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Kielb J, Saffak S, Weber J, Baensch L, Shahjerdi K, Celik A, Farahat N, Riek S, Chavez-Talavera O, Grandoch M, Polzin A, Kelm M, Dannenberg L. Transformation or replacement - Effects of hormone therapy on cardiovascular risk. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 254:108592. [PMID: 38286163 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Hormone therapy (HT) is important and frequently used both regarding replacement therapy (HRT) and gender affirming therapy (GAHT). While HRT has been effective in addressing symptoms related to hormone shortage, several side effects have been described. In this context, there are some studies that show increased cardiovascular risk. However, there are also studies reporting protective aspects of HT. Nevertheless, the exact impact of HT on cardiovascular risk and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This article explores the relationship between diverse types of HT and cardiovascular risk, focusing on mechanistic insights of the underlying hormones on platelet and leukocyte function as well as on effects on endothelial and adipose tissue cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kielb
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Süreyya Saffak
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Jessica Weber
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Leonard Baensch
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Khatereh Shahjerdi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Aylin Celik
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Nora Farahat
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Sally Riek
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Oscar Chavez-Talavera
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Maria Grandoch
- Institute for Translational Pharmacology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Amin Polzin
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Malte Kelm
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany
| | - Lisa Dannenberg
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf (CARID), Germany.
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Lee SJ, Park MJ, Jeong DH, Arunachalam R, Yoo E, Kim HK, Park MH. Protective effect of gomisin N on benzyl butyl phthalate-induced dysfunction of testosterone production in TM3 Leydig cells. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:117. [PMID: 38227285 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) may induce disorders in the male reproductive system. However, the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here we investigated the effect of BBP on testosterone production and its molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, we also investigated the role of gomisin N (GN) from Schisandra chinensis (S. chinensis) in testosterone synthesis in TM3 Leydig cells. METHOD AND RESULTS First, we examined the effects of BBP on expression levels of testosterone biosynthesis-related genes (StAR, CYP11α1, CYP17α1, 3βHSD, and 17βHSD) and attenuation-related genes (CYP1β1, CYP19α1, and Srd5α1-3). Although testosterone biosynthesis-related genes did not change, attenuation-related genes such as CYP1β1 and CYP19α1 were upregulated with ROS generation and testosterone level attenuation in the presence of 50 µM of BBP. However, the compound with the highest ROS and ONOO- scavenging activity from S. chinensis, GN, significantly reversed the expression of BBP-induced testosterone attenuation-related gene to normal levels. Subsequently, GN improved the testosterone production levels in TM3 Leydig cells. These events may be regulated by the antioxidant effect of GN. CONCLUSIONS On conclusion, our study suggests, for the first time, that BBP impairs testosterone synthesis by the modulation of CYP1β1 and CYP19α1 expression in TM3 cells; GN could potentially minimize the BBP-induced dysfunction of TM3 cells to produce testosterone by suppressing CYP19α1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ju Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan, 48434, Republic of Korea
- Brain Busan 21 Plus Research Project Group, Kyungsung University, Busan, 48434, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Park
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan, 48434, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyeok Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan, 48434, Republic of Korea
| | - Rohith Arunachalam
- College of Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
| | - Eunsoo Yoo
- College of Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
| | - Hye Kyung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan, 48434, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Busan 21 Plus Research Project Group, Kyungsung University, Busan, 48434, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Hi Park
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan, 48434, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Busan 21 Plus Research Project Group, Kyungsung University, Busan, 48434, Republic of Korea.
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Enright S, Werstuck GH. Investigating the Effects of Sex Hormones on Macrophage Polarization. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:951. [PMID: 38256027 PMCID: PMC10816176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease are well established, but the effects of sex hormones on macrophage polarization and pro-atherogenic functions are not well described. We hypothesize that sex hormones directly modulate macrophage polarization, and thereby regulate the progression of atherosclerosis. Bone marrow-derived monocytes from adult male and female C57BL/6 mice were differentiated into macrophages using macrophage colony-stimulating factor (20 ng/mL) and pre-treated with either 17β-estradiol (100 nM), testosterone (100 nM), or a vehicle control for 24 h. Macrophages were polarized into pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotypes and the effects of sex hormone supplementation on the gene expression of macrophage phenotypic markers were assessed using RT-qPCR. Inflammatory markers, including IL-1β, were quantified using an addressable laser bead immunoassay. A transwell migration assay was used to determine changes in macrophage migration. Sex differences were observed in macrophage polarization, inflammatory responses, and migration. Pre-treatment with 17β-estradiol significantly impaired the gene expression of inflammatory markers and the production of IL-1β in inflammatory macrophages. In anti-inflammatory macrophages, 17β-estradiol significantly upregulated the expression of anti-inflammatory markers and enhanced migration. Pre-treatment with testosterone enhanced anti-inflammatory mRNA expression and impaired the production of IL-1β. Our observations suggest a protective role of 17β-estradiol in atherogenesis that may contribute to the sexual dimorphisms in cardiovascular disease observed in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Enright
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, 237 Barton Street E, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada;
| | - Geoff H. Werstuck
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, 237 Barton Street E, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada;
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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Omolaoye TS, Cyril AC, Radhakrishnan R, Rawat SS, Karuvantevida N, du Plessis SS. The Effect of Statins on Male Reproductive Parameters: A Mechanism Involving Dysregulation of Gonadal Hormone Receptors and TRPV1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119221. [PMID: 37298172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins have been shown to cause diverse male reproductive function impairment, and in some cases, orchialgia. Therefore, the current study investigated the possible mechanisms through which statins may alter male reproductive parameters. Thirty adult male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were divided into three groups. The animals were orally administered rosuvastatin (50 mg/kg), simvastatin (50 mg/kg), or 0.5% carboxy methyl cellulose (control), for a 30-day period. Spermatozoa were retrieved from the caudal epididymis for sperm analysis. The testis was used for all biochemical assays and immunofluorescent localization of biomarkers of interest. Rosuvastatin-treated animals presented with a significant decrease in sperm concentration when compared to both the control and simvastatin groups (p < 0.005). While no significant difference was observed between the simvastatin and the control group. The Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and whole testicular tissue homogenate expressed transcripts of solute carrier organic anion transporters (SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3). There was a significant decrease in the testicular protein expression of the luteinizing hormone receptor, follicle stimulating hormone receptor, and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 in the rosuvastatin and simvastatin-treated animals compared to the control. The expression of SLCO1B1, SLCO1B2, and SLCO1B3 in the different spermatogenic cells portray that un-bio transformed statin can be transported into the testicular microenvironment, which can subsequently alter the regulation of the gonadal hormone receptors, dysregulate pain-inflammatory biomarkers, and consequently impair sperm concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temidayo S Omolaoye
