadi
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Khodakarim
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farough Mohammadian
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Give Me Five? Examining the Psychophysiological Effects of High-Fives in Athletes. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2019; 44:211-219. [PMID: 30980218 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-019-09435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
High-fives are a phenomenon that is frequently observed in sports. However, investigations on effects of high-fives are missing. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine psychophysiological effects of high-fives. From an embodied cognition perspective, dynamic, upward movements compared to downward movements should activate positive concepts that are represented by psychological as well as physiological states. Thirty-four athletes performed high- and low-fives (dynamic movements) as opposed to high and low static postures (control conditions) in a double-blind, within-subject design. Psychological states (i.e., feeling motivated, feeling strong) and physiological changes (i.e., cortisol, testosterone) due to the manipulation were measured. Results showed the predicted significant interaction effect for cortisol changes, but not for the other psychological (i.e., feeling motivated, feeling strong) and physiological (testosterone) state measures. In detail, a decrease in cortisol was found after athletes performed high-fives compared to low-fives. The observed effect on cortisol should be considered with caution and needs to be replicated, however, might add information to the current discussion about the crucial relevance of movement for embodied cognition effects. Future research could investigate the effects of high-fives with a partner and add performance parameters to provide more information on the effects of high-fives on performance in sport.
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28
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Kotłowska A, Szefer P. Recent Advances and Challenges in Steroid Metabolomics for Biomarker Discovery. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:29-45. [PMID: 29141530 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171113120810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid hormones belong to a group of low-molecular weight compounds which are responsible for maintenance of various body functions, thus, their accurate assessment is crucial for evaluation of biosynthetic defects. The development of reliable methods allowing disease diagnosis is essential to improve early detection of various disorders connected with altered steroidogenesis. Currently, the field of metabolomics offers several improvements in terms of sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic methods when opposed to classical diagnostic approaches. The combination of hyphenated techniques and pattern recognition methods allows to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the slightest alterations in steroid metabolic pathways and can be applied as a tool for biomarker discovery. METHODS We have performed an extensive literature search applying various bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed articles concentrating on the applications of hyphenated techniques and pattern recognition methods incorporated into the steroid metabolomic approach for biomarker discovery. RESULTS The review discusses strengths, challenges and recent developments in steroidbased metabolomics. We present methods of sample collection and preparation, methods of separation and detection of steroid hormones in biological material, data analysis, and interpretation as well as examples of applications of steroid metabolomics for biomarker discovery (cancer, mental and central nervous system disorders, endocrine diseases, monitoring of drug therapy and doping control). CONCLUSION Information presented in this review will be valuable to anyone interested in the application of metabolomics for biomarker discovery with a special emphasis on disorders of steroid hormone synthesis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Kotłowska
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Szefer
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
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29
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Assay validation of hair androgens across the menstrual cycle. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 101:175-181. [PMID: 30469084 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Saliva is a common noninvasive biofluid for measuring stress and sex hormones, yet one pressing limitation is that salivary hormones fluctuate momentarily, daily, and (for girls) across the menstrual cycle. Hair steroid assays are thought to provide a cumulative index which collapses across hormonal variability, potentially eliminating the confound of daily and menstrual cyclicity and thereby reflecting individual differences in average hormone levels. Here we seek to validate a hair bioassay methodology and test whether hair androgens accurately measure long-term, stable androgen levels in emerging adult women across two menstrual cycles. METHODS Hair samples were collected at the end of each menstrual cycle for two cycles, and saliva samples were collected in the morning once per week across two menstrual cycles (N = 11 women). Hair samples were segmented by 1 cm for the first 4 cm to reflect the hormone levels of the past four serial months. Hair samples were assayed using commercially-available enzyme-immuno-assays for testosterone and DHEA. RESULTS Hair androgen concentrations were significantly correlated with averaged saliva hormone levels (DHEA: r = .75, p < .05; Testosterone: r = .67, p < .05). With respect to hair hormone stability, there were significant correlations for almost all the pairs of two 1 cm hair segments collected in two months that corresponded to the same time period. Hair androgens in one segment were significantly correlated with those in next segment. Regarding salivary androgen stability, the intra-class correlation across the weekly saliva samples indicated that for DHEA 59% of the total variance was within person and 41% was between person; and for testosterone 91% of the total variance was between person, and only 9% within person. DISCUSSION Results suggest that a one-time measure of hair provides a valid and reliable estimate of average steroid levels across two months. Moreover, whereas saliva measures of androgen levels capture week-to-week fluctuations in steroids, hair samples provide information on individual differences in average exposure to steroids, across long periods of time, such as months. Results are encouraging that hair DHEA and testosterone reflects the cumulative hormonal concentration and can be used as a stable hormonal index. Results also indicate that it is feasible to collect the first 3-4 centimeters of hair for studies of stable hormone levels.
