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Sulaeva I, Budischowsky D, Rahikainen J, Marjamaa K, Støpamo FG, Khaliliyan H, Melikhov I, Rosenau T, Kruus K, Várnai A, Eijsink VGH, Potthast A. A novel approach to analyze the impact of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) on cellulosic fibres. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 328:121696. [PMID: 38220335 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatic treatment of cellulosic fibres is a green alternative to classical chemical modification. For many applications, mild procedures for cellulose alteration are sufficient, in which the fibre structure and, therefore, the mechanical performance of cellulosic fibres are preserved. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) bear a great potential to become a green reagent for such targeted cellulose modifications. An obstacle for wide implementation of LPMOs in tailored cellulose chemistry is the lack of suitable techniques to precisely monitor the LPMO impact on the polymer. Soluble oxidized cello-oligomers can be quantified using chromatographic and mass-spectrometric techniques. A considerable portion of the oxidized sites, however, remain on the insoluble cellulose fibres, and their quantification is difficult. Here, we describe a method for the simultaneous quantification of oxidized sites on cellulose fibres and changes in their molar mass distribution after treatment with LPMOs. The method is based on quantitative, heterogeneous, carbonyl-selective labelling with a fluorescent label (CCOA) followed by cellulose dissolution and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Application of the method to reactions of seven different LPMOs with pure cellulose fibres revealed pronounced functional differences between the enzymes, showing that this CCOA/SEC/MALS method is a promising tool to better understand the catalytic action of LPMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sulaeva
- Core Facility "Analysis of Lignocellulosics" (ALICE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - David Budischowsky
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Jenni Rahikainen
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kaisa Marjamaa
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Fredrik Gjerstad Støpamo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Hajar Khaliliyan
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Ivan Melikhov
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Kristiina Kruus
- Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland; School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Espoo 00076 AALTO, Finland
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
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Azhar S, Aihetasham A, Chaudhary A, Hussain Z, Abdul Rehman R, Abbas G, Alharbi SA, Ansari MJ, Qamer S. Cellulolytic and Ethanologenic Evaluation of Heterotermes indicola's Gut-Associated Bacterial Isolates. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:12084-12100. [PMID: 38496968 PMCID: PMC10938596 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose is the basic component of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) making it a suitable substrate for bioethanol fermentation. Cellulolytic and ethanologenic bacteria possess cellulases that convert cellulose to glucose, which in turn yields ethanol subsequently. Heterotermes indicola is a subterranean termite that causes destructive damage by consuming wooden structures of infrastructure, LCB products, etc. Prospectively, the study envisioned the screening of cellulolytic and ethanologenic bacteria from the termite gut. Twenty six bacterial strains (H1-H26) based on varied colonial morphologies were isolated. Bacterial cellulolytic activity was tested biochemically. Marked gas production in the form of bubbles (0.1-4 cm) in Durham tubes was observed in H3, H7, H13, H15, H17, H21, and H22. Sugar degradation of all isolates was indicated by pink to maroon color development with the tetrazolium salt. Hallow zones (0.42-11 mm) by Congo red staining was exhibited by all strains except H2, H7, H8, and H19. Among the 26 bacterial isolates, 12 strains were identified as efficient cellulolytic bacteria. CMCase activity and ethanol titer of all isolates varied from 1.30 ± 0.03 (H13) to 1.83 ± 0.01 (H21) umol/mL/min and 2.36 ± 0.01 (H25) to 7.00 ± 0.01 (H21) g/L, respectively. Likewise, isolate H21 exhibited an ethanol yield of 0.40 ± 0.10 g/g with 78.38 ± 2.05% fermentation efficiency. Molecular characterization of four strains, Staphylococcus sp. H13, Acinetobacter baumanni H17, Acinetobacter sp. H21, and Acinetobacter nosocomialis H22, were based on the maximum cellulolytic index and the ethanol yield. H. indicola harbor promising and novel bacteria with a natural cellulolytic tendency for efficient bioconversion of LCB to value-added products. Hence, the selected cellulolytic bacteria can become an excellent addition for use in enzyme purification, composting, and production of biofuel at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Azhar
- Institute
of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Aihetasham
- Institute
of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Asma Chaudhary
- Department
of Zoology, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Township, Lahore54770, Pakistan
| | - Zawar Hussain
- Department
of Zoology, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Township, Lahore54770, Pakistan
| | - Rahat Abdul Rehman
- Department
of Forensic Medicine, University of Health
Sciences, Lahore54600, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK 29111, Pakistan
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department
of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box-2455, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department
of Botany, Hindu College, Moradabad (Mahatma
Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University), Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243001, India
| | - Samina Qamer
- Department
of Zoology, Rawalpindi Women University, Satellite Town, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
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da Luz JMR, de Souza Lopes L, da Silva MDCS, Vieira NA, Cardoso WS, Kasuya MCM. Lentinula edodes lignocellulolases and lipases produced in Macaúba residue and use of the enzymatic extract in the degradation of textile dyes. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:406. [PMID: 37987024 PMCID: PMC10657344 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03827-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Agro-industrial residue and textile effluents have caused environmental damage to soil and water bodies. The production of fungal enzymes using agro-industrial residues and the use of these enzymes in the degradation of textile dyes can be a viable alternative to reduce these environmental damages. Lentinula edodes is a white rot fungus with high nutritional value that produces edible mushrooms and enzymes of commercial interest. Thus, the objectives of this study were to produce, purify, and biochemically characterize the lignocellulolytic enzymes and lipases produced for L. edodes in Macaúba coconut and to evaluate their potential for the degradation of textile dyes. The L. edodes UFV 73 had maximum enzymatic activity at 37 days of incubation. After the purification steps, the laccase, manganese peroxidase (MnP), cellulase, and, xylanase yields were 489.01, 264.2, 105.02, and 9.5%. The optimum temperature of cellulase activity did not change from 4 to 60 °C. The MnP, laccase, and lipase had activity directly proportional to the increase in temperature, while the cellulase and xylanase activity did not change. The optimum pH varied among analyzed enzymes. All the enzymes analyzed are according to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The lignocellulolytic enzymes were stable up to 8 h of incubation and lipase had a reduction of activity after one hour. The discoloration rate of indigo dye by partially purified enzymatic extract (PPPE) was 40%, which shows its potential for degradation of dyes from textile industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Maria Rodrigues da Luz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Associações Micorrizicas-LAMIC, Viçosa, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Minas Gerais. (Avenida PH Rolfs S/N Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000 Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Wilton Soares Cardoso
- Federal Institute of Espírito Santo (IFES), Rua Elizabeth Minete Perim, S/N, Bairro São Rafael, Venda Nova dos Imigrantes, Espírito Santo-ES 29375-000 Brazil
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Zhang T, Wei S, Liu Y, Cheng C, Ma J, Yue L, Gao Y, Cheng Y, Ren Y, Su S, Zhao X, Lu Z. Screening and genome-wide analysis of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria from humic soil. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1167293. [PMID: 37637133 PMCID: PMC10450921 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1167293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Crop straw contains huge amounts of exploitable energy, and efficient biomass degradation measures have attracted worldwide attention. Mining strains with high yields of cellulose-degrading enzymes is of great significance for developing clean energy and industrial production of related enzymes. In this study, we reported a high-quality genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis SSF6 strain using high-throughput sequencing technology (Illumina PE150 and PacBio) and assessed its lignocellulose degradation potential. The results demonstrated that the genome of B. velezensis SSF6 was 3.89 Mb and contained 4,015 genes, of which 2,972, 3,831 and 158 genes were annotated in the COGs (Clusters of Orthologous Groups), KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and CAZyme (Carbohydrate-Active enZymes) databases, respectively, and contained a large number of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, B. velezensis SSF6 has a high cellulose degradation capacity, with a filter paper assay (FPA) and an exoglucanase activity of 64.48 ± 0.28 and 78.59 ± 0.42 U/mL, respectively. Comparative genomic analysis depicted that B. velezensis SSF6 was richer in carbohydrate hydrolase gene. In conclusion, the cellulose-degrading ability of B. velezensis SSF6 was revealed by genome sequencing and the determination of cellulase activity, which laid a foundation for further cellulose degradation and bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Zhang
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection And Utilization (Hohhot), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Restoration and Pollution Control, Hohhot, China
| | - Shuli Wei
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection And Utilization (Hohhot), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Restoration and Pollution Control, Hohhot, China
| | - Yajie Liu
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection And Utilization (Hohhot), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Restoration and Pollution Control, Hohhot, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- School of Life Science, Jining Normal University, Ulanqab, China
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection And Utilization (Hohhot), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Restoration and Pollution Control, Hohhot, China
| | - Linfang Yue
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanrong Gao
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection And Utilization (Hohhot), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Restoration and Pollution Control, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuchen Cheng
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection And Utilization (Hohhot), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Restoration and Pollution Control, Hohhot, China
| | - Yongfeng Ren
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection And Utilization (Hohhot), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Restoration and Pollution Control, Hohhot, China
| | - Shaofeng Su
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection And Utilization (Hohhot), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Restoration and Pollution Control, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhao
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection And Utilization (Hohhot), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Restoration and Pollution Control, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhanyuan Lu
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Husbandry Science, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection And Utilization (Hohhot), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Restoration and Pollution Control, Hohhot, China
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Khruengsai S, Promhom N, Sripahco T, Siriwat P, Pripdeevech P. Optimization of enzyme-assisted microwave extraction of Zanthoxylum limonella essential oil using response surface methodology. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12872. [PMID: 37553509 PMCID: PMC10409809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Zanthoxylum limonella essential oil possesses potential antimicrobial activity and is of considerable interest as food flavouring and traditional herb. In this study, an enzymolysis-pretreatment-microwave-assisted extraction (EP-MAE) method was used to extract Z. limonella essential oil. The response surface methodology (RSM) with Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and Box-Behnken design (BBD) models were employed to optimize conditions in the EP-MAE method. Seven variables including water to plant ratio, enzyme amount, incubation temperature, incubation time, shaking speed, microwave time, and microwave power were selected to determine the optimal values for extracting Z. limonella essential oil. As the results, four variables including water to plant ratio, enzyme amount, microwave time and power were evaluated as significant variables affecting on yield and volatile compounds of Z. limonella essential oil from both PBD and BBD experiments. The optimum conditions of EP-MAE was obtained as follows: water to plant ratio (11.16 mL/g), enzyme amount (0.68%), microwave time (36.73 min), and power (1665 W). The Z. limonella essential oil composition and its yield from EP-MAE was compared to those extracted from MAE and hydrodistillation. The optimal extraction conditions in the EP-MAE method enhanced significantly higher essential oil yield (7.89 ± 0.08 mg/g) compared to those found by MAE (7.26 ± 0.04 mg/g) and hydrodistillation (7.04 ± 0.03 mg/g), respectively. Fifty-one volatile components were identified among these methods, with similar major compounds of limonene, β-pinene, and α-phellandrene, showing percentage ranging between 34.59-35.78%, 19.91-22.67%, 8.47-8.75%, respectively. However, an extremely higher content of compounds was detected using the EP-MAE method. This study demonstrates the significance of EP-MAE, which may be applied as a more potent extraction method for essential oils in aromatic plants compared to MAE and hydrodistillation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nittirat Promhom
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Sripahco
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Piyanuch Siriwat
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Patcharee Pripdeevech
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand.
- Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand.
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Nguyen Ngo TT, Phan TH, Thong Le TM, Tu Le TN, Huynh Q, Trang Phan TP, Hoang M, Vo TP, Nguyen DQ. Producing bacterial cellulose from industrial recycling paper waste sludge. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17663. [PMID: 37456030 PMCID: PMC10338368 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to produce bacterial cellulose from paper waste sludge (PWS) as a method of utilizing the cellulose source from the remaining pulp in the material. Initially, PWS was hydrolyzed by sulfuric acid to create an enriched-reducing sugar hydrolysate. One-factor experiments were conducted with a fixed amount of PWS (5 g) to investigate the influence of hydrolysis conditions, including water, sulfuric acid addition, temperature, and retention time, on the production yield of reducing sugars. Based on these results, the Box-Behnken model was designed to optimize the hydrolysis reaction. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were 10 ml/g of the sulfuric acid solution (30.9%) at 105.5 °C for 90 min of retention time 0.81 (gGE/g PWS), corresponding to a conversion yield of 40.5%). Subsequently, 100 ml of the filtered and neutralized PWS hydrolysate was used as the culture to produce the bacterial cellulose (BC) using Acetobacter xylinum, which produced 12 g/L of bacterial cellulose. The conversion yield of bacterial cellulose calculated as the ratio of the weight of produced bacterial cellulose to that of cellulose in PWS reached 33.3%. The structure of the obtained BC was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to indicate the formation of nano-cellulose fiber networks. This research proposed a combined method to convert paper waste sludge into bacterial cellulose, demonstrating the potential for waste utilization and sustainable production of paper industries for added-value products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuc Tri Nguyen Ngo
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thuy Han Phan
- Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tuan Minh Thong Le
- Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Tan Nhan Tu Le
- Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Quyen Huynh
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Natural Resources and Environment, 236B Le Van Sy, Ward 1, Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Phuong Trang Phan
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Dist. 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Manh Hoang
- Institute for Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities, College of Engineering & Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Tan Phat Vo
- Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Dinh Quan Nguyen
- Laboratory of Biofuel and Biomass Research, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
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Wang C, Yang Y, Ma C, Sunkang Y, Tang S, Zhang Z, Wan X, Wei Y. Expression of β-Glucosidases from the Yak Rumen in Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Genetic Engineering Approach. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1387. [PMID: 37374889 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
β-glucosidase derived from microorganisms has wide industrial applications. In order to generate genetically engineered bacteria with high-efficiency β-glucosidase, in this study two subunits (bglA and bglB) of β-glucosidase obtained from the yak rumen were expressed as independent proteins and fused proteins in lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus lactis NZ9000). The engineered strains L. lactis NZ9000/pMG36e-usp45-bglA, L. lactis NZ9000/pMG36e-usp45-bglB, and L. lactis NZ9000/pMG36e-usp45-bglA-usp45-bglB were successfully constructed. These bacteria showed the secretory expression of BglA, BglB, and Bgl, respectively. The molecular weights of BglA, BglB, and Bgl were about 55 kDa, 55 kDa, and 75 kDa, respectively. The enzyme activity of Bgl was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of BglA and BglB for substrates such as regenerated amorphous cellulose (RAC), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), desiccated cotton, microcrystalline cellulose, filter paper, and 1% salicin. Moreover, 1% salicin appeared to be the most suitable substrate for these three recombinant proteins. The optimum reaction temperatures and pH values for these three recombinant enzymes were 50 °C and 7.0, respectively. In subsequent studies using 1% salicin as the substrate, the enzymatic activities of BglA, BglB, and Bgl were found to be 2.09 U/mL, 2.36 U/mL, and 9.4 U/mL, respectively. The enzyme kinetic parameters (Vmax, Km, Kcat, and Kcat/Km) of the three recombinant strains were analyzed using 1% salicin as the substrate at 50 °C and pH 7.0, respectively. Under conditions of increased K+ and Fe2+ concentrations, the Bgl enzyme activity was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the BglA and BglB enzyme activity. However, under conditions of increased Zn2+, Hg2+, and Tween20 concentrations, the Bgl enzyme activity was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the BglA and BglB enzyme activity. Overall, the engineered lactic acid bacteria strains generated in this study could efficiently hydrolyze cellulose, laying the foundation for the industrial application of β-glucosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Center for Anaerobic Microbes, Institute of Biology, Gansu Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuze Yang
- Beijing Animal Husbandry Station, Beijing 100107, China
| | - Chunjuan Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yongjie Sunkang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- Beijing Animal Husbandry Station, Beijing 100107, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xuerui Wan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yaqin Wei
- Center for Anaerobic Microbes, Institute of Biology, Gansu Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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8
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Coelmont T, Van Gaelen P, Smets I. Quantification of hydrolysis activity in a biological wastewater treatment context. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2143-2153. [PMID: 36929187 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews currently available methods for hydrolysis activity monitoring of the most commonly encountered enzyme categories in biological wastewater treatment. While highlighting the relevant methods for protein, lipid, carbohydrate, organic phosphate, and ester hydrolysis, the discussion of their pros and cons is predominantly aimed at revealing the relevance of the to-be-hydrolyzed substrates that are used in the methods. These "substrates" should mimic the proteins, lipids, or other polymers that are present in the wastewater and are in the reviewed methods (i) real substrates (i.e., naturally present in the wastewater), (ii) chromogenic substrates, or (iii) fluorogenic substrates. We conclude that exploiting relevant substrates such as casein or starch, containing fluorophores, has the highest potential for meaningful high throughput hydrolysis quantification and that lipase activity monitoring is still cumbersome. Monitoring the hydrolysis activity in biological wastewater treatment systems is an underdeveloped area. With this review, which aims at providing a condensed and practice-oriented overview, we hope to facilitate the start or continuation of such monitoring. This monitoring will only grow in importance, given the transition from wastewater treatment plants towards water resource recovery facilities. KEY POINTS: • Colorimetric-based methods are vulnerable to sludge matrix interference. • Bonds in p-nitrophenol-based methods are not representative for the targeted substrates. • Direct methods with relevant/real substrates are preferred. • Fluorophore-containing (real) substrates enable high throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon Coelmont
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Box 2424, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Gaelen
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Box 2424, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Smets
- Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F Box 2424, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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9
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Tachioka M, Tsudome M, Deguchi S. Protocol for analyzing enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose using surface pitting observation technology. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102066. [PMID: 36825811 PMCID: PMC9898803 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Assaying enzymatic degradation of water-insoluble substrates like cellulose is challenging because only the substrate surface is accessible to the enzymes resulting in low reaction rates. Here, we describe a protocol for surface pitting observation technology (SPOT), an ultra-sensitive quantitative assay for analyzing enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. We describe the use of a porous substrate to accelerate the hydrolysis rate of cellulose. We also detail the steps for combining inkjet patterning and optical profilometry to analyze volume loss upon hydrolysis. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Tsudome et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Tachioka
- Research Center for Bioscience and Nanoscience, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan.
| | - Mikiko Tsudome
- Research Center for Bioscience and Nanoscience, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Shigeru Deguchi
- Research Center for Bioscience and Nanoscience, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan.