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asha C Cyril
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rajan Radhakrishnan
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Surendra Singh Rawat
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noushad Karuvantevida
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stefan S du Plessis
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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Shen J, Fan J, Zhao Y, Jiang D, Niu Z, Zhang Z, Cao G. Innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and predisposing factors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1159326. [PMID: 37228604 PMCID: PMC10203583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1159326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has affected all countries worldwide. Although some symptoms are relatively mild, others are still associated with severe and even fatal clinical outcomes. Innate and adaptive immunity are important for the control of SARS-CoV-2 infections, whereas a comprehensive characterization of the innate and adaptive immune response to COVID-19 is still lacking and the mechanisms underlying immune pathogenesis and host predisposing factors are still a matter of scientific debate. Here, the specific functions and kinetics of innate and adaptive immunity involved in SARS-CoV-2 recognition and resultant pathogenesis are discussed, as well as their immune memory for vaccinations, viral-mediated immune evasion, and the current and future immunotherapeutic agents. We also highlight host factors that contribute to infection, which may deepen the understanding of viral pathogenesis and help identify targeted therapies that attenuate severe disease and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Shen
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyan Fan
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Doming Jiang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheyun Niu
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Chen Q, Che M, Shen W, Shao L, Yu H, Zhou J. Comparison of the Early Warning Effects of Novel Inflammatory Markers SIRI, NLR, and LMR in the Inhibition of Carotid Atherosclerosis by Testosterone in Middle-Aged and Elderly Han Chinese Men in the Real World: A Small Sample Clinical Observational Study. Am J Mens Health 2023; 17:15579883231171462. [PMID: 37183913 DOI: 10.1177/15579883231171462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore and compare the relationship among serum testosterone, systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged and elderly men of Han nationality in the real world. With reference to the inclusion criteria, 89 middle-aged and elderly Han male patients were finally selected. Local weighted regression (LOESS) and multivariate logistic regression models were used to explore the independent correlation between serum testosterone, new inflammatory markers, and atherosclerosis. The diagnostic value of related indexes was evaluated by the receiver working curve characteristic curve (ROC), and the best critical value of testosterone and related inflammatory indexes was discussed. In the LOESS model, bioavailable testosterone (BT), free testosterone (FT), total testosterone (TT) and SIRI, NLR, LMR, and atherosclerosis were significantly correlated. After adjusting for confounding factors, BT, FT, TT, and LMR were negatively correlated with atherosclerosis (odds ratio [OR] < 1, p < .05), and SIRI and NLR were positively associated with atherosclerosis (OR > 1, p < .05). According to the ROC curve results, the area under the curve (AUG) of BT is 0.870, and the optimal threshold point is 4.875. The AUG of SIRI is 0.864, and the best threshold point is 0.769. Low testosterone and high inflammatory levels are closely related to atherosclerosis. Testosterone (TT, FT, and BT) and new inflammatory markers, SIRI, NLR, and LMR, are associated with carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged and elderly men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhao Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Oncology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mingzhu Che
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of International Medical, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lijie Shao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Department of Oncology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
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Dorfman MD, Monfeuga T, Melhorn SJ, Kanter JE, Frey JM, Fasnacht RD, Chandran A, Lala E, Velasco I, Rubinow KB, Meek TH, Schur EA, Bornfeldt KE, Thaler JP. Central androgen action reverses hypothalamic astrogliosis and atherogenic risk factors induced by orchiectomy and high-fat diet feeding in male mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 324:E461-E475. [PMID: 37053049 PMCID: PMC10202485 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00059.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Hypogonadism in males confers elevated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk by unknown mechanisms. Recent radiological evidence suggests that low testosterone (T) is associated with mediobasal hypothalamic (MBH) gliosis, a central nervous system (CNS) cellular response linked to metabolic dysfunction. To address mechanisms linking CNS androgen action to CVD risk, we generated a hypogonadal, hyperlipidemic mouse model with orchiectomy (ORX) combined with hepatic PCSK9 overexpression. After 4 wk of high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFHS) consumption, despite equal body weights and glucose tolerance, androgen-deficient ORX mice had a more atherogenic lipid profile and increased liver and leukocyte inflammatory signaling compared with sham-operated control mice. Along with these early CVD risk indicators, ORX markedly amplified HFHS-induced astrogliosis in the MBH. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed that ORX and high-fat diet feeding induced upregulation of inflammatory pathways and downregulation of metabolic pathways in hypothalamic astrocytes. To interrogate the role of sex steroid signaling in the CNS in cardiometabolic risk and MBH inflammation, central infusion of T and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was performed on ORX mice. Central DHT prevented MBH astrogliosis and reduced the liver inflammatory signaling and monocytosis induced by HFHS and ORX; T had a partial protective effect. Finally, a cross-sectional study in 41 adult men demonstrated a positive correlation between radiological evidence of MBH gliosis and plasma lipids. These findings demonstrate that T deficiency in combination with a Western-style diet promotes hypothalamic gliosis concomitant with increased atherogenic risk factors and provide supportive evidence for regulation of lipid metabolism and cardiometabolic risk determinants by the CNS action of sex steroids.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides evidence that hypothalamic gliosis is a key early event through which androgen deficiency in combination with a Western-style diet might lead to cardiometabolic dysregulation in males. Furthermore, this work provides the first evidence in humans of a positive association between hypothalamic gliosis and LDL-cholesterol, advancing our knowledge of CNS influences on CVD risk progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio D Dorfman
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | | | - Susan J Melhorn
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Jenny E Kanter
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Jeremy M Frey
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Rachael D Fasnacht
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | | | - Emaad Lala
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Inmaculada Velasco
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Katya B Rubinow
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Thomas H Meek
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen A Schur
