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A J A, S A. Studies on effect of failure modes on mechanical properties of staggered composites. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2024; 19:036019. [PMID: 38579743 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad3b55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Biological materials such as bone, nacre, antler, and teeth are gifted with excellent mechanical properties that have inspired the development of synthetic composites. These superior properties are attributed to the geometrical as well as the material properties of the constituents at a small scale. This paper is focused on the influence of failure modes over the mechanical properties including stiffness, strength, and toughness, after the failure of different interfaces in staggered bio-inspired structures such as regular and stairwise staggered arrangements where stiff platelets are embedded in a pliant matrix. In order to find these properties, this article develops a novel analytical model for stress transfer and effective Young's modulus of a stairwise staggered composite based on composite micro-mechanics principles. The results indicate that the failure sequence indeed influences mechanical characteristics such as stiffness, strength, and toughness. Also, the results from the present study is capable of quantifying the major contribution of toughness that is obtained from the vertical interface failure, which is ignored in previous studies for estimating the toughness. The results indicate that a toughness contribution as high as 56% from the inclusion of the first failure can be obtained in a stairwise staggered composite. The influence of significant parameters like Young's moduli ratio between the platelet and matrix (Ep/Em) over the strength at different modes of failure showed that the strength at first and second failures increases as theEp/Emratio increases. The findings of this study hold significant potential for predicting the failure sequences with their quantified contributions towards the mechanical properties of a bio-inspired staggered composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirami A J
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Valiamala, Thiruvananthapuram 695547, India
| | - Anup S
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Valiamala, Thiruvananthapuram 695547, India
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2
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Miguez PA, Bash E, Musskopf ML, Tuin SA, Rivera-Concepcion A, Chapple ILC, Liu J. Control of tissue homeostasis by the extracellular matrix: Synthetic heparan sulfate as a promising therapeutic for periodontal health and bone regeneration. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:510-531. [PMID: 37614159 PMCID: PMC10891305 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are core proteins associated with carbohydrate/sugar moieties that are highly variable in disaccharide composition, which dictates their function. These carbohydrates are named glycosaminoglycans, and they can be attached to proteoglycans or found free in tissues or on cell surfaces. Glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and heparin/heparan sulfate have multiple functions including involvement in inflammation, immunity and connective tissue structure, and integrity. Heparan sulfate is a highly sulfated polysaccharide that is abundant in the periodontium including alveolar bone. Recent evidence supports the contention that heparan sulfate is an important player in modulating interactions between damage associated molecular patterns and inflammatory receptors expressed by various cell types. The structure of heparan sulfate is reported to dictate its function, thus, the utilization of a homogenous and structurally defined heparan sulfate polysaccharide for modulation of cell function offers therapeutic potential. Recently, a chemoenzymatic approach was developed to allow production of many structurally defined heparan sulfate carbohydrates. These oligosaccharides have been studied in various pathological inflammatory conditions to better understand their function and their potential application in promoting tissue homeostasis. We have observed that specific size and sulfation patterns can modulate inflammation and promote tissue maintenance including an anabolic effect in alveolar bone. Thus, new evidence provides a strong impetus to explore heparan sulfate as a potential novel therapeutic agent to treat periodontitis, support alveolar bone maintenance, and promote bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- PA Miguez
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health - Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - E Bash
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health - Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - ML Musskopf
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health - Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - SA Tuin
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A Rivera-Concepcion
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - ILC Chapple
- Periodontal Research Group, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham’s NIHR BRC in Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Community Health Foundation Trust, Birmingham UK Iain Chapple
| | - J Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Grünewald TA, Johannes A, Wittig NK, Palle J, Rack A, Burghammer M, Birkedal H. Bone mineral properties and 3D orientation of human lamellar bone around cement lines and the Haversian system. IUCRJ 2023; 10:189-198. [PMID: 36786504 PMCID: PMC9980387 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252523000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a complex, biological tissue made up primarily of collagen fibrils and biomineral nanoparticles. The importance of hierarchical organization in bone was realized early on, but the actual interplay between structural features and the properties on the nanostructural and crystallographic level is still a matter of intense discussion. Bone is the only mineralized tissue that can be remodeled and, at the start of the formation of new bone during this process, a structure called a cement line is formed on which regular bone grows. Here, the orientational relationship of nanostructural and crystallographic constituents as well as the structural properties of both nanostructural and crystallographic constituents around cement lines and the Haversian system in human lamellar bone are investigated. A combination of small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering tensor tomography is employed together with diffraction tomography and synchrotron computed tomography to generate a multi-modal image of the sample. This work shows that the mineral properties vary as a function of the distance to the Haversian canal and, importantly, shows that the cement line has differing mineral properties from the surrounding lamellar bone, in particular with respect to crystallite size and degree of orientation. Cement lines make up a significant portion of the bone matrix despite their small size, hence the reported findings on an altered mineral structure, together with the spatial modulation around the Haversian canal, have implications for the formation and mechanics of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman A. Grünewald
- The European Synchrotron, Avenue des Martyrs 71, Grenoble 38000, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille 13013, France
- Correspondence e-mail: ,
| | - Andreas Johannes
- The European Synchrotron, Avenue des Martyrs 71, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Nina K. Wittig
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 14, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Jonas Palle
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 14, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Alexander Rack
- The European Synchrotron, Avenue des Martyrs 71, Grenoble 38000, France
| | | | - Henrik Birkedal
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 14, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
- Correspondence e-mail: ,
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AJ A, Ghate DP, S A. Generalization and Optimization of Two Hierarchical Non-self-similar Bio-inspired Composites. FORCES IN MECHANICS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2023.100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ahn T, Gidley DW, Thornton AW, Wong-Foy AG, Orr BG, Kozloff KM, Banaszak Holl MM. Hierarchical Nature of Nanoscale Porosity in Bone Revealed by Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4321-4334. [PMID: 33619964 PMCID: PMC8176962 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a hierarchical material primarily composed of collagen, water, and mineral that is organized into discrete molecular, nano-, micro-, and macroscale structural components. In contrast to the structural knowledge of the collagen and mineral domains, the nanoscale porosity of bone is poorly understood. In this study, we introduce a well-established pore characterization technique, positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), to probe the nanoscale size and distribution of each component domain by analyzing pore sizes inherent to hydrated bone together with pores generated by successive removal of water and then organic matrix (including collagen and noncollagenous proteins) from samples of cortical bovine femur. Combining the PALS results with simulated pore size distribution (PSD) results from collagen molecule and microfibril structure, we identify pores with diameter of 0.6 nm that suggest porosity within the collagen molecule regardless of the presence of mineral and water. We find that water occupies three larger domain size regions with nominal mean diameters of 1.1, 1.9, and 4.0 nm-spaces that are hypothesized to associate with intercollagen molecular spaces, terminal segments (d-spacing) within collagen microfibrils, and interface spacing between collagen and mineral structure, respectively. Subsequent removal of the organic matrix determines a structural pore size of 5-6 nm for deproteinized bone-suggesting the average spacing between mineral lamella. An independent method to deduce the average mineral spacing from specific surface area (SSA) measurements of the deproteinized sample is presented and compared with the PALS results. Together, the combined PALS and SSA results set a range on the mean mineral lamella thickness of 4-8 nm.