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10
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Diversity of Cellulolytic Microorganisms Associated with the Subterranean Termite Reticulitermes grassei. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030294. [PMID: 36983462 PMCID: PMC10051133 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Reticulitermes grassei is a subterranean termite species that forages on woody structures of the Iberian Peninsula, and is often a building and crops pest. A total of 23 microorganisms associated with the activity of R. grassei were isolated from colonized ecosystems in southern Spain. They were morphologically and molecularly characterized, with fungi being the most prevalent ones. The fungi showed high values of optimum growth temperature, suggesting that they could be able to survive and develop in warm regions. Their cellulolytic activity was tested in carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) agar, concluding that all fungal isolates produce cellulases, and the enzymatic index (EI) was revealed in CMC agar with Gram’s iodine solution, with Penicillium citrinum showing the highest EI and Trichoderma longibrachiatum the highest mycelial growth rate on CMC. A preliminary microorganism dispersion assay was carried out with the termites, concluding that these insects may have a positive influence on fungal dispersion and the subsequent colonization of new substrates. Our study suggests that fungi associated with R. grassei may potentially be of interest in biotechnological fields such as biofuel production and the food industry.
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11
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Daddaoua A, Álvarez C, Oggerin M, Rodriguez N, Duque E, Amils R, Armengaud J, Segura A, Ramos JL. Rio Tinto as a niche for acidophilus enzymes of industrial relevance. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:1069-1086. [PMID: 36748404 PMCID: PMC10128141 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic residues are amongst the most abundant waste products on Earth. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in the utilization of these residues for bioethanol production and for biorefineries to produce compounds of industrial interest. Enzymes that breakdown cellulose and hemicellulose into oligomers and monosaccharides are required in these processes and cellulolytic enzymes with optimum activity at a low pH area are desirable for industrial processes. Here, we explore the fungal biodiversity of Rıo Tinto, the largest acidic ecosystem on Earth, as far as the secretion of cellulolytic enzymes is concerned. Using colorimetric and industrial substrates, we show that a high proportion of the fungi present in this extremophilic environment secrete a wide range of enzymes that are able to hydrolyze cellulose and hemicellulose at acidic pH (4.5-5). Shotgun proteomic analysis of the secretomes of some of these fungi has identified different cellulases and hemicellulolytic enzymes as well as a number of auxiliary enzymes. Supplementation of pre-industrial cocktails from Myceliophtora with Rio Tinto secretomes increased the amount of monosaccharides released from corn stover or sugar cane straw. We conclude that the Rio Tinto fungi display a good variety of hydrolytic enzymes with high industrial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelali Daddaoua
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Consolación Álvarez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (CSIC-US), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, CIC Cartuja, Seville, Spain
| | - Monika Oggerin
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Rodriguez
- Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Estrella Duque
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Amils
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Ana Segura
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Granada, Spain
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12
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Ahmad S, Sajjad M, Altayb HN, Sarim Imam S, Alshehri S, Ghoneim MM, Shahid S, Usman Mirza M, Shahid Nadeem M, Kazmi I, Waheed Akhtar M. Engineering processive cellulase of Clostridium thermocellum to divulge the role of the carbohydrate-binding module. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:290-305. [PMID: 35483889 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The processive cellulase (CelO) is an important modular enzyme of Clostridium thermocellum. To study the effect of the carbohydrate-binding module (CBM3b) on the catalytic domain of CelO (GH5), four engineered derivatives of CelO were designed by truncation and terminal fusion of CBM3b. These are CBM at the N-terminus, native form (CelO-BC, 62 kDa); catalytic domain only (CelO-C, 42 kDa); CBM at the C-terminus (CelO-CB, 54 kDa) and CBM attached at both termini (CelO-BCB, 73 kDa). All constructs were cloned into pET22b (+) and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) star. The expression levels of CelO-C, CelO-CB, CelO-BC, and CelO-BCB were 35%, 35%, 30%, and 20%, respectively. The enzyme activities of CelO-C, CelO-CB, CelO-BC, and CelO-BCB against 1% regenerated amorphous cellulose (RAC) were 860, 758, 985, and 1208 units per μmole of the enzyme, respectively. The enzymes were partially purified from the lysate of E. coli cells by heat treatment followed by anion exchange FPLC purification. Against RAC, CelO-C, CelO-CB, CelO-BC, and CelO-BCB showed KM values of 32, 33, 45, and 43 mg⋅mL-1 and Vmax values of 3571, 3846, 3571, and 4545 U⋅min-1 , respectively. CBM3b at the N-terminus of GH5 linked through a P/T-rich linker was found to enhance the catalytic activity and thermostability of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ahmad
- School of Biological Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajjad
- School of Biological Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hisham N Altayb
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saher Shahid
- School of Biological Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Mirza
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Muhammad Shahid Nadeem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Pabbathi NPP, Velidandi A, Tavarna T, Gupta S, Raj RS, Gandam PK, Baadhe RR. Role of metagenomics in prospecting novel endoglucanases, accentuating functional metagenomics approach in second-generation biofuel production: a review. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2023; 13:1371-1398. [PMID: 33437563 PMCID: PMC7790359 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-020-01186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As the fossil fuel reserves are depleting rapidly, there is a need for alternate fuels to meet the day to day mounting energy demands. As fossil fuel started depleting, a quest for alternate forms of fuel was initiated and biofuel is one of its promising outcomes. First-generation biofuels are made from edible sources like vegetable oils, starch, and sugars. Second-generation biofuels (SGB) are derived from lignocellulosic crops and the third-generation involves algae for biofuel production. Technical challenges in the production of SGB are hampering its commercialization. Advanced molecular technologies like metagenomics can help in the discovery of novel lignocellulosic biomass-degrading enzymes for commercialization and industrial production of SGB. This review discusses the metagenomic outcomes to enlighten the importance of unexplored habitats for novel cellulolytic gene mining. It also emphasizes the potential of different metagenomic approaches to explore the uncultivable cellulose-degrading microbiome as well as cellulolytic enzymes associated with them. This review also includes effective pre-treatment technology and consolidated bioprocessing for efficient biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninian Prem Prashanth Pabbathi
- Integrated Biorefinery Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana 506004 India
| | - Aditya Velidandi
- Integrated Biorefinery Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana 506004 India
| | - Tanvi Tavarna
- Integrated Biorefinery Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana 506004 India
| | - Shreyash Gupta
- Integrated Biorefinery Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana 506004 India
| | - Ram Sarvesh Raj
- Integrated Biorefinery Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana 506004 India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Gandam
- Integrated Biorefinery Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana 506004 India
| | - Rama Raju Baadhe
- Integrated Biorefinery Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana 506004 India
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14
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John J A, Samuel MS, Govarthanan M, Selvarajan E. A comprehensive review on strategic study of cellulase producing marine actinobacteria for biofuel applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114018. [PMID: 35961544 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Every year, 180 billion tonnes of cellulose are produced by plants as waste biomass after the cultivation of the desired product. One of the smart and effective ways to utilize this biomass rather than burn it is to utilize the biomass to adequately meet the energy needs with the help of microbial cellulase that can catalytically convert the cellulose into simple sugar units. Marine actinobacteria is one of the plentiful gram-positive bacteria known for its industrial application as it can produce multienzyme cellulase with high thermal tolerance, pH stability and high resistant towards metal ions and salt concentration, along with other antimicrobial properties. Highly stable cellulase obtained from marine actinobacteria will convert the cellulose biomass into glucose, which is the precursor for biofuel production. This review will provide a comprehensive outlook of various strategic applications of cellulase from marine actinobacteria which can facilitate the breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass to bioenergy with respect to its characteristics based on the location/environment that the organism was collected and its screening strategies followed by adopted methodologies to mine the novel cellulase genome and enhance the production, thereby increasing the activity of cellulase continued by effective immobilization on novel substrates for the multiple usage of cellulase along with the industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini John J
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Melvin S Samuel
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Winsconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea; Departrment of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600 077, India
| | - Ethiraj Selvarajan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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15
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Abstract
Lignin, a rigid polymer composed of phenolic subunits with high molecular weight and complex structure, ranks behind only cellulose in the contribution to the biomass of plants. Therefore, lignin can be used as a new environmentally friendly resource for the industrial production of a variety of polymers, dyes and adhesives. Since laccase was found to be able to degrade lignin, increasing attention had been paid to the valorization of lignin. Research has mainly focused on the identification of lignin-degrading enzymes, which play a key role in lignin biodegradation, and the potential application of lignin degradation products. In this review, we describe the source, catalytic specificity and enzyme reaction mechanism of the four classes of the lignin-degrading enzymes so far discovered. In addition, the major pathways of lignin biodegradation and the applications of the degradative products are also discussed. Lignin-degrading bacteria or enzymes can be used in combination with chemical pretreatment for the production of value-added chemicals from lignin, providing a promising strategy for lignin valorization.