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Joshua P Thaler
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
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8
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Omolaoye TS, Halabi MO, Mubarak M, Cyril AC, Duvuru R, Radhakrishnan R, Du Plessis SS. Statins and Male Fertility: Is There a Cause for Concern? TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10100627. [PMID: 36287907 PMCID: PMC9607778 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The well-known 3-hydroxyl 3-methyl glutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, called statins, have been the main medication used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and some cases of cardiovascular diseases. The effectiveness of this drug in controlling cholesterol production is impeccable, however, patients often complain of a variety of side effects, such as myalgia, muscle atrophy, and in some cases, rhabdomyolysis. Not only has the use of statins caused the aforementioned side effects, but they are also shown to cause testicular discomfort, erectile dysfunction, altered semen parameters, and modified steroid hormone production. These reported adverse effects on male fertility are not generally agreed upon, as some have shown the use to be beneficial. Hence, this makes the aftermath effect of statin use on male fertility debatable and controversial. The negative effects have been associated with imbalanced or reduced steroid hormones, which are necessary for proper spermatogenesis and other sexual functions. Meanwhile, the beneficial effects are related to statin's anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective properties. These contradictory findings are in part due to the different age of users, concentrations of statins, the type and duration of treatment, and the underlying disease and/or comorbidities. Therefore, the current study aims to analyze the literature and gather evidence as to the effects of statin on male sexual health and reproductive parameters, and subsequently give recommendations for the direction of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temidayo S. Omolaoye
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: ; +971-56-345-7628
| | - Mouhammad Omar Halabi
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Bahrain
| | - Maitha Mubarak
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asha Caroline Cyril
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ruthwik Duvuru
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rajan Radhakrishnan
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stefan S. Du Plessis
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town P.O. Box 7505, South Africa
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9
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Twitchell DK, Christensen MB, Hackett G, Morgentaler A, Saad F, Pastuszak AW. Examining Male Predominance of Severe COVID-19 Outcomes: A Systematic Review. ANDROGENS: CLINICAL RESEARCH AND THERAPEUTICS 2022; 3:41-53. [PMID: 36199281 PMCID: PMC9527649 DOI: 10.1089/andro.2022.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although not universal, many epidemiological data sources signal that a higher proportion of males than females with confirmed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections have adverse outcomes, such as intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death. Though likely multifactorial, the various hypotheses that have been proposed as underlying factors behind this trend are related to greater smoking prevalence among males, testosterone (T) deficiency causing an inflammatory storm, androgen-driven pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, a protective effect of estrogen in females, and inborn errors of cytokine immunity. This review aims at examining the evidence and at assessing the likelihood that the factors being investigated are contributory to the reported trend of male predominance of severe COVID-19 cases. Sources were obtained using the PubMed database and were selected based on their relevance to one of the primary hypotheses attempting to explain the strong male sex bias of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections. Emphasis was placed on meta-analyses and population-based studies. Sources are current through February 22, 2022. A severe COVID-19 case or outcome is defined in this review as a progression of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that results in either admission to an ICU for management of symptoms and clinical stabilization or which leads to death. Although the trend of male predominance of severe COVID-19 cases is likely multifactorial, the hypothesis of T deficiency causing an inflammatory storm has support from many studies with limited conflicting evidence. An inborn error in cytokine immunity is also well supported, but it needs more studies to add support to the hypothesis. The immunologic protective effect of estrogen is supported by multiple studies, but it also has conflicting evidence. It appears less likely that the trend is caused solely by an increased prevalence of smoking among males or an androgen-driven pathogenesis, based on the extent of conflicting evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael B. Christensen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Geoffrey Hackett
- Department of Men's Health, Little Aston Hospital, Sutton Coldfield, United Kingdom
| | - Abraham Morgentaler
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Farid Saad
- Department of Men's Health Research, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Alexander W. Pastuszak
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Venkatesh VS, Grossmann M, Zajac JD, Davey RA. The role of the androgen receptor in the pathogenesis of obesity and its utility as a target for obesity treatments. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13429. [PMID: 35083843 PMCID: PMC9286619 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis dysregulation in males. Here, we summarize recent evidence derived from clinical trials and studies in preclinical animal models regarding the role of androgen receptor (AR) signaling in the pathophysiology of males with obesity. We also discuss therapeutic strategies targeting the AR for the treatment of obesity and their limitations and provide insight into the future research necessary to advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun S Venkatesh
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel A Davey
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria
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11
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Lombardo G, Mondelli V, Dazzan P, Pariante CM. Sex hormones and immune system: A possible interplay in affective disorders? A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2021; 290:1-14. [PMID: 33989924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex hormones and the immune system may play a key role in sex differences in affective disorders. The understanding of their interplay may lead to the detection of new sex-specific tailored therapeutic approaches. The aim of this systematic review is to summarise the evidence supporting a possible association between sex hormones and inflammatory biomarkers in people with affective disorders. METHODS A systematic search of the literature published until January 2021 was conducted on PubMed database. The initial search identified a total of 1259 studies; 20 studies investigating inflammatory biomarkers and sex hormones in patients exhibiting depressive symptoms were included: 10 studies focused on patients with affective disorders, and 10 studies focused on women in menopause or in the post-partum period exhibiting depressive symptoms. RESULTS Testosterone and exogenous female sex hormones may play protective roles through their modulation of the immune system, respectively, in male patients with bipolar disorder and in peri-/post-menopausal women with depression. LIMITATIONS The main limitations are the paucity of studies investigating both sex hormones and immune biomarkers, the lack of statistical analyses exploring specifically the association between these two classes of biomarkers, and the great heterogeneity between the participants' samples in the studies. CONCLUSION This review highlights the need to investigate the interplay between sex hormones and immune system in affective disorders. The inconsistent or incomplete evidence may be improved by studies in patients with moderate-high inflammatory levels that specifically evaluate the relationship between sex hormones and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lombardo
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, UK.