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Zhang L, Xu Y, Jin X, Wang C, Li M, Zhou Z, Fu B. Biomimetic fabrication and application of fibrous-like nanotubes. Life Sci 2021; 270:119126. [PMID: 33508295 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the biomimetic fabrication of fibrous-like organic-inorganic hybrid structures via a simple bottom-up approach, viz. self-assembly of simple molecules, and apply fibrous-like composites as a novel primer to improve dentin bond strengths of self-etch adhesives. MATERIALS AND METHODS The resultants of commercial amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) nanoparticles and 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) ethanol-aqueous solution were analyzed by TEM, SEM, XRD, DLS and AFM. The acid and alkali resistance of abovementioned self-assembled composites were analyzed with TEM. Micro-tensile bond strengths (MTBS) tests were performed after polished dentin surfaces were pretreated with self-assembled composites. The pretreated dentin surfaces and dentin-resin interfaces were characterized by SEM/TEM. KEY FINDINGS ACP nanoparticles in MDP solution could self-assemble into fibrous-like nanotube structures in 8 nm diameter. Self-assembly and self-proliferation process went from ACP nanoparticles, dissolved ACP nanoparticles (less than 50 nm), twig-like structures and fibrous-like nanotubes to cellular networks. The fibrous-like nanotubes were only detected when the amount of ACP in reaction system were more than 0.01 g. The more ACP interacted with MDP, the more fibrous-like nanotubes were formed. After the dentin surfaces were treated with fibrous-like nanotube composites, MTBS could be significantly improved. Moreover, the fibrous-like nanotube structures could be resistant to acidic challenge, and were stable at least for 3 months. SIGNIFICANCE The fibrous-like nanotube structures could be self-assembled via a bottom-up approach at certain ratio of MDP and commercial ACP nanoparticles. The application of fibrous-like nanotube composites as a novel primer prior to self-etch adhesives greatly improved dentin bond strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road 395, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China. zl1616-@163.com
| | - Yuedan Xu
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road 395, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Xinyang Jin
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road 395, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Chaoyang Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road 395, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road 395, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Zihuai Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road 395, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Baiping Fu
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yan'an Road 395, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China.
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Chen Y, Chen J, Chen J, Yu H, Zheng Y, Zhao J, Zhu J. Recent advances in seafood bioactive peptides and their potential for managing osteoporosis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1187-1203. [PMID: 33094645 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1836606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Marine biodiversity provides a range of diverse biological resources, including seafoods that are rich in protein and a well-balanced amino acid composition. Previous studies have shown that peptides can improve bone formation and/or inhibit bone resorption, suggesting the potential for seafood bioactive peptides (SBPs) in development of food and pharmaceuticals for management of osteoporosis. In this review, we provided an up-to-date overview of the anti-osteoporosis activity of SBPs and describe their underlying molecular mechanisms. We focus on SBPs' development, broadening the scope and depth of research, as well as strengthening in vivo and clinical research. In vitro cell cultures and in vivo animal osteoporosis models have demonstrated the potential for seafood-derived SBPs, including fish, mollusks, crustaceans, seaweed and microalgae, in preventing osteoporosis. These peptides may act by activating the signaling pathways, such as BMP/Smads, MAPK, OPG/RANKL/RANK, and NF-κB, which are associated with modulation bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering & Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianchu Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering & Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering & Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huilin Yu
- College of Biosystems Engineering & Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangfan Zheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering & Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawen Zhao
- College of Biosystems Engineering & Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajin Zhu
- College of Biosystems Engineering & Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
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Grünewald TA, Liebi M, Wittig NK, Johannes A, Sikjaer T, Rejnmark L, Gao Z, Rosenthal M, Guizar-Sicairos M, Birkedal H, Burghammer M. Mapping the 3D orientation of nanocrystals and nanostructures in human bone: Indications of novel structural features. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba4171. [PMID: 32582855 PMCID: PMC7292642 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba4171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone is built from collagen fibrils and biomineral nanoparticles. In humans, they are organized in lamellar twisting patterns on the microscale. It has been a central tenet that the biomineral nanoparticles are co-aligned with the bone nanostructure. Here, we reconstruct the three-dimensional orientation in human lamellar bone of both the nanoscale features and the biomineral crystal lattice from small-angle x-ray scattering and wide-angle x-ray scattering, respectively. While most of the investigated regions show well-aligned nanostructure and crystal structure, consistent with current bone models, we report a localized difference in orientation distribution between the nanostructure and the biomineral crystals in specific bands. Our results show a robust and systematic, but localized, variation in the alignment of the two signals, which can be interpreted as either an additional mineral fraction in bone, a preferentially aligned extrafibrillar fraction, or the result of transverse stacking of mineral particles over several fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman A. Grünewald
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Avenue des Martyrs 71, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marianne Liebi
- Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nina K. Wittig
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 14, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas Johannes
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Avenue des Martyrs 71, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tanja Sikjaer
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Rejnmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zirui Gao
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Martin Rosenthal
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Avenue des Martyrs 71, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Henrik Birkedal
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 14, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Corresponding author. (H.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Manfred Burghammer
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Avenue des Martyrs 71, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Corresponding author. (H.B.); (M.B.)
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An efficient two-scale 3D FE model of the bone fibril array: comparison of anisotropic elastic properties with analytical methods and micro-sample testing. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 19:2127-2147. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Franco C, Rodríguez-San-Miguel D, Sorrenti A, Sevim S, Pons R, Platero-Prats AE, Pavlovic M, Szilágyi I, Ruiz Gonzalez ML, González-Calbet JM, Bochicchio D, Pesce L, Pavan GM, Imaz I, Cano-Sarabia M, Maspoch D, Pané S, de Mello AJ, Zamora F, Puigmartí-Luis J. Biomimetic Synthesis of Sub-20 nm Covalent Organic Frameworks in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3540-3547. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Franco
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Rodríguez-San-Miguel
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) and Condensed Matter Physics Institute (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandro Sorrenti
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Semih Sevim
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ramon Pons
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC−CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana E. Platero-Prats
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) and Condensed Matter Physics Institute (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marko Pavlovic
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Biocolloids Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Istvan Szilágyi
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Biocolloids Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - M. Luisa Ruiz Gonzalez
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Davide Bochicchio
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Galleria 2, Via Cantonale 2c, CH-6928 Manno, Switzerland
| | - Luca Pesce
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Galleria 2, Via Cantonale 2c, CH-6928 Manno, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni M. Pavan
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Galleria 2, Via Cantonale 2c, CH-6928 Manno, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Science and Techology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Inhar Imaz
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Mary Cano-Sarabia
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J. de Mello
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Zamora
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem) and Condensed Matter Physics Institute (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Puigmartí-Luis
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Sui T, Dluhoš J, Li T, Zeng K, Cernescu A, Landini G, Korsunsky AM. Structure-Function Correlative Microscopy of Peritubular and Intertubular Dentine. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11091493. [PMID: 30134596 PMCID: PMC6164774 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peritubular dentine (PTD) and intertubular dentine (ITD) were investigated by 3D correlative Focused Ion Beam (FIB)-Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) tomography, tapping mode Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and scattering-type Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy (s-SNOM) mapping. The brighter appearance of PTD in 3D SEM-Backscattered-Electron (BSE) imaging mode and the corresponding higher grey value indicate a greater mineral concentration in PTD (~160) compared to ITD (~152). However, the 3D FIB-SEM-EDS reconstruction and high resolution, quantitative 2D map of the Ca/P ratio (~1.8) fail to distinguish between PTD and ITD. This has been further confirmed using nanoscale 2D AFM map, which clearly visualised biopolymers and hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystallites with larger mean crystallite size in ITD (32 ± 8 nm) than that in PTD (22 ± 3 nm). Correlative microscopy reveals that the principal difference between PTD and ITD arises primarily from the nanoscale packing density of the crystallites bonded together by thin biopolymer, with moderate contribution from the chemical composition difference. The structural difference results in the mechanical properties variation that is described by the parabolic stiffness-volume fraction correlation function introduced here. The obtained results benefit a microstructure-based mechano-chemical model to simulate the chemical etching process that can occur in human dental caries and some of its treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Sui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Jiří Dluhoš
- TESCAN Brno, s.r.o., Libušina třída 1, 623 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Kaiyang Zeng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Adrian Cernescu
- Neaspec GmbH, Bunsenstr. 5, Martinsried, D-82152 Munich, Germany.
| | - Gabriel Landini
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, UK.
| | - Alexander M Korsunsky
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK.