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16
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Luo H, Liu X, Yu D, Yuan J, Tan J, Li H. Research Progress on Lignocellulosic Biomass Degradation Catalyzed by Enzymatic Nanomaterials. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200566. [PMID: 35862657 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulose biomass (LCB) has extensive applications in many fields such as bioenergy, food, medicines, and raw materials for producing value-added products. One of the keys to efficient utilization of LCB is to obtain directly available oligo- and monomers (e.g., glucose). With the characteristics of easy recovery and separation, high efficiency, economy, and environmental protection, immobilized enzymes have been developed as heterogeneous catalysts to degrade LCB effectively. In this review, applications and mechanisms of LCB-degrading enzymes are discussed, and the nanomaterials and methods used to immobilize enzymes are also discussed. Finally, the research progress of lignocellulose biodegradation catalyzed by nano-enzymes was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyu Luo
- Guiyang University, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, CHINA
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Guiyang University, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, CHINA
| | - Dayong Yu
- Guiyang University, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, CHINA
| | - Junfa Yuan
- Guizhou University, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, CHINA
| | - Jinyu Tan
- Guizhou University, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, CHINA
| | - Hu Li
- Guizhou University, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Huaxi Street, 550025, Guiyang, CHINA
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17
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Tsudome M, Tachioka M, Miyazaki M, Uchimura K, Tsuda M, Takaki Y, Deguchi S. An ultrasensitive nanofiber-based assay for enzymatic hydrolysis and deep-sea microbial degradation of cellulose. iScience 2022; 25:104732. [PMID: 36039358 PMCID: PMC9418596 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Tsudome
- Research Center for Bioscience and Nanoscience, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Mikako Tachioka
- Research Center for Bioscience and Nanoscience, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyazaki
- SUGAR Program, JAMSTEC, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Uchimura
- Research Center for Bioscience and Nanoscience, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Miwako Tsuda
- SUGAR Program, JAMSTEC, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Takaki
- SUGAR Program, JAMSTEC, 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Shigeru Deguchi
- Research Center for Bioscience and Nanoscience, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
- Corresponding author
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18
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Nero G, Kivirand K, Ben Othman S, Rinken T. Amperometric method for the determination of cellulase activity and its optimization using response surface method. J Anal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-022-00331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractCellulases are a group of enzymes, which catalyse different steps of cellulose hydrolysis, and are broadly used in industry as unpurified mixtures of several enzymes. The total activity of cellulase is defined as the ability of the enzyme to produce glucose, which is the final product of cellulose hydrolysis, and is expressed in cellulase units. However, common strategies for the determination of the cellulolytic activity of industrial cellulase preparations are based on the assessment of different steps of cellulose hydrolysis, and the results obtained with different methods are not similar. The aim of the present study was to develop an assay for the determination of cellulase activity that relies on the amperometric determination of the final product of cellulose hydrolysis glucose. The assay conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) combined with Box-Behnken design. The detection limit of the proposed method was 1.71 ± 0.06 U. We compared the results of the amperometric method with the ones obtained with the spectrophotometric method and viscosimetry in a commercial cellulose preparation.
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19
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Das T, Ali F, Rahman MS. Cellulase activity of a novel bacterial strain Arthrobacter woluwensis TDS9: its application on bioconversion of paper mill sludge. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:87. [PMID: 35708781 PMCID: PMC9203635 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00373-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Lignocellulosic biomasses produced from agriculture and forest-based industries are the cheapest or negative-cost biomass with a great potential for biotransformation to value-added bioproducts. Paper mill sludge, an important lignocellulosic biomass creates an environmental threat, which requires financial input for disposal. Thus, this study was aimed to isolate a novel bacterial strain capable of degrading cellulosic biomass including paper mill sludge to produce reducing sugar and other value-added bioproducts. Results A novel bacterial strain Arthrobacter woluwensis TDS9 isolated from the soil was screened for its cellulolytic activity using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the sole carbon source. The incubation period, temperature, pH, carbon, and nitrogen sources are the most important factors ruling the CMCase and sugar productions of the strain A. woluwensis TDS9, and an alkaline pH (pH 8.0) led to enhanced sugar production up to 1100.09 μg/mL after 72 h of incubation at 25°C in a medium containing 1.5% CMC and 1.25% beef extract. The optimal conditions for maximum CMCase activity were defined, and the potassium ion boosted the CMCase activity up to 1.06 U/mL when the enzymatic reaction was performed for 30 min at 50°C and pH 8 using CMC as a substrate. Moreover, the strain A. woluwensis TDS9 produced 433.33 μg/mL reducing sugar from 1% pretreated paper mill sludge. Significant alterations in the structural arrangement of cellulosic fiber of paper mill sludge observed under microscope after each step of chemical treatment process helped for loosening the cellulose fibers and increased the saccharification for enzymatic hydrolysis. Endoglucanase IV (33 KDa) and beta-glucosidase II (53 KDa) were identified in crude enzyme based on the zymogram analysis and substrate specificity. Conclusions The research has for the first time proved that this A. woluwensis TDS9 strain can efficiently convert cellulose. Therefore, the strain TDS9 could be a potential candidate for cellulase production in an industrial biotransformation process of paper mill sludge to produce reducing sugar. This sugar stream can be further used as a substrate to produce biofuels and other organic acids using another microorganism, which represents a greener alternative to add value to the paper production helping paper mill industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Das
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Ferdausi Ali
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shafiqur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, 4331, Bangladesh. .,Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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Li Y, Ma Y, Zhan J, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Zhao Z. Combining metal-microbe and microbe-microbe dual direct electron transfer on Fe(0)-cathode of bio-electrochemical system to enhance anaerobic digestion of cellulose wastewater. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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21
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Han Z, Sieriebriennikov B, Susoy V, Lo WS, Igreja C, Dong C, Berasategui A, Witte H, Sommer RJ. Horizontally acquired cellulases assist the expansion of dietary range in Pristionchus nematodes. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6493351. [PMID: 34978575 PMCID: PMC8826503 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) enables the acquisition of novel traits via non-Mendelian inheritance of genetic material. HGT plays a prominent role in the evolution of prokaryotes, whereas in animals, HGT is rare and its functional significance is often uncertain. Here, we investigate horizontally acquired cellulase genes in the free-living nematode model organism Pristionchus pacificus. We show that these cellulase genes 1) are likely of eukaryotic origin, 2) are expressed, 3) have protein products that are secreted and functional, and 4) result in endo-cellulase activity. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated an octuple cellulase mutant, which lacks all eight cellulase genes and cellulase activity altogether. Nonetheless, this cellulase-null mutant is viable and therefore allows a detailed analysis of a gene family that was horizontally acquired. We show that the octuple cellulase mutant has associated fitness costs with reduced fecundity and slower developmental speed. Furthermore, by using various Escherichia coli K-12 strains as a model for cellulosic biofilms, we demonstrate that cellulases facilitate the procurement of nutrients from bacterial biofilms. Together, our analysis of cellulases in Pristionchus provides comprehensive evidence from biochemistry, genetics, and phylogeny, which supports the integration of horizontally acquired genes into the complex life history strategy of this soil nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziduan Han
- Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
| | | | - Vladislav Susoy
- Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Wen-Sui Lo
- Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Catia Igreja
- Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Chuanfu Dong
- Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
| | | | - Hanh Witte
- Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Ralf J Sommer
- Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
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22
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Peng ZQ, Li C, Lin Y, Wu SS, Gan LH, Liu J, Yang SL, Zeng XH, Lin L. Cellulase production and efficient saccharification of biomass by a new mutant Trichoderma afroharzianum MEA-12. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:219. [PMID: 34809676 PMCID: PMC8607671 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulase plays a key role in converting cellulosic biomass into fermentable sugar to produce chemicals and fuels, which is generally produced by filamentous fungi. However, most of the filamentous fungi obtained by natural breeding have low secretory capacity in cellulase production, which are far from meeting the requirements of industrial production. Random mutagenesis combined with adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) strategy is an effective method to increase the production of fungal enzymes. RESULTS This study obtained a mutant of Trichoderma afroharzianum by exposures to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), Ethyl Methanesulfonate (EMS), Atmospheric and Room Temperature Plasma (ARTP) and ALE with high sugar stress. The T. afroharzianum mutant MEA-12 produced 0.60, 5.47, 0.31 and 2.17 IU/mL FPase, CMCase, pNPCase and pNPGase, respectively. These levels were 4.33, 6.37, 4.92 and 4.15 times higher than those of the parental strain, respectively. Also, it was found that T. afroharzianum had the same carbon catabolite repression (CCR) effect as other Trichoderma in liquid submerged fermentation. In contrast, the mutant MEA-12 can tolerate the inhibition of glucose (up to 20 mM) without affecting enzyme production under inducing conditions. Interestingly, crude enzyme from MEA-12 showed high enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency against three different biomasses (cornstalk, bamboo and reed), when combined with cellulase from T. reesei Rut-C30. In addition, the factors that improved cellulase production by MEA-12 were clarified. CONCLUSIONS Overall, compound mutagenesis combined with ALE effectively increased the production of fungal cellulase. A super-producing mutant MEA-12 was obtained, and its cellulase could hydrolyze common biomasses efficiently, in combination with enzymes derived from model strain T. reesei, which provides a new choice for processing of bioresources in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qing Peng
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chuang Li
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yi Lin
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Sheng-Shan Wu
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Centre of Clean and High-Valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-Valued Utilization for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Li-Hui Gan
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Centre of Clean and High-Valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-Valued Utilization for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Centre of Clean and High-Valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-Valued Utilization for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Shu-Liang Yang
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Centre of Clean and High-Valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-Valued Utilization for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xian-Hai Zeng
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- Fujian Engineering and Research Centre of Clean and High-Valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-Valued Utilization for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Lu Lin
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Centre of Clean and High-Valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-Valued Utilization for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, China
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Zhang Q, Lu Z, Su C, Feng Z, Wang H, Yu J, Su W. High yielding, one-step mechano-enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to cellulose nanocrystals without bulk solvent. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 331:125015. [PMID: 33812135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Traditional methods of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are limited due to the low enzymatic efficiency and large amount of waste liquid. The purpose of this study is to improve the yield and production efficiency of CNCs by enzymatic hydrolysis. A one-step mechano-enzymatic hydrolysis method was developed by utilizing the synergy of wet grinding and enzymatic hydrolysis reaction to efficiently prepare CNCs. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the maximum CNCs yield of 49.3% was achieved with higher thermal stability and crystallinity index of 76.7%. Mechano-enzymatic hydrolysis followed the first order pseudo-kinetics, and fractal kinetics demonstrated that mechanical force of rotation speed affected the fractal dimensions and binding ability between substrate and enzyme. This study provides an alternative method to prepare CNCs, which can significantly avoid the use of bulk water, improve the production efficiency of CNCs and thus lower the production cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zhaohui Lu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Chen Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zongmiao Feng
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Jingbo Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Weike Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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Chang H, Wohlschlager L, Csarman F, Ruff A, Schuhmann W, Scheiblbrandner S, Ludwig R. Real-Time Measurement of Cellobiose and Glucose Formation during Enzymatic Biomass Hydrolysis. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7732-7738. [PMID: 34014659 PMCID: PMC8173519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Enzymatic hydrolysis
of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production
relies on complex multi-enzyme ensembles. Continuous and accurate
measurement of the released key products is crucial in optimizing
the industrial degradation process and also investigating the activity
and interaction between the involved enzymes and the insoluble substrate.