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, UK
| | - Carmine Maria Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, UK; National Institute for Health Research Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
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12
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Testosterone stimulates cholesterol clearance from human macrophages by activating LXRα. Life Sci 2021; 269:119040. [PMID: 33453241 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Low testosterone in men is associated with increased cardiovascular events and mortality. Testosterone has beneficial effects on several cardiovascular risk factors including cholesterol, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation as key mediators of atherosclerosis. Although evidence suggests testosterone is anti-atherogenic, its mechanism of action is unknown. The present study investigates whether testosterone exerts anti-atherogenic effects by stimulating cholesterol clearance from macrophages via activation of liver X receptor (LXRα), a nuclear master regulator of cellular cholesterol homeostasis, lipid regulation, and inflammation. MAIN METHODS Using human monocyte THP-1 cells differentiated into macrophages, the effect of testosterone (1-10 nM) treatment (24-72 h) on the expression of LXRα and LXR- targets apolipoprotein E (APOE), ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), was investigated via qPCR and western blotting, with or without androgen receptor blockade with flutamide or LXR antagonism with CPPSS-50. Cholesterol clearance was measured by monitoring fluorescent dehydroergosterol (DHE) cellular clearance and ABCA1 cellular translocation was observed via immunocytochemistry in testosterone treated macrophages. KEY FINDINGS Testosterone increased mRNA and protein expression of LXRα, APOE, ABCA1, SREBF1 and FAS. These effects were blocked by flutamide and independently by LXR antagonism with CPPSS-50. Furthermore testosterone stimulated cholesterol clearance from the macrophages and promoted the translocation of ABCA1 toward the cell membrane. SIGNIFICANCE Testosterone acts via androgen receptor-dependent pathways to stimulate LXRα and downstream targets to induce cholesterol clearance in human macrophages. This may, in part, explain the anti-atherogenic effects of testosterone frequently seen clinically.
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13
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Deng L, Fu D, Zhu L, Huang J, Ling Y, Cai Z. Testosterone deficiency accelerates early stage atherosclerosis in miniature pigs fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet: urine 1H NMR metabolomics targeted analysis. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:1245-1255. [PMID: 33226572 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03987-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To gain insights into the role of testosterone in the development of atherosclerosis and its related metabolic pathways, we applied a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR)-based metabolomics approach to investigate urine metabolic profiles in miniature pigs fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol (HFC) diet among intact male pigs (IM), castrated male pigs (CM) and castrated male pigs with testosterone replacement (CMT). Our results showed that testosterone deficiency significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion areas, intima-media thickness, as well as serum lipid levels in the CM pigs. Moreover, seventeen significantly changed metabolites were identified in both IM vs. CM and CMT vs. CM groups. Among these, seven were shared between the two comparative groups and were all significantly reduced in the urine of the CM group but rescued in the CMT group. In addition, the correlation analysis demonstrated that several metabolites, including niacinamide, myo-inositol, choline and 3-hydroxyisovalerate, were negatively correlated with atherosclerotic lesion areas. Our study demonstrated that testosterone deficiency accelerated early AS formation in HFC diet-fed pigs, which involved several metabolites predominantly related to lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial disorders. Our results reveal potential pathways in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis caused by testosterone deficiency and HFC diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Deng
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Danting Fu
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.,Department of Experimental Animals, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yun Ling
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Zhaowei Cai
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China. .,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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14
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Agrawal H, Das N, Nathani S, Saha S, Saini S, Kakar SS, Roy P. An Assessment on Impact of COVID-19 Infection in a Gender Specific Manner. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 17:94-112. [PMID: 33029768 PMCID: PMC7541100 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by novel coronavirus Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was first time reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China and thereafter quickly spread across the globe. Till September 19, 2020, COVID-19 has spread to 216 countries and territories. Severe infection of SARS-CoV-2 cause extreme increase in inflammatory chemokines and cytokines that may lead to multi-organ damage and respiratory failure. Currently, no specific treatment and authorized vaccines are available for its treatment. Renin angiotensin system holds a promising role in human physiological system specifically in regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte and fluid balance. SARS-CoV-2 interacts with Renin angiotensin system by utilizing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor for its cellular entry. This interaction hampers the protective action of ACE2 in the cells and causes injuries to organs due to persistent angiotensin II (Ang-II) level. Patients with certain comorbidities like hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are under the high risk of COVID-19 infection and mortality. Moreover, evidence obtained from several reports also suggests higher susceptibility of male patients for COVID-19 mortality and other acute viral infections compared to females. Analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS) epidemiological data also indicate a gender-based preference in disease consequences. The current review addresses the possible mechanisms responsible for higher COVID-19 mortality among male patients. The major underlying aspects that was looked into includes smoking, genetic factors, and the impact of reproductive hormones on immune systems and inflammatory responses. Detailed investigations of this gender disparity could provide insight into the development of patient tailored therapeutic approach which would be helpful in improving the poor outcomes of COVID-19. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Agrawal
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Neeladrisingha Das
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Sandip Nathani
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Sarama Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
| | - Surendra Saini
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Sham S Kakar
- Department of Physiology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Partha Roy
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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15
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Kharaba ZJ, Buabeid MA, Ibrahim NA, Jirjees FJ, Obaidi HJA, Kaddaha A, Khajehkarimoddini L, Alfoteih Y. Testosterone therapy in hypogonadal patients and the associated risks of cardiovascular events. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110423. [PMID: 32570122 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the male secondary sex characters, libido and fertility are attributed to their major androgen hormone testosterone, the sub-optimum levels of testosterone in young adults may cause infertility and irregularities in their sexual behaviour. Such deficiency is often secondary to maladies involving testes, pituitary or hypothalamus that could be treated with an administration of exogenous testosterone. In the last few decades, the number of testosterone prescriptions has markedly increased to treat sub-optimal serum levels even though its administration in such conditions is not yet approved. On account of its associated cardiovascular hazards, the food and drug authority in the United States has issued safety alerts on testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). Owing to a great degree of conflict among their findings, the published clinical trials seem struggling in presenting a decisive opinion on the matter. Hence, the clinicians remain uncertain about the possible cardiovascular adversities while prescribing TRT in hypogonadal men. The uncertainty escalates even further while prescribing such therapy in older men with a previous history of cardiovascular ailments. In the current review, we analysed the pre-clinical and clinical studies to evaluate the physiological impact of testosterone on cardiovascular and related parameters. We have enlisted studies on the association of cardiovascular health and endogenous testosterone levels with a comprehensive analysis of epidemiological studies, clinical trials, and meta-analyses on the cardiovascular risk of TRT. The review is aimed to assist clinicians in making smart decisions regarding TRT in their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelal Jaber Kharaba
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ain University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Manal Ali Buabeid
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nihal A Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | | | - Yassen Alfoteih
- City University College of Ajman, Ajman, 18484, United Arab Emirates.