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Bone Regenerative Engineering Using a Protein Kinase A-Specific Cyclic AMP Analogue Administered for Short Term. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-018-0063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Burke M, Atkins A, Kiss A, Akens M, Yee A, Whyne C. The impact of metastasis on the mineral phase of vertebral bone tissue. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 69:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Nanoscale modifications in the early heating stages of bone are heterogeneous at the microstructural scale. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176179. [PMID: 28423023 PMCID: PMC5397064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale studies of bone provide key indicators to evidence subtle structural changes that may occur in the biomedical, forensic and archaeological contexts. One specific problem encountered in all those disciplines, for which the identification of nanostructural cues could prove useful, is to properly monitor the effect of heating on bone tissue. In particular, the mechanisms at work at the onset of heating are still relatively unclear. Using a multiscale approach combining Raman microspectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), synchrotron quantitative scanning small-angle X-ray scattering imaging (qsSAXSI) and polarized light (PL) microscopy, we investigate the ultrastructure of cortical bovine bone heated at temperatures < 300°C, from the molecular to the macroscopic scale. We show that, despite limited changes in crystal structure, the mineral nanoparticles increase in thickness and become strongly disorganized upon heating. Furthermore, while the nanostructure in distinct anatomical quadrants appears to be statistically different, our results demonstrate this stems from the tissue histology, i.e. from the high degree of heterogeneity of the microstructure induced by the complex cellular processes involved in bone tissue formation. From this study, we conclude that the analysis of bone samples based on the structure and organization of the mineral nanocrystals requires performing measurements at the histological level, which is an advantageous feature of qsSAXSI. This is a critical aspect that extends to a much broader range of questions relating to nanoscale investigations of bone, which could also be extended to other classes of nanostructured heterogeneous materials.
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15
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Kłosowski MM, Carzaniga R, Abellan P, Ramasse Q, McComb DW, Porter AE, Shefelbine SJ. Electron Microscopy Reveals Structural and Chemical Changes at the Nanometer Scale in the Osteogenesis Imperfecta Murine Pathology. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:2788-2797. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał M. Kłosowski
- Department
of Materials and Engineering, Royal School of Mines, South Kensington
Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Raffaella Carzaniga
- Cancer
Research U.K., Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, U.K
| | - Patricia Abellan
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K
| | - Quentin Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K
| | - David W. McComb
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Electron Microscopy
and Analysis, The Ohio State University, 1305 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
| | - Alexandra E. Porter
- Department
of Materials and Engineering, Royal School of Mines, South Kensington
Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Sandra J. Shefelbine
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, 334 Snell Engineering Center, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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16
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Abstract
Bone is a complex hierarchical structure, and its principal function is to resist mechanical forces and fracture. Bone strength depends not only on the quantity of bone tissue but also on the shape and hierarchical structure. The hierarchical levels are interrelated, especially the micro-architecture, collagen and mineral components; hence, analysis of their specific roles in bone strength and stiffness is difficult. Synchrotron imaging technologies including micro-CT and small/wide angle X-ray scattering/diffraction are becoming increasingly popular for studying bone because the images can resolve deformations in the micro-architecture and collagen-mineral matrix under in situ mechanical loading. Synchrotron cannot be directly applied in vivo due to the high radiation dose but will allow researchers to carry out systematic multifaceted studies of bone ex vivo. Identifying characteristics of aging and disease will underpin future efforts to generate novel devices and interventional therapies for assessing and promoting healthy aging. With our own research work as examples, this paper introduces how synchrotron imaging technology can be used with in situ testing in bone research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaocheng Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W6 8PR UK
| | - Oliver Boughton
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W6 8PR UK
| | - Angelo Karunaratne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, 10400 Sri Lanka
| | - Andi Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W6 8PR UK
| | - Justin Cobb
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W6 8PR UK
| | - Ulrich Hansen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Richard Abel
- MSk Laboratory, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W6 8PR UK
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Liu Y, Luo D, Wang T. Hierarchical Structures of Bone and Bioinspired Bone Tissue Engineering. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:4611-4632. [PMID: 27322951 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone, as a mineralized composite of inorganic (mostly carbonated hydroxyapatite) and organic (mainly type I collagen) phases, possesses a unique combination of remarkable strength and toughness. Its excellent mechanical properties are related to its hierarchical structures and precise organization of the inorganic and organic phases at the nanoscale: Nanometer-sized hydroxyapatite crystals periodically deposit within the gap zones of collagen fibrils during bone biomineralization process. This hierarchical arrangement produces nanomechanical heterogeneities, which enable a mechanism for high energy dissipation and resistance to fracture. The excellent mechanical properties integrated with the hierarchical nanostructure of bone have inspired chemists and material scientists to develop biomimetic strategies for artificial bone grafts in tissue engineering (TE). This critical review provides a broad overview of the current mechanisms involved in bone biomineralization, and the relationship between bone hierarchical structures and the deformation mechanism. Our goal in this review is to inspire the application of these principles toward bone TE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Dan Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, P. R. China
| | - Tie Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
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18
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Nivedhitha Sundaram M, Deepthi S, Jayakumar R. Chitosan-Gelatin Composite Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Engineering. SPRINGER SERIES ON POLYMER AND COMPOSITE MATERIALS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-2511-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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19
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Zhao W, Xu Z, Yang Y, Sahai N. Surface energetics of the hydroxyapatite nanocrystal-water interface: a molecular dynamics study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:13283-13292. [PMID: 25314374 DOI: 10.1021/la503158p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Face-specific interfacial energies and structures of water at ionic crystal surfaces play a dominant role in a wide range of biological, environmental, technological, and industrial processes. Nanosized, plate-shaped crystals of calcium phosphate (CaP) with nonideal stoichiometry of hydroxyapatite (HAP, ideal stoichiometry Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) comprise the inorganic component of bone and dentin. The crystal shape and size contribute significantly to these tissues' biomechanical properties. Plate-shaped HAP can be grown in the presence of biomolecules, whereas inorganically grown HAP crystals have a needlelike shape. Crystal morphology reflects the relative surface areas of the faces and, for an ideal inorganically grown crystal, should be governed by the surface energies of the faces with water. Interfacial energies and dynamics also affect biomolecule adsorption. Obtaining face-specific surface energies remains experimentally challenging because of the difficulty in growing large HAP single crystals. Here we employed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to determine nanocrystalline HAP-water interfacial energies. The (100) face was found to be the most favorable energetically, and (110) and (004) were less hydrophilic. The trend in increasing interfacial energy was accompanied by a decrease in the average coordination number of water oxygen to surface calcium ions. The atomic-level geometry of the faces influenced interfacial energy by limiting lateral diffusion of water and by interrupting the hydrogen bond network. Such unfavorable interactions were limited on (100) compared to the other faces. These results provide a thermodynamic basis for the empirically observed trends in relative surface areas of HAP faces. The penetration of charged biomolecules through the interfacial water to form direct interactions with HAP faces, thus potentially influencing morphology, can also be rationalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Zhao
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron , 170 University Ave., Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
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20