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30
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Hammond TT, Au ZA, Hartman AC, Richards-Zawacki CL. Assay validation and interspecific comparison of salivary glucocorticoids in three amphibian species. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 6:coy055. [PMID: 30279992 PMCID: PMC6158758 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians are one of the most threatened groups of species, facing stressors ranging from habitat degradation and pollution to disease and overexploitation. Stress hormones (glucocorticoids, GCs) provide one quantitative metric of stress, and developing non-invasive methods for measuring GCs in amphibians would clarify how diverse environmental stressors impact individual health in this taxonomic group. Saliva is an advantageous matrix for quantifying GCs, as it is sampled less invasively than plasma while still detecting both baseline and acute elevation of GCs within a short timeframe. Little work has employed this method in amphibian species, and it has never been pharmacologically and biologically validated. Here, we conduct analytical, pharmacological and biological validation experiments for measuring salivary corticosterone in three amphibian species: the American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), the green frog (Rana clamitans) and the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens). These species are faced with a broad range of environmental challenges, and in part of its range R. pipiens populations are currently in decline. In addition to demonstrating that this method can be reliably used in multiple amphibian species, we present an examination of intrinsic biological factors (sex, body condition) that may contribute to GC secretion, and a demonstration that saliva can be collected from free-living animals in the field to quantify corticosterone. Our findings suggest that saliva may be useful for less invasively quantifying GCs in many amphibian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talisin T Hammond
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 105 Clapp Hall, 5th Ave. at Ruskin Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zoe A Au
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 105 Clapp Hall, 5th Ave. at Ruskin Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Allison C Hartman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 105 Clapp Hall, 5th Ave. at Ruskin Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Corinne L Richards-Zawacki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 105 Clapp Hall, 5th Ave. at Ruskin Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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31
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Cortisol Predicts Performance During Competition: Preliminary Results of a Field Study with Elite Adolescent Taekwondo Athletes. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2018; 43:275-280. [PMID: 30054758 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-018-9406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Competitive taekwondo composes a high stress situation leading to an increase in the stress hormone cortisol. Little is known about cortisol's relation to outcome (winning vs. losing) and performance in taekwondo. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate cortisol relation to outcome, performance and whether cortisol can predict performance during a competition. Twenty taekwondo combatants (13 males; Mage = 15) provided four salivary samples (C1: 30 min prior, C2: during, C3: after, and C4: 30 min after competition) during an international competition. Total points made in the two rounds during their first fight were used as a performance indicator. Results show no difference in cortisol between winners and losers, before or after competition. However, a negative correlation between performance and C1 as well as C4 was detected. Unexpected, a positive correlation between cortisol during the competition (C2) and performance was identified. A stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that C2 predicted 25.5% of the performance variance. Even if the sample size is relatively small due to the field experimental setting, some conclusions can be drawn to motivate future research. Potentially, in taekwondo it seems advantageous for performance to have higher levels of stress as indicated by cortisol during a competition, whereas particularly before the competition, sport psychological interventions should be provided to combatants to reduce their psychophysiological stress level.