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16
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Kharaba ZJ, Buabeid MA, Alfoteih YA. Effectiveness of testosterone therapy in hypogonadal patients and its controversial adverse impact on the cardiovascular system. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:491-512. [PMID: 32689855 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1789944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone is the major male hormone produced by testicles which are directly associated with man's appearance and secondary sexual developments. Androgen deficiency starts when the male hormonal level falls from its normal range though, in youngsters, the deficiency occurs due to disruption of the normal functioning of pituitary, hypothalamus glands, and testes. Thus, testosterone replacement therapy was already known for the treatment of androgen deficiency with lesser risks of producing cardiovascular problems. Since from previous years, the treatment threshold in the form of testosterone replacement therapy has effectively increased to that extent that it was prescribed for those conditions which it was considered as inappropriate. However, there are some research studies and clinical trials available that proposed the higher risk of inducing cardiovascular disease with the use of testosterone replacement therapy. Thus under the light of these results, the FDA has published the report of the increased risk of cardiovascular disease with the increased use of testosterone replacement therapy. Nevertheless, there is not a single trial available or designed that could evaluate the risk of cardiovascular events with the use of testosterone replacement therapy. As a result, the use of testosterone still questioned the cardiovascular safety of this replacement therapy. Thus, this literature outlines the distribution pattern of disease by investigating the data and link between serum testosterone level and the cardiovascular disease, also the prescription data of testosterone replacement therapy patients and their tendency of inducing cardiovascular disease, meta-analysis and the trials regarding testosterone replacement therapy and its connection with the risks of causing cardiovascular disease and lastly, the possible effects of testosterone replacement therapy on the cardiovascular system. This study aims to evaluate the available evidence regarding the use of testosterone replacement therapy when choosing it as a treatment plan for their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelal Jaber Kharaba
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ain University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Manal Ali Buabeid
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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17
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Abstract
Testosterone is the main male sex hormone and is essential for the maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics and fertility. Androgen deficiency in young men owing to organic disease of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland or testes has been treated with testosterone replacement for decades without reports of increased cardiovascular events. In the past decade, the number of testosterone prescriptions issued for middle-aged or older men with either age-related or obesity-related decline in serum testosterone levels has increased exponentially even though these conditions are not approved indications for testosterone therapy. Some retrospective studies and randomized trials have suggested that testosterone replacement therapy increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, which has led the FDA to release a warning statement about the potential cardiovascular risks of testosterone replacement therapy. However, no trials of testosterone replacement therapy published to date were designed or adequately powered to assess cardiovascular events; therefore, the cardiovascular safety of this therapy remains unclear. In this Review, we provide an overview of epidemiological data on the association between serum levels of endogenous testosterone and cardiovascular disease, prescription database studies on the risk of cardiovascular disease in men receiving testosterone therapy, randomized trials and meta-analyses evaluating testosterone replacement therapy and its association with cardiovascular events and mechanistic studies on the effects of testosterone on the cardiovascular system. Our aim is to help clinicians to make informed decisions when considering testosterone replacement therapy in their patients.
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18
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Mohamad NV, Wong SK, Wan Hasan WN, Jolly JJ, Nur-Farhana MF, Ima-Nirwana S, Chin KY. The relationship between circulating testosterone and inflammatory cytokines in men. Aging Male 2019; 22:129-140. [PMID: 29925283 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2018.1482487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone is the predominant gonadal androgen in men. Low testosterone levels are found to be associated with an increased in metabolic risk and systematic inflammation. Since adipose tissue is a source of inflammatory cytokines, testosterone may regulate inflammation by acting on adipose tissue. This review aimed to explore the role of testosterone in inflammation and its mechanism of action. Both animal studies and human studies showed that (1) testosterone deficiency was associated with an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines; (2) testosterone substitution reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines. The suppression of inflammation by testosterone were observed in patients with coronary artery disease, prostate cancer and diabetes mellitus through the increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) and the decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). Despite these, some studies also reported a non-significant relationship. In conclusion, testosterone may possess anti-inflammatory properties but its magnitude is debatable. More evidence is needed to validate the use of testosterone as a marker and in the management of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur-Vaizura Mohamad
- a Department of Pharmacology , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Sok Kuan Wong
- a Department of Pharmacology , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Wan Nuraini Wan Hasan
- a Department of Pharmacology , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - James Jam Jolly
- a Department of Pharmacology , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fozi Nur-Farhana
- a Department of Pharmacology , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana
- a Department of Pharmacology , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- a Department of Pharmacology , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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19
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Jones TH, Kelly DM. Randomized controlled trials - mechanistic studies of testosterone and the cardiovascular system. Asian J Androl 2019; 20:120-130. [PMID: 29442075 PMCID: PMC5858094 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone deficiency is common in men with cardiovascular disease (CVD), and randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) have reported beneficial effects of testosterone therapy on exercise-induced cardiac ischemia in chronic stable angina, functional exercise capacity, maximum oxygen consumption during exercise (VO2max) and muscle strength in chronic heart failure (CHF), shortening of the Q-T interval, and improvement of some cardiovascular risk factors. Testosterone deficiency is associated with an adverse CV risk profile and mortality. Clinical and scientific studies have provided mechanistic evidence to support and explain the findings of the RCTs. Testosterone is a rapid-onset arterial vasodilator within the coronary circulation and other vascular beds including the pulmonary vasculature and can reduce the overall peripheral systemic vascular resistance. Evidence has demonstrated that testosterone mediates this effect on vascular reactivity through calcium channel blockade (L-calcium channel) and stimulates potassium channel opening by direct nongenomic mechanisms. Testosterone also stimulates repolarization of cardiac myocytes by stimulating the ultra-rapid potassium channel-operated current. Testosterone improves cardiac output, functional exercise capacity, VO2max and vagally mediated arterial baroreceptor cardiac reflex sensitivity in CHF, and other mechanisms. Independent of the benefit of testosterone on cardiac function, testosterone substitution may also increase skeletal muscle glucose metabolism and enhance muscular strength, both factors that could contribute to the improvement in functional exercise capacity may include improved glucose metabolism and muscle strength. Testosterone improves metabolic CV risk factors including body composition, insulin resistance, and hypercholesterolemia by improving both glucose utilization and lipid metabolism by a combination of genomic and nongenomic actions of glucose uptake and utilization expression of the insulin receptor, glucose transporters, and expression on regulatory enzymes of key metabolic pathways. The effect on high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) differs between studies in that it has been found to fall, rise, or have no change in levels. Testosterone replacement can suppress the levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and stimulate the production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) which has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic actions in men with CVD. No effect on C-reactive protein has been detected. No adverse effects on clotting factors have been detected. RCTs have not clearly demonstrated any significant evidence that testosterone improves or adversely affects the surrogate markers of atherosclerosis such as reduction in carotid intima thickness or coronary calcium deposition. Any effect of testosterone on prevention or amelioration of atherosclerosis is likely to occur over years as shown in statin therapy trials and not months as used in testosterone RCTs. The weight of evidence from long-term epidemiological studies supports a protective effect as evidenced by a reduction in major adverse CV events (MACEs) and mortality in studies which have treated men with testosterone deficiency. No RCT where testosterone has been replaced to the normal healthy range has reported a significant benefit or adverse effect on MACE nor has any recent meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hugh Jones