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Profeta AC. Dentine bonding agents comprising calcium-silicates to support proactive dental care: Origins, development and future. Dent Mater J 2014; 33:443-52. [PMID: 24500368 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2013-267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The origin of ion-releasing dentine bonding agents lies in a change in attitude regarding the qualities demanded of a restorative dental material. The objectives of this paper are to review recent studies on novel hybrid adhesives comprising bioactive fillers based on information from original research papers, reviews, and patent literatures. Literature searches of free text and MeSH terms were performed by using MedLine (PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, Scielo and the Cochrane Library (6th November, 2013). Reference lists of primary research reports and eligible systematic reviews were cross-checked in an attempt to identify additional studies. Experimental methacrylate-based adhesives, either when incorporating calcium/sodium phosphate-phyllosilicates or calcium silicate cements, demonstrated to promote therapeutic/protective effects on the micro-mechanical and ultramorphological properties of resin bonded-dentine interfaces associated with mineral deposition over time. Further randomized control trials are needed in order to confirm these initial results in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corrado Profeta
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Biomaterials Science, Biomimetics and Biophotonics (B3) Research Group, King's College London Dental Institute
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21
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Sun J, Chen C, Pan H, Chen Y, Mao C, Wang W, Tang R, Gu X. Biomimetic promotion of dentin remineralization usingl-glutamic acid: inspiration from biomineralization proteins. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:4544-4553. [PMID: 32261555 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00451e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The decalcified dentin layer was remineralized in two days using the cooperative effect of PAA and Glu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine
- Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoqun Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine
- Hangzhou, China
| | - Haihua Pan
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine
- Hangzhou, China
| | - Caiyun Mao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine
- Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine
- Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Centre of Biopathways and Biomaterials
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Gu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine
- Hangzhou, China
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22
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Zia Uddin SM, Hadjiargyrou M, Cheng J, Zhang S, Hu M, Qin YX. Reversal of the detrimental effects of simulated microgravity on human osteoblasts by modified low intensity pulsed ultrasound. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2013; 39:804-812. [PMID: 23453382 PMCID: PMC3717331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Microgravity (MG) is known to induce bone loss in astronauts during long-duration space mission because of a lack of sufficient mechanical stimulation under MG. It has been demonstrated that mechanical signals are essential for maintaining cell viability and motility, and they possibly serve as a countermeasure to the catabolic effects of MG. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of high-frequency acoustic wave signals on osteoblasts in a simulated microgravity (SMG) environment (created using 1-D clinostat bioreactor) using a modified low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (mLIPUS). Specifically, we evaluated the hypothesis that osteoblasts (human fetal osteoblastic cell line) exposure to mLIPUS for 20 min/d at 30 mW/cm(2) will significantly reduce the detrimental effects of SMG. Effects of SMG with mLIPUS were analyzed using the MTS proliferation assay for proliferation, phalloidin for F-actin staining, Sirius red stain for collagen, and Alizarin red for mineralization. Our data showed that osteoblast exposure to SMG results in significant decreases in proliferation (∼ -38% and ∼ -44% on days 4 and 6, respectively; p < 0.01), collagen content (∼ -22%; p < 0.05) and mineralization (∼ -37%; p < 0.05) and actin stress fibers. In contrast, mLIPUS stimulation in SMG condition significantly increases the rate of proliferation (∼24% by day 6; p < 0.05), collagen content (∼52%; p < 0.05) and matrix mineralization (∼25%; p < 0.001) along with restoring formation of actin stress fibers in the SMG-exposed osteoblasts. These data suggest that the acoustic wave can potentially be used as a countermeasure for disuse osteopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yi-Xian Qin
- Corresponding Author: Yi-Xian Qin, Ph.D., Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, 215 Bioengineering Bldg, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, Tel: 631-632-1481, Fax: (631) 632-8577,
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23
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Cox RF, Morgan MP. Microcalcifications in breast cancer: Lessons from physiological mineralization. Bone 2013; 53:437-50. [PMID: 23334083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mammographic mammary microcalcifications are routinely used for the early detection of breast cancer, however the mechanisms by which they form remain unclear. Two species of mammary microcalcifications have been identified; calcium oxalate and hydroxyapatite. Calcium oxalate is mostly associated with benign lesions of the breast, whereas hydroxyapatite is associated with both benign and malignant tumors. The way in which hydroxyapatite forms within mammary tissue remains largely unexplored, however lessons can be learned from the process of physiological mineralization. Normal physiological mineralization by osteoblasts results in hydroxyapatite deposition in bone. This review brings together existing knowledge from the field of physiological mineralization and juxtaposes it with our current understanding of the genesis of mammary microcalcifications. As an increasing number of breast cancers are being detected in their non-palpable stage through mammographic microcalcifications, it is important that future studies investigate the underlying mechanisms of their formation in order to fully understand the significance of this unique early marker of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Cox
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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24
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Gordon LM, Tran L, Joester D. Atom probe tomography of apatites and bone-type mineralized tissues. ACS NANO 2012; 6:10667-10675. [PMID: 23176319 DOI: 10.1021/nn3049957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline biological apatites constitute the mineral phase of vertebrate bone and teeth. Beyond their central importance to the mechanical function of our skeleton, their extraordinarily large surface acts as the most important ion exchanger for essential and toxic ions in our body. However, the nanoscale structural and chemical complexity of apatite-based mineralized tissues is a formidable challenge to quantitative imaging. For example, even energy-filtered electron microscopy is not suitable for detection of small quantities of low atomic number elements typical for biological materials. Herein we show that laser-pulsed atom probe tomography, a technique that combines subnanometer spatial resolution with unbiased chemical sensitivity, is uniquely suited to the task. Common apatite end members share a number of features, but can clearly be distinguished by their spectrometric fingerprint. This fingerprint and the formation of molecular ions during field evaporation can be explained based on the chemistry of the apatite channel ion. Using end members for reference, we are able to interpret the spectra of bone and dentin samples, and generate the first three-dimensional reconstruction of 1.2 × 10(7) atoms in a dentin sample. The fibrous nature of the collagenous organic matrix in dentin is clearly recognizable in the reconstruction. Surprisingly, some fibers show selectivity in binding for sodium ions over magnesium ions, implying that an additional, chemical level of hierarchy is necessary to describe dentin structure. Furthermore, segregation of inorganic ions or small organic molecules to homophase interfaces (grain boundaries) is not apparent. This has implications for the platelet model for apatite biominerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle M Gordon
- Northwestern University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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25
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Tjäderhane L, Haapasalo M. The dentin-pulp border: a dynamic interface between hard and soft tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2012.00266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Bertassoni LE, Orgel JPR, Antipova O, Swain MV. The dentin organic matrix - limitations of restorative dentistry hidden on the nanometer scale. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:2419-33. [PMID: 22414619 PMCID: PMC3473357 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The prevention and treatment of dental caries are major challenges occurring in dentistry. The foundations for modern management of this dental disease, estimated to affect 90% of adults in Western countries, rest upon the dependence of ultrafine interactions between synthetic polymeric biomaterials and nanostructured supramolecular assemblies that compose the tooth organic substrate. Research has shown, however, that this interaction imposes less than desirable long-term prospects for current resin-based dental restorations. Here we review progress in the identification of the nanostructural organization of the organic matrix of dentin, the largest component of the tooth structure, and highlight aspects relevant to understating the interaction of restorative biomaterials with the dentin substrate. We offer novel insights into the influence of the hierarchically assembled supramolecular structure of dentin collagen fibrils and their structural dependence on water molecules. Secondly, we review recent evidence for the participation of proteoglycans in composing the dentin organic network. Finally, we discuss the relation of these complexly assembled nanostructures with the protease degradative processes driving the low durability of current resin-based dental restorations. We argue in favour of the structural limitations that these complexly organized and inherently hydrated organic structures may impose on the clinical prospects of current hydrophobic and hydrolyzable dental polymers that establish ultrafine contact with the tooth substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz E Bertassoni
- Biomaterials Science Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, United Dental Hospital, NSW, Australia.