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Leppert KA, Smith VC, Merwin SM, Kushner M, Dougherty LR. Cortisol Rhythm in Preschoolers: Relations with Maternal Depression and Child Temperament. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-018-9650-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Simultaneous measurement of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase: Application and recommendations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:657-677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Dos Santos DR, Souza RO, Dias LB, Ribas TB, de Oliveira LCF, Sumida DH, Dornelles RCM, Nakamune ACDMS, Chaves-Neto AH. The effects of storage time and temperature on the stability of salivary phosphatases, transaminases and dehydrogenase. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 85:160-165. [PMID: 29080481 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the influence of temperature and storage time on salivary acid phosphatase (ACP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). DESIGN Unstimulated whole expectorated saliva was collected from healthy men and women subjects (n=26) between 8 and 10a.m. The saliva samples were centrifuged, and the supernatants were measured for ACP, TRAP, ALP, AST, ALT and LDH activities immediately (without freezing) [baseline values] and after time intervals of 3, 7, 14 and 28days (d) of storage at -20°C and -80°C using spectrophotometric methods The influence of storage time was analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by the Dunnett post-test, while the paired Student's-t-test was used to compare the differences between the temperature (p<0.05). RESULTS There was significant decline in the activities of all enzymes at -20°C with increasing storage time. This decrease was relevant from day 14 onward for the majority of the enzymes, with the exception of AST. After day 28, the more sensitive enzymes were ALP and LDH, which showed residual activity of 39% and 16%, respectively, compared with baseline values. There were considerable, but insignificant changes, in the activities of all enzymes after storage at -80°C for 28days. CONCLUSIONS Frozen samples should be kept at -80°C to preserve these activities, but there are restrictions for the enzymes ALP, ALT and LDH. Storage of samples at -20°C could introduce high error variance in measured activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Raissa Dos Santos
- Paulista University (UNIP), Araçatuba, Avenida Baguaçu, 1939, CEP 16018-555, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rayne Oliveira Souza
- Paulista University (UNIP), Araçatuba, Avenida Baguaçu, 1939, CEP 16018-555, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Layani Bertaglia Dias
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tayná Buffulin Ribas
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Doris Hissako Sumida
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita Cássia Menegati Dornelles
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia de Melo Stevanato Nakamune
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Hernandes Chaves-Neto
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil; Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas - SBFis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Rodovia Marechal Rondon 527/528 km, Campus Universitário, CEP 16018-805, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Yang J, Shen J, Fuller PJ. Diagnosing endocrine hypertension: a practical approach. Nephrology (Carlton) 2017; 22:663-677. [DOI: 10.1111/nep.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism; Hudson Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Endocrinology; Monash Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Jimmy Shen
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism; Hudson Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Endocrinology; Monash Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Peter J. Fuller
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism; Hudson Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Endocrinology; Monash Health; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Fothergill M, Wolfson S, Neave N. Testosterone and cortisol responses in male soccer players: The effect of home and away venues. Physiol Behav 2017; 177:215-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Andersson CR, Bergquist J, Theodorsson E, Ström JO. Comparisons between commercial salivary testosterone enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2017. [PMID: 28644096 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2017.1339231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Measuring testosterone concentrations is of interest both in clinical situations and for research, the latter expanding rapidly during recent years. An increased demand for convenient methods has prompted a number of companies to develop enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits to measure testosterone concentrations in saliva. However, the inter-comparability of kits from different manufacturers have yet to be determined. AIM OF STUDY The aim of this study was to compare commercially available ELISA kits from four different manufacturers (Salimetrics, IBL, DRG and Demeditec). METHODS Saliva was collected from 50 participants (25 men and 25 women). Each sample was analysed by the four ELISA kits. RESULTS The correlations between the ELISA kits from Demeditec, DRG and Salimetrics were moderate to high with r-values > .77; however, proportional errors between the methods calls for caution. The ELISA kit from IBL malfunctioned and no results from this kit was obtained. CONCLUSIONS Results from studies using the ELISA kits from Demeditec, DRG and Salimetrics are generally comparable; however, translation using the formulae presented in the current study could increase the accuracy of these comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer R Andersson
- a Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- b Department of Chemistry - BMC, Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- c Department of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
| | - Jakob O Ström
- a Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health , Örebro University , Örebro , Sweden.,c Department of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
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Abstract
Saliva is gaining increasing attention as a bioanalytical sample matrix. Mostly because of the easy and noninvasive collection, it is not only beneficial in endocrinological and behavioral science, but also in pediatrics. Saliva also has the advantage of being the only body fluid which can be collected even during physical exercise, for example, during sportive activities, and there are physiological characteristics that make it superior to serum/plasma or urine for specific scientific questions. This review provides an insight into the physiology of saliva formation, explaining how certain compounds enter this bodily fluid, and gives advice for collection, storage and analytical methods. Finally, it presents a number of reliable and proven applications for saliva analysis from scientific fields including endocrinology, sports medicine, forensics and immunology.