- Robert Hague Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Barnsley, UK.,Academic Unit of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - Daniel M Kelly
- Academic Unit of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK.,Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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20
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Rezanezhad B, Borgquist R, Willenheimer R, Elzanaty S. Association between serum levels of testosterone and biomarkers of subclinical atherosclerosis. Aging Male 2018; 21:182-186. [PMID: 29272977 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2017.1412422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between serum levels of testosterone and biomarkers of subclinical atherosclerosis based on data from 119 middle-aged men of the general population. METHODS Testosterone, Apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1), Apolipoprotein B (ApoB), Apolipoprotein B-to-Apolipoprotein A-1 ratio (ApoB-to-ApoA-1), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and fibrinogen levels were measured. Data were also gathered based on age, BMI, waist circumference, smoking, alcohol consumption, and family history of cardiovascular diseases. Men were classified into two groups based on testosterone levels: hypogonadal (testosterone ≤12 nmol/L) and eugonadal men (testosterone >12 nmol/L). RESULTS When compared to eugonadal, the hypogonadal men were significantly older (56 years vs. 55 years, p = .03), had greater BMI (28 kg/cm2 vs. 26 kg/cm2, p = .01), and higher waist circumference (104 cm vs. 100 cm, p = .01). Moreover, ApoB, ApoB-to-ApoA-1 ratio, and hsCRP were significantly higher in hypogonadal men compared to eugonadal men (1.1 g/L vs. 1.0 g/L, p = .03), (0.8 vs. 0.7, p = .03), (3.3 mg/L vs. 2.0 mg/L, p = .01), respectively. On the other hand, ApoA-1 and fibrinogen levels did not differ significantly between groups (p > .05). In an adjusted multivariate regression analysis model, only ApoB showed a significant negative association with testosterone levels (β = -0.01; 95% CI = -0.02, -1.50; p = .04). CONCLUSION Testosterone levels showed an inverse relation to ApoB, a biomarker implicated in subclinical atherosclerosis. These findings support the hypothesis that low testosterone levels play a role in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Rezanezhad
- a Department of Internal Medicine , Skåne University Hospital, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Rasmus Borgquist
- b Department of Arrhythmia , Skåne University Hospital, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | | | - Saad Elzanaty
- d Department of Translational Medicine , Skåne University Hospital, Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
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21
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Iqbal F, Durham WJ, Melhem A, Raslan S, Tran TT, Wright TJ, Asghar R, Fujise K, Volpi E, Sidossis L, Abate N, Sheffield-Moore M, Tuvdendorj D. Sex-dependent difference in the relationship between adipose-tissue cholesterol efflux and estradiol concentrations in young healthy humans. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 64:59-62. [PMID: 28709820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired adipose tissue function and lower levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) have been implicated in the development of vascular dementia, and metabolic diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome. Interestingly, both the substrate fluxes in adipose tissue and HDL-C concentration differ between men and women. Moreover, adipose tissue cholesterol efflux has been implicated in modulation of HDL-C levels. Thus, we aimed to determine if the association between serum estradiol levels and adipose tissue cholesterol efflux is sex-dependent. METHOD We evaluated the serum estradiol levels and adipose tissue cholesterol efflux in young healthy men (n=5) and women (n=3). Adipose tissue cholesterol efflux was determined using subcutaneous microdialysis probes. Linear regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between the parameters, p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS Our data demonstrated that serum estradiol levels directly associated with adipose tissue cholesterol efflux; however, the relationships may be sex-dependent. We discussed our results in the context of currently available data regarding sex-dependent variability in adipose tissue function and HDL-C metabolism as a potential contributor to higher rates of vascular dementia in men. Further research is required to understand the sex-dependent and -independent variabilities in adipose tissue metabolism to determine novel targets for interventions to prevent the development of vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Iqbal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - William J Durham
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Ayyash Melhem
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Saleem Raslan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Tony T Tran
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Traver J Wright
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Rabia Asghar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Ken Fujise
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Labros Sidossis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Nicola Abate
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Melinda Sheffield-Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Demidmaa Tuvdendorj
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
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Kelly DM, Akhtar S, Sellers DJ, Muraleedharan V, Channer KS, Jones TH. Testosterone differentially regulates targets of lipid and glucose metabolism in liver, muscle and adipose tissues of the testicular feminised mouse. Endocrine 2016; 54:504-515. [PMID: 27488580 PMCID: PMC5083771 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone deficiency is commonly associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and their clinical consequences-hepatic steatosis and atherosclerosis. The testicular feminised mouse (non-functional androgen receptor and low testosterone) develops fatty liver and aortic lipid streaks on a high-fat diet, whereas androgen-replete XY littermate controls do not. Testosterone treatment ameliorates these effects, although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We compared the influence of testosterone on the expression of regulatory targets of glucose, cholesterol and lipid metabolism in muscle, liver, abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue. Testicular feminised mice displayed significantly reduced GLUT4 in muscle and glycolytic enzymes in muscle, liver and abdominal subcutaneous but not visceral adipose tissue. Lipoprotein lipase required for fatty acid uptake was only reduced in subcutaneous adipose tissue; enzymes of fatty acid synthesis were increased in liver and subcutaneous tissue. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 that catalyses oleic acid synthesis and is associated with insulin resistance was increased in visceral adipose tissue and cholesterol efflux components (ABCA1, apoE) were decreased in subcutaneous and liver tissue. Master regulator nuclear receptors involved in metabolism-Liver X receptor expression was suppressed in all tissues except visceral adipose tissue, whereas PPARγ was lower in abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue and PPARα only in abdominal subcutaneous. Testosterone treatment improved the expression (androgen receptor independent) of some targets but not all. These exploratory data suggest that androgen deficiency may reduce the buffering capability for glucose uptake and utilisation in abdominal subcutaneous and muscle and fatty acids in abdominal subcutaneous. This would lead to an overspill and uptake of excess glucose and triglycerides into visceral adipose tissue, liver and arterial walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Kelly