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27
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Abstract
This chapter presents a general overview of nanodiagnostics in microbiology and dentistry. Nanodiagnostics uses biosensor technology which is one of the most promising, compact systems consisting of a composite analysis of biological recognition element. Detecting an analyte (glucose, antibiotics, etc.) using a transducer element or detector element to quantify the amount of analyte is the working principle of biosensors. The transducer or the detector element transforms the signal resulting from the interaction of the analyte with the biological element into another signal that can be more easily measured and quantified. Nanobiotechnology scientists have also successfully produced microchips that are coated with biological molecules. The chip is designed to emit an electrical impulse signal when the molecules detect signs of a disease. Special sensor nanobots can be inserted into the blood under the skin where they can check blood contents and warn of any possible diseases. They can also be used to monitor the sugar level in the blood. Advantages of using such nanobots are that they are very cheap to produce and are easily portable.
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Uskoković V, Uskoković DP. Nanosized hydroxyapatite and other calcium phosphates: Chemistry of formation and application as drug and gene delivery agents. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2010; 96:152-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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29
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Shellis RP, Barbour ME, Jones SB, Addy M. Effects of pH and acid concentration on erosive dissolution of enamel, dentine, and compressed hydroxyapatite. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118:475-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2010.00763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Bertassoni LE, Habelitz S, Pugach M, Soares PC, Marshall SJ, Marshall GW. Evaluation of surface structural and mechanical changes following remineralization of dentin. SCANNING 2010; 32:312-319. [PMID: 20853406 PMCID: PMC2981622 DOI: 10.1002/sca.20199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to gain insights into the surface structural and mechanical changes leading to remineralization of dentin. Remineralization was compared between a continuous remineralization approach and a nonbuffered static approach using solutions of the same initial composition. Artificial carious lesions were treated for 5 days and analyzed every 24 h using nanoindentation in water, SEM, and AFM. The continuous approach yielded a recovery of mechanical properties of up to 60% of normal dentin, whereas the static approach led to recovery of only 10%. Image analysis revealed that the static approach yielded the formation of areas suggestive of an apatite precipitate on the surface of the dentin matrix. In contrast, surface precipitate was absent using the continuous approach, suggesting that mineral formed within the lesion and re-associated with the collagenous matrix. This study provided evidence that mechanical recovery of dentin in near physiological conditions is attainable through the continuous delivery of calcium and phosphate ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Eduardo Bertassoni
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Dept. of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Stefan Habelitz
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Dept. of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Megan Pugach
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Dept. of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Paulo Cesar Soares
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Potifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná
| | - Sally Jean Marshall
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Dept. of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Grayson William Marshall
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Dept. of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco
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31
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Uskoković V, Bertassoni LE. Nanotechnology in Dental Sciences: Moving towards a Finer Way of Doing Dentistry. MATERIALS 2010; 3:1674-1691. [PMID: 27103959 PMCID: PMC4836616 DOI: 10.3390/ma3031674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnologies are predicted to revolutionize: (a) the control over materials properties at ultrafine scales; and (b) the sensitivity of tools and devices applied in various scientific and technological fields. In this short review, we argue that dentistry will be no exception to this trend. Here, we present a dynamic view of dental tissues, an adoption of which may lead to finer, more effective and minimally invasive reparation approaches. By doing so, we aim at providing insights into some of the breakthroughs relevant to understanding the genesis of dental tissues at the nanostructural level or generating dental materials with nanoscale critical boundaries. The lineage of the progress of dental science, including the projected path along the presumed nanotechnological direction of research and clinical application is mentioned too. We conclude by claiming that dentistry should follow the trend of probing matter at nanoscale that currently dominates both materials and biological sciences in order to improve on the research strategies and clinical techniques that have traditionally rested on mechanistic assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuk Uskoković
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-415-412-0233
| | - Luiz Eduardo Bertassoni
- Biomaterials Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; E-Mail: (L.E.B.)
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32
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Bertassoni LE, Habelitz S, Kinney JH, Marshall SJ, Marshall GW. Biomechanical perspective on the remineralization of dentin. Caries Res 2009; 43:70-7. [PMID: 19208991 DOI: 10.1159/000201593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this article is to critically evaluate the methods that are used to assess outcomes of remineralization of dentin. Currently, the most used assessment methods fall either into quantitative analysis of the mineral content of the remineralized structures or dry measurements of their mechanical properties. Properties obtained from the dehydrated organic dentin matrix may not reflect the true mechanical behavior of the remineralized tissue under physiological and hydrated conditions. Here we seek to clarify the biomechanical aspects of remineralization of dentin, pointing out the effects of hydration and dehydration on the mechanical properties of treated tissues. We also emphasize that a more appropriate endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness of remineralization in dentin should be associated with the recovery of the mechanical properties of the hydrated tissue, which is presumed to correlate well with its overall functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Bertassoni
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758, USA
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33
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Omelon SJ, Grynpas MD. Relationships between Polyphosphate Chemistry, Biochemistry and Apatite Biomineralization. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4694-715. [DOI: 10.1021/cr0782527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sidney J. Omelon
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc D. Grynpas
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Canada
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Kohn DH, Sahar ND, Wallace JM, Golcuk K, Morris MD. Exercise alters mineral and matrix composition in the absence of adding new bone. Cells Tissues Organs 2008; 189:33-7. [PMID: 18703871 DOI: 10.1159/000151452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical properties of bone are dictated by its amount, distribution and 'quality'. The composition of the mineral and matrix phases is integral to defining 'bone quality'. Exercise can potentially increase resistance to fracture, yet the effects of exercise on skeletal fragility, and how alterations in fragility are modulated by the amount, distribution and composition of bone, are unknown. In this investigation, the effects of exercise on the size, composition, mechanical properties and damage resistance of bones from mice of various ages, background strains and genetic makeup were assessed, as a means of testing the hypothesis that mechanical loading can improve skeletal fragility via compositional alterations. C57BL/6 mice (4-month-old males) ran on a treadmill for 21 days. Tibiae from exercised and control mice were analyzed for cross-sectional geometry, mechanical properties, microdamage and composition. Exercise significantly increased strength without increasing cross-sectional properties, suggesting that mechanical stimulation led to changes in the bone matrix, and these changes led to the improvements in mechanical properties. Consistent with this interpretation, the mineral/matrix ratio was significantly increased in exercised bones. The number of fatigue-induced microcracks was significantly lower in exercised bones, providing evidence that exercise modulates fatigue resistance. The ratio of nonreducible/reducible cross-links mirrored the damage data. Similar trends (exercise induced increases in mechanical properties without increases in cross-sectional properties, but with compositional changes) were also observed in 2-month-old biglycan-deficient and wild-type mice bred on a C57BL/6x129 genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Kohn
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109-1078, USA.