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Lautenbach F. A laboratory study on attentional bias as an underlying mechanism affecting the link between cortisol and performance, leading to a discussion on the nature of the stressor (artificial vs. psychosocial). Physiol Behav 2017; 175:9-15. [PMID: 28342769 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although cortisol is assumed to influence performance by affecting cognition during stressful and competitive situations, to date this assumption has not been tested empirically. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the influence of cortisol on performance is mediated by attentional processing of emotional information. Forty-six male golfers were tested in a mixed design. The cold pressor task (CPT) was used to artificially increase cortisol levels in the experimental group relative to the control group, who had to put their forearm in warm water. Before and after water immersion the golfers performed one-armed 1.5-m puts and completed the Sport Emotional Stroop Task. Cortisol was significantly increased in the experimental group (CPT). Further, a significant decrease in attentional bias toward negative sport words was detected in the CPT group. However, no changes in putting performance due to an increase in cortisol were observed in the CPT group. Regarding the cortisol-performance relationship, the nature of the stressor (i.e., artificial vs. psychosocial) seems to play a role, as no connection was found in this study using an artificial stressor, whereas previous research using a psychosocial stressor (e.g., an actual competition) did find a connection. On the basis of these results I cautiously conclude that the subjective appraisal of a stressor, which is arguably higher for a psychosocial stressor, is more relevant for sport performance than just a change in cortisol level. However, as the stress response is psychophysiological in nature, future research should continue to investigate the role of cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lautenbach
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Savinov SS, Anisimov AA, Drobyshev AI. Problems and optimization of sampling, storage, and sample preparation in the determination of the trace element composition of human saliva. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816080128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Wang L, Xie M, Li Y, Zhang S, Qiang W, Cheng Z. An effective and economical method for the storage of plasma samples using a novel freeze-drying device. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 938:82-9. [PMID: 27619089 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Biological samples, especially plasma samples, are conventionally stored under freezing conditions to maintain sample integrity prior to the detections of analytes. However, the storage of samples in a low-temperature environment is electric energy consuming, and the preparation of samples prior to analytes detection may be complicated. In this work, an effective and economical method was proposed to freeze-dry the samples using a novel device to allow subsequent storage of samples at ambient temperature. The sample preparations integrated in the new method are simple and easy to follow. Analytes were directly extracted with the extraction agent before sample injections. This new method was validated with quality control (QC) samples of levetiracetam and mycophenolic acid (MPA), and it was also applied to the pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of both drugs in healthy volunteers. When QC samples were stored and prepared with the new method, the detections of analytes were accurate and repeatable, and the analytes maintained stability for a long time. The PK studies of levetiracetam and MPA in healthy volunteers showed that the PK parameters of analytes stored with the new method were consistent with those stored with the conventional method. In conclusion, this effective and economical method is a practical option in reality and can play a big role in clinical and scientific drug researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Mengmeng Xie
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Ying Li
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Xian-Janssen Pharmaceutical Ltd, Xi'an, Shanxi 710043, China
| | - Wei Qiang
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Zeneng Cheng
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