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Biomolecular Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Samia Akhtar
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Donna J Sellers
- Biomolecular Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
- Present address: Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4229, Australia
| | - Vakkat Muraleedharan
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Barnsley, UK
| | - Kevin S Channer
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - T Hugh Jones
- Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Barnsley, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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23
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Kim YJ, Tamadon A, Park HT, Kim H, Ku SY. The role of sex steroid hormones in the pathophysiology and treatment of sarcopenia. Osteoporos Sarcopenia 2016; 2:140-155. [PMID: 30775480 PMCID: PMC6372754 DOI: 10.1016/j.afos.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex steroids influence the maintenance and growth of muscles. Decline in androgens, estrogens and progesterone by aging leads to the loss of muscular function and mass, sarcopenia. These steroid hormones can interact with different signaling pathways through their receptors. To date, sex steroid hormone receptors and their exact roles are not completely defined in skeletal and smooth muscles. Although numerous studies focused on the effects of sex steroid hormones on different types of cells, still many unexplained molecular mechanisms in both skeletal and smooth muscle cells remain to be investigated. In this paper, many different molecular mechanisms that are activated or inhibited by sex steroids and those that influence the growth, proliferation, and differentiation of skeletal and smooth muscle cells are reviewed. Also, the similarities of cellular and molecular pathways of androgens, estrogens and progesterone in both skeletal and smooth muscle cells are highlighted. The reviewed signaling pathways and participating molecules can be targeted in the future development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jin Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University Guro Hospital, South Korea
| | - Amin Tamadon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, South Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Yup Ku
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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24
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Abstract
Testosterone is a key hormone in the pathology of metabolic diseases such as obesity. Low testosterone levels are associated with increased fat mass (particularly central adiposity) and reduced lean mass in males. These morphological features are linked to metabolic dysfunction, and testosterone deficiency is associated with energy imbalance, impaired glucose control, reduced insulin sensitivity and dyslipidaemia. A bidirectional relationship between testosterone and obesity underpins this association indicated by the hypogonadal-obesity cycle and evidence weight loss can lead to increased testosterone levels. Androgenic effects on enzymatic pathways of fatty acid metabolism, glucose control and energy utilization are apparent and often tissue specific with differential effects noted in different regional fat depots, muscle and liver to potentially explain the mechanisms of testosterone action. Testosterone replacement therapy demonstrates beneficial effects on measures of obesity that are partially explained by both direct metabolic actions on adipose and muscle and also potentially by increasing motivation, vigour and energy allowing obese individuals to engage in more active lifestyles. The degree of these beneficial effects may be dependent on the treatment modality with longer term administration often achieving greater improvements. Testosterone replacement may therefore potentially be an effective adjunctive treatment for weight management in obese men with concomitant hypogonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Kelly
- Department of Human Metabolism, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - T H Jones
- Department of Human Metabolism, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Barnsley, UK
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25
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Cheung KKT, Luk AOY, So WY, Ma RCW, Kong APS, Chow FCC, Chan JCN. Testosterone level in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and related metabolic effects: A review of current evidence. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 6:112-23. [PMID: 25802717 PMCID: PMC4364844 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a low testosterone level relative to reference ranges based on healthy young men. Only a small number of these patients suffer from classical hypogonadism as a result of recognizable hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis pathology. The cut-off value of the serum testosterone level in men without obvious hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis pathology is controversial. It is unclear to what extent a low serum testosterone level causally leads to type 2 diabetes and/or the metabolic syndrome. From a theoretical standpoint, there can be complex interactions among the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, body composition and insulin resistance, which can be further influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors to give rise to metabolic syndrome, glucose intolerance, and low-grade inflammation to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Although a low serum testosterone level frequently coexists with cardiometabolic risk factors and might serve as a biomarker, more studies are required to clarify the causal, mediating or modifying roles of low serum testosterone level in the development of adverse clinical outcomes. Currently, there are insufficient randomized clinical trial data to evaluate the effects of testosterone replacement therapy on meaningful clinical outcomes. The risk-to-benefit ratio of testosterone therapy in high-risk subjects, such as those with type 2 diabetes, also requires elucidation. The present article aims to review the current evidence on low serum testosterone levels in patients with type 2 diabetes, and its implications on cardiovascular risk factors, metabolic syndrome and adverse clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty Kit Ting Cheung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Andrea On Yan Luk
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Yee So
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ronald Ching Wan Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alice Pik Shan Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Francis Chun Chung Chow
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Juliana Chung Ngor Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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26
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Shchelkunova TA, Morozov IA, Rubtsov PM, Samokhodskaya LM, Andrianova IV, Rudimov EG, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN, Smirnov AN. Effect of sex hormones on levels of mRNAs coding for proteins involved in lipid metabolism in macrophages. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 78:1342-53. [PMID: 24460968 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913120043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of sex hormones estradiol (E2), testosterone (Te), and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DT) on cholesterol accumulation induced by modified low density lipoproteins (LDL) in macrophages differentiated from human peripheral blood monocytes and on the levels of mRNAs coding for proteins involved in lipid metabolism have been studied. All three hormones at physiological concentrations (1 nM) are capable of reducing cholesterol accumulation in cells. The treatment of cells with modified and native (not inducing cholesterol accumulation) LDL results in similar alterations in the expression of several mRNAs aimed primarily at homeostatic regulation of lipid metabolism. These alterations depend on the sex of macrophage donors and in some cases are even reversed in cells obtained from male and female donors. The cells not treated with modified LDL have no significant gender differences in the expression of the examined mRNAs. Hormones, either independently or in combination with the modified LDL, influence the levels of some mRNAs, and each hormone shows an individual range of effects. Correlation analysis of changes in mRNA content in the cells showed that the hormones may interfere with coordination of gene expression. Hormone action leads to: (1) reduced coupling of the content of individual mRNAs with their initial levels in the control cells; (2) reduced coupling of different mRNA levels; (3) regrouping of mRNAs between the clusters; and (4) changes in the number of factors that determine the correlation links between mRNAs. The data show that sex hormones may have impact on the level of expression of certain genes and, in particular, on the coordination of gene expression in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Shchelkunova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119899, Russia.