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35
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Suzuki H, Amizuka N, Oda K, Noda M, Ohshima H, Maeda T. Involvement of the klotho protein in dentin formation and mineralization. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008; 291:183-90. [PMID: 18085632 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Klotho-deficient mice exhibit multiple pathological conditions resembling human aging. Our previous study showed alterations in the distribution of osteocytes and in the bone matrix synthesis in klotho-deficient mice. Although the bone and tooth share morphological features such as mineralization processes and components of the extracellular matrix, little information is available on how klotho deletion influences tooth formation. The present study aimed to elucidate the altered histology of incisors of klotho-deficient mice-comparing the findings with those from their wild-type littermates, by using immunohistochemistry for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin, and dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP-1), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridinetriphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL) detection for apoptosis, and electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) analysis on calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), and magnesium (Mg). Klotho-deficient incisors exhibited disturbed layers of odontoblasts, predentin, and dentin, resulting in an obscure dentin-predentinal border at the labial region. Several odontoblast-like cells without ALP activity were embedded in the labial dentin matrix, and immunopositivity for DMP-1 and osteopontin was discernible in the matrix surrounding these embedded odontoblast-like cells. TUNEL detection demonstrated an apoptotic reaction in the embedded odontoblast-like cells and pulpal cells in the klotho-deficient mice. EPMA revealed lower concentrations of Ca, P, and Mg in the klotho-deficient dentin, except for the dentin around abnormal odontoblast-like cells. These findings suggest the involvement of the klotho gene in dentinogenesis and its mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Suzuki
- Divisions of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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36
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Joos U, Wiesmann HP, Szuwart T, Meyer U. Mineralization at the interface of implants. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006; 35:783-90. [PMID: 16697141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Osseointegration of implants is crucial for the long-term success of oral implants. Mineralization of the bone's extracellular matrix as the ultimate step of a mature bone formation is closely related to implant osseointegration. Osteogenesis at oral implants is a complex process, driven by cellular and acellular phenomena. The biological process of the maintenance and emergence of minerals in the vicinity of oral implants is influenced to a great extent by biophysical parameters. Implant-related structural and functional factors, as well as patient-specific factors, govern the features of osteogenesis. To understand the influence of these factors in peri-implant bone mineralization, it is important to consider the basic biological processes. Biological and crystallographic investigations have to be applied to evaluate mineralization at implant surfaces at the different hierarchical levels of analysis. This review gives insight into the complex theme of mineral formation around implants. Special focus is given to new developments in implant design and loading protocols aimed at accelerating osseointegration of dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Joos
- Clinic for Cranio-, Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Münster, Germany.
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37
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McKee MD, Addison WN, Kaartinen MT. Hierarchies of Extracellular Matrix and Mineral Organization in Bone of the Craniofacial Complex and Skeleton. Cells Tissues Organs 2006; 181:176-88. [PMID: 16612083 DOI: 10.1159/000091379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural hierarchies are common in biologic systems and are particularly evident in biomineralized structures. In the craniofacial complex and skeleton of vertebrates, extracellular matrix and mineral of bone are structurally ordered at many dimensional scales from the macro level to the nano level. Indeed, the nanocomposite texture of bone, with nanocrystals of apatitic mineral embedded within a crosslinked matrix of fibrillar and nonfibrillar proteins, imparts to bone the very mechanical properties and toughness it needs to function in vital organ protection, musculoskeletal movement and mastication. This article focuses on how hierarchies of extracellular matrix protein organization influence bone cell behavior, tissue architecture and mineralization. Additional attention is given to recent work on the molecular determinants of mineral induction in bone, and how the mineralization process is subsequently regulated by inhibitory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D McKee
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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38
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Ono T, Nemoto TK. Two forms of apatite deposited during mineralization of the hen tendon. Matrix Biol 2005; 24:239-44. [PMID: 15922911 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Old hen tendon provides a model suitable for the study of calcification in an extracellular matrix. In the present study, we observed the mineralizing substances of hen tendon by scanning electron microscopy of plasma-osmium-coated specimens and by transmission electron microscopy of those processed by a plasma-polymerization film replica method. The mineralizing front area revealed a number of elliptical particles fused to each other and forming rod-like structures oriented parallel to collagen fibrils. The area of advanced mineralization possessed non-mineralizing cavities, in which tendon cells were likely to exist. At this site, we recognized a second form of mineral structure, one in which the crystals had a scale-like morphology and were deposited onto the major first-form mineral component. This crystal form was similar to hydroxyapatite synthesized under wet reaction conditions. These findings strongly suggest that the second form of mineral formed independent of collagen fibrils existed together with the predominant, collagen-dependent form of mineral. We speculate that cell membranes and an extremely slow mineralization process may contribute to the formation of this form of mineral during the mineralization process in the hen tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Ono
- Division of Oral Molecular Biology, Department of Developmental and Reconstructive Medicine, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
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39
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Nordvik K, Kryvi H, Totland GK, Grotmol S. The salmon vertebral body develops through mineralization of two preformed tissues that are encompassed by two layers of bone. J Anat 2005; 206:103-14. [PMID: 15730476 PMCID: PMC1571460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The teleost backbone consists of amphicoelous vertebrae and intervertebral ligaments, both of which include notochord-derived structures. On the basis of a sequential developmental study of the vertebral column of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from the egg stage up to early fry stage (300-2500 day-degrees) we show that the vertebral body consists of four layers or compartments, two of which are formed through mineralization of preformed collagenous tissue (the notochordal sheath and the intervertebral ligament) and two of which are formed through ossification. The three inner layers have ordered lamellar collagen matrixes, which alternate perpendicularly from layer to layer, whereas the outer layer consists of cancellous bone with a woven matrix. The bone layers also differ in osteocyte content. In this study we describe the structural details of the layers, and their modes of formation. The results are compared with previous descriptions, and possible phylogenetic implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Nordvik
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Allégt. 41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway.