Amperometric biosensors have been applied to perform continuous cellobiose
measurements during the enzymatic hydrolysis of pure cellulose powders.
The oxygen-sensitive mediators used in these biosensors restricted
their function under physiological or industrial conditions. Also,
the combined measurements of the hydrolysis products cellobiose and
glucose require a high selectivity of the biorecognition elements.
We employed an [Os(2,2′-bipyridine)2Cl]Cl-modified
polymer and cellobiose dehydrogenase to fabricate a cellobiose biosensor,
which can accurately and specifically detect cellobiose even in the
presence of oxygen and the other main product glucose. Additionally,
a glucose biosensor was fabricated to simultaneously measure glucose
produced from cellobiose by β-glucosidases. The cellobiose and
glucose biosensors work at applied potentials of +0.25 and +0.45 V
versus Ag|AgCl (3 M KCl), respectively, and can selectively detect
their substrate. Both biosensors were used in combination to monitor
the hydrolysis of pure cellulose of low crystallinity or industrial
corncob samples. The obtained results correlate with the high-performance
liquid chromatography pulsed amperometric detection analysis and demonstrate
that neither oxygen nor the presence of redox-active compounds from
the lignin fraction of the corncob interferes with the measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hucheng Chang
- Biocatalysis and Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Wohlschlager
- Biocatalysis and Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Csarman
- Biocatalysis and Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrian Ruff
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- Biocatalysis and Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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25
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Wei T, Xu Q, Zou C, He Z, Tang Y, Gao T, Han M, Dai Z. A boronate-modified renewable nanointerface for ultrasensitive electrochemical assay of cellulase activity. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Meng QS, Zhang F, Liu CG, Bai FW, Zhao XQ. Measurement of Cellulase and Xylanase Activities in Trichoderma reesei. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2234:135-146. [PMID: 33165786 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1048-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The microbial cellulase system is responsible for the generation of glucose from cellulose. Cellulases are comprised of at least three major groups of enzymes, namely endoglucanases, exoglucanases, and β-glucosidases. On the other hand, xylanases function in the degradation of hemicellulose and work synergistically with cellulases for the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. Here, we describe the most commonly used methods for the activity measurement of cellulases and xylanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Shan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng-Wu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Qing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Sugarcane Bagasse Saccharification by Enzymatic Hydrolysis Using Endocellulase and β-glucosidase Immobilized on Different Supports. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11030340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The saccharification of sugarcane bagasse by enzymatic hydrolysis is one of the most promising processes for obtaining fermentable sugar to be used in the production of second-generation ethanol. The objective of this work was to study the immobilization and stabilization of two commercial enzymes: Endocellulase (E-CELBA) in dextran coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles activated with aldehyde groups (DIOMNP) and β-glucosidase (E-BGOSPC) in glyoxyl agarose (GLA) so that their immobilized derivatives could be applied in the saccharification of pretreated sugarcane bagasse. This was the first time that the pretreated sugarcane bagasse was saccharified by cascade reaction using a endocellulase immobilized on dextran coated Fe2O3 with aldehyde groups combined with a β-glucosidase immobilized on glyoxyl agarose. Both enzymes were successfully immobilized (more than 60% after reduction with sodium borohydride) and presented higher thermal stability than free enzymes at 60, 70, and 80 °C. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the sugarcane bagasse was carried out with 15 U of each enzyme per gram of bagasse in a solid-liquid ratio of 1:20 for 48 h at 50 °C. Under these conditions, 39.06 ± 1.18% of the cellulose present in the pretreated bagasse was hydrolyzed, producing 14.11 ± 0.47 g/L of reducing sugars (94.54% glucose). In addition, DIOMNP endo-cellulase derivative maintained 61.40 ± 1.17% of its enzymatic activity after seven reuse cycles, and GLA β-glucosidase derivative maintained up to 58.20 ± 1.55% of its enzymatic activity after nine reuse cycles.
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Evolution of Fungal Carbohydrate-Active Enzyme Portfolios and Adaptation to Plant Cell-Wall Polymers. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7030185. [PMID: 33807546 PMCID: PMC7998857 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The postindustrial era is currently facing two ecological challenges. First, the rise in global temperature, mostly caused by the accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, and second, the inability of the environment to absorb the waste of human activities. Fungi are valuable levers for both a reduction in CO2 emissions, and the improvement of a circular economy with the optimized valorization of plant waste and biomass. Soil fungi may promote plant growth and thereby increase CO2 assimilation via photosynthesis or, conversely, they may prompt the decomposition of dead organic matter, and thereby contribute to CO2 emissions. The strategies that fungi use to cope with plant-cell-wall polymers and access the saccharides that they use as a carbon source largely rely on the secretion of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). In the past few years, comparative genomics and phylogenomics coupled with the functional characterization of CAZymes significantly improved the understanding of their evolution in fungal genomes, providing a framework for the design of nature-inspired enzymatic catalysts. Here, we provide an overview of the diversity of CAZyme enzymatic systems employed by fungi that exhibit different substrate preferences, different ecologies, or belong to different taxonomical groups for lignocellulose degradation.
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Effects of the Transcription Factor Ace2 from Trichoderma reesei on Cellulase and Hemicellulase Expression in Trichoderma orientalis EU7-22. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:2098-2109. [PMID: 33608806 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma orientalis (T. orientalis) EU7-22 has a complete cellulase system and shows a remarkable enzyme activity with high potential in the industry. Ace2 is an important transcriptional factor for cellulase and hemicellulase expression in Trichoderma reesei (T. reesei). However, the ace2 gene cannot be found in the genome of T. orientalis. Researches show that the mechanism of cellulase transcriptional regulation in T. orientalis keeps high similarity with T. reesei up till now. So, in this study, the ace2 of Trichoderma reesei QM9414 was heterologous expressed in T. orientalis EU7-22. As a result, xylanase activity and β-glucosidase activity of ace2 heterogeneous expression strains are improved and total cellulase activity is decreased. The result of qPCR is in accordance with enzyme activities. This study provides a reference for an in-depth study on transcriptional regulation mechanisms of T. orientalis.
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Kamusoko R, Jingura RM, Parawira W, Chikwambi Z. Purification and Amplification of DNA from Cellulolytic Bacteria: Application for Biogas Production from Crop Residues. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2290:187-201. [PMID: 34009591 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1323-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a popular molecular tool for detection of bacteria. PCR allows millions of copies of a target segment of DNA to be produced. The DNA is extracted from overnight grown cultures of pure bacterial isolates using either the organo-solvent method or a commercial DNA extraction kit. The quality and purity of the DNA is determined by performing gel electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gel. The DNA is amplified by performing PCR assay. Bands of approximately 1.5 kb in size are obtained from the amplified products of DNA. The PCR products run on 1.5% agarose gel are visualized with UV light and imaged by gel documentation system. This chapter outlines the protocol for isolation and amplification of DNA from cellulolytic bacteria. Cellulolytic bacteria are considered a potential source of cellulases for pretreatment of crop residues during biogas production. PCR is considered a very powerful, sensitive, specific, fast, and reliable tool in molecular detection and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reckson Kamusoko
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe.