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27
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Kelly DM, Nettleship JE, Akhtar S, Muraleedharan V, Sellers DJ, Brooke JC, McLaren DS, Channer KS, Jones TH. Testosterone suppresses the expression of regulatory enzymes of fatty acid synthesis and protects against hepatic steatosis in cholesterol-fed androgen deficient mice. Life Sci 2014; 109:95-103. [PMID: 24953607 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its precursor hepatic steatosis is common in obesity and type-2 diabetes and is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Men with type-2 diabetes and/or CVD have a high prevalence of testosterone deficiency. Testosterone replacement improves key cardiovascular risk factors. The effects of testosterone on hepatic steatosis are not fully understood. MAIN METHODS Testicular feminised (Tfm) mice, which have a non-functional androgen receptor (AR) and very low serum testosterone levels, were used to investigate testosterone effects on high-cholesterol diet-induced hepatic steatosis. KEY FINDINGS Hepatic lipid deposition was increased in Tfm mice and orchidectomised wild-type littermates versus intact wild-type littermate controls with normal androgen physiology. Lipid deposition was reduced in Tfm mice receiving testosterone treatment compared to placebo. Oestrogen receptor blockade significantly, but only partially, reduced the beneficial effects of testosterone treatment on hepatic lipid accumulation. Expression of key regulatory enzymes of fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACACA) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) were elevated in placebo-treated Tfm mice versus placebo-treated littermates and Tfm mice receiving testosterone treatment. Tfm mice on normal diet had increased lipid accumulation compared to littermates but significantly less than cholesterol-fed Tfm mice and demonstrated increased gene expression of hormone sensitive lipase, stearyl-CoA desaturase-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma but FASN and ACACA were not altered. SIGNIFICANCE An action of testosterone on hepatic lipid deposition which is independent of the classic AR is implicated. Testosterone may act in part via an effect on the key regulatory lipogenic enzymes to protect against hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Kelly
- Department of Human Metabolism, Medical School, Universiy of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Joanne E Nettleship
- Department of Human Metabolism, Medical School, Universiy of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Samia Akhtar
- Department of Human Metabolism, Medical School, Universiy of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Vakkat Muraleedharan
- Department of Human Metabolism, Medical School, Universiy of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Barnsley, UK
| | - Donna J Sellers
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Jonathan C Brooke
- Department of Human Metabolism, Medical School, Universiy of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David S McLaren
- Department of Human Metabolism, Medical School, Universiy of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kevin S Channer
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK; Department of Cardiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - T Hugh Jones
- Department of Human Metabolism, Medical School, Universiy of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Barnsley, UK
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28
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Freeman BM, Mountain DJH, Brock TC, Chapman JR, Kirkpatrick SS, Freeman MB, Klein FA, Grandas OH. Low testosterone elevates interleukin family cytokines in a rodent model: a possible mechanism for the potentiation of vascular disease in androgen-deficient males. J Surg Res 2014; 190:319-27. [PMID: 24703604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen deficiency (AD) is associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular, and peripheral arterial disease. Although the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying this risk remain unclear, higher testosterone (TST) levels correlate to significant immunoprotective molecular and cellular responses. Our group has previously demonstrated that female sex hormones influence vascular pathogenesis via inflammatory-modulated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) regulation. Here we investigated the role of AD and androgen replacement therapy in the modulation of these hormonally responsive pathways that could be playing a role in the development of vascular pathogenesis. METHODS Aged orchiectomized male rats underwent TST supplementation per controlled release pellet implantation (0-150 mg). Young and aged intact groups served as controls. Serum was collected at 0-4 wk and analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, qualitative cytokine screening, and quantitative multiplex analyses. Human aortic smooth muscle cells were treated with 4,5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT; 0-3000 nM) before or after interleukin 1β (IL-1β; 5 ng/mL) stimulation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and in-gel zymography was used to assay the effect on MMP expression and activity. RESULTS Subphysiological, physiological, and supraphysiological levels of TST were achieved with 0.5, 2.5, and 35 mg TST pellet implants in vivo, respectively. Inflammatory arrays indicated that interleukin cytokines, specifically IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-13, were elevated at subphysiological level of TST, whereas TST supplementation decreased interleukins. Supraphysiological TST resulted in a significant increase in MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in vivo. Pretreatment with IL-1β slightly increased membrane type 1-MMP (MT1-MMP) and MMP-2 expression at low to mid-level DHT exposure in vitro, although these trends were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Here we demonstrate AD is a proinflammatory modulator and indicate that MMP-independent mechanisms may play a role downstream of AD-induced inflammatory signaling in dysfunctional vascular remodeling. Future in vivo studies will examine AD and TST supplementation in acute inflammatory response to vascular injury and in MMP-modulated vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Freeman
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Deidra J H Mountain
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Timothy C Brock
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Jason R Chapman
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Stacy S Kirkpatrick
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Michael B Freeman
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Frederick A Klein
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Oscar H Grandas
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee.
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