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40
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Meyer U, Joos U, Mythili J, Stamm T, Hohoff A, Fillies T, Stratmann U, Wiesmann HP. Ultrastructural characterization of the implant/bone interface of immediately loaded dental implants. Biomaterials 2004; 25:1959-67. [PMID: 14738860 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Primary stability and an optimized load transfer are assumed to account for an undisturbed osseointegration process of implants. Immediate loaded newly designed titanium dental implants inserted in the mandible of minipigs were used for the characterization of the interfacial area between the implant surface and the surrounding bone tissue during the early healing phase. Histological and electron microscopical studies were performed from implant containing bone specimens. Two different load regimens were applied to investigate the load related tissue reaction. Histological and electron microscopical analysis revealed a direct bone apposition on the implant surfaces, as well as the attachment of cells and matrix proteins in the early loading phase. A striking finding of the ultrastructural immunocytochemical investigations was the synthesis and deposition of bone related proteins (osteonectin, fibronectin, fibronectin receptor) by osteoblasts from day one of bone/biomaterial interaction. Calcium-phosphate needle-like crystallites were newly synthesized in a time-related manner directly at the titanium surface. No difference in the ultrastructural appearance of the interface was found between the two loading groups. Our experimental data suggest that loading of specially designed implants can be performed immediately after insertion without disturbing the biological osseointegration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Meyer
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 30, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
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41
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Simon P, Carrillo-Cabrera W, Formánek P, Göbel C, Geiger D, Ramlau R, Tlatlik H, Buder J, Kniep R. On the real-structure of biomimetically grown hexagonal prismatic seeds of fluorapatite–gelatine-composites: TEM investigations along [001]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b402627f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dardenne O, Prud'homme J, Hacking SA, Glorieux FH, St-Arnaud R. Correction of the abnormal mineral ion homeostasis with a high-calcium, high-phosphorus, high-lactose diet rescues the PDDR phenotype of mice deficient for the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1). Bone 2003; 32:332-40. [PMID: 12689675 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(03)00023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase gene (CYP27B1; 1alpha-OHase) cause pseudo vitamin D deficiency rickets (PDDR), while mutations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) cause hereditary vitamin D resistance rickets. Animal models of both diseases have been engineered. The bone phenotype of VDR-ablated mice can be completely rescued by feeding the animals with a high-calcium, high-phosphorus, high-lactose diet. We have attempted to rescue the PDDR phenotype of mice deficient for the 1alpha-OHase gene by feeding them with the high-calcium diet. The rescue regimen consisted of feeding a diet containing 2% calcium, 1.25% phosphorus, 20% lactose (rescue diet) from 3 weeks of age until sacrifice at 8.5 weeks of age. Blood biochemistry analysis revealed that the rescue diet corrected the hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Despite the restoration of normocalcemia, 1alpha-OHase(-/-) (and 1alpha-OHase(+/-)) animals fed the rescue diet initially gained weight less rapidly than control mice fed normal mouse chow. Although 1alpha-OHase(-/-) mice fed the rescue diet eventually reached the same weight as control animals, the treatment did not entirely correct bone growth, as femur size remained significantly smaller than that of control. Bone histology and histomorphometry confirmed that the rickets and osteomalacia were cured. The rescue diet also restored the biomechanical properties of the bone tissue within normal parameters. These results demonstrate that correction of the abnormal mineral ion homeostasis by feeding with a high-calcium rescue diet is effective to rescue the PDDR phenotype of 1alpha-OHase mutant mice. This treatment, however, does not appear as effective as 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) replacement therapy since bone growth remained impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Dardenne
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A6, Canada
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43
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Landis WJ, Silver FH. The structure and function of normally mineralizing avian tendons. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2002; 133:1135-57. [PMID: 12485697 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The leg tendons of certain avian species normally calcify. The gastrocnemius, or Achilles, tendon of the domestic turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, is one such example. Its structure and biomechanical properties have been studied to model the adaptive nature of this tendon to external forces, including the means by which mineral deposition occurs and the functional role mineralization may play in this tissue. Structurally, the distal rounded, thick gastrocnemius bifurcates into two smaller proximal segments that mineralize with time. Mineral deposition occurs at or near the bifurcation, proceeding in a distal-to-proximal direction along the segments toward caudal and medial muscle insertions of the bird hip. Mineral formation appears mediated first by extracellular matrix vesicles and later by type I collagen fibrils. Biomechanical analyses indicate lower tensile strength and moduli for the thick distal gastrocnemius compared to narrow, fan-shaped proximal segments. Tendon mineralization here appears to be strain-induced, the muscle forces causing matrix deformation leading conceptually to calcium binding through the exposure of charged groups on collagen, release of sequestered calcium by proteoglycans, and increased diffusion. Functionally, the mineralized tendons limit further tendon deformation, reduce tendon strain at a given stress, and provide greater load-bearing capacity to the tissue. They also serve as important and efficient elastic energy storage reservoirs, increasing the amount of stored elastic energy by preventing flexible type I collagen regions from stretching and preserving muscle energy during locomotion of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Landis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA.
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44
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Tabor Z, Rokita E, Cichocki T. Origin of the pattern of trabecular bone: an experiment and a model. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 66:051906. [PMID: 12513522 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.66.051906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
As a result of an experiment in which the development of a mineral phase in the rabbit embryo was observed, a model is proposed to explain the mechanism that controls the place of precipitation of crystals in mineralizing tissue. The reaction-diffusion equations for the specified compounds are formulated and solved. Among a variety of compounds the concentrations of carbon dioxide, oxygen, HCO-3 ions, H+ ions, calcium, and inorganic phosphorus are evaluated. CO2, HCO-3 ions, and H+ ions, are distinguished due to their key role in the maintenance of the pH value. The local concentration of oxygen is the pivot factor that controls the metabolic rate, i.e., production of CO2. Next the supersaturation was estimated on the basis of the calculated values of pH and the concentrations of calcium and inorganic phosphorus. It is assumed that the synthesis of the organic matrix breaks the metastable equilibrium with respect to spontaneous precipitation and leads to the deposition of minerals. It was found that the geometry of the vasculature determines the shape of primitive trabecular bone (woven bone) while the value of the diffusion coefficient may be the key factor indicating the possibility of mineralization under the control of a living organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbisław Tabor
- Department of Biophysics, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Grzegórzecka 169, 31-531, Cracow, Poland.