| | - Raphael M Jingura
- Department of Animal Production and Technology, School of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Wilson Parawira
- Faculty of Science, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Zedias Chikwambi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
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Bioprocessing of Agricultural Residues as Substrates and Optimal Conditions for Phytase Production of Chestnut Mushroom, Pholiota adiposa, in Solid State Fermentation. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040384. [PMID: 33371491 PMCID: PMC7767570 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytase is an enzyme that breaks down phytates to release phosphorus in an available form. This enzyme plays an important role in animals, especially monogastric animals. It serves to improve phytate digestion along with phosphorus absorption, which are required for optimal growth performance and health. In this study, five mushroom species (Amauroderma rugosum SDBR-CMU-A83, Ganoderma mastoporum SDBR-CMU-NK0244, Marusmius sp.1 SDBR-CMU-NK0215, Pholiota adiposa SDBR-CMU-R32 and Piptoporellus triqueter SDBR-CMU-P234) out of 27 mushroom species displayed positive phytase production by agar plate assay. Consequently, these five mushroom species were selected for determination of their potential ability to produce phytase under solid-state fermentation using five agricultural residues (coffee parchment, oil palm empty fruit bunches, rice bran, sawdust, and water hyacinth) as substrates. The highest yield of phytase production (17.02 ± 0.92 units/gram dry substrate) was obtained after one week of fermentation. Optimization for phytase production was determined by statistical approaches using a Plackett-Burman design to screen ten parameters of relevant substrate components. Two significant parameters, the amount of water hyacinth and the moisture content, were found to affect the production process of phytase. Furthermore, the optimal temperature, pH value, and fermentation period were evaluated. The results indicated that the highest degree of phytase production at 53.66 ± 1.68 units/gram dry substrate (3.15-fold increase) was obtained in water hyacinth containing 85% moisture content by addition with a suitable basal liquid medium at a pH value of 6.5 after being incubated at 30 °C for seven days. The crude phytase of P. adiposa was precipitated and the precipitated extract was then used to determine partial characterizations. The precipitated extract displayed high activities after exposure to conditions of 42 °C and pH 5.0. Furthermore, Fe2+ enhanced phytase activity and precipitated extract displayed the best stability at a pH value of 8.0 and a temperature of 4 °C.
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Lv K, Shao W, Pedroso MM, Peng J, Wu B, Li J, He B, Schenk G. Enhancing the catalytic activity of a GH5 processive endoglucanase from Bacillus subtilis BS-5 by site-directed mutagenesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 168:442-452. [PMID: 33310097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Processive endoglucanases possess both endo- and exoglucanase activity, making them attractive discovery and engineering targets. Here, a processive endoglucanase EG5C-1 from Bacillus subtilis was employed as the starting point for enzyme engineering. Referring to the complex structure information of EG5C-1 and cellohexaose, the amino acid residues in the active site architecture were identified and subjected to alanine scanning mutagenesis. The residues were chosen for a saturation mutagenesis since their variants showed similar activities to EG5C-1. Variants D70Q and S235W showed increased activity towards the substrates CMC and Avicel, an increase was further enhanced in D70Q/S235W double mutant, which displayed a 2.1- and 1.7-fold improvement in the hydrolytic activity towards CMC and Avicel, respectively. In addition, kinetic measurements showed that double mutant had higher substrate affinity (Km) and a significantly higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km). The binding isotherms of wild-type EG5C-1 and double mutant D70Q/S235W suggested that the binding capability of EG5C-1 for the insoluble substrate was weaker than that of D70Q/S235W. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the collaborative substitutions of D70Q and S235W altered the hydrogen bonding network within the active site architecture and introduced new hydrogen bonds between the enzyme and cellohexaose, thus enhancing both substrate affinity and catalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemin Lv
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan road, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenyu Shao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan road, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Marcelo Monteiro Pedroso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jiayu Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan road, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan road, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jiahuang Li
- School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Bingfang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan road, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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All4894 encoding a novel fasciclin (FAS-1 domain) protein of Anabaena sp. PCC7120 revealed the presence of a thermostable β-glucosidase. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kumari P, Sayas T, Bucki P, Brown-Miyara S, Kleiman M. Real-Time Visualization of Cellulase Activity by Microorganisms on Surface. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186593. [PMID: 32916923 PMCID: PMC7555966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of methods to detect cellulase secretion by microorganisms has been developed over the years, none of which enables the real-time visualization of cellulase activity on a surface. This visualization is critical to study the interaction between soil-borne cellulase-secreting microorganisms and the surface of plant roots and specifically, the effect of surface features on this interaction. Here, we modified the known carboxymethyl cellulase (CMC) hydrolysis visualization method to enable the real-time tracking of cellulase activity of microorganisms on a surface. A surface was formed using pure CMC with acridine orange dye incorporated in it. The dye disassociated from the film when hydrolysis occurred, forming a halo surrounding the point of hydrolysis. This enabled real-time visualization, since the common need for post hydrolysis dyeing was negated. Using root-knot nematode (RKN) as a model organism that penetrates plant roots, we showed that it was possible to follow microorganism cellulase secretion on the surface. Furthermore, the addition of natural additives was also shown to be an option and resulted in an increased RKN response. This method will be implemented in the future, investigating different microorganisms on a root surface microstructure replica, which can open a new avenue of research in the field of plant root-microorganism interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Kumari
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Center), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (P.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Tali Sayas
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Center), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (P.K.); (T.S.)
| | - Patricia Bucki
- Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Center), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (P.B.); (S.B.-M.)
| | - Sigal Brown-Miyara
- Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Center), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (P.B.); (S.B.-M.)
| | - Maya Kleiman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Center), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (P.K.); (T.S.)
- Agro-NanoTechnology and Advanced Materials Center, Agricultural Research Organization (Volcani Center), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel
- Correspondence:
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Ma XD, Zhang XG, Guo SJ, Ma GY, Liu WJ, Wang N, Feng M, Su Y. Application of enzyme-assisted extraction of baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:241-251. [PMID: 32820988 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1808791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Endophytes may depend on degrading the plant cell wall with cellulases for their survival. Therefore, cellulase produced by endophytes may be useful in releasing the active ingredient of medicinal plants. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant widely used in China and baicalin is one of its main active ingredients. In this study, fresh S. baicalensis Georgi was used to isolate endophytes, Congo red staining was used to screen cellulase-producing strains, and HPLC was used to determine the content of baicalin in S. baicalensis Georgi. As a result, a highly active strain of endophyte capable of the extraction of high levels of baicalin was obtained. The strain was named HG-5 and identified as Bacillus sp. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed that the enzyme better promotes the dissolution of plant active ingredients. After optimizing the enzyme production and extraction processes, we found that when compared with the traditional extraction method, the baicalin yield was increased 79.31% after extraction with the HG-5 enzyme. The current study provides a novel approach and method for the use of endophyte cellulase to improve the extraction of compounds from medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Di Ma
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Screening and Processing in new Tibetan Medicine of Gansu Province, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Guo Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Screening and Processing in new Tibetan Medicine of Gansu Province, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Si-Jia Guo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Screening and Processing in new Tibetan Medicine of Gansu Province, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Yan Ma
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Screening and Processing in new Tibetan Medicine of Gansu Province, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jie Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Screening and Processing in new Tibetan Medicine of Gansu Province, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Screening and Processing in new Tibetan Medicine of Gansu Province, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Ming Feng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Screening and Processing in new Tibetan Medicine of Gansu Province, Gansu, P.R. China
| | - Yu Su
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Screening and Processing in new Tibetan Medicine of Gansu Province, Gansu, P.R. China
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Kumla J, Suwannarach N, Sujarit K, Penkhrue W, Kakumyan P, Jatuwong K, Vadthanarat S, Lumyong S. Cultivation of Mushrooms and Their Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Production Through the Utilization of Agro-Industrial Waste. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122811. [PMID: 32570772 PMCID: PMC7355594 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A large amount of agro-industrial waste is produced worldwide in various agricultural sectors and by different food industries. The disposal and burning of this waste have created major global environmental problems. Agro-industrial waste mainly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, all of which are collectively defined as lignocellulosic materials. This waste can serve as a suitable substrate in the solid-state fermentation process involving mushrooms. Mushrooms degrade lignocellulosic substrates through lignocellulosic enzyme production and utilize the degraded products to produce their fruiting bodies. Therefore, mushroom cultivation can be considered a prominent biotechnological process for the reduction and valorization of agro-industrial waste. Such waste is generated as a result of the eco-friendly conversion of low-value by-products into new resources that can be used to produce value-added products. Here, we have produced a brief review of the current findings through an overview of recently published literature. This overview has focused on the use of agro-industrial waste as a growth substrate for mushroom cultivation and lignocellulolytic enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaturong Kumla
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.K.); (N.S.); (K.J.); (S.V.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.K.); (N.S.); (K.J.); (S.V.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kanaporn Sujarit
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12110, Thailand;
| | - Watsana Penkhrue
- School of Preclinic, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Technology for Agricultural Industry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Pattana Kakumyan
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
| | - Kritsana Jatuwong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.K.); (N.S.); (K.J.); (S.V.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Santhiti Vadthanarat
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.K.); (N.S.); (K.J.); (S.V.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.K.); (N.S.); (K.J.); (S.V.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +668-1881-3658
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Harindintwali JD, Zhou J, Yu X. Lignocellulosic crop residue composting by cellulolytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria: A novel tool for environmental sustainability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136912. [PMID: 32014770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic crop residue (LCCR) composting is a cost-effective and sustainable approach for addressing environmental pollution associated with open biomass burning and application of chemical fertilizers in agriculture. The value-added bio-product of the composting process contributes to the improvement of the soil properties and plant growth in an environment-friendly way. However, the conventional process employed for composting LCCRs is slow and becomes an impediment for farmers who plant two or three crops a year. This concern has led to the development of different techniques for rapid composting of LCCRs. The use of cellulolytic nitrogen-fixing microorganisms for composting has emerged as a promising method for enhancing LCCR composting and quality of the compost. Therefore, this review addresses the recent progress on the potential use of cellulolytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria (CNFB) for LCCR composting and discusses various applications of nutrient-rich compost for sustainable agriculture to increase crop yields in a nature-friendly way. This knowledge of bacteria with both cellulose-degrading and nitrogen-fixing activities is significant with respect to rapid composting, soil fertility, plant growth and sustainable management of the lignocellulosic agricultural waste and it provides a means for the development of new technology for sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Damascene Harindintwali
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Li-Hu Road, Bin-Hu District, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianli Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Li-Hu Road, Bin-Hu District, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaobin Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Li-Hu Road, Bin-Hu District, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Fatemi F. Design and fabrication of a label-free aptasensor for rapid and sensitive detection of endoglucanase. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:276-283. [PMID: 31923498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endoglucanase (endocellulase, EC 3.2.1.4) is one of the most widely used enzymes in industry. Despite its importance, improved methods for the rapid, selective, quantitative assay of this enzyme have been slow to emerge. In this work, we have designed an aptasensor platform for ultrasensitive endoglucanase II detection based on DNA aptamer and reduced graphene oxide/Au nanoparticles (RGO/AuNPs). The surface morphology of RGO/AuNPs was characterized by various techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) methods. The aptasensor characterization was monitored with electrochemical techniques. Using RGO/AuNPs as a nanomaterial can effectively increase the conductivity of biosensor electrode. Moreover, using an RGO/AuNPs/aptamer platform in the presence of endoglucanase, the sensor system is able to generate a signal, which significantly improves the selectivity of the aptasensor. The fabricated aptasensor exhibits high sensitivity and selectivity to endoglucanase II with a low limit of detection (LOD) ˂0.1 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fataneh Fatemi
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Tehran, Iran.