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Crewther BT, Carruthers J, Kilduff LP, Sanctuary CE, Cook CJ. Temporal associations between individual changes in hormones, training motivation and physical performance in elite and non-elite trained men. Biol Sport 2016; 33:215-21. [PMID: 27601775 PMCID: PMC4993136 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1201810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To advance our understanding of the hormonal contribution to athletic performance, we examined the temporal associations between individual changes in testosterone (T) and/or cortisol (C) concentrations, training motivation and physical performance in elite and non-elite trained men. Two male cohorts classified as elites (n = 12) and non-elites (n = 12) completed five testing sessions over a six-week period. The athletes were tested for salivary T, C, T/C ratio, self-perceived training motivation, countermovement jump (CMJ) height and isometric mid-thigh pull peak force (IMTP PF), after which an actual training workout was performed. The elite men reported higher motivation to train and they produced greater CMJ height overall, whereas the non-elites had higher pooled T levels (p < 0.05). No significant group differences in C concentrations, T/C ratio or IMTP PF were found. The individual changes in T levels were positively associated with training motivation in the elite men only (p = 0.033), but the hormonal and motivation measures did not predict CMJ height or IMTP PF in either group. The monitoring of elite and non-elite men across a short training block revealed differences in T levels, motivation and lower-body power, which may reflect training and competitive factors in each group. Despite having lower T levels, the elite athletes showed better linkage between pre-training T fluctuations and subsequent motivation to train. The nature of the performance tests (i.e. single repetition trials) could partly explain the lack of an association with the hormonal and motivational measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Crewther
- Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland; Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - J Carruthers
- Al-Attar Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - L P Kilduff
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK; Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - C E Sanctuary
- Newcastle Knights Rugby League, Newcastle, Australia
| | - C J Cook
- Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College, London, UK; School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Bangor University, Bangor, UK; Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Caetano Júnior PC, Strixino JF, Raniero L. Analysis of saliva by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for diagnosis of physiological stress in athletes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/2446-4740.0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Iacovides S, Avidon I, Baker F. Does pain vary across the menstrual cycle? A review. Eur J Pain 2015; 19:1389-405. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Iacovides
- Wits Dial-a-bed Sleep Laboratory; Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - I. Avidon
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory; School of Physiology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - F.C. Baker
- Wits Dial-a-bed Sleep Laboratory; Brain Function Research Group; School of Physiology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
- Human Sleep Research Program; SRI International; San Francisco USA
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Nalla AA, Thomsen G, Knudsen GM, Frokjaer VG. The effect of storage conditions on salivary cortisol concentrations using an Enzyme Immunoassay. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2014; 75:92-5. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2014.985252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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46
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Pernot E, Cardis E, Badie C. Usefulness of Saliva Samples for Biomarker Studies in Radiation Research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:2673-80. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Lautenbach F, Laborde S, Achtzehn S, Raab M. Preliminary evidence of salivary cortisol predicting performance in a controlled setting. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 42:218-24. [PMID: 24636518 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to examine the influence of salivary cortisol on tennis serve performance in a controlled setting and to investigate if cortisol predicts unique variance in performance beyond a subjective anxiety measure (i.e., Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 [CSAI-2]). Twenty-three tennis players performed two series of second tennis serves separated by an anxiety induction (i.e., arithmetic task). Cortisol was assessed six times during the experiment. Results show that cortisol response and a drop in serving performance are positively correlated (r=.68, p<.001). Cortisol also explains unique variance in performance (i.e., 19%) beyond CSAI-2 measures. Thus, considering cortisol measurements seems warranted in future research aimed at understanding performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lautenbach
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Germany.
| | - Sylvain Laborde
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Germany; UFR STAPS, University of Caen, France
| | - Silvia Achtzehn
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Raab
- Department of Performance Psychology, Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne, Germany; Department of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, UK
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