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45
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Potter K, Leapman RD, Basser PJ, Landis WJ. Cartilage calcification studied by proton nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy. J Bone Miner Res 2002; 17:652-60. [PMID: 11918222 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.4.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) mineralizing culture system using hollow fiber bioreactors has been developed to study the early stages of endochondral ossification by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) microscopy. Chondrocytes harvested from the cephalic half of the sterna from 17-day-old chick embryos were terminally differentiated with 33 nM of retinoic acid for 1 week and mineralization was initiated by the addition of 1% beta-glycerophosphate to the culture medium. Histological sections taken after 6 weeks of development in culture confirmed calcification of the cartilage matrix formed in bioreactors. Calcium to phosphorus ratios (1.62-1.68) from X-ray microanalysis supported electron diffraction of thin tissue sections showing the presence of a poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite mineral phase in the cultures. After 4 weeks of culture, quantitative proton NMR images showed water proton magnetization transfer rate constants (km) were higher in premineralized cartilage compared with uncalcified cartilage, a result suggesting collagen enrichment of the matrix. Notably after 5 weeks mineral deposits formed in bioreactors principally in the collagen-enriched zones of the cartilage with increased km values. This caused marked reductions in water proton longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) relaxation times and water diffusion coefficients (D). These results support the hypothesis that mineralization proceeds in association with a collagen template. After 6 weeks of culture development, the water proton T2 values decreased by 13% and D increased by 7% in uncalcified areas, compared with the same regions of tissue examined 1 week earlier. These changes could be attributed to the formation of small mineral inclusions in the cartilage, possibly mediated by matrix vesicles, which may play an important role in cartilage calcification. In summary, NMR images acquired before and after the onset of mineralization of the same tissue provide unique insights into the matrix events leading to endochondral mineral formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Potter
- Department of Cellular Pathology and Genetics, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA
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46
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Grabner B, Landis WJ, Roschger P, Rinnerthaler S, Peterlik H, Klaushofer K, Fratzl P. Age- and genotype-dependence of bone material properties in the osteogenesis imperfecta murine model (oim). Bone 2001; 29:453-7. [PMID: 11704498 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(01)00594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cortical mineralization of long bones was studied in collagen alpha2(I)-deficient mice (oim) used as a model for human osteogenesis imperfecta. Aspects of the age development of the mice were characterized by combining nanometer- to micrometer-scale structural analysis with microhardness measurements. Bone structure was determined from homozygous (oim/oim) and heterozygous (oim/+) mice and their normal (+/+) littermates as a function of animal age by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and quantitative backscattered electron imaging (qBEI) measurements. SAXS studies found anomalies in the size and arrangement of bone mineral crystals in both homozygous and heterozygous mice aged 1-14 months. Generally, the crystals were smaller in thickness and less well aligned in these mice compared with control animals. An increase in the mean crystal thickness of the bone was found within all three genotypes up to an age of 3 months. Vicker's hardness measurements were significantly enhanced for oim bone (homozygotes and heterozygotes) compared with controls. The microhardness values were correlated directly with increased mineral content of homozygous and heterozygous compared with control bone, as determined by qBEI analysis. There was also a significant increase of mineral content with age. Two possibilities for collagen-mineral association are discussed for explaining the increased hardness and mineral content of oim/oim bone, together with its decreased toughness and thinner mineral crystals. As a consequence of the present measurements, one model for oim bone could incorporate small and densely packed mineral crystals. A second model for possible collagen-mineral association in oim material would consist of two families of mineral crystals, one being smaller and the other being much larger than the crystals found in normal mouse long bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Grabner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology, Fourth Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital and UKH Meidling, Vienna, Austria
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47
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Meyer U, Wiesmann HP, Meyer T, Schulze-Osthoff D, Jäsche J, Kruse-Lösler B, Joos U. Microstructural investigations of strain-related collagen mineralization. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001; 39:381-9. [PMID: 11601821 DOI: 10.1054/bjom.2001.0627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Distraction osteogenesis in rabbit mandibles after osteotomy can be used as an experimental model to study the microstructural features of mineralization of callus under defined mechanical loads. Our aim was to study the relation between the micromotions in the gap and the resulting features of mineralization of the matrix. We found that assembly of collagen and formation of crystals depended on the magnitude of the mechanical stress applied. At physiological bone strains (2000 microstrains), the callus had collagen type I in a mature bone-like extracellular arrangement, whereas at 20000 microstrains bundles were orientated predominantly towards the tension vector. Maximum loads (200000 microstrains) resulted in disorganized assembly of the collagen. Quantitative energy-dispersive analysis by X-rays confirmed that high strains were associated with substantially lower concentrations of calcium and phosphate. In contrast to bone-like apatitic formation of crystals at physiological strains, significantly fewer but larger crystals were detected by electron diffraction analysis in samples exposed to high strains. We suggest that mechanical stress regulates the assembly and mineralization of collagen during distraction osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Meyer
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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48
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Sela J, Gross UM, Kohavi D, Shani J, Dean DD, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. Primary mineralization at the surfaces of implants. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2001; 11:423-36. [PMID: 11132764 DOI: 10.1177/10454411000110040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis around implants is affected by the physical and chemical characteristics of the biomaterials used. The osteoprogenitor cells must migrate to the implant site and synthesize and secrete a mineralizable extracellular matrix. Because this is neo-bone formation, the mechanism by which the cells calcify their matrix involves extracellular organelles called matrix vesicles in a process termed "primary mineralization". Two different methods for assessing the effects of implant materials on primary mineralization are presented in this report. In the first approach, different implant materials used in dentistry and orthopedic surgery were placed in rat tibial bones after marrow ablation. Two groups of implants were used, bone-bonding and non-bonding materials. We examined the effects of the materials on calcification morphometrically by quantitating changes in matrix vesicle morphology and distribution in endosteal tissue around implants as compared with normal endosteal bone healing. In addition, matrix vesicles were isolated from the endosteal tissue around the implant as well as from the contralateral limb and were examined biochemically. The results demonstrated that bone-bonding materials induced a greater increase in matrix vesicle enzyme activity than did non-bonding materials. However, all materials caused changes in matrix vesicles that were different from those seen in normal endosteal bone formation following injury. The effects of implant materials on biochemical markers of mineralization, including specific activities of matrix vesicle alkaline phosphatase and phospholipase A2 and phosphatidylserine content, demonstrated a high correlation with the morphometric observations with regard to enhancement and/or delay of primary mineralization. In the other approach, we used a radioisotopic method to evaluate the effects of implant materials on primary mineralization. This analysis revealed that implants alter bone healing, as shown by the differential uptake of 99mTc and 32P in different bone compartments. Decreased 32P uptake by the organic phase in the presence of bone-bonding implants suggests that cleavage of 99mTcMD32P into its technetium and methylene diphosphonate moieties was inhibited by the presence of the implants. In summary, these approaches to evaluating the effects of materials on primary mineralization demonstrate that the marrow ablation model can easily distinguish between bone-bonding and non-bonding materials. The use of this model can be valuable in the development of new materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sela
- Division of Oral Pathology, Biomineralization Laboratory, Hebrew University, Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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49
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Onuma K, Oyane A, Kokubo T, Treboux G, Kanzaki N, Ito A. Nucleation of Calcium Phosphate on 11-Mercaptoundecanoic Acid Self-assembled Monolayer in a Pseudophysiological Solution. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp002015p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Onuma
- National Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Cell Tissue Module Group, 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan, and Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ayako Oyane
- National Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Cell Tissue Module Group, 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan, and Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kokubo
- National Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Cell Tissue Module Group, 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan, and Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Gabin Treboux
- National Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Cell Tissue Module Group, 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan, and Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Noriko Kanzaki
- National Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Cell Tissue Module Group, 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan, and Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ito
- National Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Cell Tissue Module Group, 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan, and Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Wassen MH, Lammens J, Tekoppele JM, Sakkers RJ, Liu Z, Verbout AJ, Bank RA. Collagen structure regulates fibril mineralization in osteogenesis as revealed by cross-link patterns in calcifying callus. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15:1776-85. [PMID: 10976997 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.9.1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although >80% of the mineral in mammalian bone is present in the collagen fibrils, limited information is available about factors that determine a proper deposition of mineral. This study investigates whether a specific collagen matrix is required for fibril mineralization. Calcifying callus from dog tibias was obtained at various times (3-21 weeks) after fracturing. At 3 weeks, hydroxylysine (Hyl) levels were almost twice as high as in control bone, gradually reaching normal levels at 21 weeks. The decrease in Hyl levels can only be the result of the formation of a new collagen network at the expense of the old one. The sum of the cross-links hydroxylysylpyridinoline (HP) and lysylpyridinoline (LP) in callus matched that of bone at all stages of maturation. However, the ratio HP/LP was 2.5-4.5 times higher in callus at 3-7 weeks than in normal bone and was normalized at 21 weeks. Some 40% of the collagen was nonmineralized at the early stages of healing, reaching control bone values (approximately 10%) at 21 weeks. In contrast, only a small increase in callus mineral content from 20.0 to 22.6 (% of dry tissue weight) from week 3 to 21 was seen, indicating that initially a large proportion of the mineral was deposited between, and not within, the fibrils. A strong relationship (r = 0.80) was found between the ratio HP/LP and fibril mineralization; the lower the HP/LP ratio, the more mineralized the fibrils were. Because the HP/LP ratio is believed to be the result of a specific packing of intrafibrillar collagen molecules, this study implies that mineralization of fibrils is facilitated by a specific orientation of collagen molecules in the fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Wassen
- Gaubius Laboratory TNO Prevention and Health, Leiden, The Netherlands
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