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Xue Y, Han J, Li Y, Liu J, Gan L, Long M. Promoting cellulase and hemicellulase production from Trichoderma orientalis EU7-22 by overexpression of transcription factors Xyr1 and Ace3. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 296:122355. [PMID: 31711906 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The construction of hyper-production strains of cellulase is the prerequisite for the production of biofuels or biochemicals. Trichoderma orientalis EU7-22 with complete cellulase system shows the potential for cellulase production in industrial scale. To improve the cellulase production, two crucial transcription activators Xyr1 and Ace3 were constitutively overexpressed in EU7-22 strain. Cellulase, xylanase and protein secretion were significantly improved in the recombinant strain dxyA-8 under inducing culture, which were 2.34, 0.68 and 1.06 folds higher than those of EU7-22, respectively. Moreover, the FPase and CMCase activities were up to 2.55 IU/mL and 90.38 IU/mL with glucose as carbon source, which were 2.12 and 1.95 folds higher than those of EU7-22 under inducing condition, respectively. Reducing sugar released from pretreated spartina that hydrolyzed by crude enzyme from dxyA-8 had achieved 24% improvement. Therefore, overexpression of these transcription factors effectively promotes the production of cellulase and hemicellulase of Trichoderma orientalis EU7-22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xue
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Jiang Han
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Yuyu Li
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of High-valued Conversion Technology of Agricultural Biomass, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China.
| | - Lihui Gan
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of High-valued Conversion Technology of Agricultural Biomass, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China.
| | - Minnan Long
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, PR China.
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Degradation enhancement of rice straw by co-culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trichoderma viride. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19708. [PMID: 31873163 PMCID: PMC6928154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Straw is one of the most abundant stock of renewable biomass from crop production. However, its utilization efficiency is still very low. Although co-cultivation of fungi increases the degrading rate, the co-cultivation condition needs to be optimized. To optimize the co-culture condition of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trichoderma viride degrading rice straw, we first tested the antagonistic characteristic between the fungi. The results showed that the best co-culture pattern was to first inoculate P. chrysosporium and culture for 4 days, then inoculate T. viride, and co-culture the two fungi for 4 days. The optimum fermentation condition was 14% (w/v) of inoculum concentration, the equivalent inoculation of the fungi, culture temperature at 30 °C, and 1:1.4 for solid-liquid ratio. Under the optimum condition, the degradation ratios of lignin and cellulose were 26.38% and 33.29%, respectively; the soluble carbon content in the culture product was 23.07% (w/v). The results would provide important reference information for the efficient utilization of rice straw to produce more accessible energy resources, such as ethanol and glucose.
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Zhang DX, Kang YH, Zhan S, Zhao ZL, Jin SN, Chen C, Zhang L, Shen JY, Wang CF, Wang GQ, Shan XF, Qian AD. Effect of Bacillus velezensis on Aeromonas veronii-Induced Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function Damage and Inflammation in Crucian Carp ( Carassius auratus). Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2663. [PMID: 31798571 PMCID: PMC6874145 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas veronii is an emerging aquatic pathogen causing hemorrhagic septicemia in humans and animals. Probiotic is an effective strategy for controlling enteric infections through reducing intestinal colonization by pathogens. Here we report that the consumption of Bacillus velezensis regulated the intestinal innate immune response and decreased the degree of intestinal inflammation damage caused by the A. veronii in Crucian carp. In this study, we isolated four strains of B. velezensis, named C-11, S-22, L-17 and S-14 from apparently healthy Crucian carp, which exerted a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity inhibiting both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria especially the fish pathogens. B. velezensis isolates showed typical Bacillus characteristics by endospore staining, physiological and biochemical test, enzyme activity analysis (amylase, protease, and lipase), and molecular identification. Here, Bacillus-containing dietary was orally administrated to Crucian carp for 8 weeks before A. veronii challenge. Immunological parameters and the expression of immune-related genes were measured at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks post-administration. The results showed that B. velezensis was found to promote the increase in the phagocytic activities of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and head kidney leukocytes (HKLs), as well as the increase in interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) concentration of serum. Lysozyme levels (113.76 U/mL), ACP activity (25.32 U/mL), AKP activity (130.08 U/mL), and SOD activity (240.63 U/mL) were maximum (P < 0.05) in the B. velezensis C-11 treated group at 8 week. Our results showed that Crucian carp fed with the diet containing B. velezensis C-11 and S-22 developed a strong immune response with significantly higher (P < 0.05) levels of IgM in samples of serum, mucus of skin and intestine compared to B. velezensis L-17 and S-14 groups. Moreover, B. velezensis spores appeared to show no toxicity and damage in fish, which could inhabit the gut of Crucian carp. B. velezensis restrained up-regulation of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) mRNA levels in the intestine and head kidney at final stage of administration, and the expression of IL-10 was increased throughout the 10-week trial. A. veronii infection increased the population of inflammatory cells in the intestinal villi in the controls. In contrast, numerous goblet cells and few inflammatory cells infiltrated the mucosa in the B. velezensis groups after challenge with A. veronii. Compared with A. veronii group, B. velezensis could safeguard the integrity of intestinal villi. The highest post-challenge survival rate (75.0%) was recorded in B. velezensis C-11 group. The present data suggest that probiotic B. velezensis act as a potential gut-targeted therapy regimens to protecting fish from pathogenic bacteria infection. IMPORTANCE In this work, four Bacillus velezensis strains isolated from apparently healthy Crucian carp, which exhibited a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity especially the fish pathogens. Administration of B. velezensis induced the enhancement of the intestinal innate immune response through reducing intestinal colonization by pathogens. The isolation and characterization would help better understand probiotic can be recognized as an alternative of antimicrobial drugs protecting human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuan-Huan Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Sheng Zhan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ze-Lin Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jin-Yu Shen
- Agriculture Ministry Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Key Laboratory of Fish Health and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, China
| | - Chun-Feng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Gui-Qin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ai-Dong Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Sarsaiya S, Jain A, Kumar Awasthi S, Duan Y, Kumar Awasthi M, Shi J. Microbial dynamics for lignocellulosic waste bioconversion and its importance with modern circular economy, challenges and future perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 291:121905. [PMID: 31387838 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An extensive use of microbial dynamics for utilizing the lignocellulosic wastes has been attributed to their efficiency in bioenergy and bioproducts development as a cost effective high nutritional value. The integration of lignocellulosic waste into the circular economy can scaleup the sustainable bioproducts and bioenergy development. In this review paper, the aim is to describe the existing research efforts on organic lignocellulosic waste, cellulase producing microbes, their potential enzyme, modern circular economy with associated challenges and future perspectives. Presently, it has been reviewed that microbial cellulases have provided treasure bioproducts visions into industrial bioproducts marvels unveiled through lignocellulosic waste cutting-edge microbial explorations. Furthermore, the review focused on new insights of the growing circular economy of lignocellulosic waste used for many bioproducts and bioenergy dealings and explored the emergent lignocellulosic biorefinery approaches which could then be applied to review industrial-scale sustainable economic models for upgraded bioproducts and other production associated problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Sarsaiya
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China; Bioresource Institute for Healthy Utilization, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Archana Jain
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yumin Duan
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jingshan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
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Vecchiato S, Skopek L, Russmayer H, Steiger MG, Aldrian A, Beer B, Herrero Acero E, Guebitz GM. Microbial production of high value molecules using rayon waste material as carbon-source. N Biotechnol 2019; 51:8-13. [PMID: 30716417 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rayon filaments composed of regenerated cellulose are used as reinforcement materials in tires and to a lower extent in the clothing industry as personal protective equipment e.g. flame retardant cellulosic based materials. After use, these materials are currently transferred to landfills while chemical degradation does not allow the recovery of the cellulose (as glucose) nor the separation of the high valuable flame-retardant pigment. In this study, rayon fibers were enzymatically hydrolyzed to allow recovery of glucose and valuable additives. The glucose was successfully used as carbon source for the production of high value compounds such as itaconic acid, lactic acid and chitosan. 14.2 g/L of itaconic acid, 36.5 g/L of lactic acid and 39.2 g/L of chitosan containing biomass were produced from Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus paracasei and Aspergillus niger, respectively, comparable to yields obtained when using commercial glucose as carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vecchiato
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Lukas Skopek
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Hannes Russmayer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias G Steiger
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexia Aldrian
- Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Franz-Josef-Strasse 18/I, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Bianca Beer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Georg M Guebitz
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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44
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Tallian C, Rumpler V, Skopek L, Russmayer H, Steiger MG, Vielnascher R, Weinberger S, Pellis A, Vecchiato S, Guebitz GM. Glutathione from recovered glucose as ingredient in antioxidant nanocapsules for triggered flavor delivery. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00473d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glucose recovered via enzymatic hydrolysis of rayon fibers was used for glutathione production by S. cerevisiae. Glutathione was used in combination with HSA and silk fibroin for ultrasound assisted nanocapsules production. Triggered release of flavor substances and antioxidant properties of the nanocapsules was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tallian
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
- Vienna (BOKU)
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln)
- 3430 Tulln an der Donau
| | - Vanessa Rumpler
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
- Vienna (BOKU)
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln)
- 3430 Tulln an der Donau
| | - Lukas Skopek
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology
- 3430 Tulln an der Donau
- Austria
| | - Hannes Russmayer
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
- Department of Biotechnology
- 1190 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Matthias G. Steiger
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology
- 3430 Tulln an der Donau
- Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
- Department of Biotechnology
| | - Robert Vielnascher
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
- Vienna (BOKU)
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln)
- 3430 Tulln an der Donau
| | - Simone Weinberger
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
- Vienna (BOKU)
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln)
- 3430 Tulln an der Donau
| | - Alessandro Pellis
- University of York
- Department of Chemistry
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence
- Heslington
- UK
| | - Sara Vecchiato
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology
- 3430 Tulln an der Donau
- Austria
| | - Georg M. Guebitz
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
- Vienna (BOKU)
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln)
- 3430 Tulln an der Donau
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45
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Kumar AK, Shah E, Patel A, Sharma S, Dixit G. Physico-chemical characterization and evaluation of neat and aqueous mixtures of choline chloride + lactic acid for lignocellulosic biomass fractionation, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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46
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Chen YA, Zhou Y, Qin Y, Liu D, Zhao X. Evaluation of the action of Tween 20 non-ionic surfactant during enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose: Pretreatment, hydrolysis conditions and lignin structure. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 269:329-338. [PMID: 30195225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.08.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the effects of pretreatment process, hydrolysis condition and structural features of lignin on the improving action of surfactants (Tween 20) for enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated wheat straw, and further to interpret the relation of these factors with the non-productive adsorption of cellulases on lignin. Tween 20 seemed to be more greatly improve cellulose conversion under harsher conditions. The surfactant showed more significant improvement for acid-pretreated substrates than oxidative-pretreated substrates. Highly-condensed lignin and phenolic hydroxyl groups showed much stronger adsorption ability to cellulases, while Tween 20 could well block the lignin-cellulase interactions recovering cellulose hydrolyzability. It was proposed that pretreatments altered lignin structures, resulting in the change of surface properties thus further impacting the lignin-cellulase interactions. Addition of Tween 20 could modify lignin surface properties to change its hydrophobicity, hydrogen bonding ability and surface charges, thus reducing the non-productive adsorption of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Chen
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanlin Qin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dehua Liu
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuebing Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Kumar AK, Sharma S, Shah E, Patel A. Technical assessment of natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) mediated biorefinery process: A case study. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.03.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Jones JA, Kerr R, Haltli B, Tinto WF. Temperature and pH effect on glucose production from pretreated bagasse by a novel species of Citrobacter and other bacteria. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00657. [PMID: 29942873 PMCID: PMC6010966 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulolytic bacteria that produce cellulases, which are active over a range of pH and temperatures, can be used to catalyze hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulosic material. This is important in the production of second generation biofuels among other biotechnological applications. In this investigation, bacteria isolated from sugarcane bagasse were identified as strains of Enterobacter xiangfangensis, Serratia rubidaea, Klebsiella pneumoniae and a novel species of Citrobacter designated Citrobacter sp. UWIBGS10. The glucose production potential of these strains was studied on thermally and solvent pretreated sugarcane bagasse. This was performed at 24-hour intervals up to 168 hours in the range of pH 5-9 and temperature range 25-40 °C. Maximal concentrations of glucose for Citrobacter sp. UWIBGS10 occurred at pH 6 and 25 °C. For E. xiangfangensis, S. rubidaea, K. pneumoniae glucose concentrations were consistent across the pH and temperature ranges examined. From these results it could be concluded that the bacteria demonstrated ability for lignocellulolytic hydrolysis for the production of glucose and could be further explored for the characterization of commercial cellulolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila A.D. Jones
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, St. Michael, Barbados
| | - R.G. Kerr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edwards Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - B.A. Haltli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edwards Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Winston F. Tinto
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, St. Michael, Barbados
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Wu B, Zheng S, Pedroso MM, Guddat LW, Chang S, He B, Schenk G. Processivity and enzymatic mechanism of a multifunctional family 5 endoglucanase from Bacillus subtilis BS-5 with potential applications in the saccharification of cellulosic substrates. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:20. [PMID: 29422948 PMCID: PMC5787917 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presently, enzymes still constitute a major part of the cost of biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass. Processive endoglucanases, which possess both endoglucanase and exoglucanase activity, have the potential to reduce the costs of biomass saccharification when used together with commercial cellulases. Therefore, the exploration of new processive endoglucanases has attracted much attention with a view to accelerating the industrialization of biofuels and biochemicals. RESULTS The endoglucanase EG5C and its truncated form EG5C-1 from Bacillus subtilis BS-5 were expressed and characterized. EG5C was a typical endoglucanase, comprised of a family 5 catalytic domain and family 3 carbohydrate-binding domain, and which had high activity toward soluble cellulosic substrates, but low activity toward insoluble cellulosic substrates. Importantly, the truncated form EG5C-1 was a processive endoglucanase that hydrolyzed not only carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), but also insoluble cellulosic substrates. The hydrolytic activities of EG5C-1 towards CMC, phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose (PASC), p-nitrophenyl-β-d-cellobioside, filter paper and Avicel are 4170, 700, 2550, 405 and 320 U/μmol, respectively. These data demonstrated that EG5C-1 had higher activity ratio of exoglucanase to endoglucanase than other known processive endoglucanases. When PASC was degraded by EG5C-1, the ratio of soluble to insoluble reducing sugars was about 3.7 after 3 h of incubation with cellobiose and cellotriose as the main products. Importantly, EG5C-1 alone was able to hydrolyze filter paper and PASC. At 5% substrate concentration and 10 FPU/g PASC enzyme loading, the saccharification yield was 76.5% after 60 h of incubation. Replacement of a phenylalanine residue (F238) by an alanine at the entrance/exit of the substrate binding cleft significantly reduces the ability of EG5C-1 to degrade filter paper and Avicel, but this mutation has little impact on CMCase activity. The processivity of this mutant was also greatly reduced while its cellulose binding ability was markedly enhanced. CONCLUSIONS The processive endoglucanase EG5C-1 from B. subtilis BS-5 exhibits excellent properties that render it a suitable candidate for use in biofuel and biochemical production from lignocellulosic biomass. In addition, our studies also provide useful information for research on enzyme processivity at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan road, Nanjing, 211816 Jiangsu China
- China Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, 30 Puzhunan road, Nanjing, 211816 Jiangsu China
| | - Shan Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Marcelo Monteiro Pedroso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Luke W. Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Siyuan Chang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan road, Nanjing, 211816 Jiangsu China
| | - Bingfang He
- China Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, 30 Puzhunan road, Nanjing, 211816 Jiangsu China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan road, Nanjing, 211816 Jiangsu China
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
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Schückel J, Kračun SK. Two-Dimensional High-Throughput Endo-Enzyme Screening Assays Based on Chromogenic Polysaccharide Hydrogel and Complex Biomass Substrates. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1796:201-217. [PMID: 29856056 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7877-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we present a two-dimensional approach for high-throughput screening of endo-cellulases as well as other endo-acting enzymes. The method is based on chromogenic substrates, produced either from purified or complex material, providing valuable information about enzyme activity toward its target as well as that same target in a context of complex natural material normally encountered in bioindustrial settings. The enzymes that can be tested using this assay can be from virtually any source: in purified form, directly from microbial cultures or even from raw materials, enabling study of the interplay between enzyme mixtures such as synergistic or inhibitory effects. By using the method of analysis described in this chapter, enzymes can be screened and evaluated quickly and information pertinent to both the inherent properties of the enzyme itself as well as predictions about its performance on complex biomass samples can be obtained.
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